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OOrtTSTERSTONE. 
NUMEVER  ^  1913 

Q 


i*iAGAZINE 


TOWER  OF  JEWELS, 
Panama-Pacific 
International 
,:>.^  ,  Exposition 


MfBTiMStff^ 


i=Calif  ornia  has  a  Definite  Proposition  for  Every  Man! - 

WHATEVER  your  present  position  or  prospects,  your  am- 
bitions or  desires,  California  merits  your  attention.  It  is 
the  place  where  ideals  may  best  be  realized.  California 
offers  opportunities  in  a  thousand  lines  for  men  and  women  of 
intelligence  and  industry.  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  can  supply 
accurate  information  concerning  these  opportunities — authentic 
information  furnished  by  experts.  For  the  purpose  of  giving  its 
readers  definite  data  upon  any  given  subject  pertaining  to  Cali- 
fornia, this  magazine  maintains  a  Readers'  Service,  which  is 
always  at  the  disposal  of  everyone  who  will  write  us,  stating  just 
what  is  required.  This  service  is  absolutelv  free  to  readers  of 
California's  Magazine,  New  Call  Building,  San  Francisco. 


> 


\ 


> 


CO 

CD 


Cornerstone     m^^^  *    I 

V — '    /  MAGAZINE 


Price,  $1.50 

With    Year' 
Subscriptio 


With    Year's  ^2.00 


ormas 


E.  J.  WICKSON,  Editor 


A  QUARTERLY  JOURNAL  FOR  THE  DISSEMINATION  OF  AUTHENTIC 
INFORMATION  CONCERNING  CALIFORNIA 


Vol.  I  San  Francisco,  California,  July,  1915  No.  1 


California's  Magazine  is  published  quarterly  by  California  Publishers 
Co-operative  Association     ::     New  Call  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


C      7  ^        '1^4.'  H)      J.    ^    Two    Dollars    per    year:    Single 

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gin with  and  include  this  Cornerstone  Number.  This  olTer.  however, 
is  for  a  limited  period  only. 

A  /il)PfflCi\irr  /?/7//?r  ^^'^^  '^^  furnished  on  application. 
JTLU  UCf  l^l^Jl^/l^  IVUl^CJ  Only  advertising  of  the  highest 
class  will  be  admitted.  This  issue,  being  devoted  exclusively  to  circu- 
lation building,  no  advertising  has  been  accepted  or  solicited.  Future 
issues  will,  however,  offer  admirable  opportunities  for  discriminating 
advertisers.  It  is  understood  that  no  speculative  or  doubtful  advertise- 
ments will  be  accepted  under  any  circumstances.  The  value  of  this 
publication  as  a  medium  for  legitimate  publicity  will  be  demonstrated 
upon  trial. 

f  nVI  tfl  illJ  tinVI  Q  Articles  descriptive,  picturesquf,  or  instructive 
K^U/ll^/  LU ni^LUn^  about  California  and  the  West  aie  always  desired. 
Good  photographs  also  in  demand.  Manuscripts  should  be  accompanied  hy  a 
stamped  and  addressed  envelope  to  insure  rciVurn  if  unavailable. 

T\niJ fl /^  C^n'hi P^  •  Those  desiring  copies  of  this  Cornerstone  Num- 
LJUUnU  K^UJJi^Cd,  ber  of  Cauforni.\'s  Mag.^zine,  specially  bound 
in  cloth  or  leather,  may  obtain  same  from  the  publishers  at  the  following  prices 
per  copy,  sent  postpaid  anywhere  in  the  United  States  : 

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Entire  Contents  Copyrighted,  1915.     All  Rights  Reserved. 

California  Publishers  Co-operative  Association 
San  Francisco,  California 


J'rinted  by  Rlair-Murdock  C'lmpniiy.  Sail   Francisco  Color  i'lates  bj    Commercial  Art  Company,   ban    Francisci: 


^^y*x%  I  1 


CALTFORXTA'S  A[A(^\ZINE 


To  the  Public: 


HIS  IS  llu'  "('orncrstone  Xuniher"  of  California's  Maga- 
zim;.  II  is  so  called  for  several  reasons.  One  is  that  it 
contains  the  records  of  the  time  and  place  written  hy  men 
and  women  representative  thereof.  The  contrihutors  to 
this  numher  are  leaders  of  progress  in  many  lines  of 
endeavor.  If,  in  after  years,  this  cornerstone  is  opened, 
their  successors  will  read  with  keen  appreciation  of 
achievements,  strenuous  hut  peaceful,  intelligently  discussed  at  a  time 
when  so  many  of  the  greatest  nations  were  locked  in  deadly  combat; 
when  destruction  rather  than  construction  seemed  the  ruling  force  of 
so  great  a  portion  of  the  world.  These  records  will  be  fairly  representa- 
tive of  the  spirit  of  achievement  that  persisted  in  the  West  in  the  face 
of  whatever  pessimistic  trend  the  world-thought  might  be  taking. 

Again,  a  cornerstone,  technically  speaking,  binds  together  the  two 
walls  forming  a  right  angle  in  a  structure.  The  publishers  of  this  maga- 
zine believe  that  with  an  issue  of  such  magnitude  and  character,  they 
have  constructed  and  set  in  place  a  cornerstone  which  will  prove  ade- 
quate to  bind  firmly  the  walls  of  their  purpose,  i.  e.,  the  further  develop- 
ment, the  upbuilding  of  California,  and  its  even  more  universal  recogni- 
tion as  one  of  the  greatest  of  modern  factors  in  the  attainment  of  that 
"consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished" — universal  harmony  and  the 
progress  of  all  beniticent  arts  and  industries. 

It  is  the  aim  of  the  publishers  of  California's  Magazine  to  employ 
every  commendable  means  to  ac([uaint  the  people  at  large  with  the 
remarkable  qualities  of  this  state.  It  is  their  intention  to  "take  Cali- 
fornia to  the  World,"  thereby  ettecting  a  community  of  interests,  a  coali- 
tion of  ideas,  a  unity  of  endeavor  which  shall  result  in  the  increase  of 
outj)ul  and  the  broadening  of  commercial  activities;  the  growth  of  popu- 
lation and  the  strengthening  of  all  lies  that  make  for  greater  perfection 
and  advancement  of  California. 

Cal  fornix's  Magazine  welcomes,  to  this  end,  the  active  co-operation 
of  all  who  love  the  interests  of  California  as  their  own  interests.  It  seeks 
the  opportunity  to  lurther  serve  the  cause  of  humanity  and  to  spread 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT 


its  gospel  of  construction  to  all  parts  of  the  world  in  the  terms  of  Cali- 
fornia development.  The  making  of  this,  the  initial  number,  of  Cali- 
fornia's Magazine  has  been  a  task  of  no  small  proportions,  but  it  has 
been,  at  the  same  time,  largely  a  labor  of  love.  When  men  engage  upon 
a  constructive  work,  actuated  by  high  ideals  and  appreciating  the  true 
nature  of  service,  they  are  naturally  grateful  for  the  chance  afforded 
them  of  accomplishing  something  really  worth  the  while. 

The  publishers  believe  that  Providence  makes  particular  provision 
for  all  work  that  is  good  and  that  certain  men  and  women  are  ordained 
for  labor  of  that  character.  Therefore,  in  striving  to  give  credit  where 
credit  is  due  in  the  making  of  this  number,  they  desire  to 
express  particular  obligation  to  one  who  has  done  much  to  bring  the 
work  to  a  successful  issue.  E.  J.  Wickson,  Professor  of  Horticulture  and 
former  Dean  of  the  Agricultural  College  of  the  University  of  California, 
author  of  a  number  of  standard  works  upon  agricultural  subjects  and 
recognized  authority  in  all  matters  appertaining  to  horticulture,  has,  as 
editor  of  this  Cornerstone  Number  of  California's  Magazine,  instilled  into 
it  much  of  his  own  personality  and  thereby  rendered  it  more  interesting, 
authoritative  and  valuable.  The  publishers  are  deeply  sensible  of  their 
indebtedness  to  him  in  the  preparation  of  the  great  mass  of  material  for 
this  issue  and  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  their  appreciation. 

When  they  consider  the  long  list  of  distinguished  contributors  to  this 
number,  the  publishers  believe  they  are  justified  in  experiencing  a  feel- 
ing of  pride  and  in  maintaining  that  there  has  never  before  been  in- 
cluded in  one  volume  a  more  representative  assemblage  of  writers  who 
are  at  the  same  time  leading  citizens  of  the  state,  actively  engaged  in 
the  furtherance  of  all  effort  tending  to  the  preservation  of  its  traditions, 
the  continuation  of  its  present-day  prosperity  and  the  realization  of  its 
future. 

To  be  sure,  there  are  phases  of  California  life  and  industry  that  have 
been  left  practically  untouched  in  this  number.  But  this,  in  itself, 
renders  the  continued  existence  of  the  publication  essential.  There  is 
California  manufacture,  for  example,  of  which  little  has  been  said,  but 
which  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  state's  most  important  lines  of  industry 
and  one  susceptible  of  extensive  development.  Doubtless  there  are 
scores  of  other  interests  in  California — fundamental,  important  and 
significant  in  the  development  of  the  purposes  of  this  publication. 

What  the  contributors  to  this  number  of  California's  Magazine  have 
done  for  the  publication  they  have  done  for  California.  Their  service 
is  therefore  twofold  and  in  expressing  their  own  gratefulness  for  this 


c.\i.ii'(  )R.\i.\'s  .m.\(;azixk 


invaluable  assislanco  llie  publishers  IVcl  llial  tluy  may  also  inclucio  the 
appreciation  of  all  those  who  nuike  up  the  eilizenship  ol  the  slate. 

California  has  a  right  to  be  proud  of  her  citizenry.  It  is  an  asset  whose 
importance  can  not  be  overestimated.  Ours  is  a  country  of  thinkers  and, 
as  a  certain  great  teacher  has  remarked,  "the  time  for  thinkers  has 
come."  The  influence  of  the  Western  atmosphere,  the  broadness  of  the 
land,  the  frei'dom  ol'  Ihe  life,  and  the  licallh  and  vigor  imparted  by  the 
clear  air  and  by  the  cleanly  lives  of  the  inhabitants,  inspires  clarity  of 
thought  and  reasoning  powers.  Those  who  have  contributed  to  this 
number  of  Caluohnia's  Magazine  have  demonstrated  their  ability  to 
think  along  constructive  lines  and  have  enrolled  themselves  among  the 
builders  of  California's  greatness. 

CONCERNING  SERVICE 

The  publishers*  conception  of  the  word  "service"^ — so  widely  used 
today,  is  truly  philanthropic.  It  seems  to  them  to  endiody  humanitarian 
principles  w  hich  should  restrict  its  application  to  the  loftier  purposes  of 
life  and  work.  To  serve  mankind  honestly  is  divine  service.  If  Cali- 
fornia's Magazine  through  its  presentation  of  California's  splendid  po- 
tentialities thereby  perforins  a  service  to  the  world,  in  pointing  the 
way  for  some  of  its  people  to  better  things,  its  aim  will  have  been 
largely  accomplished.  The  service  this  magazine  offers  its  readers  is 
definite  and  it  is  theirs  to  command.  California  has  a  definite  propo- 
sition for  every  man  wdio  enrolls  himself  among  her  supporters  by 
investment  or  home-making  and  California's  Magazine  purposes  pre- 
senting this  proposition  so  clearly  and  honestly  that  all  may  grasp  its 
import  and  benefit  thereby.  California  oilers  conditions  little  short 
of  ideal  for  the  development  of  youth  into  splendid  types  of  manhood 
and  womanhood — therefore  California  is  desirable  to  the  homeseeker. 
There  is  room  here  for  growth;  mental,  moral,  physical.  California 
supplies  opj)ortunilies  for  honest  work  amid  Ihe  most  agreeable  sur- 
roundings and  with  prospects  for  rapid  advancement.  Therefore  it  is 
the  place  for  those  with  life  before  them.  California  possesses  an 
equable  climate;  its  people  find  time  for  play  as  well  as  for  work. 
Therefore  it  is  the  place  for  those  who  are  no  longer  burdened  with 
building  for  their  own  future,  but  whose  concern  is  for  others  who  are, 
and  whose  personal  desires  are  limited  to  the  comforts  and  enjoyments 
of  home  and  peace.  It  is  a  state  for  those  who  are  alive  to  the  best 
tilings  in  life  and  who  seek  such  things  at  their  source. 

California's  Magazine  particularly  desires  that  its  readers  shall  make 
use  of  the  service  otl'ered  them  to  whatever  extent  i-e((uired. 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUXCE^FEXT 


CALIFORNIA  AS  A  CENTER 

The  idea  of  building  a  great  publishing  house  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is 
the  natural  outcome  of  the  tremendous  impetus  given  the  state  as  a 
result  of  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  and  the  unmistakable 
and  persistent  trend  of  world-thought  westward.  That  California  is 
recognized  as  a  world-center  to  be  reckoned  with  now,  more  than  ever, 
is  patent  to  even  the  most  casual  observer.  That  it  is  destined  to  devel- 
opment far  beyond  present  conceptions  not  alone  in  commercial,  but 
in  artistic  lines  as  well,  is  an  admitted  fact.  While  the  opening  of  this 
world  waterway  opens  new  channels  for  trade  and  determines  beyond 
peradventure  the  future  of  California  commercially,  the  growing  im- 
portance of  the  state  in  art  and  letters  must  also  be  conceded.  There 
is  literature  distinctly  Calif ornian  which  has  long  been  recognized  by 
the  discerning  public  both  here  and  elsewhere.  Besides  the  world  owes 
much  to  California  for  some  of  the  world's  greatest  figures  in  art- 
achievement.  The  world's  debt  to  California  is  due  and  payable  now. 
And  California  is  ready  to  collect.  But  in  what  form  shall  payment  be 
made?  In  appreciation,  recognition,  just  reward  of  merit.  In  such 
coin  do  Calif ornians  prefer  to  be  compensated,  for  theirs  is  a  heritage 
of  spiritual  power  far  transcending  the  merely  material  reward  of 
dollars  and  cents. 

California's  Magazine  is  the  champion  of  all  good  things  which  are 
Californian.  Its  columns  are  open  to  its  readers  and  their  co-operation 
is  always  desired.  The  aim  is  to  make  this  magazine  different  from  any 
other  publication  not  only  in  character  of  contents  and  illustration,  but 
in  respect  to  its  policy  and  purpose  as  ^vell.  To  the  end  that  better 
service  may  be  rendered,  the  opinions  and  suggestions  of  readers  are 
invited  at  all  times. 

Lastly,  the  publishers  believe  that  the  future  "looms  big  with  promise" 
to  all  who  strive  earnestly  for  the  Truth.  Supporting,  encouraging  and 
furthering  their  laudable  efforts,  California's  Magazine  will  endeavor 
to  merit  the  continued  respect  and  confidence  of  those  to  whom  life 
means  a  consecration  of  labor  to  its  highest  ideals. 


President 

California  Pnblishers 
Co-operative  Association, 

Publishers  of 
San  Francisco,  1915.  California's  Magazine. 


CA[JFOR\TA"S  AIAGAZIXK 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Whv  California? 


What  California  Can  Do  for  the  World 49 

Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan,  Chancellor  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University 

Human  Factor  in  State  and  National  Development.       53 
Hon.  Franklin  K.  Lane,   United  States  Secretar]^  of  the  Interior 

Labor  Conditions  in  California 57 

W.  V.  Stafford,    Formerly  State  Labor  Commissioner 

California's  Promise  to  Posterity 62 

Gavin  McNab,  Attorney-at-Law 

The  High  Quality  of  California  Rural  Life 78 

E.  J.  Wickson      (Editorial) 

California:  Playground  of  the  World 83 

Menard  Gilbert,    Director,    California    Publishers'    Co-operative 
Association,  Publishers  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE. 

California's  Financial  Resources 93 

Hon.  Alden  Anderson,    Formerly  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Cali- 
fornia; California  BanJ^  Commissioner,  etc. 


Educational 


What  California  is  Doing  in  Education 65 

Hon.  Edward  Hyatt,  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

The  University  of  California 69 

Victor  H.  Henderson,  Secretary  Board  of  Regents,  University 
of  California 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University 75 

O.  L.  Elliott,  Registrar,  Stanford  University 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Natural  Resources 

The  National  Parks  of  California 97 

Mark  Daniels,   General  Superintendent  and  Landscape  Engineer 
of  National  Parks  under  the  U.  S.  Department  of  the  Interior 

Lumbering  in  California 107 

G.  X.  Wendling,   President  Weed  Lumber  Co.  of  S.  F. 

California  State  Forestry  Work Ill 

G.  M.  Homans,     State  Forester 

The  National  Forests  of  California 115 

Coert  DuBois,    District  Forester  Fifth  District,  U.  S.  Forest  Serv- 
ice, San  Francisco 

Chemical  Industries  of  California 1  23 

John  Maxon  Stillman,     of  Stanford  University^ 

Mineral  Development  of  California 127 

Fletcher  McN.  Hamilton,  California  State  Mineralogist 

Relation  of  California  Soils  to  Permanent  Fertility.     1  39 
Dr.  C.  B.  Lipman,     Professor  of  Soil  Chemistry^  and  Bacteriol- 
ogy of  the  Universitv  of  California 

The  Climate  of  California 148 

William  G.  Reed,  Instructor  in  Climatolog})  at  University  of  Cal- 
ifornia 

Fish  and  Game — One  of  California's  Great 

Resources 139 

Ernest  Schaeffle,    Executive  Secretary  California  Fish  and  Game 
Commission 


THREE   big   things  have   been   accomplished   in   CaHfornia   this  year: 
The  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition,  the  Panama-California 
Exposition — and  California's  Magazine.     Each  marks  an  epoch 
in  the  further  development  of  California's  greatness.     Preserve  the  records  of 
this  development  in  your  file  of  this  magazine  by  subscribing  now. 


C .  \  L  T  F  ( )  R  X  T .  \  •  S  ATA  G  A  7  T  X  V. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Development 

Agricultural  Potentialities  of  California 1  77 

Dr.  Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean  of  College  of  Agriculture  of 
the  Universit]^  of  California  and  Director  of  the  University  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Stations 

Rural  Credit  and  State  Development 181 

Col.  Harris  Weinstock,  Member  from  California  of  the  Ameri- 
can Commission  on  Agricultural  Co-Operation  and  Rural  Credit 

California's  Immigration  Problem 1  84 

Hon.  Julius  Kahn,  Member  of  Congress  from  California;  for- 
merly) Member  Legislative  Assembl'^  of  California 

The  Parcel  Post  Service  in  California 1  87 

Charles  W.  Fay,  Postmaster  of  San  Francisco 

California  Coming  Into  Its  Ow^n 1  89 

Edgar  Allen  Forbes,    Secretary  California  Development  Board 

Modern  City  Building 1  97 

Timothy  A.  Reardon,    President  San  Francisco  Board  of  Works 

California  as  a  Place  of  Homes 201 

Mark  Daniels,  Landscape  Engineer  and  General  Superintendent 
of  National  Parks 

Homes  of  California 209 

Arthur  Roland  Kelly,  President  Los  Angeles  Architectural  Club 

California  Gardens 218 

Hugh  Bryan,  Landscape  Architect 

The  Automobile  in  California  Life  and  Industry.  .  .  .    223 
S.  L.  Mitchell,    Secretary  of  the  Automobile  Club  of  Southern 
California 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Development 


Roads  and  Highways  of  California 227 

George  B.  Harrison,  Chief  of  Right-of -Ways-Division,  Cali- 
fornia State  Highway  Commission 

Electric  Transportation  in  California 235 

Paul  Shoup,    President  Pacific  Electric  Railways 

What  Railroads  Are  Doing  in  California 245 

E.  O.  McCormick,  Vice-President  Southern  Pacific  Company 

Development  of  Transportation  in  California 248 

Seth  Mann,    Attorney  and  Manager  of  Traffic  Bureau,  S.  F. 
Chamber  of  Commerce 

Light  and  Power  of  California 251 

John  A.  Britton,  Vice-President  Pacific  Gas  and  Electric  Com- 
pany; Regent  of  the  University  of  California 

California  as  a  Field  for  Farm  Mortgage  Investment   255 

Norman  Lombard,  B.  S.,  LL.  B.,  Manager  Agricultural  Credit 
Corporation  of  California;  also  Member  Committee  on  Rural 
Credits,  Commonwealth  Club  of  California 

PLANT  BREEDING 

Seed  Growing  in  California 1  55 

Lester  R.  Morse,     President  C.  C.  Morse  Seed  Co. 

Fundamental  Principles  of  Plant  Breeding 193 

Luther  Burbank,    President  Luther  Burbank  Society 


IF  you  have  a  friend  in  the  East  or  elsewhere  to  whom  you  would  like  to 
convey  compactly  the  wonder  of  California,  why  not  send  him  a  copy  of 
this  Cornerstone  Number  of  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE P     Or,  better  yet, 
make  him  a  present  of  a  year's  subscription,  including  this  number.     Depend 
upon  it,  it  will  be  a  welcome  gift. 


10  CALTI'ORXIA'S  M.\r,.\Zl\K 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Waterways  by  Panama 

A  Splendid  Use  for  Cannon 273 

Hon.  John  Barrett,  Director-General  Pan-American  Union 

A  Forecast  for  California  and  the  True  Significance 

of  the  Panama  Canal 275 

Dr.  Benj.  Ide  Wheeler,  President  University^  of  California 

The  Psychological  Hour  for  Logical  Commerce.  ...    280 
John  Hays  Hammond,    Formerl'^  Special  Expert  to  U .  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  etc. 

The  Panama  Canal  and  What  it  has  Demonstrated 

since  Opened  to  Traffic 281 

Hon.  Joseph  R.  Knowland,  Member  of  Congress  from  Cali- 
fornia; and  Member  of  House  Committee  on  Interstate  and  For- 
eign Commerce 

California's    Possibilities    for    Pan-American    Com- 
merce       285 

Hon.  John  Barrett,  Director-General  Pan-American   Union 

Western  Hemisphere  Coming  Into  its  Ovs^n 288 

The  Late  Duncan  E.  McKinlay,  Formerly  Member  of  Con- 
gress from  California  and  later  U.  S.  Surveyor  of  Customs,  San 
Francisco 

The  Shipping  Industry  of  the  Pacific  Coast 289 

Captain  Robert  Dollar,    President  Robert  Dollar  Company 

Looking  East  from  the  West 291 

Robert  Newton  Lynch,  Vice-President  and  Manager  S.  F. 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  of  California  Development  Board 

The  Panama  Canal  in  its  Higher  Meaning 295 

Adam  Hull  Shirk,  Editorial  Staff  California  Publishers'  Co-op- 
erative Association,  Publishers  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


PL^BLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  11 

TABLE         OF         CONTENTS 

Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition 

The    Panama-Pacific    International    Exposition :     A 

Perspective  as  it  is  To-day  and  a  Retrospect.  .    305 
Charles  C.  Moore,   President  of  the  Exposition 

The  Exposition  as  an  Expression  of  the  Spirit  of  Co- 
operation      309 

R.  B.  Hale,     Vice-President  of  the  Exposition 

Educational  Aspects  of  the  Exposition 311 

George  Hough  Perry,  Director  Division  of  Exploitation 

Illumination  of  the  Exposition .    317 

W.  D'Arcy  Ryan,  Chief  of  Illumination  at  the  P.-P.  I.  E. 

Sculpture 321 

A.  Stirling  Calder,  Acting  Chief  of  Sculpture,  P.-P.  I.  E. 

Texture  of  the  Exposition  Buildings 325 

George  W.  Kelham,    Chief  of  Architecture,  P.-P.  I.  E. 

Liberal  Arts 329 

Theodore  Hardee,    Chief  of  Liberal  Arts,  P.-P.  I.  E. 

Landscape  Gardening 333 

Donald  McLaren,    Acting  Chief  of  Landscaping,  P.-P.  /.  E. 

Live  Stock    334 

I.  D.  Graham,  Associate  Chief  of  Live  Stock,  P.-P.  L  E. 

Horticulture   337 

George  A.  Dennison,   Chief  of  Horticulture,  P.-P.  /.  E. 

Food  Products 341 

Thomas  G.  Stallsmith,  Chief  of  Department  of  Agriculture 

The  Panama-California  Exposition 349 

Mark  S.  Watson,  Director  of  Publicity,  Panama-California  Ex- 
position 


12  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


California's  Women 


California  as  a  Field  for  Women's  Activities 371 

Hon.  Phoebe  A.  Hearst,  Honorary)  President  Women  s 
Board,  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition;  Regent  Uni- 
versit])  of  California 

The  Work  and  Purposes  of  the  Women's  Board  of 

the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition    375 
Mrs.  Frederick  G.  Sanborn,   President  of  Women  s  Board 

How  the  Women's  Board  of  the  Exposition  Differs 

Organically  from  Similar  Auxiliaries 377 

Mrs.  Gaillard  Stoney,    Secretary  of  Women's  Board 

Woman's   Part   in   Industrial   Welfare    Commission 

Work 383 

Mrs.  Charles  Farwell  Edson,    Member  of  the  Commission 

The  Playground  Propaganda  in  California 384 

Ethel  Moore,  President  Board  of  Plaxjground  Directors  of  Oak- 
land 

Women  as  Bankers   385 

Mrs.  Phebe  M.  Rideout,  Director  of  a  Number  of  California 
Banks 

Woman's  Part  in  University  Extension  Work 386 

Miss  Nadine  Crump,  Secretary  Bureau  of  Class  Instruction  and 
General  Organizer  of  U.  of  C.  Extension  Division;  Graduate  of 
Radcliffe 

Mills  College   391 

Miss  Hettie  B.  Ege,  Dean  of  Faculty^  and  Acting  President 

Work  of  the  Commissioner  of  Elementary  Schools.    394 
Margaret  E.  Schallenberger,    Commissioner  of  Elementary 
Schools  of  California 

California  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 397 

Mrs.  James  W.  Orr,     Past  President  of  the  Federation 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  13 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

California's  Women 


A  Woman  in  the  Office  of  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys   400 
Mrs.  Grace  Blackwell  Caukin,  Recently  Appointed  Receiver 
of  Public  Moneys — a  Federal  Position 

The  San  Francisco  Center  of  the  California  Civic 

League 401 

Mrs.  A.  E.  Graupner,  San  Francisco  ClubTVoman 

The  California  Civic  League 403 

Maybelle  L.  Feusier,  Chairman  Publicit})  Committee,  Cali- 
fornia Civic  League 

The  Work  and  Purposes  of  the  San  Francisco  Branch 

of  the  Associated  Collegiate  Alumnae 405 

Mrs.  Jesse  H.  Steinhart, 

Women  as  Farmers  in  California 407 

Mrs.  Emily  Hoppin,  President  California  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs 

My  Work  as  Assistant  U.  S.  Attorney  for  Northern 

District  of  California 409 

Mrs.  Annette  Abott  Adams,  Assistant  U.  S.  Attorney  for 
Northern  District  of  California  and  a  Graduate  of  University  of 
California 

Silk  Culture  in  California 412 

Mrs.  D.  J.  Murphy,  President  Ladies'  Silk  Culture  Societv  of 
California 

California's  Women 414 

Mrs.  Marie  Hicks    Davidson,  Editor  of  the  Women's  Section 

The  Travelers'  Aid  Society 416 


14  CAIJI-ORXIA'S  MA(^.\ZTXE 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


California  Fruits 


Why  California  Leads  the  World  in  Fruits 417 

E.  J.  Wickson,    (Editorial) 

Why  the  Plum  is  Great  in  California 430 

F.  B.  McKevitt,  President.  California.  Farmers'.  Protective 
League;  formerly  Manager  California  Fruit  Distributors 

Conditions  and  Methods  of  the  California  Prune  In- 
dustry      433 

Joseph  T.  Brooks,     Secreiar]^  of  San  Jose  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Commerce 

The  Citrus  Fruit  Industries  of  California 447 

F.  O.  Wallschlaeger,  Secretary  Citrus  Protective  League  of 
California 

The  Olive:    A  Unique  California  Product 461 

Mrs.  Freda    Ehmann,  President  Ehmann  Olive  Co. 

Why  California  Will  Lead  in  Fig  Production 465 

George  C.  Roeding,  President  Fancher  Creel^  Nurser])  Co.; 
ex-President  Pacific  Coast  Nurseryman's  Association  and  Cali- 
fornia Association  of  Nurserymen,  etc. 

The  Date  in  California 470 

Silas  C.  Mason,  Arboriculturist  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture 

What  California  is  Doing  for  the  World  in  Raisins.  .    521 
James  Madison,    Vice-President  and  Manager  California  Asso- 
ciated Raisin  Company 

The  Grape  in  California 526 

E.  M.  Sheehan,  Member  and  Secretary  California  State  Board 
of  Viticultural  Commissioners 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  15 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Co-operative  Marketing 

California  Almond  Growing  and  Marketing 477 

George  W.  Pierce,  President  California  Almond  Growers'  Ex- 
change 

California   Walnuts   and   Their    Co-operative    Mar- 
keting      481 

Carlyle  Thorpe,    Manager  California  Walnut  Crofvers'  Association 

California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange 501 

Dr.  G.  Harold  Powell,  General  Manager  California  Fruit  GroTV- 
ers   Exchange 

Co-operative    Marketing    of    California    Deciduous 

Fruits 505 

J.  L.  Nagle,    General  Manager  California  Fruit  Exchange 

How^  the  California  Fruit  Distributors  Distribute.  .    509 
Charles  E.  Virden,      General   Manager   California   Fruit   Dis- 
tributors 

Co-operation  in  Selling  California  Cured  Fruits.  .  .    511 
Henry  M.  Ellis,      General     Manager     California     Cured     Fruit 
Exchange 

What  the  Railroads  Have  Done  for  the  Fruit  and 

Vegetable  Industries  of  California 513 

J.  S.  Leeds,  Manager  Santa  Fe  Refrigerator  Dispatch  Company 

Protecting  the  California  Producers 516 

Arthur  Dunn,     Secretary    and    Manager    Farmers'    Protective 
League  of  California 

Growling    of   Vegetables    for    Distant    Shipment    in 

Southern  California   534 

H.  S.  Hazeltine,    Secretarv   California    Vegetable   Union 


16  CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Field  Products 


The  Potato  in  California    540 

Eugene  H.  Grubb  and  W.  S.   Guilford,    Authors    of   ''The 
Potato,"  Published  by  Doubleda^,  Page  &  Co. 

Truck  Farming  in  California 542 

E.  J.  Wickson,    (Editorial) 

The  Lima  Bean  in  California 544 

Parry  R.  Cole,  Manager  The  Lima  Bean  Growers'  Association 

Alfalfa  in  California   548 

Gerald  D.  Kennedy,     Field  Expert  of  the  California  Develop- 
ment Board 

California's  Leadership  in  Alfalfa 553 

E.  J.  Wickson,    (Editorial) 

The  California  Rice  Industry 557 

Theodore  Goodman,    General  Manager  California  Rice  Grow- 
ers Association 

Hop  Growing  in  California 565 

E.  Clemens  Horst,  President  E.  Clemens  Horst  &  Co. 

Hay  in  California 569 

F.  A.  Somers,  President  Somers  &  Co. 

The  Future  of  California's  Cotton  Industry 571 

John  N.  Blackburn,      Field    Representative    of    the    California 
Publishers'  Co-Operative  Association 


A  PLEASANT  and  profitable  income  may  be  derived  from  acting  as 
representative  for  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE.     Write  now  to  the  Busi- 
ness Department  for  information  as  to  territory,  etc.     This  work  can  be 
done  during  spare  time  and  add  considerably  to  your  revenue.     We  desire 
agents  in  every  part  of  the  country. 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  17 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Live  Stock 


California  Range  Cattle 575 

W.  Mayo  Newhall,  Vice-Pres.  Newhall  Land  &  Farming  Co. 

The  Shorthorn  in  California 579 

David  J.  Stollery,  Secretarv  of  the  Howard  Cattle  Company 

The  Hereford  and  the  Range  Interest 583 

J.  W.  Goodwin,      President  Oro  Electric  Corporation 

The  Sheep  and  Wool  Industry  of  California 585 

F.  A.  EUenwood,     Secretar])   California   Wool  Growers''  Asso- 
ciation 

Swine  Raising  in  California 591 

A.  M.  Henry,     President  Swine  Breeders'  Association 

Work  of  the   United   States   Bureau   of   Animal   In- 
dustry in  California 596 

Dr.  H.  H.  Hicks,       Inspector  in  Charge  of  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry,  San  Francisco 

The  Horses  Which  Move  California  Industries 60 1 

Henry  Wheatley,     President  California  Horse  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation 

The  California  Trotting  Horse 605 

Will  M.  Neal,    Editor  ''The  Breeder  and  Sportsman" 

The  American  or  Five-Gaited  Saddle  Horse 6n 

Hon.  E.  A.  Bridgford,    For  Six  Years  President  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  Gaited  Saddle  Horse  Association 


18  r.MJI-ORXTA'S   MAGAZTXE 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Dairying 

Opportunities  in  California  Dairy  Farming 617 

W.  H.  Saylor,  Formerly)  Secretary  California  State  Dairy  Bureau; 
Publisher  Pacific  Dairy  Revietv 

Dairy  Products  from  the  Cow  to  the  Consumer 626 

Ed  H.  Webster,    General  Superintendent  of  the  California  Cen- 
tral Creameries 

Dairy  Instruction  at  the  University  Farm 629 

Prof.  H.  E.  Van  Norman,     Vice-Director  and  Dean  University 
Farm  School  at  Davis,  Cal.;  President  National  Dairy  Show 

Food  Manufacture 

How  California  Fruits  are  Served  Fresh  Around  the 

World     489 

Charles  H.  Bentley,     Sales  Manager  California  Fruit  Canners 
Association 

Methods  and  Achievements  of  the  California  Dried 

Fruit  Industry    493 

Henry  P.  Dimond,   Secretary  Dried  Fruit  Association  of  California 

Factors  in  California  Canning 517 

A.  W.  Bitting,  Food  Technologist 

The  California  Sugar  Industry 529 

Robert  T.  Oxnard,     Vice-President  American  Beet  Sugar  Com- 
pany 

The  Milling  Industry  in  California 561 

Hon.  Horace  Davis, 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  19 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Poultry  Industry 


The  Poultry  Industry  in  California 633 

George  H.  Croley,    President  Federated  Poultry  Associations  of 
California 

What  California  is  Doing  to  Improve  the  Quality  of 

Poultry  Products 650 

Edwin  T.  Lindley,     Judge  and  Official  Egg   Tester  for  S.  F. 
Poultry),  Pigeon  and  Pet  Stocl(  Association 

Turkeys  in  California 651 

Rhode  Island  Reds 653 

William  J.  Fox,   Member  San  Mateo  Poultr'y  Association 

Single  Comb  White  Leghorns 654 

Harry  Mortensen,       Student   Division    of  Agricultural   Educa- 
tion, U.  of  C. 

Houdans    654 

Fred  L.  Hall,  Member  Alameda  County  Poultry  Association 

Black  Leghorns 655 

Samuel  Adams  Wells,      ex-President  California  Leghorn  Club 

Campines    656 

A.  E.  Sinclair,   Member  American  Campine  Club 

Sicilian  Buttercups   657 

W.  S.  Woodhams,    Member  Executive  Committee,  San  Mateo 
Poultry  Association 

Langshans     657 

George  Lohr,    Sales  Manager  S.  F.  Poultry  Show 

Federated  Poultry  Association    658 

E.  J.  Talbott,  Secretary 


20  CAT.IFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Poultry  Industry— Continued 

Orpingtons    655 

E.  J.  Talbott 

Plymouth   Rocks 656 

Edward  Ellis,  Member  of  S.  F.  Poultry^,  Pigeon  and  Pel  Stock 
Association 

The  Hogan  System  of  Selection  of  Fowls 660 

Walter  Hogan 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Guinea  Fowls 652 

W.  A.  French,      Director  San  Joaquin   Countv  Poultr]^  Asso- 
ciation 

Bee  Keeping  in  California 661 

A.  B.  Schaffner,     Manager   of    the   Consolidated  Hone^   Pro- 
ducers of  California 


WHILE  this  Cornerstone  Number  of  California's  Magazine  is 
certain  to  be  of  value,  the  service  we  may  be  able  to  afford  you  later 
is  of  still  more  importance.  In  order  that  we  may  be  m  a  position  to 
help  you  in  whatever  concerns  your  desires  regarding  California,  you  should 
register  with  us  noTP.  Use  blank  on  last  page  of  this  number.  Do  this  whether 
you  are  in  immediate  need  of  service  or  not.  It  costs  nothing  and  will  bring 
you  much.  We  will  issue  bulletins  between  our  regular  editions  telling  of 
opportunities  in  California  for  everyone.  These  will  come  to  you  if  you  are 
registered  with  us.  If  we  know  your  wishes  we  shall  then  be  able  to  select 
such  matter  as  will  apply  to  you  most  directly. 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENT  21 


REPRESENTATIVES  WANTED! 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  wants  men 
and  women  to  act  as  its  representatives  in 
all  parts  of  the  country — persons  w^ho  have 
vim,  and  energy  and  intelligence.  Such  persons 
can  make  an  immediate  success  of  this  vsrork,  for 
"California's  Magazine"  practically  sells  itself. 
We  w^ant  enthusiastic  men  and  women — v^ho  are 
confident  of  themselves  and  of  their  w^ork.  In 
short,  w^hat  vv^e  w^ant  are  "Live  Wires.  " 


Our  Proposition  is  an  Attractive  One 


Special  instructions  and  our  terms  to  repre- 
sentatives w^ill  be  sent  on  request — the  man  or 
v^oman  w^ho  undertakes  this  w^ork  w^ill  find  it 
lucrative,  pleasant  and  interesting. 

We  w^ould  appreciate  the  co-operation  of  our 
readers  to  the  extent  of  putting  us  in  touch  v^ith 
persons  they  may  know^  and  w^hom  they  believe 
w^ould  be  adapted  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
subscriptions  to  this  magazine;  and  acting  as  our 
representatives.     Address : 

CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

NEW  CALL  BUILDING  SAN  FRANCISCO 


-79 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Publishers'  Notes 


IT  was  originally  the  inten- 
tion to  pnhlish  this  volnme 
as  "The  California  Almanac." 
Later,  the  idea  of  issuing  a 
quarterly  publication  and  call- 
ing it  California's  Magazine 
was  adopted.  This  will  explain 
to  those  who  have  seen  an- 
nouncements of  the  Almanac 
why  its  contents  appear  in  this 
publication,  and  also  accounts 
for  the  occasional  references  in 
the  present  number  to  the  Al- 
manac— references  which  were 
admitted  through  inadver- 
tence. Everything  that  was  to 
have  appeared  in  the  Almanac 
is  contained  in  this  Corner- 
stone Number  of  California's 
Magazine,  together  with  much 
additional  material,  so  that 
'those  who  have  ordered  or 
may  have  contemplated  order- 
ing the  former  publication  will 
receive  even  more  than  they 
anticipated  in  the  latter. 


T?IE  next  issue  of  C.\i.ifor- 
nia's  Magazine  will  be 
out  before  October  i,  and  will 
be  the  Autumn  Number.  While 
it  will  contain  fewer  pages  than 
the  present  issue,  it  will,  never- 
theless, be  much  bulkier  than 
the  average  periodical  and  in 
the  quality  and  scope  of  con- 
tents and  in  the  importance  of 
contributors  will  prove  an  ex- 
ceptional number. 


TO  the  end  that  people  ev- 
erywhere be  made  to  rea- 
lize fully  the  wonderful  possi- 
bilities of  this  State,  the  pub- 
lishers invite  the  co-operation 
of  Californians  in  supplying 
such  facts  as  may  have  come 
within  their  own  observation 
and  experience  that  will  tend 
to  show  what  California  can  do 
for  the  world.  Tf,  for  example, 
vou    have    made    a    success    in 


farming  on  a  small  scale  ;  or  if 
some  particular  branch  of  agri- 
culture has  rewarded  your  ef- 
forts beyond  your  expectations; 
if  you  have  discovered  a  new 
resource  of  practical  value  or 
have  developed  a  new  line  of 
industry  into  a  paying  proposi- 
tion— if,  in  sliort,  \ou  have  any- 
thing to  tell  that  will  serve  as 
additional  evidence  of  Califor- 
nia's munificence  —  tell  it 
through  these  pages.  Send  pho- 
tographs, too,  if  you  have  them 
or  can  obtain  them. 


DAIRYING  is  undoubtedly 
one  of  California's  most 
important  indu.stries,  as  the 
several  articles  by  experts  ap- 
pearing in  this  number  will  tes- 
tify. It  is  a  business  afifording 
opportunities  at  all  times,  and 
one  not  likely  to  be  overcrowd- 
ed. The  demand  is  always  cer- 
tain, and  with  careful  manage- 
ment and  an  understanding 
that  will  prevent  costly  mis- 
takes, large  returns  may  be  rea- 
lized. In  the  Autumn  Number  of 
this  magazine  Mr.  Ed.  H.  Web- 
ster, general  superintendent  of 
California  Central  Creameries 
(who  contributes  a  brief  article 
to  this  issue),  will  give  a  de- 
tailed account  of  the  dairying 
industry  from  the  angle  of  a 
practical  man  who  has  studied 
the  business  in  all  its  ramifica- 
tions. This  article  will  be  ex- 
haustive and  will  undoubtedly 
be  of  great  value. 


THE  State  of  California  is 
one  of  the  finest  examples 
of  the  benefits  that  accrue  from 
an  equality  of  the  sexes  in  mat- 
ters of  business,  politics  and 
the  general  management  of  the 
affairs  of  life.  California's 
women,  from  the  earliest  be- 
ginnings,  have    stood    shoulder 


t(i  slioulder  with  tlu'  men  and 
ha\e  liafl  tlieir  part  in  the  up- 
building of  tile  State.  They 
have  proved  conclusively  their 
splendid  qualifications  for  con- 
structive enterprise ;  for  active 
participation  in  all  work  for 
the  welfare  of  the  community, 
as  well  as  in  the  management 
of  the  home.  Nor  is  this  said 
in  disparagement  of  women 
elsewhere ;  California's  Mag- 
azine is  a  firm  believer  in  the 
high  qualities  of  the  feminine 
mind  at  all  times,  everywhere. 
In  this  number  are  numerous 
articles  by  women  of  Califor- 
nia, showing  what  they  and 
others  have  done  for  the  State 
and  for  its  people.  It  is  the 
intention  to  include  in  each  is- 
sue articles  by,  for,  and  about 
women  in  this  State,  which  will 
serve  to  encourage  those  who 
may  be  obsessed  by  a  false  be- 
lief in  their  own  limitations,  as 
well  as  convince  the  world  of 
the  splendid  qualities  of  Cali- 
fornia's fair  citizens. 


'M 


With  a  Small  Farm 
in  California"  is  the  title  of  a 
paper  written  for  the  next 
number  by  Mr.  W.  V.  Staf- 
ford, formerly  State  Labor 
Commissioner,  from  informa- 
tion gathered  during  his  recent 
travels  about  the  State.  ]\Ir. 
Stafford  interviewed  many  so- 
called  "small  farmers"  and 
found  numerous  instances  of 
unique  methods  employed  in 
the  attainment  of  success  with 
small  tracts  of  land.  The  ar- 
ticle will  be  illuminating  to 
those  who  have  labored  under 
the  impression  that  to  succeed 
in  farming  in  California  inva- 
riably requires  a  small  fortune 
and  many  acres  of  land  to  be- 
crin  with. 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTES 


23 


CALIFORNIA  possesses  nu- 
merous artistic  and  liter- 
ary shrines,  which,  however, 
are  not  always  easy  to  locate 
and  are  sometimes  overlooked 
even  by  those  most  interested 
in  such  things.  Frequently  the 
searcher  is  called  upon  to  make 
a  pilgrimage  down  some  half- 
hidden  by-path,  or  to  go  delv- 
ing into  the  musty  archives  of 
the  past ;  again,  he  may  be  re- 
quired, in  the  pursuit  of  knowl- 
edge about  artists  and  writers 
in  California,  to  make  excur- 
sions into  the  realms  of  Bo- 
hemia, or  the  fashionable  cir- 
cles of  society.  In  any  event, 
the  searcher  is  generally  re- 
warded for  his  perseverance  by 
discovering  much  of  interest, 
much  that  is  distinctive.  For 
California's  men  and  women  of 
art  and  letters  have  been  noth- 
ing if  not  original.  In  what 
other  section  of  the  country 
will  you  find  such  striking  fig- 
ures as  those  which  stand  in 
bold  relief  against  the  back- 
ground of  California?  And 
there  are  others,  less  celebrat- 
ed, perhaps,  but  no  less  pictur- 
esque, interesting — typical. 

An  account  of  certain  ram- 
bles in  search  of  shrines  of  art 
and  letters  in  California  will  be 
published  in  the  Autumn  Num- 
ber of  this  magazine.  It  is  by 
Adam  Hull  Shirk  and  is  writ- 
ten in  a  style  that  renders  it 
most  delightful  reading. 


PARTICULAR  attention 
of  readers  of  Califor- 
nia's Magazine  is  called  to 
the  superior  quality  of  the 
illustrations  in  this  issue,  both 
in  black  and  white  and  in 
the  natural  color  process.  The 
latter  are  the  last  word  in  lat- 
ter-day engraving  art.  The  fish 
and  game  pictures,  for  example, 
are  declared  by  experts  to  be 
the  finest  ever  produced  in  the 
West,  if  not  in  the  world.  The 
dchcate  hues  in  the  rainlww 
trout,  for  instance,  are  retained 


in  lifelike  shades.  In  the  fruit 
plates  the  actual  bloom  is  ap- 
parent upon  the  satiny  surface 
of  the  luscious  plums,  peaches, 
etc.  The  scenic  pictures,  those 
of  the  Yosemite  Valley,  partic- 
ularly, are  wonderfully  beauti- 
ful and  give  the  person  who  has 
never  seen  this  marvel  among 
valleys,  a  perfect  conception  of 
the  exquisite  coloring.  In  future 
issues  four-color  process  plates 
of  California  subjects  will  be 
made  a  particular  feature,  and 
subscribers  to  California's 
Magazine  will,  in  a  year,  have 
accumulated  a  splendid  series 
of  exceptionally  beautiful  pic- 
tures, worthy  of  preservation, 
if  only  for  their  artistic  perfec- 
tion. Many  excellent  photo- 
graphs for  natural  color  illus- 
trations have  already  been  se- 
cured, for  the  Autumn  issue. 


IT  should  be  apparent  to 
those  who  read  this  number 
of  California's  Magazine  that 
it  offers  the  most  convincing 
evidence  of  the  unparalleled 
quality  of  the  State  as  a  place 
for  living  and  working  under 
desirable  conditions.  Therefore, 
if  you  happen  to  be  a  resident  of 
this  State  and  have  friends  in 
the  East,  or  elsewhere,  to  whom 
you  have  often  endeavored  to 
portray  the  wonders  of  Califor- 
nia, perhaps  with  an  idea  of  in- 
ducing them  to  come  west,  and 
possibly  with  only  indifferent 
success — you  must  realize  that 
in  this  number  you  have  an  ar- 
gument that  is  convincing  be- 
yond anything  of  the  sort  here- 
tofore offered.  And  you  need 
not  be  afraid  to  make  use  of  it. 
because  it  is  authentic :  it  is 
stamped  with  the  seal  of  au- 
thority by  men  who  know 
whereof  tlicy  speak  and  who  do 
not  speak  unless  the\'  mean 
what  they  say. 

Why  not,  therefore,  make  use 
of  California's  Magazine  in 
interesting  your  friends  in  Cali- 
fornia.   If  von  are  a  loval  Cali- 


fornian,  you  naturally  want  to 
attract  to  the  State  as  many 
good  citizens  as  you  can.  And 
in  this  Cornerstone  Number 
you  have  hundreds  of  pages  of 
convincing  testimony  to  the 
greatness  of  California. 

THE  book  review  depart- 
ment of  this  magazine  will 
be  an  important  feature  of  fu- 
ture issues  and  will  contain 
unprejudiced  critical  considera- 
tions of  the  latest  publications. 
Publishers  are  invited  to  send 
books  and  periodicals  to  this 
department  for  review  and  may 
be  assured  of  full  recognition 
of  the  merits  thereof,  with, 
however,  just  criticism  where 
it  seems  to  be  deserved. 


THE  excellence  of  Califor- 
nia's Magazine  as  a  medi- 
um for  advertising  will  be  evi- 
dent to  those  who  are  familiar 
with  such  matters.  While  this 
number  contains  no  outside  ad- 
vertising whatever,  and  has 
been  devoted  to  circulation 
building,  future  issues  will  car- 
ry ad\'ertising  of  the  highest 
character  only,  which  will 
include  no  announcements  of  a 
speculative  or  misleading  char- 
acter. Those  interested  are  ad- 
vised to  communicate  now  with 
the  Advertising  Department  of 
California's  AIagazine  to  re- 
serve space  in  the  Autumn 
Number.       

THROUGHOUT  this  num- 
lier  are  frequent  references 
to  the  Readers'  Service  of  Cal- 
ifornia's Magazine.  These  are 
commended  to  your  attention 
and  you  are  urged  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  proffered  assist- 
ance to  any  extent  you  may  de- 
sire. There  is  no  information 
concerning  California,  its  re- 
sources and  potentialities,  but 
can  be  quickly  supplied  by  the 
Service  department,  which  is 
made  up  of  trained  experts  wdio 
arc  for  the  most  part  men  of 
almost  nation-wide  reputation 
in  their  respective  lines. 


24  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


"Why  California?" 


HERE'S  a  pertinent  question:  ''Why  California?" 
Whence  the  source  of  our  enthusiasm;  why  the  con- 
tinued repetition  of  the  statement,  in  varied  forms,  that 
California  is  today  the  most  attractive  spot  on  earth?  Have  we  a 
reason  for  the  faith  that  is  in  us,  you  may  ask?  Assuredly,  we 
iiave.  We  know — and  knowledge  is  even  greater  than  faith.  We 
know  that  California  is  wonderful  and  that  its  people  are  fine 
and  true.  And  we  want  the  world  to  know  it  also.  That  is  why 
we  have  employed  frequently  the  slogan :  "TAKING  CALIFORNIA 
TO  THE  World!"  That  is  what  we  are  doing, — through  this  mag- 
azine and  by  means  of  our  RExADERS'  SERVICE,  which  leaves  no- 
thing undone  that  will  mutually  serve  California  and  the  readers 
of  Californla's  Magazine. 

"But  why?"  asks  someone.  "Why  California?"  And  we 
answer:  "Come  and  see?"  Seeing  is  believing,  so  they  say,  but 
feeling  in  your  innermost  soul  that  a  thing  is  so,  is  better  still. 
And  the  Californian,  either  native  or  adopted,  very  soon  learns 
to  feel  in  his  innermost  soul,  to  know  in  his  heart  of  hearts,  that 
intense  love  of  California,  that  loyalty  to  the  State,  that  freedom, 
and  above  all,  that  confidence  w^hich  begets  success  and  happiness. 

California  gives  everything — everything  that  man  may  re- 
quire. Out  of  the  richness  of  her  store.  Mother  Nature  gives, 
and  gives,  and  asks  in  return  only  honesty  and  industry  and  a 
smiling  face  and  a  continual  practice  of  the  Golden  Rule.  In 
exchange  for  these  simple  requirements  she  gives  everything! 

That  is  "Why  California"! 


READERS'    SERMCE  25 


What  California  Needs 

CALIFORNIA  has  everything  to  offer  and  all  it  requires 
in  return  is  good  citizenship.  What  California  needs  to- 
day is  more  people,  men  and  women  of  high  calibre;  men 
and  women  who  are  industrious,  intelligent,  with  high  ideals 
and  a  capacity  for  expansion  in  the  realms  of  mentality.  In  a 
word,  it  needs  more  citizens  of  the  same  type  as  those  who  have 
made  it  the  marvelous  State  it  is  todav. 


California's  Need  is  the  World's 
Opportunity 

BECAUSE  California  needs  that  type  of  men  and  women, 
this  is  the  time  for  the  world  to  take  advantage  of  the  need 
and  profit  thereby.  No  matter  what  a  man's  station  in  life, 
or  how  much  of  a  success  he  may  have  made  in  his  work,  Cali- 
fornia can  offer  possibilities  that  no  other  spot  in  the  world 
offers.  It  is  the  State  for  the  successful  man  because  the  success- 
ful man  can  appreciate  its  blessings  and  benefit  himself  and  the 
State  as  well. 


Our  Service  to  You  is  a  Service  to  the 
State 

CALIFORNIA  has  a  definite  proposition  for  every  man. 
What  that  proposition  is,  we  can  tell  you  once  we  know 
all  about  you  and  your  desires.  That  is  what  our  Re.^ERS' 
Service  is  organized  for — to  work  for  the  mutual  advantage  of 
the  State  and  the  readers  of  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE.  The 
blank  for  registration  on  the  last  page  of  this  number  merits  your 
consideration.  Fill  it  out  and  mail  it  to  us  today.  It  may  result 
in  great  benefit  to  you  and  yours. 


Readers^  Service  -  California's  Magazine 

NEW  CALL  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 


26 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


California  Fruits 

and  How  to  Grow  Them 

A  Manual  of  Methods  Which  Have  Yielded  the  Greatest 

Success;  with  Lists  of  Varieties  Best  Adapted  to 

Diflferent  Sections  of  the  State. 


By  EDWARD  J.  WICKSON,  A.  M., 
Editor  Pacific  Rural  Press 


SEVENTH    EDITION— REVISED 
Over  500  pages  of  text,  besides  numerous  full  page,  half-tone  illus- 
trations on  plate  paper.    Size  of  page  6x9  inches;  handsomely 
bound  in  cloth;  gold  stamped  on  backbone  and  front  cover 


This  is  the  standard  work  on  California  Fruits,  and  one  or  another  of  its 
editions  is  to  be  found  in  the  homes  of  most  progressive  fruit-growers  in  this 
State. — San  Francisco  Chronicle. 


Contents  by 

The  Climate  of  California  and  Its 
Local   Modifications. 

Why  the  California  Climate  Special- 
ly Favors  the  Growth  of  Fruits. 

The  Fruit  Soils  of  California. 

The  Wild  Fruits  of  California. 

California   Mission   Fruits. 

Introduction  of  Improved  Fruit  Va- 
rieties. 

Clearing  Land  for  Fruit. 

The  Nursery. 

Budding  and   Grafting. 

Preparation  for  Planting. 

Planting  Trees  and  Vines. 

Pruning  Orchard  Trees  and  Thin- 
ning Fruit. 

Cultivation. 

Fertilizers  for  Fruit  Trees  and 
Vines. 

Irrigation  of  Fruit  Trees  and  Vines. 

The  Apple. 

The  Apricot. 

The  Cherry. 

The  Peach. 

Price,  $3.00  pe 


Chapter  Titles 

The  Nectarine. 

The  Pear. 

Plums  and  Prunes. 

The  Quince. 

Vine  Propagating  and  Planting. 

Pruning  and  Care  of  the  Vine. 

Grape  Varieties  in  California. 

The  Date. 

The  Fig. 

The  Olive. 

The  Orange. 

The  Lemon.  Lime,  etc. 

Banana,    Loquat.    Persimmon, 
apple.  Avocado. 

Berries  and  Currants. 

.\lmond.  Walnut,   Chestnut,  Peanut, 
etc. 

Fruit      Canning,      Crystalizing      and 
Drying. 

Injurious  Insects. 

Diseases    of   Trees   and   Vines. 

Injurious  Animals  and  Birds. 

Protection   from  Winds  and  Fros.ts. 

l^tilization  of  Fruit  Wastes. 

r  Copy,  Postpaid 


Pine- 


Address 

PACIFIC  RURAL  PRESS,  Publisher 

525  Market  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


CALIFORNIA  BOOKS  27 


California  Vegetables 

In  Garden  and  Field 

A  Manual  of  Practice  With  and  Without  Irrigation 
for  Semi-Tropical  Countries 


By  EDWARD  J.  WICKSON,  A.  M., 
Author  of  "California  Fruits,"  etc. 


THIRD    EDITION  — REVISED    AND    EXTENDED 

368  pages,  6x9^4  inches;  well  printed  and  strongly  bound 

in  cloth;  illustrated 


It  treats  of  the  proper  culture  of  all  leading  vegetables  in  California.  It  is 
full  of  information  and  instruction.  It  is  simple,  direct,  and  so  clear  that  whoever 
uses  it  as  a  guide  book  cannot  go  astraj'  in  vegetable  culture. — Sacramento  Record- 
Union. 


Contents  by  Chapter  Titles 

Vegetable  Growing  in  California.  Chicory  and  Endive. 

Farmers'  Gardens  in  California.  Corn. 

California     Climate    and    Vegetable  Cucumber. 

Growing.  Egg  Plant. 

Vegetable  Soils  of  California.  Lettuce. 

Garden  Irrigation.  Melons. 

Garden  Drainage  in  California.  Onions,   Leek.  Chives. 

Cultivation.  Peas. 

Fertilization.  Peppers. 

Garden   Location  and  Arrangement.  Potatoes. 

The  Planting  Season.  Radishes. 

Propagation.  Spinach. 

Artichokes.  Squashes. 

Asparagus.  Tomatoes. 

Beans.  Turnip. 

Beets.  Vegetable  Sundries. 

Cabbage,       Cauliflower.       Broccoli,  Vegetable  Canning  and  Drj'ing. 

Kale.  Seed-Growing  in  California. 

Carrot,  Parsnip  and  Salsif^^  Garden  Protection. 

Celery.  \\'eeds  in  California. 

Price,  $2.00  per  Copy,  Postpaid 


Address: 

PACIFIC  RURAL  PRESS,  Publisher 

525  Market  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


28 


CALIl-^ORNTA'S  :\ia{;azine 


California  Garden  Flowers 

Shrubs,  Trees  and  Vines 

«^ 

Being  Mainly  Suggestions  for  Working 
Amateurs 


By  EDWARD  J.  WICKSON,  A.  M., 
Hon.  President,  California  State  Floral  Society 


FIRST    EDITION— 1915 

262  pages,  SJ.^  x  7^  inches;  illustrated;  cloth  bound;  12  full-page 
photo-plates  and  numerous  text  illustrations 


This  book  aims  to  tell  the  beginner  in  California,  whether  he  be  a  scholar 
struggling  with  his  school-garden,  or  a  suburban  gazing  vacantly  on  his  residence 
lot,  or  the  farm-home  maker,  who  is  puzzled  to  translate  his  experience  with  teams, 
plows  and  pasture  fields  into  trowels,  pruning-shears  and  lawns,  just  what  to  do  to 
make  garden-soils,  grow  plants  and  surround  his  abode  with  beauty  under  the 
peculiar  climatic  conditions  of  California. 


Contents  by  Chapter  Titles 


Intniductory. 

Climatic  Characters  and  Advantages. 
Soils  and  Fertilizers. 
Tillage  and  Irrigation. 
Laying  Out  the  Garden. 
Elements  of  Propagation. 
Growth  of  Plants  from  Seeds. 
Growth  of  Plants  from  Buds. 
Hot-Beds  and  Cold-Frames. 
The  Amateur's  Greenhouse. 
Planting,  Pruning  and  Training. 
Characters,     Adaptations     and     Re- 
(|uirements  of  the  Months. 
Lawns  and  Ground-Covers. 
The   Rose. 


The  Carnation. 

The  Chrysanthemum. 

Open-air  Herbaceous  Plants. 

Bulbs,  Tubers  and  Roots. 

Flowers  for  Hot,  Dry  Regions. 

Water  Plants  in  California  Gardens. 

Choice  and  Treatment  of  Arbor- 
escent Plants. 

Shrubs  Approved  for  California. 

Trees  for  Ornament  and  Shade. 

Climbing  Plants  for  California  Gar- 
dens. 

Methods  Against  Plant  Pests  and 
Diseases. 


Price,  $1.50  per  Copy,  Postpaid 


Address: 

PACIFIC  RURAL  PRESS,  Publisher 

525  Market  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


CALIFORNIA  BOOKS 


29 


California  Poultry 

Practice 

By  SUSAN  SWAYSGOOD 


In  writing  this  book,  the  author,  after  a  lifetime  of  active, 
practical  and  successful  experience  in  poultry  raising  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  has  endeavored  to  show  the  farmer  how  he  can 
make  the  poultry  department  of  his  business  more  profitable. 
It  deals  with  actual  conditions — not  theories — and  covers 
every  phase  of  the  industry  from  eggs,  chicks,  diseases  and 
remedies  to  the  profitable  marketing  of  the  products  of 
the  poultry  farm. 


CONTENTS  BY    CHAPTERS 


Some  of  the  Advantages  of  Califor- 
nia Poultry  Raising. 

When  and  How  to  Start  in  the  Poul- 
try Business. 

Location. 

The  Colony  Plan. 

Open-Front  Houses. 

Large  and  Small  Plants  for  Eggs. 

The  Care  and  Management  of  Eggs. 

How  to  Build  an  Incubator  Cellar. 

How  to  Run  the  Incubator. 

Raising  the  Chicks. 

Why  Chicks  Die  in  the  Shell. 

A  Few  Don'ts  in  Raising  Chicks. 

Brooders  and  Brooding  Systems. 

The  Building  of  Brooder  Houses. 

Poultry  Appliances. 

Raising  Broilers. 

Feeding  for  Eggs. 


Balanced  Rations;  What  Are  Thej'? 

Feeding  the  Breeders. 

Fattening  and  Preparing  Fowls  for 
Market. 

Balanced  Ration  for  Heavy  Breeds. 

The  ^lold  that  Injures  Poultry. 

Egg  Foods,  or  Condition  Powders. 

The  Value  of  Milk  in  the  Poultrv 
Yard. 

The  Management  of  Poultry  during 
the  Summer. 

The  Molt  in  California. 

The  General  Purpose  Fowl. 

Capons. 

Prepotency,  and  Prolificacy. 

The  Mediterranean   Class. 

The  American  Class. 

The  French   Breeds. 

The  Asiatic  Class. 


Contains  160  pages  of  text,  besides  illustrations,  bound  in  cloth 
Price,  $L00  per  Copy,  Postpaid 


Address: 

PACIFIC  RURAL  PRESS,  Publisher 

525  Market  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


■■'rciniorrow  to  fresli  woods  and  pastures  new.""— Milton. 

Come,  tlien.  if  you  would  find  the  hiding  place  of  the  i^reat  i^od 
Pan  and  his  followers  today — for  here  is  Arcady  ! 


California  is  the 

World's 
Playground 


IT  is  the  modern  land  of 
Romance,  but  unlike 
some  of  the  ro- 
mantic countries 
of  the  Old  World,  it 
mixes  commonsense 
with  its  idealism  and 
never  loses  sight  of 
the  practical.  Califor- 
nians  have  learned 
how^  to  dream  prac- 
tical dreams;  how  to 
realize  ideals,  and 
how^  to  make  their 
w^ork  joy  instead  of 
drudgery.  Also  they 
have  learned  the  ne- 
cessity of  mixing 
play  w^ith  their  w^ork. 


READERS'  SERVICE 


31 


"To  him  who  in  the  love  of  Nature  holds 
Communion  with  her  visible  forms,  she  speaks 
A  various  language.  .  .  ."  — Bryant. 

Nature  has  granted  California  so  many  wonders,  given  her  so 
manv  attractions,  that  the  Californian  becomes  a  Nature-lover  be- 
cause he  cannot  help  it. 


You    may 
Enjoy   a 
Vacation  in 
California   all 
the  year  'round 


There  is 

every  variety 

of  Scenery  to 

be  found  in 

California's 

158,297 

square   miles 

of  territory 


IF  YOU  HAVE   DREAMED  OF   COMING   TO  CALI- 
FORNIA LET  US  TELL  YOU  HOW  YOU  MAY 
MAKE  THAT  DREAM  COME  TRUE! 


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homes,  we  have  organized  the 

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CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

NEW  CALL  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  49 

What  California  Can 

Do  for  the 

World 

By  Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan 

Chancellor  of   Leland   Stanford   Junior    U n'rocrsitx 


Editors  Note:  Doctor  Jordan  is  too  widely  and  well  known  in 
world  circles  to  warrant  any  attempt  to  characterize  his  qualities  and 
public  services.  Still  for  the  benefit  of  the  distant  reader  it  may 
be  said  that  he  is  distinctively  a  Californian  in  his  experience,  in 
the  development  and  quality  of  his  activities,  and  in  his  spirit  and 
achievement.  In  pursuit  of  his  lofty  purposes  he  has  never  been 
known  to  take  water — except  at  the  very  beginning  of  his  scientific 
career  when  he  chose  to  study  the  denizens  of  the  mighty  deep 
as  his  line  of  systematic  and  biologic  research.  Since  then  he  has 
had  most  to  do  with  men  on  their  educational,  religious,  and  socio- 
logical relations  and  from  the  organization  of  a  great  university 
to  inspire  and  equip  the  youth  for  world  purposes  he  has  naturally 
passed  to  exhortations  and  warnings  to  the  adult  world  to  behave 
itself.  Naturally,  also,  he  finds  that  California  has  a  unique  duty  and 
opportunity  in  this  line. 


JUST  now  the  world  is  mainly  in  need  of  two  things — 
sanity  and  food.  War  is  insanity,  anarchy,  disregard 
of  morals,  of  law,  of  common  decency  generally,  and 
just  now  is  on  the  largest  scale  the  world  has  ever  known 
for  that  sort  of  thing. 

Europe  is  not  much  larger  than  the  United  States  and 
holds  no  greater  variety  of  soil,  products,  or  population. 
The  thirty,  more  or  less,  of  the  states  of  Europe  are  shut 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^[AG.vZIXE 


off  from  their  neighbors  by  an  excess  of  armed  men. 
This,  instead  of  being  simply  a  police  force  obeying  the 
decrees  of  a  civil  poimhition,  lias  come  to  exist  for  its 
own  sake;  in  many  nations  to  the  ntter  neglect  of  the 
int(^rests  of  the  people  it  pretends  to  serve.  The  exist- 
ence and  maintenance  of  a  dominant  military  caste, 
engaged  in  rivalries  and  anxions  to  try  ont  its  new  guns, 
its  new  tactics,  its  Zej^pelins,  dreadnaughts,  and  subma- 
rines is  the  sole  necessary  cause  of  war.  The  immense 
j)rofits  in  the  making  and  equipping  of  these  hideous 
tools  of  scientific  savagery  is  one  of  the  most  jjowerfid 
of  the  incentives  which  help  on  war.  With  this  goes  the 
fact  that,  on  the  continent,  personal  liberty  has  vanished, 
leaving  every  man  a  soldier.  To  keep  up  these  costly 
agents  of  ruin  it  is  necessary  to  load  the  borders  with 
hate  and  to  emphasize  to  the  utmost  any  chance  differ- 
ence between  nations  by  speaking  of  it  ahvays  in  terms 
of  war.  Never  in  the  world  would  commercial  jealousies 
bring  on  war  if  it  were  not  that  each  adventurer  or  ex- 
ploiter is  backed  up  by  diplomacy,  and  the  foreign  offices 
of  most  nations  are  only  the  firm  names  under  which 
exploiters  carry  on  their  business.  On  top  of  this  every 
dii^lomatist  is  backed  by  the  army,  and  his  every  woi'd 
is  loaded,  on  the  principle  of  the  brass  kimckles,  with  the 
threat  of  war. 

It  is  therefore  not  strange  that  w^e  have  war,  even 
though  overloaded  Europe  is  in  no  position  to  pay  for  it, 
liaving  already,  through  loans,  expended  tlie  gains  of  ten 
coming  generations.  The  remedy  for  this  is  the  one  found 
by  our  forefathers  and  followed  by  the  provinces  of  Can- 
ada and  the  states  of  Australia  and  South  Africa.  If  the 
European  civilization  of  the  next  century  is  not  to  go  the 
same  hideous  way  it  must  not  be  founded  on  dynamite. 
It  must  not  rest  on  f(nTe  and  fear  and  hate  and  lies.   In 


DR.    DAVID    STARR    JORDAN 


some  degree  it  must  be  a  democratic  federation.  In  our 
own  federal  union  each  State  gave  up  the  rigiit  of  war 
and  of  separate  meddling  with  international  affairs.  We 
liave  free  trade  among  the  forty-eight  States,  the  largest 
scale  on  which  freedom  of  trade  has  ever  been  tried,  and 
we  have  interstate  citizenship.  Something  of  the  kind 
nmst  come  to  Europe,  else  she  will  tread  the  road  to 
bloody  ruin  again.  After  that  she  would  have  to  be  recol- 
onized  from  America,  as  she  is  now  being  fed  by  the  peo- 
ple of  her  daughter  continent. 

Given  a  tribunal  to  adjust  international  disputes,  free 
trade  among  European  states  and  an  international  citi- 
zenship, and  it  would  be  very  hard  work  to  keep  up  in 
Europe  the  spirit  of  rivalry  and  hate. 

This  lesson,  California,  with  her  sister  States,  is  pre- 
pared to  teach.  Under  the  flag  where  hatred  dies  away 
this  single  State  offers  all  the  variety  seen  in  Europe.  It 
is  the  overflow  meeting  of  all  the  nations,  and  to  tliis 
meeting  all  come  in  peace  and  in  nuitual  tolerance  and 
respect.  "I  can  not,"  said  Charles  Lamb,  "hate  anybody 
I  know,"  and  here  in  California  we  all  know  each  other. 
And  we  all  love  California  because  she  first  loved  us. 

And  as  California  has  fed  us  so  bountifully  we  shall 
be  ready  to  share  her  bounty  with  starving  Europe.  Al- 
ready the  Belgians,  led  by  Herbert  Clark  Hoover  of 
Stanford  Univei'sity,  are  our  world  guests.  As  the  piti- 
ful struggle  goes  on  to  its  final  end  in  drawn  game 
Poland,  Servia,  Hungary,  Turkey,  Alsace,  Macedonia, 
France,  must  appeal  to  our  charity.  Later  England  and 
Germany,  perhaps.  We  of  California  will  know  where 
our  duty  lies,  and  we  shall  not  be  remiss  in  our  devotion 
to  it. 


The  Human  Factor  in 

State  and  National 

Development 

By  Hon.  Franklin  K.  Lane 

Oj  California  :   United  States  Secretary  of  the  Interior 


Editor's  Note:  The  case  for  the  farmer  is  taken  up  by  Honorable 
FrankHn  K.  Lane  in  his  article,  which  analyzes  the  burden  of  those 
who  are  attempting  to  make  homes  and  discusses  what  help  and  van- 
tage can  be  given  them  in  the  public  interest.  Mr.  Lane  is  a  Califor- 
nian;  he  is  also  a  big,  broad-shouldered,  strong-minded  citizen  who 
was  a  power  in  the  interstate  commerce  commission,  and  is  now  a 
power  in  the  interior  department.  He  is  a  rational  reformer,  a  far- 
seeing  constructionist.  He  has  the  courage  of  his  convictions.  Not 
so  long  ago  a  prominent  writer  declared  after  an  interview  that 
"Frank  Lane  is  one  of  the  very  few  really  big  men  in  Washington." 
Mr.  Lane  represented  the  President  at  the  opening  of  the  Panama- 
Pacific  International  Exposition.  He  is  at  the  forefront  in  world 
movements.     His  article  is  a  valuable  consideration  of  a  vital  topic. 


T  ARGE  questions  are  in  their  ultimate 
^—^  simple  questions,  just  as  large  men  are 
simple  men,  men  without  complexity.  That 
seems  to  be  the  order  of  our  day. 

There  is  very  little  difference  between  de- 
ciding what  should  be  the  proper  interpretation 
of  a  statute  of  the  United  States  Congress  and 
deciding  what  should  be  the  proper  construc- 
tion of  a  section  of  a  city  charter.  The  same 
kind  of  intellectual  grasp  that  will  solve  a 
problem  in  any  city  or  in  any  state  will  solve 
a  problem  in  the  nation. 

The  problems  that  I  have  in  the  Department 
of  the  Interior  are  largely  problems  that  turn 
upon  standpoint.  What  is  the  thing  to  be  done? 
And  in  whose  interest  should  we  work?  There 
has  been  all  through  the  world  the  theory  that 
resources  should  be  given  to  those  men  who 


can  make  largest  use  of  them ;  and  that  in 
some  way  the  benefit  of  those  resources  will 
trickle  down  through  some  sort  of  sieve  to  the 
great  body  of  the  people  ;  that  we  would  be 
better  off  if  we  consigned  all  that  we  had  to 
some  great  master  of  industry  and  let  him,  in 
his  infinite  wisdom,  take  care  of  the  mass  of 
people  underneath. 

That  is  a  philosophy  under  which  a  great 
deal  that  is  good  has  been  done,  under  which 
continents  have  been  opened,  under  which  the 
resources  of  great  bodies  of  land  have  been 
made  available  to  the  people  of  the  world. 
But  it  is  not  a  philosophy  that  is  consistent, 
I  take  it,  with  the  theory  of  our  government 
or  the  tendency  of  our  laws. 

Just  as  soon  as  we  accept  the  theory  that  all 
men  and  all  women,  if  vou  please,  are  entitled 


54 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


to  ])articipate  in  government,  there  must  neces- 
sarily follow  the  proposition  that  all  i)e()ple 
ha\-e  a  right  to  say  something  as  to  what  their 
economic  and  industrial  possibilities  shall  be. 
So  that  it  is  no  longer  possible,  no  matter  how 
advantageous  it  might  be  from  the  standpoint 
of  efficiency  or  si)eedy  de\elo])nient — it  is  no 
longer  possible  to  turn  o\'er  a  bit  of  our  conti- 
nent to  a  few  men  and  say  "J)e\-eIop  tliis  as 
the  East  India  t'onii)any  developed  India."  or 
as  Cecil   Kliodcs  planned  to  develop  Africa. 

IRL  1'.  Ml'.AXIXC.  OK  si:R\irK 
We  think  largely  today  in  terms  of  eco- 
nomics, and  the  a\-erage  man,  and  the  man  who 
is  not  of  the  average,  believes  that  it  is  jiossible 
for  him  in  some  way  to  work  out  an  economic 
and  industrial  ])hilos()j)hy  by  which  advantage 
will  ct)me  to  him  and  to  the  great  mass  of  our 
peoi)le.  even  though  there  is  no  such  thing  as 
putting  the  master  mind  to  work  upon  the 
problem  excepting  as  the  servitor  of  the  many ; 
and  the  problem  of  our  government  largely  is 
to  so  stimulate  the  imagination  of  these  master 
men  that  they  will  be  al)le  to  appreciate  the 
glory  that  is  theirs  and  the  fullness  of  the  life 
that  they  are  leading  if  they  are  able  to  serve 
all  men   instead  of  themselves  alone. 

The  difference  between  men,  I  find,  is  largely 
a  difference  in  imagination,  a  difference  in 
vision.  Some  men  see  themselves  as  units, 
isolated,  removed  :  other  men  see  themselves  in 
a  relationship. 

'I'lie  world  is  tleveloping  in  l'".nghnul  and  in 
the  United  States  a  class  of  rich  men  who  have 
as  much  satisfaction  in  doing  good  with  their 
money  as  any  poor  men  who  live,  and  not  get- 
ting that  satisfaction  like  those,  as  John  Boyle 
O'Reilly  says  in  his  ])oem  on  llohemia.  who 
deal  out  "Charity  scrimped  and  icL-d  in  the 
name  of  a  cautious  statistical  Christ."  but  men 
who  are  not  attempting  to  do  anything  other 
than  make  their  wealth  ayailable  to  their 
fellow  men. 

It  is  a  wrong  economic  theory.  I  am  con- 
vinced, to  say  that  those  men  who  have  grown 
rich  have  not  served  their  country  well.  The 
money  that  they  !ia\e  made  and  the  wealth  that 


they  are  producing,  if  that  wealth  is  used  con- 
stant 1\-  in  creating  more  wealth  and  in  taking 
proper  adyantage  of  opportunity  antl  putting 
that  ad\-antage  to  the  benefit  of  the  whole 
I'onununity.  is  \w\\  used — better  used  indeed 
than  if  it  is  dribbled  away  in  a  series  of  society 
functions,  attended  often  with  approval,  be- 
cause they  say  that  it  tends  to  scatter  money. 
The  use  to  make  of  money  is  U)  use  it ;  and 
the  use  to  make  ^A'  land  is  to  use  it;  and  the 
use  to  make  of  water  is  to  use  it;  and  the 
problem  that  we  ha\-e  to  solve  in  this  country 
is  how  to  gt't  men  to  give  to  the  whole  country 
the  benefit  of  the  resources  that  may  be  held 
in  a  single  hand  or  in  the  hands  of  a  few,  and 
we  can  not  do  that  arbitrarily.  Men  can  not 
have  what  they  are  eittitled  to  taken  from  them 
by  sheer  force  of  the  strong  arm.  We  must  do 
it  upon  some  philosophic  basis  and  with  reason 
behind  us,  because  we  have  got  to  win  the 
force  and  the  command  of  public  o})iniori. 

WHERE   THE   BURDEN    BELONGS 

Now,  I  lind  on  every  reclamation  project 
that  the  greatest  hindrance  comes  from  the  man 
who  holds  out  of  use  land  that  should  be  cut 
U})  into  small  tracts  and  put  at  the  service  of 
the  community.  I  shall  try  to  solve  that  prob- 
lem by  placing  burdens  upon  that  kind  of  men 
which  are  not  to  be  borne  by  those  men  who 
are  honestly  attempting  io  make  homes ;  so 
that  men  shall  have  to  pay  to  the  government 
of  the  United  States  more  promptly  their  pay- 
ment for  water  that  we  furnish  to  them  if  they 
do  not  use  that  water  thaii  they  would  if  they 
did  use  that  water.  And  so  it  is  with  the  prob- 
lem of  water  power.  The  question  is  still 
undetermined  as  to  what  control  Congress  has 
over  this  (question  of  water,  as  to  whether  all 
the  water  that  falls  into  the  state  does  not 
belong  to  that  state.  There  is  a  claim  advanced 
seriously  by  some  of  our  states,  and  ably  upheld 
in  argument,  that  all  the  water  that  falls  y.ithin 
a  state  belongs  to  it,  regardless  of  the  condi- 
tion that  would  result  in  the  neighboring  states 
if  all  that  water  was  appropriated  by  that  state. 

I  come  against  the  prol)lem  as  to  what  terms 
])ublic  land  shall  be  allowed  to  be  used  for 
reservoir  sites  on  and  for  dam  sites,  and  1  am 


HON.    FRANKLIN    K.   LANE 


55 


trying  to  adapt  that  same  philosophy  to  the 
water  question  that  1  shall  try  to  adapt  to  the 
land  question  ;  that  primarily  the  body  of  that 
water  must  be  used,  that  you  can  not  take  a 
stream  that  is  capable  of  producing  100,000 
horse-power  and  by  appropriation  and  by  a 
partial  use  keep  the  public  from  the  benefit 
of  the  full  hundred  thousand  horse-power,  but 
shall  impose  upon  those  people  who  ask  for 
that  river  or  ask  for  that  dam  site  an  obligation 
to  develop  to  the  highest  the  water  power  in 
that  stream. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  can  suggest  anything 
more  helpful  than  the  thought  addressed  to 
those  who  live  in  the  citv  that  the  things  that 
make  life  so  tolerable  in  city  homes,  come  out 
of  the  travail  of  a  great  body  of  our  people 
of  whom  I  have  seen  but  little  in  my  life  until 
the  very  recent  years — our  farming  population. 

THE    FIGHT    FOR    A    HOME 

Some  time  ago  I  was  in  A\'yoming  upon  an 
irrigation  project,  where  they  told  me  that  the 
previous  year  the  average  growth  per  acre  was 
$11,  out  of  which  the  government  asked  $1.50. 
And  one  after  another  of  those  men  rose  in 
the  meeting  and  told  me  of  the  struggle  that 
they  were  ha^•ing  in  making  homes  for  them- 
selves. One  young  fellow  said  that  he  had  five 
acres.  He  rose  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  ; 
he  worked  until  seven ;  at  seven  he  went  to 
work  for  a  neighbor  ;  he  stayed  at  work  for 
him  until  six ;  he  had  his  supper  and  he  went 
to  work  again,  and  he  worked  until  eleven 
o'clock.  Another  man,  with  ten  acres,  said 
that  he  was  milking  eight  cows  and  keeping 
two  horses  upon  those  ten  acres  of  land.  An- 
other man,  with  forty  acres,  told  me  of  the 
struggle  that  he  had  had  with  a  piece  of  sandy 
soil.  He  had  poured  w^ater  onto  it  until  he  had 
l)Ut  twenty  acre  feet  of  water  onto  that  land, 
and  yet  he  had  not  been  al)le  to  raise  a  single 
crop  of  alfalfa;  but  his  heart  was  still  full  of 
hopes.  He  had  turned  over  the  sand  in  his 
front  yard  and  laid  tarred  paper  a  foot  and 
a  half  below^  the  surface  of  the  soil,  piled  back 
the  sand  and  put  on  water  and  raised  his 
vegetables. 

These  are  the  men  who  are  workintr  for  us. 


These  are  the  men  who  are  doing  the  pioneer- 
ing in  the  United  States  today. 

The  engineering  work  of  the  United  States  is 
unsurpassed.  There  is  no  greater  tribute  that 
can  be  paid  to  the  American  engineer  than  to 
say  that  he  has  built  the  dam  that  will  hold 
the  flood  waters  of  the  greatest  river  in  the 
country.  But  we  have  been  indifferent,  too 
indift'erent  to  the  man  wdio  works  upon  the 
farm  that  is  irrigated  by  the  United  States. 
\\A  have  been  too  indifferent  to  the  man  who 
works  upon  every  farm,  and  I  am  satisfied  that 
there  must  come  a  movement  in  our  time  by 
which  conditions  will  be  made  more  tolerable 
not  for  that  man  alone.  Init  for  the  woman  who 
is  with  him.  They  are  the  pioneers.  I  have 
been  through  the  arid  \\'est  where  these  farms 
are  being  laid  out,  dry  farms  and  irrigated 
farms,  and  those  men  are  having  a  battle  with 
the  soil  that  is  just  as  real  and  just  as  splendid 
and  calls  for  as  much  heroism  as  any  battle 
that  men  ever  fought  upon  a  battlefield  with 
guns. 

There  are  two  classes  of  men.  Kipling  says. 
He  divides  them  into  the  sons  of  Mary  and  the 
sons  of  Martha.  Mary  pleased  her  lord  and 
he  looked  upon  her  with  favor.  Martha  dis- 
pleased him  because  she  was  at  work;  and 
the  sons  of  Martha  have  been  working  for  the 
sons  of  Mary  ever  since.  And  the  man  that 
we  must  have  regard  for  in  our  study  of 
economic  questions,  the  man  that  the  govern- 
ment should  look  to  constantly  and  whose 
concerns  should  give  the  government  concern, 
is  that  son  of  Martha  who  is  struggling  and 
striving  to  build  the  railroad,  to  build  the 
irrigation  ditch,  to  make  the  farm,  to  get  the 
metal  out  of  the  mountains,  to  drive  his  ships 
across  the  sea,  to  explore  in  far-oflf  Alaska,  to 
drain  the  everglades  of  the  South,  to  climb 
into  places  that  are  the  highest,  and  find  where 
men  can  make  habitations  for  themselves.  All 
our  economic  theories  must  be  controlled, 
curbed  and  limited  by  the  human  ecjuation. 
There  is  no  philosophy  that  solves  any  problem 
unless  we  consider  first  of  all  how  men  are 
going  to  live,  and  what  their  ideals  of  living 
are  ;    and  if  we  are  to  have  the  United  States 


56 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZKNE 


filled  from  shore  to  shore  with  men  who  are 
independent  American  citizens,  proud  of  that 
citizenship,  loyal  to  their  government,  we  must 
have  conditions  in  the  homes  of  the  farmers  of 
this  country  under  which  women  will  not  work 
from  four  in  the  morning  until  nine  and  ten 
at  night,  and  men  will  find  that  they  can  get 
some  of  the  satisfaction  that  comes  to  men  l>y 
mixing  with  their  fellowmen  without  abandon- 
ing their  farms  where  they  are  trying  to  make 
a  living  for  themselves  as  well  as  for  us. 

HOW    IHK   FARMER    KEELS 

I  want  to  make  a  plea  for  consideration  of 
the  i)r()bk'in  of  tlie  American  farmer  ;  as  to 
how  he  is  to  become  identified  with  those  who 
live  in  the  city  and  not  feel  a  degree  of  bitter- 
ness against  them.  1  find  that  there  is  building 
up  a  great  class  feeling  in  the  United  States, 
and  that  feeling  some  say  lies  at  the  House  of 
Have  on  the  one  side  and  the  House  of  Want 
on  the  other  ;  and  the  minds  of  some,  it  is 
roughly  believed,  say  that  this  means  the  labor 
unions  or  the  laboring  men  on  the  one  side,  and 
the  capitalistic  class  on  the  other.  I  say 
seriously  that  one  of  the  problems  that  must  be 
considered  is  the  problem  of  the  dissatisfaction 
of  the  man  who  lives  in  the  country,  and  that 


there  is  as  much  danger  of  a  jthilosophy  de- 
veloping on  the  part  of  the  farmer  that  is 
antagonistic  to  the  denizen  of  the  city  as  there 
is  that  laboring  men  will  be  opposed  to  the 
capitalist.  Those  men  feel  that  they  have  not 
had  out  of  tliis  country  a  square  deal.  They 
are  willing  to  work,  but  they  feel  that  an  effort 
ought  to  be  made  to  make  their  conditions  more 
tolerable.  Men  on  the  farms  in  the  United 
States  pay  ten  and  twelve  per  cent  interest  upon 
their  money,  when  they  want  to  buy  a  few 
cattle  or  some  agricultural  implements,  and 
they  say  the  man  in  the  city  can  get  his  money 
for  five  })er  cent,  and  what  is  the  city  man 
doing  for  them,  wliat  consideration  does  he 
give  to  them  ? 

This  country  is  great ;  this  country  has  a 
destiny  that  is  unequalled,  but  that  destiny 
can  be  worked  out  only  by  having  in  our  minds 
constantly  "the  other  fellow."  That  other 
fellow  is  the  man  upon  whom  we  must  lean ; 
we  must  not  try  to  solve  problems  upon  any 
theory  unless  we  take  into  consideration  the 
psychology  of  the  man  who  has  to  work  the 
farm  and  the  psychology  of  the  man  who  has 
to  sail  the  ship,  and  the  psychology  of  the  man 
who  has  to  do  the  work  in  the  machine  shop 
or  in  the  ground. 


f~^  ALIFORNIA  is  a  State  where  men  may  come  nearer  to  realizing 
^^  their  ideals  of  life  and  work  and  that  in  a  shorter  space  of  time 
than  almost  any  other  place  in  the  world.  The  prohlem  of  the  American 
farmer  is  less  a  problem  here  than  elsewhere  but  it  is  still  a  problem, 
just  as  the  life  and  labor  of  any  proportion  of  the  human  race  must 
ever  be.  But  the  California  farmer  finds  many  of  his  problems  solved 
by  Nature  herself;  finds  also  that  there  is  less  manifestation  of  "man's 
inhumanity  to  man"  and  more  general  observance  of  the  golden  rule. 
The  true  life  of  the  farmer — which  entails  peace  of  mind  and  happiness 
as  concomitants  of  prosperity — is  lived  under  California  skies  as  no- 
where else  and  the  farmer  of  this  State  takes  his  ])lace  in  the  front 
ranks  of  the  world's  producers.  There  are  thousands  of  i)ersons  who 
w^ill  read  this  and  who  will  find  their  minds  revolving  (juestions  that 
insist  upon  elucidation.  "How  can  T  know  more  of  California?" 
"Where  can  I  obtain  information  I  know  is  dependable?"  The  service 
department  of  California's  Magazine  is  organized  for  the  very  pur- 
pose of  answering  just  such  questions.  Readers  of  this  publication  are 
urged  to  ])ut  their  ])roblems  up  to  us  for  solution. 


Labor  Conditions  in 
California 

By  W.  V.  Stafford 

Formerly  California  State  Labor  Commissioner 


Editor's  Xotc:  Air.  Stafford's  subject  is  one  appealing  to  the 
human  sympathies  as  few  others  can.  but  it  is  hkewise  the  most 
important  of  all  economic  problems.  Labor  in  California  is  more 
greatly  blessed  than  in  most  places,  and  ]\lr.  Stafford  gives  facts  and 
figures  supporting  that  assertion.  As  former  state  labor  commis- 
sioner he  has  enjoyed  exceptional  opportunities  to  become  personally 
acquainted  with  the  conditions  which  he  describes  in  his  usual  pithy, 
terse  and  "straight-from-the-shoulder"  manner.  The  subject  of 
labor  is  a  vital  one,  and  every  person  who  thinks  at  all  will  see  its 
significance  in  relation  to  the  future  development  of  the  State  in  the 
face  of  present-day  conditions. 


ONE  of  the  first  essentials  for  comfort 
for  the  man  who  toils  is  a  climate 
that  does  not  run  to  extremes.  In  this 
respect  California  is  particularly  favored ; 
there  are  few  spots  on  the  entire  planet 
where  men  can  work  as  many  days  in 
comparative  comfort  as  in  this  State. 
\\'hile  California,  with  a  coast  line  of 
about  one  thousand  miles,  with  large  in- 
terior valleys,  and  with  high  mountain 
ranges,  has  a  variety  of  climate  that  em- 
braces every  gradation  between  the  two 
extremes  it  is  a  fact  that  the  major  por- 
tions of  the  State's  industries  are  carried 
on  in  the  sections  where  the  temperature 
is  of  the  most  favored  character. 

The  manufacturing  industries  are  con- 
ducted principally  around  the  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  district,  and  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Los  Angeles — where  the  climatic 
conditions  for  labor  are  perfect.  Other 
important  manufacturing  cities  are  Sacra- 


mento and  Stockton,  where  the  winter 
climate  is  ideal  and  where  the  summer 
heat  is  hardly  ever  oppressive  and  the 
summer  nights  are  pleasant  and  cool  by 
comparison  with  eastern  cities.  Consid- 
erable manufacturing  is  pursued  in  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  cities  where  the  climatic 
conditions  are  similar  to  those  mentioned 
above. 

The  average  number  of  rainy  days  in 
the  year  1913  in  twenty  of  the  counties, 
where  the  larger  population  and  the  great- 
est industrial  activity  are  to  be  found,  is 
48.  Every  other  day  in  the  year  was 
either  clear,  partly  cloudy  or  cloudy — ■ 
with  the  preponderance  in  favor  of  clear. 
San  Jose  had  215  clear  days;  Los  Angeles 
193;  Sacramento  256  and  Riverside  212. 

A    WHITE    man's'  country 

California  is  decidedly  a  white  man's 
country — the  general  impression  to  the 
contrarv.  notwithstandino-.     The  Federal 


58 


CALIFORXIA'S  AfAGAZTXE 


PREVIOUS  to  the  development  of  irrioation  systems  emploxnient 
on  tlie  California  farm  was,  for  the  majority,  seasonable  and 
precarious.  Millions  of  acres  of  wheat  gave  em])loyment  to 
plowmen  and  harvesters  dnrini^-  the  brief  periods  of  plantini^-  and  har- 
vesting- onlv.  Today,  with  the  wonderful  systems  of  irrigation  work- 
ing ])ractically  the  full  length  of  the  State,  a  competent,  steadv  farm 
hand  has  a  better  ])rosi)ect  for  permanent  employment  than  has  the 
factor\-  o])erati\-e  of  a  manufacturing  cit)-. 


census  of  1896  shows  the  State  populatit)n 
to  have  been  91.6  per  cent  white  ;  the  same 
returns  for  the  year  1910  show  95  per 
cent  white,  the  other  five  per  cent  being 
made  up  of  ja])anese,  Chmese,  Negroes 
and  Indians.  Of  these  it  may  be  said  that 
the  Japanese  are  not  increasing,  the 
Chinese  are  rapidly  decreasing  and  the 
others  do  not  in  either  instance  re])resent 
one  i)er  cent  of  the  State's  population. 

"i'he  Chinese  have  practically  ceased  to 
compete  with  white  labor  except  in  city 
laundries — the  Japanese  engage  principal- 
ly in  house  cleaning  and  domestic  service 
in  the  cities,  and  in  fruit  and  vegetable 
production  in  the  country. 

The  census  reports  of  1910  show  7,659 
manufacturing  plants  for  the  State  with 
an  invested  capital  of  $537,134,000— the 
product  of  these  establishments  being 
$529,761,000  for  the  year,  and  employing 
18,203  salaried  officials  and  clerks  and  an 
average  of  115,296  wage  earners.  About 
25  per  cent  of  these  industrials  were  lo- 
cated in  the  city  of  San  Francisco,  about 
15  percent  in  Los  Angeles;  the  remainder 
scattered  all  through  the  State,  in  the  fol- 
lowing cities,  Oakland,  Sacramento, 
Fresno,  Stockton,  San  Jose,  Richmond, 
San  Diego  and  luireka,  as  well  as  a  num- 
ber of  other  localities.  We  may  safely 
estimate  that  if  these  figures  could  be 
brought  up  to  date  the>  would  show  an 
increase  of  from  10  to  20  per  cent. 

It  is  practical]}-  imi)ossible  to  obtain 
correct  figures  as  to  the  number  of  per- 
sons employed  in  all  of  the  varied  indus- 


tries of  the  State.  Some  idea  of  the  labor 
empUjyed  can  be  formed  by  a  brief  state- 
ment of  the  value  of  the  varied  products 
for  the  year  1913  : 

Orchard    products    $  77,796,120 

Vineyard    26,875,000 

Carden.    fresh    9,842.000 

Farm    products    (grains,   etc.) 99,083,000 

Dairy   and   poultry  products 53,756,448 

Other    held    crops    27,435.800 

Fish    industry    10,678,534 

Forest    and    lumber    (estimated) 40,000,000 

Petroleum    46,000.000 

Mineral   products    (estimated)    54,000,000 

Farm  animals  and  products 77,584,300 

Sundry   other   products    (not  included 

above)    31,600,000 

Total $554,651,202 

These  figures,  which  have  been  care- 
fully and  conservatively  compiled,  show 
that  California  has  an  income  from  the 
labor  of  her  people,  agriculttire,  horticul- 
ture, manufacturing,  etc.,  all  combined, 
far  in  excess  of  one  thousand  million  dol- 
lars annually. 

TRAXSPORrA  riON    FIOIRES   SICXIKICANT 

Some  conception  of  the  bulk  of  the  busi- 
ness of  California  may  be  formed  by  not- 
ing the  fact  that  the  steam  railroads  of 
the  State  employ  63,944  men  in  the  varied 
l)ranches  of  transportation — with  14,601 
miles  of  track.  In  addition  to  the  steam 
railroads,  California  has  nearly  3,000  miles 
of  electric  railway. 

Hie  report  of  the  State  Labor  Com- 
missioner for  the  year  1913  shows  that 
5,103  mercantile  and  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments were  inspected.  These  estab- 
lishments   employed    148,549    persons    of 


LABOR  CONDITIONS  59 

whom  110,321  or  73.3%   were  males  and       8.  %  received  from  $  3.00  to  $5  .99 

TO  Tio  or  -r^    r  1  TVT-  1  ^1-  '7c  received  from  6.00  to       8.99 

38,228  or  25./%   females.     Minors  under     2S.7%  received  from  9.00  to    11.99 

18  years  of  asre  constituted  4.8%,  while      16.4%  received  from 12.00  to    14.99 

.  J        1^  r  \-.    .    J        9.6%   received  from  15.00  to     17.00 

minors  under  16  years  of  age  constituted       45%  received  from 18.00  to    20.99 

less    than    one   per   cent.      These    figures       1-7%  received  from  21.00  to    24.99 

,,        1      ,  ,  .    .  ,  ,      .  12''/r   received  from  25.00  and  over 

are  all  valuable  as  giving  the  relative  pro-  .^r   .1       ,    ,    1            t                 ■  1       j    rcxm 

■-         '^                .         ^  Ot   the   total   number  considered,  60%' 

portions  of  male,  female  and  child  lal^or  ■      1  d-nnn                               1 

^             .              .                   .         .  received  S^.UO  or  over  per  week. 

in  the  industries  of  California. 

LABOR    0R(3ANIZATI0XS 

In   an   investigation   as  to   wages   paid  ^abor  in  all  skilled  trades  is  shown  by 

and  hours  of  labor  m  California  industries  ^j^^  ^^p^^^  ^^  ^1^^  Labor  Commissioner  to 

the   Commissioner   finds   that   of    145.154  ^^^  ^.^^^  thoroughly  organized  throughout 

individuals,    75%    were    males    and    2d%  ^j^^  ^-^j^^  ^^  ^1^^  5^^^^      ^^  estimates  the 

females.       Of    the     male     employes     1%  j^^^j    organizations    as    numbering    over 

worked  less  than  8  hours  per  day;  36.6%  ^^^^   thousand,   classified  as  follows:    (1) 

worked  8  hours;  43.2%  worked  9  hours;  n    -i  r         ^                1  •          4.        /on  -r 

'          '  Jjuilding  stone  working,  etc.;  (2)    irans- 

16.8%  worked  10  hours;  0.9%   worked  11  .    ,•          /^x   r-i    -1  •            ^  .      .-i         r a\ 

'                                             '  portation ;  (o)  Clothing  and  textiles;  (4) 

hours  and   1.5%   worked   12  hours.     The  vr  <-  1            1  •                ^     1  •   1     -i  r          /cn 

'             .,       .  Aietal,   machinery   and   shipbuilding;    (i) 

wages  paid  were  classified  in  groups  rang-  n  •   +•         1     -i  r           <_        fr\   wt     a        1 

^      ^                                          t.       _K          t>  Printing,  building,  etc. ;   (6)    Vv  oodwork- 

ing  from   less   than   $3.00  to   $25.00  and  •             \  ,-       •,           (n\  tt     j       a  \- 

^                                  H                 ^  ij^g.  ^j-i^j  turniture;  (/)  Food  and  liquors; 

P                ■  (8)   Theaters  and  music ;    (9)   Tobaccos ; 

0.01%  received  less  than  $3.00  (10)    Restaurants,   etc.;    (11)    Public   em- 

1.25%^  received   from  $  3.00  to       5.99  1               ^       f^n\     r-   ^     ■ 

5.3  %  received  from      6.00  to      8.99  ployment ;     (12)     Catering,    engineering; 

7.8  %  received  from     12.00  to     14.99  (13)    Aliscellaneous.      Each  of  the  above 

17.8  %  received   from     15.00  to     17.99  dwindling  into  several  units. 

15.3  %  received   from      18.00   to     20.99  ^,       ,                  r   ,    ,          •        , 

14.8  %.  received  from     21.00  to     24.99  The  hours  of  labor  in  the  majority  ot 

22.2  %  received  from     25.00  to     28.00  and  over,  these  trades  are  8,  with  half-time  in  many 

Of  the   total   number  considered,   70%  trades  for  Saturday.    The  wages  of  brick- 
received  $15.00  or  over  per  week.  layers  in  the  principal  cities  average  about 

The  female  employes  were  limited  to  8  $7    per    day ;    carpenters,    $4,    $4.50  and 

hours    per    day    under    the    State    law — a  $5 ;     cement     workers     receive     $5     and 

small  percentage  working  still  less  than  8  $6      per      day      as      finishers ;      finishers' 

hours.     The   wages    paid    females    were  helpers,    $4    and    $5    per    day    and    ce- 

grouped  in   the  commissioner's  report   in  ment      laborers,      $3.50     and     $4;      elec- 

the  same  manner  as  the  males  and  show  trical  workers,  $4,  $4.50  and  $5  per  day; 

as   follows:  lathers,     $5     to     $6     per     day — generally 


THE  discovery  of  gold  brought  to  California  a  varied  liumanity. 
The  Argonauts  came  from  every  State  in  the  Union,  from 
every  corner  of  Europe,  and  from  the  Isles  of  Australasia. 
The  Germanic  and  Latin  l)ranches  of  the  Caucasian  race  were  well 
represented.  Eater  the  climate  and  conditions  attracted  the  Chinese, 
the  Japanese,  and  even  the  Hindoo.  Eor  a  brief  jieriod  there  seemed 
danger  that  the  Caucasian  would  be  swam])e(l.  Wise  legislation, 
however,  1)oth  State  and  national,  backed  by  healthy  public  opinion, 
brought  about  the  necessary  changes  and  California  today  is  essen- 
tiallv  a  White  Man's  countrv. 


60  CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 

working-  men  at  piece   work,  $4  per   M  ;  These  figures  include  every  branch  of 

painters,  i:)aper  hangers    and    decorators  industry   of   which   the    Federal   Govern- 

run  from  $3.50.  $4  and  $4.50  for  the  two  mcnt  took  cognizance  and  are  very  com- 

former  occupations  to  sometimes  $5  and  prehensive. 

$6  per  day  for  decorators  and  sign  Much  has  been  said  concerning  the 
painters;  plasterers  receive  $5.50,  $6  and  seasonal  character  of  much  of  the  labor 
in  one  locality  $7  per  day;  plumbers  in  California  and  undoubtedly  in  the  past 
range  from  $4.50  to  $6  per  day ;  delivery  that  has  been  a  great  drawback  to  men 
wagon  drivers.  $18  to  $21  per  week;  nf  steady  habits.  The  extraordinary  de- 
blacksmiths  and  boilermakers  run  about  \el()])ment  of  irrigation  systems  and  the 
$4  per  day  ;  machinists,  45  to  50  cents  per  consequent  high  class  intensive  farming 
hour  or  $3.50  to  $4  per  day  ;  bakers  and  and  dairying  that  results,  renders  the  op- 
confectioners.  $18  to  ^2.^  per  week.  jxirtunities  for  steady  employment  near 
These  extracts  from  the  statistics  on  the  reach  of  all.  Therefore,  conditions 
file  in  the  office  of  the  State  Labor  Com-  have  materially  improved  in  this  regard 
missioner  are  quoted  as  giving  a  range  as  demonstrated  by  the  following  quota- 
of  wages  in  some  industries  and  can  be  tions  from  the  last  Federal  census  report, 
accepted  as  an  average  of  the  whole.  It  In  an  investigation  as  to  permanency  of 
is  impossible  to  give  in  detail  all  the  rates  employment  of  132,280  persons  in  all  in- 
in  an  article  of  this  character.  dustries  in  California,  it  was  found  that 
THE  LABOR  OF  THE  FIELDS  they  werc  employed  as  follows: 

About  one-half  of  the  labor  and  i)r()(luc-  ^                                                    ha 'tai        ti    r^ 

'  January    94.74/  or    /I.   % 

tion  of  the  State  of  California  is  closely      February    92,252  or   71.3% 

connected  with  agriculture  and  horticui-  ^^^^^^  .::::;::::;::"7:."::::::::::" ": "^  108:437  or  82.  % 

ture.    The  citrus  fruit  industry  alone  em-      May   115.839  or  87.6% 

ploys  about  25,000  people,  3,500  of  whom  ju;;^ .:;::::  ::::::::::::::::z::::::::::  IzS  or  944% 

are  Orientals;  5,000  people  are  emploved      August   131,202  or  99.2% 

.      ^,  I-         1  f   4.U-      1  \'      (       September    132.280  or  100    % 

m  the  packnig  houses  of  this  branch  of      October    129,804  or   98.2% 

the  State  industries,  one-half  of  these  are     November    121,486  or  91.8% 

r  (M  en  i     <tA  -o  ^^^      December    110.281  or   83.4% 

women;  men  earn  from  $1.50  to  $4.oO  per  t--  u.      •                ^    ^  ^u                                 i 

'                                     -r                 -r           r  highty-six  per  cent  of  these  persons  were  males 

day ;  women  are  paid  the  same  rates  as  over  the  age  of  16. 

the  men  for  the  same  class  of  work.   The  The    same     persons     considered,    with 

citrus  industry  provides  labor  for  the  en-  those    engaged    in    the    lumber    industry 

tire  year  in  degree,  when  not  picking  and  eliminated,    show    more    favorably    still : 

packing  they  are  busy  pruning  and  culti-  the    lowest   per  cent  being  84%    for  the 

vating.  month    of    February    and    95%    for    the 

The  hours  of  labor  vary  somewhat   in  nionth    of    January.      These    figures    un- 

thc    fruit    and    farming    industries    as    in  doubtedly  indicate  that  as  California  de- 

the  mechanical  trades— probably  the  near-  velops  her  resources  the  opportunity  for 

est    approach    to    an    accurate    statement  permanent  employment  becomes  more  as- 

can  be  found  in  the  h^dcral  census,  which  sured. 

gives  the  hours  of  employment  for  115,296  Supplementing  the  natural  advantages, 

persons  in  California  for  all  occupations :  ^j^^  Government  of  California  has  woven 

22,765  persons  working  48  hrs_  per  week  and  under.  protection  around  those  who  toil  to  a  de- 

9.652  persons  workmg  48  to  54  hours  per  week.  ^ 

34,674  persons  working  54  hours  per  week.  gree  wdiicli  is  commendable.     Under  the 

6,968  persons  working  54  to  60  hours  per  week.  Workman's  Compensation  Act  there  has 

31.107  persons  workmg  60  hours  per  week.  ^ 

7,125  persons  working  60  to  72  hours  per  week.  been  reported  to  the  Coinmission  for  the 

386  persons  working  72  hours  per  week.  ^          g   „-„„,ti^s  ^f   1914—38,512   accidents, 

2,619  persons  workmg  over  72  hours  per  week.  '                               ' 


LABOR  CONDITIONS 


61 


all  requiring  medical  treatment  or  show- 
ing lost  time.  Of  these  all  excepting  3,174 
ceased  disability  within  2  weeks  and  so 
received  as  compensation,  medical  service 
only.  Of  the  3,174  cases  entitled  to  com- 
pensation, 806  were  permanently  injured 
and  376  were  killed;  450  employers  con- 
tested, all  the  others  paid  without  pro- 
test. It  is  the  experience  of  the  Industrial 
Accident  Commission  that  all  of  the  larger 
employers  of  labor  accept  the  law  as  just 
and  fair.  The  protests  generally  come 
from  employers  of  small  plants  who  are 
unfamiliar  with  the  provisions  of  the 
statute  and  so  enter  protest.  The  contes- 
tants generally  are  satisfied  after  the  edu- 
cation that  necessarily  follows  investiga- 
tion. 

Another  branch  of  the  State  work  of 
protection  to  labor  is  carried  on  by  the 
Emigration  and  Housing  Commission. 
From  April   1st  to  Sept.  30th.   1914,  this 


commission  inspected  1^2  industrial 
camps,  the  majority  of  which  were  rail- 
road construction  camps,  lumber  camps 
and  camps  in  the  hop  fields ;  53,590  mert 
were  employed  in  these  camps.  It  is 
needless  to  say  that  the  enforcement  of 
wholesome  sanitary  regulation  has  added 
much  to  the  comfort  of  a  large  army  of 
workers. 

Taking  all  conditions  into  considera- 
tion we  may  confidently  assert  that  the 
conditions  for  labor  are  by  comparison 
with  other  states  and  countries  very 
favorable.  For  the  man  who  is  indus- 
trious and  who  desires  to  own  ultimately 
his  own  home,  the  agricultural  sections 
of  the  State  have  everything  to  ofifer.  Con- 
ditions are  all  becoming  more  favorable 
for  the  man  who  has  industry,  ambition 
and  intelligence,  and  they  are  becoming 
less  favorable  for  the  shiftless  and  dis- 
contented. 


Co-operative  Service 


"LJ  ERE'S  A  TERM  as  wide  as  the  Atlantic  or  Pacific,  as  conipre- 
^  ^  hensive  as  the  mental  concepts  of  the  world's  greatest  thinkers. 
It  means  so  much  that  no  one  page  of  manuscript  could  ever  convey  it 
all.  It  means,  for  one  thing,  the  combined  thought  of  many  men  all 
trained  in  essential  component  parts  of  one  unit  of  human  endeavor, 
concentrated  in  their  efforts  to  serve  YOU.  It  is  like  the  focused  rays 
of  the  sun  upon  a  given  point — concentrated  force  w^ill  move  any  hu- 
manly imposed  obstacle,  even  as  right  motives  and  honesty  of  purpose 
and  labor  will  remove  seeming  obstacles  which  man  in  his  ignorance 
attributes  to  spiritual  interposition,  but  which  in  reality  find  their 
source  in  his  own  lack  of  understanding.  If  your  needs  are  humanly 
possible  of  fulfillment,  and,  as  a  matter  of  course,  the  result  of  honest 
desire,  then  co-operative  service  will  supply  them. 


California's  Promise 
to  Posterity 


By  Gavin  McNab 


\Hoyuc\-at-Linv 


Jiditor's  Xotc:  J\Jr.  (lavin  McNab  sounds  a  clarion  note  in  his 
consideration  of  the  future  o-rowth  in  inii)ortance  of  the  Western 
country,  CaHfornia  in  particuhir,  as  a  result  Of  the  Panama  Canal's 
comi:)letion.  Mr.  McNab  is  an  attorncN'  and  has  rdwavs  l)een  a 
prominent  fij^'ure  in  civic  enterjirises,  so  that  it  is  not  remarkable  we 
should  find  him  as  one  of  the  ardent  workers  for  the  ex])osition  and  one 
whose  voice  was  lifted  with  notable  effect  in  behalf  of  San  Francisco 
as  the  log"ical  site  for  the  "Teat  fair. 


THE  Panama- Pacific  International  Ex- 
position is  San  Francisco's  answer  to 
fate  and  promise  to  posterity. 

Morel  It  is  a  recognition  by  tlie  world 
that  San  l'"rancisco  logically  reijresents  the 
purposes  for  which  the  Panama  Canal  was 
created- — American   dominion   on   the    Pacific. 

This  exposition  symbolizes  one  of  the  great- 
est movements  of  civilization — a  mighty  shift- 
ing of  the  world's  commerce. 

What  is  true  of  San  Francisco,  in  a  larger 
sense  is  true  of  California,  and  in  a  greater 
degree,  of  tlie  entire  West. 

If  the  Panama  Canal  is  to  realize  the 
world's  hopes,  the  A\'est  will  come  into  its 
own,  and  there  will  evolve  a  commerce, 
wealtli.  and  i)rosperity.  creating  an  empire 
second  to  none. 

\\'hen  the  worhl  thinks  that  sometliing  will 
ha])pen  the  thought  generally  makes  it  haj)- 
pen.  However,  the  facts  make  unnecessary 
an  appeal  to  hoi)e  or  imagination. 

Where  the  greatest  of  continents  and  the 
mightiest  of  oceans  meet  there  must  be  trans- 
acted the  business  that  occurs  between  the 
land  and  the  sea. 


AN  EVERL.\STI.\(;  IXVITATION 

The  Pacific  Ocean — (iod's  greatest  com- 
mercial gift  to  man — exists  as  a  powerful  and 
everlasting  invitation  to  the  enterprise  of  those 
who  inhabit  the  richest  and  most  productive 
portion  of  American  soil. 

The  canal  must  ine\-itablv  infuse,  among 
the  peoi)les  of  this  coast,  the  adventurous  and 
si)iritedof  every  nation.  Here,  under  favorable 
conditions,  races,  in  which  poverty  has  sup- 
[)ressed  transcendent  qualities,  will  revive  and 
fiourish. 

Added  to  the  achiex'ements  of  industry,  com- 
merce, and  wealth  will  be  the  nobler  works 
of  luunanitv — science.  literature,  and  art, 
adorning  a  civilization  superior  to  any  in  the 
annals  of  mankind. 

\i  the  assemblage  on  the  fiot)r  of  the 
Chambt'r  of  Commerce,  on  December  9.  1909. 
when  the  citizens  of  San  Francisco  inaugu- 
rated the  mo\-ement  for  the  exposition  at  San 
h'raiicisco.   1  said,  in  an  adchx-ss  : 

"'I'he  world  is  composed  of  three  classes: 
(  )ne  order  of  men  understands  what  happened 
yesterdav  :  another,  and  a  better,  realizes  what 
is  passing  todav  :     but   the  peo]:)le  who  domi- 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


63 


nate  the  world — who  make  mighty  nations 
and  great  cities — are  the  men  who  know  what 
will  hapiien  tomorrow." 

The  "Tomorrow"  of  commerce  for  San 
Francisco  and  the  \\'est  must  be  obvious  to  all 
classes  of  men. 

On  opposite  sides  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
stand  the  oldest  and  the  newest  civilizations : 

To  our  north,  the  great  Canadian  people, 
certain,  with  ourselves,  to  dominate  the  West- 
ern hemisphere,  are  developing  a  prosperity 
and   wealth   exampled   only   by   our   country ; 

Under  the  Southern  Cross,  in  the  great 
lands  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  there  is 
rising  a  greater  Britain. 

I  can  not  better  amplify  these  views  than 
by  the  language,  taken  from  the  brief,  pre- 
pared by  me  for  the  exposition  and  used  be- 
fore Congress  in  the  contest  between  San 
Francisco  and  New  Orleans  for  national  rec- 
ognition as  the  site  of  the  Panama- Pacific  In- 
ternational Exposition: 

If  there  is  one  commercial  object  more 
than  anv  other  justifying  the  creation  of  the 
canal  it  is  the  establishing  of  American  su- 
premacy on  the  Pacific. 

More  than  half  the  earth's  inhabitants  live 
on  lands  bordering  this  ocean.  Possessing 
greatest  shore  line  on  the  common  water, 
being  by  proximity  and  rapid  communication 
in  sympathy,  and  being  the  most  energetic, 
progressive,  and  civilized  race,  the  trade  of 
these  peoples  naturally  belongs  to  Americans. 

America's  position  on  the  Pacific  depends 
upon  the  ^^'est. 

Three  great  States,  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington,  constituting  the  country's  Pacific 
frontage  must,  forever,  be  the  agents  and 
trustees  for  the  nation  in  Western  seas. 
America  through  the  great  West,  and  the 
\\'est  through  these  States,  must  perform  the 
part  for  our  people  in  the  great  contest  of 
races  and  nations  for  Pacific  control. 


Of  Western  States,  California,  being  the 
oldest  in  point  of  settlement,  greatest  in  area, 
wealth,  resources,  and  population  and  having 
the  longest  shore  line,  has  been  accepted  by 
the  entire  West  to  voice  its  demand  that  the 
exposition  shall  be  held  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

The  commerce  that  will  make  the  canal  a 
success  must  come  largely  from  the  resources 
of  the  \\'est.  The  sea  does  not  carry  to  the 
land  more  than  the  land  gives  to  the  sea. 

The  only  great  forests  now  existing  within 
our  border  stand  on  the  Pacific.  On  them 
alone  will  shortly  depend  America's  position 
in  lumber  trade. 

The  greatest  body  of  oil  known  rests  in  the 
soil  of  California.  As  oil  is  supplanting  other 
fuel  in  merchant  and  war  ships  the  AA\^st.will 
have  first  place  in  marine  motive  power  and 
energv. 

The  //-////  industry  in  its  variety,  from  the 
apples  of  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the 
oranges  of  Los  Angeles,  has  grown  to  enor- 
mous proportions,  steadily  extending  itself 
throughout  the  markets  of  the  world  ;  while 
the  fisheries  from  Alaska  to  the  Gulf  of  Lower 
California  have  long  been  a  large  part  of 
America's  trade. 

But  why  detail  the  immense  resources  of 
the  ^^'est  that  make  it  the  white  man's  op- 
portunity? The  vast  acreage  of  unused  lands, 
the  latent  powers  awaiting  population  to 
quicken  into  limitless  wealth  and  commerce 
are  here  as  nowhere  else. 

To  the  intelligent,  thriftv  European,  who 
so  rapidlv  becomes  an  ideal  American,  the 
opening  of  the  canal,  with  its  lessened  cost 
of  steamer  passage,  means  new  life,  hope, 
a  new  world,  a  higher  civilization,  rich  in 
usefulness  and  happiness.  The  hands  and  the 
lands  will  be  brought  together  under  the  do- 
minion of  sound  minds.  Onlv  in  the  West 
can  America  make  this  offerinc;. 


V\/^  LI  EX  A  FIRM,  decisive  si)irit  i.s  recognized,  it  is  curious  to  see 
how  the  space  clears  aroimd  a  man  and  leaves  him  room  and 


44 


^pace 
freedom." — Jolin  Poster 


64  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


The  Call  to  California 


First  Call  to  California— PHILANTHROPY 

In  1768  the  Padres  lifted  I'he  Cross  at  San  Diego  and  pursued  their 
patient  labors  for  the  uplifting  of  the  Aborigines  until  they  had  estab- 
lished twenty-one  missions,  at  all  of  which  the  principles  of  religion  and 
the  arts  of  agriculture  were  inculcated. 


Second  Call  to  California — WEALTH 

In  1848  the  discovery  of  gold  called  the  world  to  California  and  the 
foundations  of  our  cosmopolitan  citizenship  were  laid  by  the  Argonauts 
of  1849.  Since  that  date  California  has  produced  a  total  value  of 
$1,608,539,547  in  gold  and  silver  alone,  while  during  the  year  1913  the 
total  mineral  products,  including  oil,  reached  a  value  of  $100,000,000. 
Although  mineral  products  are  the  historic  basis  of  California's  wealth 
production,  the  more  recent  and  diversified  production  in  agriculture, 
manufactures,  etc.,  reached  a  value  ten  times  greater — giving  the  State 
an   income  of  over  a  Ijillion  dollars  in    1913   from   its  various  products. 

Third  Call  to  California— HEALTH 

The  service  of  California  to  those  whom  strenuous  life  in  trying  climates 
had  rendered  worn  and  weary  in  mind  and  body,  is  beyond  all  valuation. 
Many  have  journeyed  to  California  to  die.  l)ut  arrived  to  live  :  yes,  to 
live  and  work  and  to  build  up  the  State  in  all  ways.  California  gives  health 
to  those  who  live  aright — for  their  sakes  and  for  her  own  advancement. 

Fourth  Call  to  CaHfornia— HOMES,  OPPORTUNITIES, 
CITIZENSHIP 

In  the  present  stage  of  her  development,  California  adds  to  all  the  fore- 
going gifts  to  mankind  for  the  higher  joy  of  living,  a  heartfelt  welcome 
to  a  well  developed  and  progressive  commonwealth,  leading  her  sister 
states  in  per  capita  endowments  for  culture  and  in  maintaining  high  stand- 
ards of  morality ;  in  affording  opportunity  for  open-air  life  and  work,  for 
profitable  investment,  for  unique  and  satisfactory  enterprise,  for  the  making 
of  homes  and  the  enjoyment  of  them.  Last  and  highest  of  all,  California 
welcomes  all  to  a  citizenship  in  which  the  sexes  are  ecjual — working  and 
voting  for  the  things  which  seem  to  each  man  and  woman  best  for  mankind. 


Map  showing  Counties  and 
Railroads  of  California 


TN  California  are  fifty-eight  counties,  and  each  one  possesses  some  indi- 
"*-  vidual  characteristic  which  renders  it  distinctive  in  a  particular  line  of 
industry.  Perhaps  it  is  soil  or  climate;  perhaps  a  natural  resource  or  again 
suitability   to   some  special   branch  of  manufacture.     California  in  area  is 

second  in   size   in   the   United   States,   con- 
taining 158,297  square  miles.   Ten  States, 
including  New  York  and  Ohio,  could 
be  set  down  within  the  California  bor- 
ders.    Information  regarding  oppor- 
tunities in  any  specified  line  in  any 
part  of  the  State  will  be  supplied  by 
our  Readers'  Service,  which  com- 
mands the  offices  of  experts  in  all 
branches  of  industry,  as  well  as  of 
those    who   have   made   a   special 
study  of  conditions  in  California. 
This   service    is    free   to    our 
readers. 


%    \\  Vi^^^l\4"\.^^  i   _^./^^Efk    LAKE 


San  Francisco, 


-5.. 


Seouoia\ 

,>lATIOSAL. 

•'Park     "^ 
r  u  L ARe 


S^H■"^ 


THE  trans- 
portation 
facilities  of 
California    are 
admirable    and 
have  done  an  im- 
measurable service  in 
the  development  of  the 
State.     Aside  from  the 
merely  utilitarian  value 
of  the  railroads,  they  af- 
ford some  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque rides  to  be  found 
anywhere  in  the  world.     Our 
Readers'    Service    will    gladly 
give  any  required  information  as 
to    the    transportation    facilities    of 
California. 


8AKERSFI6I.D 

.  ba;^3ara  ^  I  -uos  Awiei£^  ■ 

^^^—^^        ■      ■  ■'  MT.^OWtj 


San  Diego 
Panama  California 
Exposition 


-t 


t  it 


What  California  Is  Doing 
in  Education 


By  Hon.  Edward  Hyatt 

State  SiiptTintriuirnt  of  Public  I iistniition 


Editor's  Note:  There  are  few  subjects  that  today  command  the 
interest  of  the  man  of  family  so  deeply  as  the  quality  and  purposes 
of  education,  and  in  this  respect  California  is  particularly  favored. 
A  system  of  the  most  thorough  character  provides  facilities  for  learn- 
ing not  only  in  the  larger  cities  and  towns  of  the  State,  but  even 
the  most  remote  rural  districts.  Higher  education,  as  well  as  ele- 
mental, has  been  provided  by  the  State,  and  State  Superintendent  of 
Schools  Honorable  Edward  Hyatt  is  a  recognized  leader  in  both 
the  method  and  spirit  of  the  State  work,  which  he  treats  with  under- 
standing and  sympathy  in  the  present  paper. 


PEOPLE  who  think  of  moving  to  a 
new  region  are  almost  sure  to  inquire, 
"What  kind  of  schools  have  they  there?'' 
before  they  go  far  toward  acquiring  a 
home. 

It  is  safe  to  reply  to  those  who  ask 
this  question  of  California :  "The  best 
schools  you  ever  saw  in  your  life!"  The 
answer  will  probably  be  correct,  even 
though  the  inquirer  comes  from  the  rich 
State  of  Xew  York  or  the  classic  environs 
of  Boston. 

The  most  striking  characteristic  of 
those  schools  perhaps  lies  in  the  provis- 
ion and  care  for  the  children  in  the  re- 
mote rural  regions.  No  mountain  top  is 
too  inaccessible  to  have  its  school ;  no 
plain  too  distant ;  no  sage  brush  desert 
too  far  removed.  Wherever  half  a  dozen 
children  dwell,  there  you  find  a  district 
school.  And.  mark  this — this  remote 
school,  so  far  away,  so  small,  so  weak, 
has   a   standard    school   house,   a    standard 


teacher,  a  standard  equipment  and  a 
standard  length  of  term.  The  chances  are 
that  the  building  will  be  neat,  well-painted 
and  comfortable,  even  if  it  harbors  only 
a  half  a  dozen  lonesome  children.  Cer- 
tainly there  will  be  eight  or  nine  months 
of  school  in  the  year.  The  teacher  will 
surely  have  the  same  education  and  the 
same  certification  as  in  the  proudest  city. 
The  books,  apparatus,  and  other  educa- 
tional appliances  will  be  of  the  same 
character  as  in  the  populous  centers.  It 
is  the  idea  of  a  generous  state  that  one 
child  is  as  good  as  another,  no  matter 
where  he  happens  to  dwell,  and  that  it  is 
our  duty  to  guarantee  the  rudiments  of 
an  education  to  ex'ery  child  within  our 
borders,  even  on  the  mountain  top,  the 
deep  tangled  wildwood  or  afar  on  the 
lonesome  plain. 

GENEROSITY    OF     CALIFORNIANS 

The  expense  of  all  this,  mind  you,  does 
not  fall  upon  the  parents  of  the  children 


66 


EDL'CATloXAL 


or  upon  the  residents  or  property  owners 
of  the  local  district.  It  is  provided  by  the 
general  tax  uixni  State  and  county.  The 
rich  cities,  with  their  banks  and  ware- 
houses, and  teeming-  crowds,  must  con- 
tribute to  the  ])rei)aration  of  the  remote 
rural  children  for  citizenship  and  life. 

In  the  towns,  villages  and  well-settled 
fruit  and  farming  regions,  educational 
conditions  are  correspondingly  easier.  No 
people  anywhere  in  the  world  are  more 
free-hearted  and  generous  to  all  good 
things  than  those  of  California.  De- 
scended from  the  hospitable  and  open- 
handed  Argonauts,  their  generosity  still 
abides.  Ileautiful  school  houses  dot  the 
landscape  everywhere.  High  schools, 
normal  schools  and  other  higher  institu- 
tions abound.  The  newer  structures  are 
palaces,  veritable  palaces  of  education, 
built  by  skilled  architects,  in  classic  de- 
signs, of  permanent  materials  and  fitted 
with  lavish  laboratories,  work-shops,  class 
rooms,  and  everything  else  that  can  add 
to  the  opportunities  for  the  training-  of 
youth.  Truly  it  has  been  said  that  the 
college  of  yesterday  is  the  high  school  of 
today.  Nowhere  is  the  change  and  ad- 
vance in  our  mode  of  life  more  manifest 
than  in  our  schools. 

The  city  of  Sacramento,  less  than  a  de- 
cade ago,  built  a  magnificent  $250,000 
high  school,  intended  to  take  care  of  the 
city's  children  for  all  time  and  it  was 
bitterly  opposed  by  many  people  as  being 
unnecessary  as  preparing  too  far  into  the 
future.  At  once  it  filled  up  and  over- 
flowed. Other  structures  were  added,  clear 
around  the  block — already  they  have 
filled  up  and  oxcrflowed,  and  another  new 
and  splendid  building  is  preparing,  in 
another  quarter  of  the  town.  And  the 
end  is  not  yet. 

SCHOOL  BUILDINGS  FIRST 

This  experience  in  Sacramento  is  dupli- 
cated in  many  another  city,  Stockton, 
Marysville,  Oroville,  Red  Bluflf,  Wood- 
land,    Berkeley,     Richmond,     Riverside, 


Santa  Ana.  Santa  Monica,  Monrovia, 
()aklan(l.  ronidna.  Redlands,  San  Diego, 
ha\e  all  been  n(ital)le  for  school  improve- 
ment during  the  immediate  past.  A  town 
of  a  thousand  inhabitants  thinks  nothing 
of  spending  forty,  sixty,  a  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  f(ir  an  educational  plant. 
Iligh  sell! X lis  are  in  every  county.  Si)len- 
did  Udrnial  schools  in  different  ])arts  of 
the  State  prepare  the  teachers  for  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Business  colleges  are 
in  all  the  larger  cities  and  a  large  State 
industrial  school  is  at  Tone ;  another  at 
Whittier.  Many  of  the  high  schools  are 
accredited  and  lead  directly  to  the  State 
University  at  Berkeley,  wdiich  takes  rank 
as  one  of  the  greatest  institutions  in  the 
United  States. 

One  of  the  striking  original  features  of 
the  California  school  system  is  its  plan 
of  furnishing  textbooks  to  the  children. 
This  is  the  only  State  in  the  Union  that 
manufactures  its  school  books  in  a  state 
printing  office  and  distributes  them  free 
to  the  boys  and  girls  in  the  schools.  It 
may  be  imagined  that  there  were  many 
obstacles  and  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
this  plan.  The  original  enterprise  was 
marked  by  most  strenuous  opposition, 
abuse,  vituperation,  from  every  quarter. 
It  was  started  nearly  thirty  years  ago 
and  has  had  many  ups  and  downs  as  time 
has  elapsed.  It  was  handicapped  for  a 
long  time  by  poor  books  prepared  by  local 
people;  by  uneconomic  methods  of  pro- 
duction ;  by  political  interferences  of  one 
kind  and  another.  All  these  difficulties, 
however,  have  been  met  and  disposed  of 
as  they  came  up,  and  at  the  present  time 
the  school  book  enterprise  is  in  admirable 
condition  and  is  regarded  as  a  success- 
ful and  beneficial  institution  by  the  people 
of  the  State.  They  would  not  do  with- 
out it. 

The  books  are  chosen  from  the  best 
of  those  published  in  the  world.  The 
plates  and  rights  are  leased  from  the 
|)ublishers    for    four   year    periods.      The 


EDUCATIOXAL 


67 


books  are  printed  and  bound  at  the  State 
printing  office  at  State  expense  and  they 
compare  favorably  in  workmanship  with 
those  in  the  markets  of  the  country.  They 
are  then  distributed  free  to  the  children, 
upon  requisition  from  teachers,  principals 
and  superintendents,  showing  the  needs 
of  the  schools.  This  gives  great  relief  to 
the  parents  and  saves  much  trouble  to 
the  teachers,  and  makes  a  relatively  small 
expense  to  the  State.  The  cost  of  furnish- 
ing the  400.000  children  with  school  books 
is  less  than  $200,000  yearly. 

AGRICULTURE    AND    EDUCATIOX 

There  is  a  great  growing  belief  that  the 
schools  must  become  more  closely  allied 
to  the  industries  by  which  the  people  live. 
Particularly  in  California  schools  must  be 
open  to  the  genius  of  agriculture.  It  is 
highly  desirable  to  build  up  a  spirit  of 
sympathy  for  agriculture  in  the  minds  of 
all  the  people  and  to  bring  them  into 
actual  contact  with  the  agricultural  life. 
For  many  generations  everything  in  edu- 
cation has  tended  away  from  the  farm. 
The  district  school  never  does  one  thing 
in  its  course  to  prepare  the  boy  or  girl 
for  living  on  his  or  her  father's  farm. 
It  always  heads  him  rather  toward  clerical 
or  professional  pursuits  in  the  cities. 

A  movement  has  started  in  the  prune 
orchards  of  the  Santa  Clara  valley  that 
bears  so  directly  on  these  educational 
questions  that  it  is  here  illustrated  to 
show  what  is  being  done  to  solve  them. 
The  idea  is  to  enlist  the  interest  and  the 
labor  of  the  children  and  the  people  of  the 
villages  and  towns  in  the  harvesting  of 
our  perishable  fruit  crops,  paying  them 
full  market  wages  for  their  work,  furnish- 
ing them  safe  and  attractive  camping 
places,  facilitating  their  coming  and 
going,  and  giving  them  a  season  of  health- 
ful, active,  outdoor  life. 

THE  SEASON  OF  HARVEST 

This  is  a  practical  course  of  study  in 


California  agriculture  that  may  well  com- 
mand the  co-operation  of  the  educational 
forces  of  the  State.  The  school  term  may 
very  Avell  begin  and  close  so  that  the 
children  and  their  parents  can  take  part  in 
the  chief  industry  of  the  neighborhood. 
The  chief  hardship  of  the  fruit  grower 
is  the  lack  of  labor  for  the  gathering  of 
his  crop.  This  it  is  that  brings  unas- 
similable  foreigners  upon  us :  Japanese, 
Hindoos,  Chinese.  This  it  is  that  is  forc- 
ing much  of  our  richest  lands  into  the 
hands  of  aliens.  The  safety  of  our  nation 
lies  in  having  our  land  owned  by  our  own 
people  who  can  earn  their  living  from  the 
soil.  It  is  a  splendid  thing  to  see  the 
schools  closed  and  the  villages  depopu- 
lated during  the  harvest  season ;  to  see 
the  mothers  and  the  children  living  out- 
doors for  a  time  and  helping  to  pick  the 
hops,  gather  the  grapes,  dry  the  peaches, 
take  care  of  the  prunes,  apricots,  toma- 
toes, and  all  that.  It  makes  stronger,  hap- 
pier, more  wdiolesome  people.  Everybody 
may  well  join  in  it.  There  is  no  loss  of 
dignity  in  it.  It  advances  the  interests  of 
California's  greatest  industry,  the  indus- 
try Ijy  which  we  mtist  live  for  centuries 
into  the  future,  with  the  world  for  a  rival. 
It  is  truly  educational,  in  the  best  and 
highest  sense. 

The  school  garden  is  another  idea  along 
this  line  that  is  spreading  all  over  the 
State,  and  it  is  a  most  delightful  and  prac- 
tical method  of  approach.  Not  all  teachers 
have  the  knowledge  and  sympathy  that 
makes  for  the  highest  success,  but  nearly 
all  come  of  ancestry  that  lived  by  the  soil ; 
and  if  their  minds  are  open,  their  hearts 
willing,  the  old  interests  will  come  back, 
and  there  are  not  many  children  who 
fail  to  respond. 

The  following  tables  will  serve  to  give 
some  idea  of  the  wonderful  growth  of  the 
elementary  and  high  schools  of  Califor- 
nia  during  the  past  few  years. 


68 


EDUCATIONAL 


Tables  Showing  Growth  of  Educational  Institutions 

in  California 

ELEMENTARY    SCHOOLS 

1907 

Number  of  teachers   8,246 

Number  of  pupils   enrolled   294,385 

Average    daily   attendance    234,624 

Numljer  enrolled  per  teacher  35.7 

Number  of   graduates   12,683 

Amount  of  v^tatc  aid  given  $3,977,295.40 

Amount  of  County  aid  given 2.866,479.17 

Amount  of  District  aid  given  (special  taxes) 937,001.16 

HIGH    SCHOOLS 

1907 

Number  of  schools    179 

Number  of  teachers    1,188 

Numl)er  of  pupils  enrolled 25,578 

Daily  average  attendance  22.333 

Numl)er   of  graduates   2,890 

Amount  of  State  aid  given  for  year $    237,016.77 

Amount  of  District   aid   given   2.026,685.50 

Amount  bonds   voted  429,576.50 


Gain 

1914 

Percent. 

12,266 

48 

422,029 

43 

319,229 

36 

33 

24.780 

92 

$5,358,579.04 

35 

4.980,197.76 

73 

4,591.921.29 

390 

Gain 

1914 

Percent. 

255 

43 

2,997 

152 

65,927 

139 

48,312 

116 

7,477 

158 

$   642.815.52 

171 

5.506,429.22 

172 

1,893.657.00 

341 

The  growth  of  our  normal  schools  is 
also  worthy  of  note,  and  serves  to  show 
how  we  are  doing  away  with  the  old 
haphazard  method  of  obtaining  our 
teachers.  More  and  more  our  schools 
are  being  taught  by  specially  trained 
teachers  who  are  in  touch  with  the  most 


modern  educational  methods  and  are  thus 
able  to  assist  their  pupils  to  make  the 
most  of  the  time  they  spend  in  the  school- 
room. The  following  table  will  illustrate 
the  rapid  growth  of  the  normal  schools 
and  their  attendance: 


NORMAL    SCHOOLS 

1907 

Number  of  schools    S 

Number  of  teachers    116 

Number  students  in  Normal  proper  1.769 

Number  of  pupils  in  Training  School 2.109 

Number  of  graduates  478 

Total  receipts  $   415.012.46 

Total  expenditure   274,785.71 

Valuation  of  property  1,149,766.00 


Gain 

1914 

Percent. 

8 

60 

229 

98 

3,994 

126 

3.068 

45 

1,538 

222 

$1,056,998.51 

154 

516,389.90 

81 

2.392.214.00 

108 

Thus  the  prospective  home-seeker  may 
make  his  mind  easy  over  the  schools  of 
this  great  and  growing  State.  The  little 
children,  no  matter  where  they  live,  are 
given  good  grammar  school  education. 
Those  who  can  go  further  along  the  road 
to  learning  are  always  within  reach  of  a 
good  high  school.  If  they  choose  to  go 
still  further,  normal  schools  and  universi- 


ties are  within  their  reach.  The  school 
system  of  California  has  been  rated  as 
third  by  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
among  all  the  states  of  the  Union.  Cer- 
tainly this  remarkable  position  among  the 
galaxy  of  states  is  a  guarantee  of  the 
highest  educational  opportunity  to  all  who 
live  within  our  boundaries. 


The  University  of 
California 

By  Victor  H.  Henderson 

Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents,   University  of  California 


Editor's  Xofc:  Mr.  Henderson  is  a  graduate  of  the  University  of 
California  and  has  therefore  been  a  student  of  its  scope,  purposes, 
and  duties  and  relations  from  his  youth  up.  For  a  decade  he  has 
held  the  important  and  influential  position  of  secretary  of  the  board 
of  regents — a  distinguished  body  which  is  charged  by  the  law  with 
direct  management  of  the  university  and  not  merely  with  honorary 
relation  thereto.  This  experience  has  given  Mr.  Henderson  most 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  internal  affairs  of  the  institution,  to  which 
he  has  added,  by  his  own  insight,  zeal,  and  loyalty  an  understanding 
of  the  breadth  and  character  of  its  relations  to  the  varied  interests 
of  the  State.  These  facts  will  assure  the  reader  that  the  statement 
by  Mr.  Henderson  is  authoritative  as  well  as  masterly. 


'nr^  HE  University  of  California  is  second 
"^  in  size  of  American  universities.  In 
undergraduates,  enrolled  for  a  full  four-year 
course,  it  is  largest  of  them  all.  And  in 
quality  it  is  recognized  as  belonging  to  the 
first  order. 

Tuition  is  absolutely  free  for  all  Califor- 
nians.  Women  enjoy  precisely  the  same  privi- 
leges as  men — except  military  drill. 

This  marvelous  growth  in  a  few  short  dec- 
ades is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  State  has 
always  been  resolved  to  have  the  higliest  tyi*e 
of  university,  not  a  utilitarian  makeshift  ;  to 
the  fact  that  private  generosity  has  given  many 
millions  to  help  the  cause  of  learning,  and 
to  the  fact  that  the  jjcople  of  California  are 
eager  that  their  sons  and  daughters  sliall  have 
all  the  training  for  life  that  ambition,  intel- 
ligence, and  zeal  ma\-  win  tliem. 

The  university  started  riglit.     It  was  begun 


in  1860  as  a  classical  college  of  the  traditional 
New  England  type.  In  1868  the  State  took 
over  this  "College  of  California."  endowed  it 
with  the  national  land  grants,  and  provided 
tax  supjjort  which  has  waxed  ever  more 
generous. 

To  the  fundamental  instruction  in  the  hu- 
manities and  pure  science  were  added  courses 
in  mining,  mechanical,  electrical  and  civil  en- 
gineering, applied  chemistry,  and  agriculture. 
Professional  schools  were  developed  of  law, 
medicine,  pharmacy,  and  dentistry,  and  a 
graduate  school  established. 

^^'ith  the  arrival  of  Benj.  Ide  Wheeler, 
formerlv  professor  of  Greek  and  comparative 
philology  at  Cornell,  to  be  president  of  the 
university,  in  1899.  came  clear  and  definite 
declaration  that  the  true  university  must  be  a 
home  of  jirockutive  scholarship,  where  stu- 
dents may  learn  how  to  advance  the  boundaries 
of    knowledge,    receiving    their   training    from 


'0 


EDL'CATIOXAL 


men    who  arc   themselves   continuallv   seeking 
to  win  new  truths  from  the  unknown. 

PUBLICATIONS    DKI' AR  IMKN  T 

The  estal)lishment  of  a  liberally  supported 
publications  department,  devoted  whollv  to 
the  issuance  of  publications  which  constitute 
an  addition  to  the  world's  stock  of  knowledge, 
proved  a  vigorous  stimulus  to  original  re- 
search, for  it  insured  a  means  wherebv  the 
investigations  of  creatively  minded  men  in  the 
faculty  and  in  the  graduate  school  might  be 
made  available  for  the  world  interchange  and 
co-oj)eration  of  science. 

The  atmosphere  of  research  prevails  in  the 
university.  Immediately  applicable  to  human 
needs  is  a  vast  proportion  of  the  investigations 
so  vigorouslv  prosecuted  by  the  College  of  Ag- 
riculture. In  other  realms  of  science  constant 
achievement  is  being  made  in  knowledge  of 
the  jirocesses  of  nature,  and  in  the  fields  of 
history,  economics,  anthropology,  philology, 
and  the  social  sciences  in  general,  new 
light  is  being  thrown  011  what  man  has  been 
doing  in  the  world  and  which  way  advance- 
ment lies. 

Manv  important  fields  of  research  have 
been  entered  upon  through  facilities  afi^orded 
bv  sjiecific  endowment.  Thus  James  Lick  gave 
to  the  university  the  I.ick  Observatory  on 
Mount  Hamilton,  the  foremost  center  of  as- 
tronomical investigation  in  the  world  today, 
wdiere.  for  example.  Director  W.  AV.  Campbell 
has  pro\-ed  such  memorable  discoveries  as  that 
the  older  a  star  the  swifter  its  motion,  and 
that  the  i)lanetary  nebulae  move  more  swiftly 
tlian  the  swiftest  stars  themsehes.  a  disco\-ery 
wdiich  seems  to  show  that  the  old  nebular 
hypothesis  was  based  on  error,  and  that  the 
planetary  nebulae  are  reallv  farther  along  the 
path  of  evolution  than  the  stars,  and  not  an 
antet'edent  form  from  which  the  stars  are 
made. 

F.rHNOl.OC-.ICAI.    S'l'LDIES 

A  study  of  the  life  of  ])rimitive  man  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  with  an  elaborate  ethnological 
survev  of  California  has  been  supported  for 
many  years  by  Mrs.  Phoel)e  Apperson  Hearst. 


It  has  resulted  in  museum  collections  of  great 
value  and  the  issuance  of  a  dozen  bulky 
volumes. 

Tens  of  thousands  of  animals  and  birds 
ha\-e  been  collected  bv  the  California  Museum 
of  X'ertebrate  /oologv.  supported  bv  the  gen- 
erosity of  Miss  Annie  M.  Alexander,  and 
\-aluable  researches  carried  on  as  to  hoV  evo- 
lution reallv  works. 

Studv  of  the  processes  of  life  in  animal  and 
plant  have  been  carried  on  for  a  number  of 
years  past  through  the  scientific  staff  of  the 
Scripps  Institution  for  liiological  Research, 
maintained  by  Miss  Ellen  B.  Scripps  of  Pa 
Jolla.  with  aid  to  the  undertaking  also  from 
Mr.  E.  A\'.  Scripjjs. 

And  recently  munificent  provision  has  been 
made  for  attack  on  man's  ancient  enemies,  the 
diseases,  through  the  gift  by  Mrs.  Hooper 
of  San  Francisco,  of  property  valued  at  be- 
tween $1,000,000  and  $2,000,000  to  endow 
the  George  Williams  Hooper  Foundation  for 
Medical  Research.  Its  staff  devote  their  wdiole 
time  to  investigation  of  the  problems  of  func- 
tional and  organic  and  of  tropical  diseases. 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

Through  the  long  years  when  Professor 
Eugene  A\'.  Hilgard  and  then  Professor  E.  J. 
W'ickson  directed  the  work  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture,  it  achieved  a  great  work  of 
research.  It  solved  multifarious  problems 
of  agriculture  in  a  land  where  Anglo-Saxons 
have  taken  up  a  task  whollv  new  to  their 
race — that  of  tilling  an  arid  soil,  under 
irrigation ;  of  reclaiming  the  desert  and 
of  raising  the  fruits  and  field  crops  which  in 
the  past  Northern  races  of  men  have  bought 
from  tropical  countries,  instead  of  raising  them 
for  themselves. 

Of  late  the  State  has  richly  increased  the 
specific  provision  for  the  work  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture  and  under  the  direction  of 
Dean  Thomas  F.  Hunt,  new  great  advances 
are  being  made.  Students  may  specialize  now 
in  any  one  of  se\-enteen  dift"erent  agricultural 
pursuits,  choosing  as  a  special  profession  the 
citrus    fruits,    sav.   or   pomologv.    animal    hus- 


EDUCATIONAL 


71 


bandry.  landscape  gardening,  economic  ento- 
mology, veterinary  work,  dairying — or  any  one 
of  many  other  specialties. 

The  graduate  school  of  Tropical  Agricul- 
ture and  Citrus  Experiment  Station  at  River- 
side is  a  division  wholly  devoted  to  re- 
search and  to  the  training  of  graduate  stu- 
dents in  methods  of  research  as  to  plant  breed- 
ing, soil  treatment,  the  diseases  and  pests  of 
plants,  or  other  such  problems,  with  special 
reference  to  tropical  products. 

The  University  Farm  of  781  acres  of  fine 
rich  land  at  Davis,  in  the  Sacramento  Valley, 
is  used  to  give  practical  field  work  to  stu- 
dents in  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  is  the 
site  also  of  the  University  Farm  School,  where 
several  hundred  young  men  who  have  not  the 
preliminary  training  to  enter  the  four-year 
course  in  the  College  of  Agriculture  are  re- 
ceiving a  three-year  training  for  successful 
farm  life. 

SPREADING   KNOWLEDGE 

To  spread  abroad  into  general  use  the  new- 
knowledge  constantly  being  won  by  science  the 
College  of  Agriculture  pours  forth  a  stream 
of  valuable  publications,  writes  tens  of  thou- 
sands of  letters  to  inquirers,  reaches  scores  of 
thousands  through  farmers'  institutes,  teaches 
13.000  by  correspondence  courses  in  agricul- 
ture, and  stations  a  "farm  advisor"  in  every 
county  which  will  provide  for  local  and 
traveling  expenses  an  amount  CLjual  to  the 
salary  which  the  university  and  the  United 
States  jointly  furnish.  The  farm  advisor  be- 
comes a  permanent  member  of  his  community ; 
through  farm  bureaus  in  every  neighborhood 
he  stimulates  the  farmers  to  use  the  most  im- 
proved modern  methods,  and  he  serves  as  a 
channel  through  which  the  local  problems  can 
receive  aid  from  specialists  at  the  university. 

Just  as  the  agricultural  work  of  the  uni- 
versity receives  co-operation  from  the  United 
States,  so  the  general  support  of  the  university 
is  derived  from  many  sources.  Of  the  income 
of  the  University  of  California  for  tlie  year 
ending  June  30.  1914.  which  was  approxi- 
mately $2,500,000,  there  came  from  the  State 


of  California  $1,574,376.29  ;  from  the  United 
States  $80,000 ;  from  the  income  on  the  en- 
dowment, $279,000.  The  year's  gifts  of  money 
for  current  use  or  for  endowment  or  for  build- 
ing work  were  $192,000. 

The  balance  sheet  shows  assets  of  $15,- 
710,000,  of  which  $5,540,000  are  income  pro- 
ducing endowments. 

PRIVATE  GIFTS 

Only  private  gift  has  made  possible  the 
work  of  the  university.  During  the  past  dozen 
years  the  gifts  have  averaged  in  value  nearly 
$1,000,000  a  year,  in  lands,  buildings,  endow- 
ments, gifts  for  current  use.  additions  to  the 
museum,  library,  or  scientific  collections,  etc. 

Mrs.  Phoebe  Apperson  Hearst,  for  example, 
gave  a  museum  collection  on  which  she  ex- 
pended over  $1,000,000,  but  which  today 
could  not  be  equaled  for  less  than  $3,000,000 
to  $5,000,000.  She  built  the  Hearst  Memorial 
Mining  Building  at  a  cost,  including  equip- 
ment, of  more  than  $700,000.  She  gave  Hearst 
Hall,  the  woman's  gymnasium  ;  she  has  sup- 
ported the  Hearst  Scholarships  for  many  years 
and  she  has  made  innumerable  other  gifts  of 
vast  aggregate  value  to  library,  museum,  in- 
dividual student,  or  specific  department. 

Miss  Cora  Jane  Flood  endowed  the  Col- 
lege of  Commerce  with  $377,000;  Mrs.  John 
W.  Mackay  and  Mr.  Clarence  H.  Mackay 
gave  $100,000  for  the  John  W.  Mackay  Jr. 
Chair  of  Electrical  Engineering ;  Mr.  D.  O. 
Mills  gave  $150,000  to  endow  philosophy; 
Mr.  Edward  Tompkins  gave  $107,000  to  en- 
dow the  Agassiz  Chair  of  Oriental  Languages ; 
Mrs.  Sather  endowed  chairs  in  history  and  in 
classical  literature  with  $140,000  each  and  a 
host  of  others  have  made  gifts  great  and  small. 

BUILDING    FOR    FUTURE 

Of  particularly  fructifying  power  was  Mrs. 
Hearst's  gift  to  provide  for  an  international 
architectural  competition  for  permanent  plans 
for  the  university. 

She  pointed  out  that  the  university  site  at 
Berkeley,  with  its  fine  background  of  lofty 
hills,  its  noble  seaward  prospect,  and  its  charm 


72 


■MMHjg'  ^i~-&[ 

^'; . .  . 

1    *   ." 

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■^f^lf^jiwUfr 


^*?PTP^P!?! 


^;^t'" .    >*v^^""  -^  5c5sr 


4':-^.->' 


;  m 


■<^^...%.  •  -• 


>  c^     .. 


mkj^  -y^ 


^^#  ■  *-^4    h 


n 


Oaks  on   I'nivcrsity  of 


TJIE  C()lle.^-e  (lavs  of  every  successful  graduate  of  a  university  re- 
main ahvavs  in  his  memory  and  throughout  his  life  they  exert 
an  influence  ui)on  his  career.  And  the  memory  of  those  days  is  always 
associated  with  some  ])hysical  feature  of  the  environment — as,  for 
example,  the  oaks  of  the  University  of  California  campus.  And  this 
suggests  a  fact  that  is  patent  to  every  thinking  i)erson — that  environ- 
ment is  one  of  the  prime  factors  in  the  develojmient  of  the  human 
mind.  W'liat  would  Oxford  l)e  without  its  traditions?  N'ale,  Prince- 
ton, Harvard,  Stanford — the  surroundings,  the  atmosphere--all  have 
their  effect  ujKm  the  student.  In  California  the  atmosi)here  is  essen- 
tially one  of  the  most  invigorating  sort — the  spirit  of  the  great  out 
of  doors  hallows  the  earliest  recollections  of  every  Californian.  The 
dotted  hillsides,  the  fields  of  hending  grain,  the  mountains,  the  hlue 


tmpus,  Berkeley,   Cal. 


skies — all  serve  to  refresh  and  render  more  receptive  to  knowledge  the 
student  mind.  Another  feature  of  California  educational  institutions 
— particularly  the  universities — is  the  amoimt  of  room  that  is  given 
over  to  their  use.  At  University  of  California  there  are  great 
stretches,  with  winding  paths  among  the  distorted  oaks  leading  to  re- 
treats hidden  in  the  masses  of  foliage.  Green  lawns  delight  the  eye 
and  the  structures  are  attractive  in  appearance  and  spacious.  On  the 
campus  outdoor  ])lays  are  given  when  the  Greek  Theater  is  not  em- 
ployed for  that  purpose  and  the  setting  is  ideal  for  dramatic  offerings. 
The  young  men  and  women  who  attend  a  California  college  will  link 
with  the  memory  of  their  Alma  Mater  the  recollections  of  the  long 
summer  davs  and  the  moonlit  nights  amid  the  most  charming  of  nat- 
ural surroundings,  or  those  enhanced  or  altered  for  ])ractical  use. 


74 


EDl'CATIOXAL 


of  i)ictures(]ue  and  dixcrsificd  contour,  topog- 
rai)liy.  and  natural  u;ro\vth  represented  a 
unicjue  opportunity  for  a  splendid  architectural 
development.  Most  universities,  like  most 
cities,  have  "just  ^rowcd"  with  lamentable  re- 
sults as  regards  architecture.  Slic  iiroposed 
that  the  distant  future  should  l)e  plaimcd  for 
and  an  architectural  composition  \vroui,du  out 
worthy  of  tlie  State  aiul  of  the  site  and  of  the 
future  of  the  uiiiwrsitv. 

III.AkST    IM.W    ASSUME.^;    FORM 

The  Hearst  Plan  is  rapidiv  assumim,^  \-isil)le 
form.  Already  completed  are  the  Hearst 
Memorial  Mining  Building,  the  University 
Library,  given  by  Mr.  Charles  I'ranklin  Doe, 
■which  cost,  including  the  etiuii)ment  provided 
by  the  State,  $883,000  ;  Boalt  Hall  of  Law, 
for  which  Mrs.  l^oalt  gave  $100,000  and  the 
lawyers  of  California  $50,000  more;  the 
Greek  Theatre,  for  which  Mr.  William  Ran- 
dolph Hearst  gave  $50,000  ;  the  Sather  Gate, 
which  cost  $36,000,  and  the  Sather  Cam- 
panile, for  which  Mrs.  Sather  gave  $225,000; 
and  Agriculture  Hall  and  California  Hall, 
built  by  the  State  at  a  cost  of  $213,000  and 
$272,000,  respectively. 

.Ml  these  are  of  granite  exterior,  with  steel 


frames  fireproofed  in  concrete;  concrete 
floors  and  roofs  of  red  mission  tile.  All  are  of 
the  highest  possible  type  of  construction  and  of 
fire-resistive  (juality.  And,  in  their  admirable 
fitness  for  every  day  use  and  in  their  noble 
and  serene  beauty.  Mr.  John  Galen  Howard, 
supervising  architect  of  the  Hearst  Plan,  has 
made  a  contribution  to  American  architecture 
of  the  highest  and  most  permanent  value.  'I'he 
city-planning  movement  in  California,  the 
cause  of  all  that  is  good  in  public  architecture, 
is  being  profoundly  aided  by  this  great  and 
successful  undertaking  in  architectural  com- 
position on  the  broad  scale. 

And,  in  Nowmber.  1914.  the  people  of 
California  set  the  seal  of  their  approval  on 
the  great  project  of  the  Hearst  Plan  bv  voting 
$1,800,000  in  the  form  of  the  "University 
Building  Bonds,"  proposed  by  the  alumni 
through  initiative  petition,  this  to  be  applied 
to  the  enlargement  and  completion  of  the  pres- 
ent monumental  library  and  the  erection  of 
three  more  permanent  buildings — a  chemistry 
building,  a  second  unit  of  the  agricultural 
group  and  a  great  class  room  building  large 
enough  to  accommodate  3500  students  at  one 
moment  under  one  roof. 


California  and  Education 

TN  CALIFORNIA  the  little  red  schoolhouse  on  the  hill  is  a  thins^- 
"■■  of  the  past.  In  its  day  it  may  have  had  its  usefulness  and  certainly 
the  halo  of  romance  cast  about  it  served  to  overshadow  some  of  the 
sordid  memories  our  fathers  must  have  retained  in  which  the  birch 
rod  was  prominent.  Today,  the  most  remote  rural  district  of  this 
State  has  its  school,  which,  while  it  may  not  be  of  brick  or  stone,  is  at 
least  comfortable,  and  equipped  with  the  latest  essentials  to  education. 
And  this  includes  a  pedagogue  who  knows  something-  besides  the 
"Three  R's"  and  who  controls  his  pupils  with  something  far  more 
effective  than  the  birch  rod  of  hateful  memory.  Education  you  must 
have  in  order  to  compete  successfully  in  the  world  of  today.  Educa- 
tion you  can  obtain  freely  and  regularly,  no  matter  whereabouts  in 
California  xou  uvdx  elect  to  dwell. 


Leland  Stanford  Junior 

University 


By  O.  L.  Elliott 

Registrar  of  Stanford  University 


Editor's  Note:  As  registrar  of  the  Leland  Stanford  junior  Uni- 
versity, Mr.  O.  L.  Elliott  is  in  a  position  to  speak  understandingly 
regarding-  the  great  institution  of  learning  with  which  he  is  asso- 
ciated. He  gives  briefly  the  history  of  the  university  from  its  incep- 
tion, handling  the  subject  with  sympathy  and  deep  a]Dpreciation.  The 
development  and  present  extent  of  the  college  is  told  in  a  manner 
that  renders  the  article  not  onlv  valuable  but  highlv  interesting  as 
well. 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY  owes  its  ex- 
istence to  the  public  spirited  liberality  of 
Governor  and  Mrs.  Stanford,  and  to  the  con- 
viction that  through  the  promotion  of  educa- 
tion their  great  fortune  could  be  made  of 
most  use  to  humanity.  Their  only  child, 
the  center  of  their  hopes,  died  in  1884,  in  his 
sixteenth  year.  In  creating  a  university  as 
a  memorial  to  the  life  thus  cut  off,  it  seemed 
to  the  bereaved  parents  that  they  would  \k 
sharing  with  all  the  children  of  California 
something  of  what  would  have  been  given 
to  their  own  son  had  his  life  been  spared. 

^^^^en  it  came  to  the  accomplishment  of 
their  purpose,  two  main  ideas  were  kept  in 
mind.  First,  the  outward  habitation  of  the 
university  must  be  beautiful  in  design  and 
solid  in  execution.  Again,  thev  would  em- 
phasize the  practical  nature  of  a  university 
education,  which  while  not  neglecting  breadth 
of  training,  should  be  so  directed  as  to  fit 
its  possessor  for  some  useful  calling  in  life. 
The  founders  of  the  universitv  were  not  college 
trained,  and  their  notion  of  what  was  neces- 
sary to  the  accomplishment  of  their  purpose 


was  naturallv  vague.  But  in  its  broad  and 
comprehensive  features  the  actual  university 
has  conformed  to  their  general  idea;  and  if 
in  its  first  quarter  century  of  history  Stanford 
University  has  made  a  sensii)le  contribution  to 
the  educational  progress  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
it  is  because  of  the  boldness  and  the  vigor 
with  which  the  university  has  stressed  definite- 
ness  of  aim  and  result  as  the  possibility  and 
the  glory  of  the  higher  education. 

A  PEACEFUL  VALLEY 

The  site  of  the  university  is  the  Palo  Alto 
estate  of  the  founders  in  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley — a  valley  famous  for  its  beauty,  fer- 
tilitv,  and  excellence  of  climate,  where,  free 
from  the  rigors  of  Eastern  winters  and  the 
extremes  of  Eastern  summers,  sheltered  from 
the  fogs  and  harsh  winds  of  the  coast  and  from 
the  summer  heat  of  the  interior  valleys,  with 
a  rare  ocean  quality  in  the  air,  the  seasons 
are  one  succession  of  springtime  and  autumn. 
The  buildings  have  been  placed  on  the  broad 
]ilain  sloping  up  from  the  bay  to  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Morena.  Here  the  old 
Mission  architecture — the  long,  low  buildings 


76 


EDUCATIONAL 


with  the  wide  colonnades  and  open  court — has 
been  reproduced  on  imposing  scale.  The  main 
university  buildings  consist  of  two  (juad- 
rangles,  une  surrounding  the  other,  with  a 
facade  894  feet  in  length.  The  soft  buff 
sandstone,  the  great  expanse  of  red-tiled  roof, 
the  Avide  arcades,  the  simple  but  imposing 
arches,  the  glimpse  of  trees  and  foothills  and 
mountains,  give  an  impression  of  academic 
seclusion,  serenity  and  beauty  whose  fascina- 
tion deepens  as  the  months  slip  bv  under  blue 
skies  and  Hotxling  sunsliine.  Other  detached 
buildings  for  various  purposes  have  been 
added,  and  a  considerable  area,  including  the 
first  foothills,  has  l)een  covered  with  residences 
of  faculty,  college  fraternities  and  clubs,  and 
occasional  outsiders  who  have  made  their 
homes  uj»on  tlie  nniversitv  campus. 

A    FORTUNATE    SELECTION 

The  carrying  out  of  their  educational  plans 
the  Stanfords  wisely  entrusted  to  other  hands. 
They  were  singularly  fortunate  in  their  choice 
of  president.  However  happily  the  generous 
vision  of  the  founders  has  guided  the  develop- 
ment at  Palo  Alto,  in  its  characteristic  features, 
in  its  freedom  from  hampering  tradition,  in 
the  autonomy  and  untrammeled  opportunity 
of  the  individual  department,  in  its  call  to 
the  individual  student  to  strike  straight  for  his 
definite  goal,  in  its  exaltation  of  genuineness 
and  disdain  of  sham,  the  university  bears  the 
ineradicable  stamp  of  the  genius  of  David 
Starr  Jordan.  From  his  l)uovancv.  directness, 
and  imperturbable  optimism,  and  the  response 
which  this  evoked  from  his  first  faculty,  the 
university  took  on  a  tone  and  meaning  and 
s])irit  which  not  all  its  staggering  vicissitudes 
have  succeeded  in  effacing,  and  which  have 
carried  tlu*  name  and  fame  of  Stanford  far 
and  wide. 

In  its  internal  organization,  and  in  the  scope 
of  its  instruction.  Stanford  conforms  to  con- 
ventional types.  There  are  twenty-six  depart- 
ments, each  representing  a  larger  or  smaller 
field  of  knowledge,  and  covering  ancient  and 
modern  languages,  philosophy,  education, 
mathematics,  history,  economics  and  political 
science,  the  physical  sciences,  the  biological 
sciences,   and  the  more  formally  professional 


schools  of  law,  medicine,  and  engineering. 
Half  the  students  perhaps  enter  without  any 
definite  i>rofessional  or  vocational  goal,  and 
seek  among  the  twenty-six  departments  for 
that  general  education  so  pedagogically  po})- 
ular  aiul  st)  hard  to  define.  They  are  guided 
through  the  mazes  of  the  curricula  by  means 
of  the  major  subject  system  which  allows 
the  student,  under  the  advice  of  some  one 
department,  to  group  around  the  courses  in 
that  department  those  supplementary  and 
complementary  studies  which  seem  to  promise 
tlie  desired  achievement. 

But  tliere  are  two  characteristic  items  which 
l)articularly  reflect  the  Stanford  contribution 
to  educational  progress.  First,  the  university 
undertook  to  remove,  not  set  up,  artificial 
barriers  between  the  high  school  and  the 
university.  The  educational  process  it  re- 
garded as  one.  the  university  taking  up  the 
task  where  the  high  school  leaves  it.  Stanford 
does  not  prescribe  particular  subjects  for  ad- 
mission, but  from  the  outset  has  held  the 
satisfactory  completion  of  a  standard  high 
school  course  the  adequate  and  sufficient  re- 
(]uirement  for  admission.  The  other  point  of 
departure  was  the  university's  recognition  of 
the  equality  and  autonomy  of  departments. 
Each  department,  representing  a  great  field 
or  division  of  knowledge,  was  to  receive  major 
students  with  a  primary  view  of  invitmg  them 
to  a  (more  or  less  complete)  mastery  of  that 
field  of  knowledge.  Each  department  aimed 
to  provide  equipment  and  opportunity  for  in- 
dependent work,  thus  making  of  the  depart- 
ment, for  those  who  had  the  ability  and  the 
calling,  the  ecjuivalent  of  a  vocational  or 
])rofessional  school  for  those  interested  in  its 
vocational  or  jirofessional  bearings,  and  a  re- 
search laboratory  for  those  devoted  to  pure 
scholarship.  Tliis  challenge  to  the  interest 
and  entluisiasm  of  the  student  was  not  to  be 
obscured  by  unpalatable  curricula,  compounds 
of  faculty  -wisdom  and  senatorial  courtesy, 
which  must  first  be  passed  through  the  system. 
The  student  came  at  once  under  the  direction 
of  the  chosen  department,  and  preliminary  and 
su]iplementary  studies  were  planned  with 
direct  reference  to  the  individual  student  and 


EDUCATIONAL 


77 


the  end  in  view.  The  opportunity  for  thus 
making  the  educational  process  more  interest- 
ing and  more  effective,  while  realized  in  fact 
in  varying  degrees  only,  has  nevertheless 
stamped  the  whole  spirit  of  the  university. 

STORMS  W'EATHERED 

The  university  was  opened  in  October.  1891, 
and  550  students  were  registered  the  first  year. 
In  1893,  following  the  death  of  Mr.  Stanford 
and  the  financial  panic  of  that  year,  the  uni- 
versity's resources  were  completely  tied  up 
and  for  a  time  its  continued  existence  seriously 
threatened.  Largely  through  the  unflinching 
courage  and  devotion  of  Mrs.  Stanford  the 
storm  was  weathered,  and  in  1898  another 
forward  movement  began.  This  was  again 
interrupted  bv  the  earthquake  of  1906  with 
its  enormous  damage  to  the  university  build- 
ings. Growth  in  numbers  has  therefore  not 
been  rapid  in  comparison  with  that  of  other 
universities.  The  attendance  figure  has  this 
year  (1914-15)  for  the  first  time  reached  and 
passed   the   2,000   mark.      The   university   en- 


dowment is  not  far  from  twenty-five  millions. 
Not  all  of  this  is  interest  bearing,  and  without 
tuition  fees  (except  in  law  and  medicine)  the 
income  is  not  large  as  modern  university  in- 
comes go.  The  present  number  of  students 
about  reaches  the  limit  which  the  trustees  are 
willing  to  consider  that  they  have  means  to 
provide  for.  The  immediate  problem  is  how 
to  restrict  the  very  natural  tendency  of  a  live 
university  to  grow.  Whatever  readjustments 
the  future  may  require  if  only  the  present 
momentum  be  maintained  Stanford  University 
must  continue  to  be,  as  it  has  been  in  the  past, 
an  important  factor  in  the  educational  de- 
velopment of  California  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 
After  twenty-two  years  of  service  President 
Jordan  resigned  in  1913.  and  the  trustees  cre- 
ated for  him  the  new  office  of  chancellor.  His 
successor  in  the  presidency  was  Dr.  John 
Casper  Branner.  professor  of  geology  from  the 
beginning  of  the  university.  President  Branner 
in  turn  will  retire  at  the  end  of  the  present 
academic  year.  Stanford's  third  president,  yet 
to  be  chosen,  will  take  office  August  1,  1915. 


TN  ALL  schools,  children  should  be  taught  to  work  in  wood  and 
■*■  iron,  to  understand  the  construction  and  use  of  machinery,  to  be- 
come acquainted  with  the  great  forces  that  man  is  using  to  do  his 
work.  In  this  way  boys  would  learn  their  aptitudes — would  ascertain 
what  they  are  fitted  for — what  they  could  do.  It  would  not  be  a  guess, 
or  an  experiment,  but  a  demonstration.  Education  should  increase  a 
boy's  chance  for  getting  a  living.  The  real  good  of  it  is  to  get 
food  and  roof  and  raiment,  opportunity  to  develop  the  mind  and  body, 
and  live  a  full  and  ample  life.  The  more  real  education,  the  less  crime 
— and  the  more  homes  the  fewer  prisons. — Robert  G.  Iiigcrsoll. 


The  High  Quahty  Oj 


By  E.  J.  Wickson 


TllK  ([ualilv  of  rural  life  in  California  is 
relatively  very  high  for  several  reasons 
which  can  be  clearly  indicated,  and  it  has 
manifested  itself  by  achie\-ements  which  could 
not  otherwise  have  been  attained,  and  by  the 
creation  of  rural  conditions  which  promise 
even  greater  achievements  not  alone  for  in- 
dustry but  for  manhood  and  citizenship. 

The  foundation  of  the  quality  of  California 
rural  life  was  laid  in  the  very  settlement  of 
the  State  bv  those  who  had  the  nerve  and 
ability  to  push  through  on  the  overland  trails 
while  those  less  resolute  and  less  capable  were 
either  appalled  by  the  effort  or  could  not  per- 
sist in  it.  In  early  days  accession  to  California 
was  largely  a  matter  of  courage  and  endur- 
ance. Afterwards,  and  even  to  the  present 
time,  another  criterion  of  selection  has  pre- 
vailed, viz :  mastery  of  funds  and  business 
confidence  and  enterjorise.  California  develop- 
ment upon  a  high  plane  of  intelligence  and 
financial  ability  has  been  ministered  to  by 
people  from  every  civilized  state  and  nation, 
and  has  escaped  a  low^  average  in  such  intel- 
ligence and  ability  because  its  remoteness  and 
cost  of  attainment  have  largely  protected  it 
from  mass  movement  of  inferior  people  from 
any  state  or  nation.  By  what  she  has  gained 
and  by  what  she  has  escaped  California  has  a 
select  population  in  certain  (pialities  which 
make  for  success. 

Such  people,  of  course,  might  have  been 
expected  to  operate  and  to  succeed  in  a  large 
way  in  w-hatever  intellectual  and  industrial 
effort  they  entered  upon.  When  the  chief  pur- 
suit was  gold  the  per  capita  production  was 
the  greatest  attained  in  the  world  at  that  date  ; 
the  same  was  true  of  Avheat  in  the  60's  ;  of 
wool  in  the  70's  ;  of  fruit  in  the  80's,  and  to 
the  present ;    of  higher  education  in  the  90's 


( lidilonal) 

and  to  the  present  also — for  two  universities 
of  the  first  rank,  are  not  in  the  possession  of 
any  state  which  is  not  vastly  greater  than  Cali- 
fornia in  jiopulation.  The  California  people 
because  of  their  per  capita  content  of  power, 
gained  by  the  process  of  selection  and  increased 
by  the  exercise  of  |)ower.  according  to  recog- 
nized law's  of  development,  have  achieved 
great  things  in  various  lines.  In  the  under- 
takings of  rural  life,  which  now  constitute 
the  over-shadowing  industry  of  the  State,  Cali- 
fornia has  employed  energy,  capital,  and  ap- 
plied science  to  novel  products  under  novel, 
natural,  and  economic  conditions  in  ways  and 
to  results  wdiich  would  have  been  altogether 
unapproachable  to   a  less  resourceful  people. 

Having  said  this  much  to  indicate  the  origin 
and  tjuality  of  a  people  Avhich  has  but  just 
begun  the  development  of  this  great  State,  I 
desire  to  mention  a  few  specific  things  which 
I  believe  underlie  the  advanced  and  most  sat- 
isfactory type  of  country  life  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  California. 

First :  Broad  views  of  education.  Although 
it  is  true  that  a  considerable  part  of  the  pres- 
ent expansion  and  profitability  of  our  leading 
lines  of  agriculture  is  due  to  those  wdio  came 
to  California  in  mature  life  and  brought  capi- 
tal and  minds  well  trained  in  business  and 
professions,  one  would  not  prescribe  their  rich 
acquisitions  and  experience,  in  curricula  for 
others  to  pursue.  Still  it  is  a  fact  that  their 
example,  and  their  precepts  also,  are  a  strong 
force  for  breadth  in  our  educational  efforts 
for  agriculture.  The  success  of  the  broad  man 
in  California  is  an  incentive  to  breadth  in  our 
training.  California  is  keenly  conscious  that 
common  .schools  which  do  not  employ  rural 
phenomena  and  points  of  view  in  their  daily 
work  are  culpably  narrow  and  neglectful.   The 


alifornia  Rural  Life 


difficulty  which  these  mature  men  have  had  in 
ascertaining  elementary  facts  about  natural 
conditions  of  growth  in  California  makes  them 
strongly  insistent  that  these,  and  cultural 
methods  to  meet  these,  shall  be  taught  in  the 
common  schools,  and  that  high  schools  and 
colleges  shall  deal  with  them  also  in  their 
higher  bearings,  with  due  regard  to  exposition 
of  the  best  local  practice  in  this  State.  It  is 
perfectly  clear  that  our  people  hold  education 
in  agriculture  from  youth  to  manhood  to  be  a 
fundamental  need  and  teachers  of  all  grades 
are  alert  to  qualify  themselves  for  the  work. 

Second :  Social  and  financial  recognition  of 
agriculture.  The  recognition  of  agriculture  as 
pursuit  which  does  not  debar  its  votaries  from 
the  highest  social  standing  need  not  be  con- 
tended for  in  California;  it  is  freely  con- 
ceded, not  only  in  theory  but  in  regular  prac- 
tice, and  agriculture  as  a  vocation  for  young 
men  is  discounted  only  by  a  few  farmers  who 
do  not  understand  or  appreciate  their  own 
calling  or  are  pursuing  it  under  too  heavy  a 
handicap  of  some  kind.  There  is  in  fact  some 
danger  that  recourse  to  agriculture  is  becoming 
too  popular,  even  fashionable,  with  our  urban 
population  because  they  are  disposed  to  ex- 
aggerate the  profits  and  minimize  the  knowl- 
edge, ceaseless  efi^ort  and  command  of  ade- 
quate capital  upon  which  success  depends. 
This  danger  is,  however,  in  itself  an  indica- 
tion of  the  attitude  of  the  California  mind 
toward  agriculture.  Individual  social  recogni- 
tion of  a  farmer  is  governed  by  exactly  the 
same  criteria,  wise  and  otherwise,  which  fix 
the  place  of  a  man  following  any  other  work 
in  life. 

Financial  recognition  of  agricultural  se- 
curitv  has  notablv  advanced  during  the  last 
thirty  years.  It  began  in  the  acceptance  of 
warehouse  receipts  for  grain  stored  in  country 
warehouses  at  that  earlv  date  and  since  then 
loans  on  other  gathered  products  or  on  grow- 
ing crops  have  been  freely  available  under  or- 


dinary financial  conditions.  The  old  disfavor 
of  country  real  estate  as  compared  with  city 
property  has  largely  passed  away ;  in  fact, 
much  money  has  been  loaned  on  boom  valua- 
tions or  prospects — an  indication  of  the  gen- 
eral confidence  in  agricultural  security  carried 
to  excess,  but  still,  in  a  way,  evidence  of  the 
popularity  of  agricultural  enterprises  among 
our  local  financiers.  Rates  of  interest  are, 
however,  too  high  considering  the  security  of 
legitimate  country  loans  and  any  scheme  which 
would  help  other  parts  of  the  country  in  this 
regard  would  be  of  great  advantage  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Third :  Average  excellence  of  California 
country  homes.  With  the  understanding  that 
light  construction  is  advisable  under  climatic 
conditions  ruling  in  California,  it  must  be 
claimed  that  California  country  homes  are  of 
very  high  average  excellence.  This  might  be 
expected  from  the  intelligence  and  social 
standing  of  the  people  who  construct  them. 
It  is  prol)al)lv  true  that  there  is  a  greater 
per  capita  consumption  of  periodical  litera- 
ture in  California  country  homes  than  in  other 
rural  communities.  The  per  capita  supply  of 
running  water,  hot  and  cold,  in  farm  houses 
and  the  use  of  it  in  all  the  devices  of  modern 
plumbing  for  cleanliness  and  sanitation  are 
also  very  large. 

Fourth :  The  benign  influence  of  co-opera- 
tion. Uncjuestionably  the  most  powerful 
agency  for  advancement  in  the  quality  of  rural 
life  in  California  during  the  last  two  decades, 
has  been  co-operation.  Underlying  co-opera- 
tion is,  of  course,  the  general  intelligence  and 
business  capacity  of  those  who  undertake  to 
co-operate.  Thus  a  degree  of  education  must 
precede  successful  co-operation,  but  co-opera- 
tion is  itself  the  most  potent  educational 
agency  which  has  ever  been  invoked  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  not  only  enables  men  to  achieve, 
but  it  points  the  way  continually  to  greater 
achievement.    Strong  co-operative  effort  is  se- 


T  COMING  high  above  its  neighbors,  this  gigantic  CaHfornia  tree 
^-^  has  developed  to  an  enormous  height,  as  can  be  noted  by  conii)ari- 
son  with  the  man  standing  in  his  buggy.  This  tree  is  one  of  the  innum- 
erable landmarks  of  interest  with  which  the  State  abounds. 


CITIZEXSHIP 


81 


curing  protection  for  our  fruit  industry  all 
the  way  down  to  the  killing  of  injurious  in- 
sects from  the  United  States  supreme  court.  It 
has  made  feasible  the  distant  distribution  of 
123,000  carloads  of  fruit  products  annually; 
it  has  secured  nearly  all  our  recent  large  pro- 
visions for  agricultural  education  and  re- 
search ;  it  has  secured  fair  treatment  from 
allied  interests  which  formerly  dominated 
rather  selfishly ;  it  has  enabled  producers  to 
demonstrate  possession,  not  only  of  force,  but 
of  business  acumen,  soundness  and  capacity, 
which  have  not  always  characterized  co-opera- 
tive undertakings,  and  have  commanded  the 
confidence  and  respect  not  only  of  rival  busi- 
ness interests  but  of  financial  institutions. 


It  is  clear.  I  think,  that  the  high  quality 
of  California  rural  life  is  demonstrated  by 
its  chief  product,  intelligent  and  successful 
co-operation.  It  is  no  less  clear  that  what 
California  may  still  need  for  the  better  life 
and  more  effective  work  of  its  rural  popula- 
tion, it  may  secure  through  continued  recourse 
to  co-operation,  the  agency  which  it  has  itself 
engendered. 

In  a  word,  the  lesson  of  California  expe- 
rience in  attaining  a  high  grade  quality  in 
country  life  is  this :  Strive  for  the  dissemi- 
nation of  a  degree  of  intelligence  which  makes 
effective  and  durable  co-operation  possible, 
then  let  such  co-operation  do  its  perfect  work. 


California  Holds  High,   Low,  and  Game 

/"CALIFORNIA,  with  an  area  of  158,000  square  miles,  is  the  second 
largest  State  in  the  Union.  It  exhibits  wide  geographic  diver- 
sity, for  it  includes  the  lowest  area  in  the  United  States — Death  \'al- 
ley,  276  feet  below  sea  level,  and  the  highest,  Mount  Whitney,  14,501 
feet  above  the  sea.  Similarly  there  is  a  great  diversity  in  scenic 
eflfects,  climate,  and  vegetation.  Records  obtained  at  meteorologic 
stations  in  the  Salton  Sink  indicate  a  maximum  temperature  of  130 
degrees  in  the  shade,  the  highest  recorded  within  the  continental 
United  States,  while  it  is  probable  that  minimum  temperatures  on 
the  higher  peaks,  like  Mount  \Miitney  and  Mount  Shasta,  approach 
the  minimum  within  our  boundaries,  a  total  difference  of  nearly  200 
degrees.  Records  of  rainfall  in  the  most  arid  sections  of  the  southern 
deserts  of  the  State  represent  the  extreme  of  aridity  in  the  United 
States,  showing  an  annual  average  of  less  than  three  inches  and 
periods  of  twelve  months  or  more  with  only  traces  of  rain,  whereas 
the  precipitation  in  Northwestern  California  is  very  heavy,  an  annual 
average  of  close  to  100  inches  being  recorded  at  a  few  stations  in 
Mendocino  and  Del  Norte  counties. — JJ^afcr  Suf^f^ly  Paper  ^^8.  U.  S. 
Gcoloi'ical  Sun'cy. 


A  Scene  in  Muir  Woods,  Three  Hours   from    San   Francisco 


California:   Playground 
of  the  World 


By  Menard  Gilbert 


Editor  s  Note:  Seen  throu.s,"h  the  eyes  of  a  nature-lover  and  an 
ardent  Californian,  this  State  offers  untold  wonders.  Mr.  Gilbert  is 
both  of  these  thino-s;  he  is,  moreover.  thoroujD'hly  equipped  with  prac- 
tical knowled!?'e  of  what  California  can  afford  those  who  for  one  reason 
or  another  seek  her  for  recreation  or  rest.  The  W^est  is  an  open  book 
to  Mr.  Gilbert,  who  has  traveled  throuo'hout  the  leno-th  and  breadth  of 
the  country  many  times.  His  article  makes  picturesque  reading'  and, 
while  the  author  is  an  idealist  in  many  ways,  he  is  not  such  to  the 
exclusion  of  practical  methods.  He  has  identified  himself  with  the  Cali- 
fornia Publishers'  Co-operative  Association  and  will  take  an  active 
part  in  the  extensive  work  for  California  the  oro-anization  contem- 
]^lates.  As  a  native  son,  Mr.  Gilbert  also  believes  this  work  will, 
■|)atriotically,  prove  whollv  agTeeable. 


CALIFORNIANS  are  firm  believers  in 
the  adage,  "all  work  and  no  play  makes 
of  Jack  a  dull  boy,"  and  since  they  have  been 
favored  by  Nature  with  an  environment  that 
conduces  to  recreation  in  the  fullest  sense  of 
the  word,  they  not  only  mingle  play  with  their 
work  but  soon  teach  all  newcomers  to  do  the 


same.  Thus  California  is  fully  entitled  to  the 
appellation — "Playground  of  the  World" — be- 
stowed 1)\-  those  who.  regarding  the  State  from 
the  viewpoint  of  the  outsider,  have  been  able 
to  grasp  the  significance  of  its  possibilities 
more  thoroughly,  perhaps,  than  have  those 
who  see  its  wonders  all  about  them,  every  day 


It  matters  not  whether  the  balmy  airs  of  summer  or  the  snows  of  winter  dominate  the  scene,  the 
playgrounds  of  California  are  equally  attractive  to  those  who  delight  in  Nature's  every  mood. 


PLAYGROUNDS  85 

of  their  lives.  Not  that  familiarity  could  ever 
breed  contempt  and  the  Californian  is  justly 
proud  of  his  domain,  but  the  novelty  having 
been  l)lunted  to  some  extent,  he  occasionally 
fails  to  realize  that  he  is  living  in  a  wonder- 
land and  that  a  day's  journey  will,  generally 
speaking,  bring  him  to  scenes  that  are  unex- 
celled for  grandeur  or  idyllic  charm  anywhere 
else  in  the  world.  So  that  there  are  Califor- 
nians  who  have  dwelt  for  many  years  almost 
in  the  shadow  of  the  Yosemite's  towering 
crags,  yet  who  have  never  visited  the  famed 
valley. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  assume  that  every 
normal  man  and  woman  is  a  lover  of  Nature. 
No  matter  what  their  creed,  occupation,  or  sta- 
tion in  life,  the  sublimity  of  natural  scenery, 
the  majesty  of  lofty  peaks,  the  hush  of  the 
forest  aisles,  the  restless  song  of  the  sea.  the 
simple  peace  of  a  purling  brook  with  fern- 
embowered  banks — these  things  will  appeal  to 
those  who  look  "through  Nature  up  to  Na- 
ture's God." 

The  child  in  man  never  entirely  deserts  him 
so  long  as  he  breathes  the  breath  of  life.  Be- 
cause we  have  put  aside  forever  toys  and  pina- 
fores, is  no  reason  to  imagine  that  we  have 
finally  locked  our  hearts  against  those  things 
that  appeal  to  our  sense  of  the  beautiful,  or 
that  keep  the  fires  of  youth  burning  long  after 
our  hair  has  been  silvered  by  successive 
winters. 

If.  then,  to  mix  a  little  play  with  one's 
work  is  essential  to  the  health,  happiness,  and 
success  of  mankind,  the  next  thing  to  consider 
is  where  that  play  may  most  profitably  be  in- 
dulged in.  The  ^\'esterner  need  go  liut  a  short 
distance  to  find  his  playground  and  it  will 
profit  even  the  most  remote  Easterner.  North- 
erner, or  Southerner,  as  the  case  mav  be.  to 
follow  the  sage  advice  of  that  ]jhiloso]jher 
who  said:  "Go  West,  young  man.  go  West." 
Young  or  old.  man  or  woman,  if  one  would 
commune  with  Nature  in  her  grandest  moods. 
])ursue  the  trout  in  his  native  waters,  lave 
in  the  rolling  breakers,  bask  in  the  soft  airs 
of  a  semi-tropical  paradise,  or  dare  the  rugged 
steeps  of  mountain  fastnesses — California  is 
tlie  ])lace.  and  it  shall  be  mv  ])urpose  herein- 


Where  the  Merced  River,  whipped  into  ("0:1111.  tumbles 
over  a  rocky  bed  in  the  Yosemite  Viilley 


86 


PLAYGROUNDS 


after  to  tell  briefly  of  some  of  the  natural 
playgrounds  with  which  the  State  abounds, 
open  to  the  children  of  all  the  world  up  to 
the  age  of  ninety-nine  years. 

THE     MOUNTAINS 

Says  Edwin  Markham  in  his  latest  volume, 
■'California  the  Wonderful"  : 

"Again  and  again  in  California  great  Na- 
ture, the  mystic  world-mother,  has  sounded  the 
note  sublime.  Seashore,  desert,  mountain, 
giant  tree,  strange  valley,  towering  cliff — all 
have  been  staged  for  a  world  spectacle,  a 
drama  of  magnificence. 

"From  every  point  in  the  State  you  mav 
look  upon  majestic  mountains,  some  of  them 
lifting  their  broad  fronts  near  at  hand,  and 
others  making   ghost-flights  in  the  distance." 

The  Californian  Sierra  Nevadas  cover  600 
miles,  reaching  from  Mount  San  Jacinto  to 
Mount  Shasta,  and  nowhere  in  all  the  land 
is  there  a  more  wonderful  vista  of  mountain 
scenery.  At  times  the  cloud-searching  sum- 
mits tower  to  a  height  of  15,000  feet,  with 
great  canyons  between  and  clothed  withal  by 
mighty  sequoia,  pine,  and  fir  forests,  owning 
moreover,  a  vallev  which  was  termed  by  the 
Indians  "the  Heart  of  the  Sky  Mountains," 
and  which  constitutes  the  greatest  of  the 
.Sierran  rifts,  a  place  of  everlasting  wonder, 
a  battleground  of  giants,  the  evidences  of 
whose  titanic  struggles  the  soft  mosses  and 
featherv  trees  seek  vainlv  to  hide,  while 
'I'itan's  tears  gush  forth  forever  in  cascades 
of  colossal  fall  and  shimmering  beauty. 

On  the  Western  Slope  there  are  innumer- 
able trails  whereby  the  Sierras  may  be  entered 
but  onlv  through  certain  gateways  may  we 
pierce  the  fastnesses,  penetrating  to  the  East. 
Here  the  alpine  climber  may  find  conquests 
wortliv  of  his  steel,  for  these  trails  are  at 
times  obscure,  even  perilous.  The  gateways  to 
the  Mohave  are  the  San  Gorgonio  and  the 
Cajon  passes,  while  to  the  north  are  the  passes 
of  Tehachapi  and  El  Tejon,  and  still  fur- 
ther in  the  same  direction  is  Kearsarge  Pass, 
highest  of  the  mountain  gateways,  the  en- 
trance being  near  the  head-waters  of  the  south 
fork  of  King's  River.  Mono  Pass  is  100  miles 
bevond  and  cast  of  the  Yosemite,  and  continu- 


Iii  winter  the  l)oughs  bend   beneath  their  white  bur- 
den  (a  scene  in  the  Yosemite) 


PLAYGROUNDS 


87 


ing  on  at  last  is  reached  Beckwourth's  Pass, 
named  for  a  valiant  Virginian,  pilot  of  those 
who  in  early  years  essayed  this  trail,  and  who 
had  discovered  the  rift  in  the  mountains  many 
moons  before. 

There  is  adventure  and  to  spare  for  those 
who  would  spend  their  play  time  in  the  lap 
of  Nature  in  her  most  rugged  form.  There  is 
romance  and  tradition  to  please  the  heart  of 
the  most  ardent ;  through  these  clefts,  the 
miners'  pack  trains  in  the  "days  of  gold" 
wended  their  arduous  way ;  in  the  shadows  of 
the  soaring  peaks,  hidden  by  tangled  brush  and 
giant  trees,  the  picaroons  of  the  early  West, 
bandits  whose  names  have  come  down  in  his- 
tory, plied  their  desperate  trade.  There,  to- 
day, the  coyote  and  the  grizzly  bear,  the  puma 
and  the  vicious  tree  cat,  still  haunt  the 
silences ;  there  is  hunting  and  fishing  and 
mountain  climbing  and  regions  of  eternal 
snow,  with  views  that  turn  the  head  dizzy  by 
their  elemental  vastness.  This,  indeed,  is  a 
playground  for  the  stout  of  heart,  but  there 
are  places  to  which  even  the  most  timid  may 
penetrate  without  fear,  and  yet  gain  a  splendid 
conception  of  the  ultimate  wonder  of  the 
region. 

THE    FOREST    WONDER 

Up  to  that  point  where  the  snow  queen  bars 
further  advance  into  her  white  domain,  the 
forests  curve  over  the  ridges  and  canyons 
down  the  whole  vast  extent  of  the  Sierras. 
From  the  madrone  and  oak-clothed  foothills 
one  climbs  upward  to  where  the  pine,  the 
cedar,  and  the  fir  stretch  onward  to  the  frozen 
belt. 

Both  north  and  south  of  the  Yosemite  for 
a  certain  distance  are  the  mighty  sequoias, 
monarchs  of  treeland,  while  the  Coast  Range, 
bordering  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  boast  won- 
drous redwood  forests,  which,  beginning  in 
the  latitude  of  Santa  Cruz,  reach  beyond  the 
confines  of  the  State  in  a  400-mile  stretch. 
In  this  Coast  Range  are  such  familiar  peaks 
as  Mount  Diablo,  or  Tamalpais,  while  jour- 
neying northward,  one  encounters  the  starry 
heights  that  rise  above  the  land  of  Mendocino, 
where  the  heart  of  the  redwood  forest  is. 
Here  is   a   region   of   silence  broken   oftimes 


Vernal   Falls,  Yosemite— one  of  the  most  beautiful 
cascades 


88 


CALIFORNIA 


Where  Nature's  graceful   carvings  along  the   Monterey 


solely  by  the  booming  of  the  mottled  grouse, 
while  in  the  crags  the  eagle  finds  his  home,  in 
a  freedom  as  perfect  as  that  of  the  land  whose 
symbol  he  has  become. 

Here  is  every  joy  that  can  be  expressed  by 
Nature,  traced  in  fern-liaunted  hollows,  fields 
that  are  carpets  of  wild-tiowers.  vistas  that 
invite  excursions  and  jioiiit  the  way  to  fairy- 
land. 

Leaving  the  Coast  Range  and  returning  to 
the  Sierras,  a  slightly  more  extended  consid- 
eration is  deserving  Mount  Shasta — always 
beautiful,  always  a  glorious  picture  by  day  or 
by  night,  in  any  weather  from  any  point  of 
view.  Alone,  dominant,  masterful — a  solitary 
monarch  brooding  over  an  incomparable  em- 
pire, head  encrowned  in  ermine,  appareled  in 
Lincoln  green,  at  its  base  gardens  where  sum- 
mer roses  blow  and  azaleas  mingle  with  lilies 
and  all  is  a  riot  of  color  and  perfume — such 
is  Shasta. 

Taking  the  back  trail,  Mount  Lassen  is 
encountered,  a  living  volcano,  scarcely  a  de- 
sirable   playmate,    but.    like    an    ill-tempered 


child,   venting   its   fury   and  harming  no   one 
so  much  as  itself. 

A  sportsman's  paradise 

The  huntsman  and  the  disciple  of  old 
Izaak  Walton  are  the  greatest  children  of  all. 
The  pursuit  of  edible  game  or  of  that  which 
is  dangerous  or  destructive,  is  apparently  in- 
nate with  man— sometimes  he  carries  it  to 
extremes  and  allows  his  love  of  sport  to  take 
the  place  of  better  judgment.  But  in  the 
Feather  River  country,  of  which  Oroville 
marks  the  portal,  there  is  game  and  to  spare, 
fishing  to  make  the  angler's  blood  leap ; 
shooting  involving  all  the  excitement  essential 
to  the  sport,  unless  one's  ambitions  turn  to 
the  African  big  game  trails. 

What  is  termed  the  Feather  River  country 
inckides  half  a  dozen  counties,  but  perhaps 
the  most  prolific  game  sections  are  to  be  found 
in  Plumas  and  Butte  counties.  This  wonder- 
ful expanse  of  primitive  California  has  been 
opened  up  to  the  ])ublic  but  recently  by  the 
Western  Pacific,  which  runs  through  the 
(^irand  Canyon  of  the  Feather  River  from 
Oroville  to  Mabie.  a  distance  of  113  miles. 


ilhlcd   by  the  hand  of  man — Serpentine  17  mile  Drive 

Matchless  in  color,  walled  by  mountains, 
a  mile  and  more  above  the  sea,  lies  Tahoe,  an 
enchanted  lake  whose  hues  rival  the  boasted 
Bav  of  Naples  or  the  waters  of  Como,  and 
environed  as  some  fabled  inland  sea  in  the 
Arabian  tales  of  Scheherezade.  Here  there 
are  boating  and  fishing  and  opportunities  for 
camping  amid  scenery  that  is  excjuisitely  beau- 
tiful. It  is  a  region  of  lakes  about  which  in- 
numerable resorts  have  sprung  up,  all  accessi- 
ble by  railroad  and  stage  routes ;  there  is 
tennis  and  dancing  for  those  who  prefer  less 
rugged  amusement  ;  for  the  more  adventur- 
ous, riding  and  mountain  climbing.  Among 
the  numerous  pools  of  varying  sizes  and  char- 
acter, is  Donner  Lake,  three  miles  from 
Truckee,  famous  because  it  was  the  scene  of 
the  Donner  tragedy  in  1846.  Standing  senti- 
nel over  this  land  of  lakes  is  Mount  Tallac, 
with  lesser  peaks  all  about,  girding  this  scene 
of  Sierran  sorcery. 

NATIOXAI.   PARKS 

Elsewhere  in  this  volume  I  believe  the 
national  parks  of  California  have  been  de- 
scribed in  detail,   and  therefore  I   need  refer 


but  briefly  to  these  natural  playgrounds  for 
the  people,  now  cared  for  by  the  national  gov- 
ernment. Yosemite  has  already  been  touched 
upon,  and  were  a  dozen  pages  to  be  devoted 
to  it.  justice  could  not  be  done  to  what  is 
unquestionablv  one  of  the  most  sublimely 
beautiful  spots  in  all  the  world. 

Here  the  woes  of  a  world  may  be  forgotten 
in  silent  and  awed  contemplation  of  Nature's 
handiwork.  Here  there  are  lakes  so  still  that 
a  reflection  perfect  as  in  a  mirror  is  found  ; 
cascades  that  tumble  down  precipitous  cliffs 
from  inspiring  elevations,  churned  into  foam- 
ing fury  upon  the  rocks  below  ;  waterfalls 
that  pour  smoothly  over  glassy  rock  faces,  or 
fall  filmily,  like  the  veil  of  a  bride.  Here  the 
waters  sing  a  song  that  after  a  time  becomes 
a  part  of  one's  very  life,  a  soothing  murmur, 
plaintive  at  a  distance,  like  a  mother's  lul- 
laby. Here  is  everything  that  Nature  can 
give  of  beautv  and  wonder  and  enchanted 
loveliness. 

By  dav.  especiallv  at  dawn,  when  rose-hues 
vie  with  gold  as  the  sun  appears,  the  Yo- 
semite Yalley  is  unspeakably  beautiful ;    but 


90 


CATJFORNIA  PLAYGROUNDS 


Over   satin   faci'ii   rock   harriers  pour   the    waters    in   feathery   foam 


it  is  perhaps  at  night,  when  "her  lofty  cliffs 
and  i)innacles  are  stilled  and  silvered  by  the 
moon"  that  one  gains  the  most  inspiring  pic- 
ture. At  sunset,  a  iire  kindles  in  the  hollows 
and  clefts,  and  turns  the  tree  tops  into  living 
flame,  while  all  the  vast  Hoor  of  the  valley  is 
a  sheet  of  gold.  If  ever  the  great  god  Pan 
lived  and  ruled,  tliis  had  been  his  kingdom. 
Everv  tree  might  mask  a  hamadryad,  every 
bush  a  satyr,  and  in  the  falling  waters  one 
need  not  stretch  the  imagination  greatly  to 
beliold  nymphs  playing  and  leaping  in  the 
rainbow  spume,  mingling  their  laughter  with 
the  ceaseless  song  of  the  cascades. 

In  the  General  Grant  and  Sequoia  National 
parks  are  great  groves  of  sequoias,  sheltered 
bv  the  law,  protected  from  destruction,  to  re- 
main as  they  have  for  countless  ages,  com- 
pelling in  their  magnitude,  gigantic.  Gargan- 
tuan toys  for  the  children  of  men  in  the 
kindergarten  of  God. 

In   these   places   are   fishing   of   the    finest. 


automobile  roads,  and  ideal  camping  provis- 
ions, but  it  is  the  great  sequoias  that  will  ever 
prove  the  prime  attraction  to  sightseers  in 
these  protected  parks. 

THE     HK;      IREES 

There  are,  properly  speaking,  two  varieties 
of  the  sequoia — the  Sequoia  sernperviretis  and 
Sequoia  gigaiitca.  The  former  is  the  redwood, 
composing  the  immense  Coast  Range  groves ; 
the  latter  is  the  real  big  tree  of  the  Sierras. 
The  redwood  attains  a  height  of  275  feet, 
wliile  tile  big  tree  soars  at  times  40()  feet 
toward  the  sky.  In  girth,  the  big  trees  some- 
times measure  ninety  feet  around.  As  to  age, 
there  is  scarcely  a  possibilitv  of  actual  esti- 
mate, but  thev  are  certaiiilv  the  oldest  living 
things  in  all  the  world. 

Aside  from  the  trees  fountl  in  the  national 
parks,  may  be  noted  those  in  Big  Basin,  or 
California  State  Redwood  Park,  sixteen  miles 
from  Santa  Cruz  ;  Santa  Cruz  grove,  six  miles 
from  Santa  Cruz  ;     Muir  ^^'oods,   the  nearest 


CALIFORNIA  PLAYGROUNDS 


91 


to  San  Francisco ;  Giant  forest ;  California 
grove;  a  grove  in  Calaveras  County;  Mari- 
posa grove,  near  Yosemite  Park,  etc. 

Seated  some  night  in  midsummer  by  the 
wonderful  stretch  of  white  sand  and  the  broad 
expanse  of  sea  and  sky,  at  one  of  the  Los 
Angeles  beaches,  watch  the  phosphorescent 
glow  that  tints  the  crests  of  the  high  breakers, 
until  they  seem  the  home  of  moonbeams ;  hear 
the  boom  of  the  surf,  as  the  walls  of  water 
break  and  tumble  shoreward — and  no  matter 
how  unromantic  you  may  think  yourself,  you 
will  be  moved.  See  these  same  breakers  in 
the  light  of  noonday  and  they  lose  some  of 
their  awesomeness  but  none  of  their  charm, 
a  charm  that  is  as  potent  as  that  supposed  to 
have  been  exerted  by  the  sirens  to  lure  sailors 
upon  the  jagged  rocks  of  the  coast  of  Sicily. 
There  through  the  long  summer  days  children, 
old  and  young,  disport  in  the  surf,  like 
dolphins,  laughing,  sun-browned,  glowing  with 
health  :     resting   betimes    in    tlie   silver    sand. 


breathing  in  the  good  salt  air,  absorbing  the 
health-giving  sunlight. 

Such  are  the  southern  beaches,  such,  indeed 
the  beaches  of  Monterey  Bay,  Santa  Cruz, 
Pizmo,  Santa  Barbara.  The  beach  at  the 
Cliff  House,  San  Francisco,  while  not  always 
warm  enough  to  make  swimming  enjoyable,  is 
much  of  the  time  a  delightful  resort,  with 
picturesque  attributes,  such  as  the  Cliff 
House,  Sutro  Park,  etc. 

Pebble  beaches  like  that  at  Catalina  Island 
oft'er  a  variation ;  while  for  those  who  prefer 
fresh  water  swimming,  the  beautiful  country 
along  the  Russian  River  affords  many  oppor- 
tunities for  delightful  vacations. 

At  nearly  every  beach  there  are  added  at- 
tractions, such  as  concerts,  golf,  dancing,  and 
so  on,  so  that  the  "children"  mav  not  find 
time  hanging  heavily  upon  their  hands  when 
the  call  of  the  waters  sounds  but  faintly  in 
their  ears. 

There  are  springs  without  number  sprinkled 


Giant   tree   in   W'awoiia    Grove.  Yosemite     a    patriareli   ol'  (iari;aiitiian  proporti 
size  of  tlie   man    witli   that  ot  tlie   tree 


ins  —compare  the 


92 


CALIFORNIA  PLAYGROUNDS 


throughout  many  parts  of  the  State.  Along 
the  line  of  the  Northwestern  Pacific  are  in- 
numerable resorts  adjacent  to  all  sorts  of 
medicinal  springs,  wliilc  this  same  line  taps 
some  of  the  most  picturcsciue  scenic  country  in 
the  State. 

Hut  a  few  of  thf  attractions  of  California 
for  those  who  are  on  ])leasure  bent  have  been 
noted  in  this  necessarily  sketchv  jiaper.  Per- 
haps some  of  the  most  charming  and  idyllic 
spots  are  to  be  fountl  unexpectedly  bv  the  va- 


cationist with  an  eye  for  beauty.  At  the  end 
of  every  by-path  new  wonders  await  those 
who  go  straying  away  from  tlie  haunts  of  men. 
Arcady  lies  just  over  yonder  antl  by  that  Cas- 
talian  font  Pan  pipes  as  of  old.  calling  his 
subjects  to  play.  Care  can  not  follow  into 
those  wildwoods ;  once  buried  in  the  im- 
mensity of  Nature's  breast,  men  and  women, 
cliihlrL-n  all.  fnul  surcease  from  every  sorrow, 
■'the  world  forgetting  and  bv  the  world 
forcot." 


THE  joys  of  motoring-  and  other  metliods  of  travel  are  enhanced  a 
thousandfold  by  fine  roads,  and  these  are  a  feature  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  road  builders  of  this  State  have  also  learned  the  value 
of  retaining-  natural  scenic  attractions,  as  the  above  photograph  evi- 
dences. Incidentally,  if  you  are  living  in  some  other  State  and  wish 
to  know  about  the  touring  possibilities  of  California,  send  a  query  to 
the  Service  Department  of  this  publication  and  information  will  be 
stipi^lied  cheerfully. 


California's  Financial 
Resources 

By  Hon.  Alden  Anderson 

Fonncrlx  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Califoruia.  Bank  CovDnissioner,  Etc. 


Editor  s  Xotc:  Honorable  Alden  Anderson  is  a  man  whom  Cali- 
fornians  have  delighted  to  honor  and  he  has  always  returned  public 
service  commensurate  therewith.  He  has  been  connected  from  his 
youth  with  our  great  fruit  producing  and  shipping  industry  and  by 
his  mastery  of  large  undertakings  in  that  line  was  drawn  into  leader- 
ship in  financial  afifairs  and  to  special  interest  in  banking  and  its  rela- 
tion to  California  industries  and  development.  As  the  future  of  our 
State  must  rest  fundamentally  upon  fair  and  righteous  banking,  Mr. 
Anderson's  experience,  insight,  and  knowledge  of  the  relation  of 
important  things  eminently  qualify  him  to  set  forth  our  California 
financial  resources,  which  he  does  in  a  popular  way  for  general  edi- 
fication. 


'  I  ''HE  banks  of  a  community  bear  the 
-*■  same  relation  to  its  commercial  life 
as  the  heart  does  to  the  human  system. 
Money  is  the  industrial  life  blood,  and 
going-  through  the  arteries  of  trade  is 
essential,  in  this  day  of  intricate  and  ex- 
tensive exchange  of  commodities,  to  the 
continued  existence  oi  our  present-day 
standard  of  living. 

As  banks  are  the  financial  warehouses, 
I  will,  for  the  purpose  of  this  article,  con- 
sider the  assets  of  the  banks  as  the  finan- 
cial barometer.  It  is  not  my  intention  to 
relate  past  history  of  banking  in  Califor- 
nia, but  rather  to  give  an  idea  of  financial 
conditions  of  San  Francisco  and  the  State 
of  California  at  the  present  time  and  re- 
late in  as  few  words  as  possible  the  reason 
or  causes  of  the  strength  of  that  position. 
There  is.  quite  generally,  much  confu- 
sion in  the  minds  of  those  who  do  not  cfive 


the  matter  deep  thought  or  study,  as  to 
the  function  of  banks  and  the  source  from 
whence  the  bidk  of  the  assets  of  the  banks 
come.  Banks  do  not  com  money  or  create 
wealth.  Rather  do  they  reflect  the  status, 
the  condition  and  the  resources  of  the 
place  or  district  wherein  they  are  located. 
They  are  the  conservators  or  concentra- 
tors of  the  values  made  by  others,  and  if 
a  community  had  no  value  there  would  l)e 
no  banks,  or  need  of  them,  to  handle  its 
finances. 

The  total  assets  of  the  State  banks  of 
California,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Banks  of  the  State, 
under  the  call  of  September  24th,  1914, 
was  $742,182,780.4".  and  the  total  assets 
of  the  national  l^anks,  under  the  call  of 
the  Comptroller  of  Currency  (or  the  aver- 
age of  calls  of  1914)  was  S512.252.197.35, 
or  a  total  of  .$1,254,434,977.82.     Of  these 


94                                              FIXAXCIAL  RESOURCES 

total    assets.    San    I'Vancisco    banks    hold  (  )ur     distance      fi'dni     other     financial 

$538,711,177.70.  centers,    in    a    way.    lias    developed   inde- 

Ki\.\i,  \  \LLKv  OF   rHE  NILE  pcndcncc  and  self-reliance  and  it  is  satis- 

W'ith  the  aliove  as  a  criterion,  it  needs  ta^'tory  and  pleasant  to  those  interested 
no  arijunient  to  prove  our  importance  as  a  i"  ^'i^'  hanking  business  to  have  the  scene 
financial  center.  I'.road  valleys,  with  soil  "f  their  endeavors  far  removed  from  the 
as  i)rolific  as  the  famed  Valley  of  the  a-itated  centers,  and  to  feel  that  no  mat- 
Xile.  but  with  a  far  j^Teater  variety  of  ter  what  the  stress  and  strife  and  con- 
l)ro(luction:  the  hills  beyond,  with  their  tention  brings  forth  in  the  w^ay  of  new- 
thousands  of  acres  of  pasture,  and  the  necessities,  of  new  alic^nments  and  ad- 
mountains  with  their  forests  of  timber  justments,  that  they  will  i)robably  be 
and  deposits  of  mineral  wealth;  with  less  aft'ected  than  those  engaged  in  the 
water  transportation  to  the  ends  of  the  -^anie  business  in  any  other  part  of  the 
earth,  and  the  main  lines  of  railroads  lead-  country. 

ing  north  and  s..uth.  east  and  west— there  ^  <1<'  "'^t  mean  to  infer  that  a  general 

is  no  single  necessarv  element  lacking  to  industrial     and     commercial     depression 

])revent   a   continual' increase   of   wealth,  ^^'O"'^!   ""t  atfect  us,  for  it  would,  but  I 

of   development   and   social   and   material  ^o   mean   that   we   are   probably  as  little 

'  afifected,   one   way   or   the   other,   as   any 

The  development  of  this  rich  country  ^^her  section  in  the  United  States, 

has  not  much  more  than  obtained  a  good  ^'^"^§'  "^  ^'^^  "^'^^'^^  of  a  great  produc- 

headway  as  yet,  but  the  signs  of  the  times  '"-   ^^^t^°"-  ^^  ^^'^  ''^'''''^  ^^^''^^  ^^^"Ote, 

indicate  a   rapid  increase  and  every  step  ^^'^ere  the  variety  and  extent  of  produc- 

r             1       -11      ij   4-          ^.                 1  tion  are  approached  nowhere  else  in  the 

torward   will  add  to  potency  and  power  '  ' 

r          -1         .  world,   a   regular   income   is   sure  and   in 

as  a  nnancial  center.  '^ 

^r                   ^\    ^    ^\       r-                ■  wet  or  dry  years,  high  tarifif  or  low  tariff, 

Jo    prove    that    the    figures    given    are  •'  -^               '^                 ,                     ' 

,  •  ,  ,■  ]  4.1  ..  ..1  4.  i-  1  we  finish  our  twelve  months'  work  in  a 
not   misleading,   and   that   the   totals   are 

1         ,                 '  1    4      4-   1        .L      i-^-         -..    •  stronger  position  than  we  commenced  it. 

based    upon   sul)stantial   actualities,   it   is  ^       i 

but  necessary  to  enumerate  the  value  in  ^''^^  francisco  i-axored 

dollars  and  cents  of  various  productions  ^''''  Francisco  is  recognized  as  the  most 

of  the  State  for  last  season.     Some  of  the  i'^portant  financial  center  of  the   Pacific 

figures  are  for  the  actual  results  and  the  ^'''''^^-     ^^  ^'^''  ^he  selection  of  cities  for 

others   estimated   by   competent   authori-  ^'^^  ^^^^^''^^lon  of  the  twelve  Regional  Banks 

ties  engaged  in  the  different  industries:  ^^'^^    ""^^''    ''''y    ^^'^'^    '''^'^    "^''^"^    "^- 

Orchard  products $112,150,000.00  '^''^'''  ^°'  preferment,  but  when   it  was 

Live    stock    and    dairy   and   poultry  found  that  there  would  be  but  one  of  such 

products /H'^!^-^o2!^  l^anks  on  the  coast,   by   general  consent 

Field  and  garden  products 133,000,000.00  ,       ,          .                               ,     i           o         t- 

Vineyard  products  32,000.000.00  the   location   was  awarded  to   San   hran- 

Mineral  products  130,000,000.00  cisco. 

$494,650,000.00  'lie  Federal  Reserve  Bank  of  San  Fran- 
Four  hundred  and  ninety-four  million  cisco  ranks  sixth  in  total  assets  of  mem- 
six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  her  banks  and  the  district,  Number  12, 
for  our  year's  crop  and  output.  is  comprised  of  Idaho,  Washington, 
There  is  the  story.  With  that  prodi-  Oregon,  Nevada,  Utah.  California  and 
gious  production  and  many  of  the  activi-  practically  all  of  Arizona,  a  territory 
ties  only  in  their  infancy,  the  strength  larger  in  extent  than  Creat  Britain,  Ger- 
of  our  position  and  continued  growth  and  many,  France  and  Italy  combined  (ex- 
development  is  not  problematical.  elusive   of   colonies).     With   reference  to 


FINANCIAL  RESOURCES 


95 


deposits,  the  member  banks  of  California 
have  53  per  cent  of  the  total  deposits  of 
the  member  banks  in  the  territory  com- 
prising- the  district,  and  as  above  indi- 
cated, the  State  banks  are  in  the  same 
relative  strong  position. 

To  be  a  successful  banker  in  California 
requires  a  vast  amount  of  general  knowl- 
edge and  information  and  makes  the  study 
of  human  nature  constant  and  imperative. 
The  bankers  here  deal  directly  with  as 
cosmopolitan  an  aggregation  of  patrons, 
or  would-be  patrons,  as  could  be  gathered 
together  at  any  place,  were  a  universal 
call  heeded  for  a  congress  of  the  nations 
and  the  peoples  of  the  earth. 

A  list  of  the  daily  callers  and  their 
business  with  the  officers  of  any  com- 
mercial bank  in  any  of  our  large  cities 
would  make  very  interesting  reading  and 
would  at  the  same  time  give  a  good  idea 
of  the  variety  of  things  a  good  bank 
official  must  be  more  or  less  conversant 
with. 

SOME   BANK   CALLERS 

Here  comes  a  native  of  Sweden,  who 
desires  to  talk  about  the  raising  of  sugar 
beets ;  next  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
barely  able  to  make  himself  understood 
in  English,  wishes  to  add  a  few  cows  to 
his  string.  The  following  visitor,  a 
genuine  Yankee,  who  has  become  a  hop 
grower,  and  wants  more  land  and  a  new 
kiln  ;  now  a  fisherman  must  have  a  new 
boat  and  new  nets,  and  then  a  trio  of 
Japanese,  to  report  the  operation  of  their 
rice  mill  already  erected  and  to  negotiate 
an  additional  loan  on  warehouse  receipts 
for  rice  stored.  Here  appears  a  soft- 
spoken  Chinese  who  has  in  prospect  the 
leasing  of  a  large  cherry,  pear,  peach  or 
plum  orchard,  and  must  first  arrange  for 
additional  finances.  Next  a  retired  mer- 
chant from  a  large  middle  west  city,  who 
has  followed  the  setting  sun  and  intends 
to  spend  his  remaining  days  in  California, 
has  purchased  an  orange  and  olive  grove 
and    wants   information   as   to    whom    he 


can  best  employ  to  do  his  orchard  work 
for  him.  Next  comes  an  enthusiastic 
Italian  to  report  on  his  sales  of  shipping 
grapes  and  maybe  to  negotiate  a  loan 
on  wine  stored.  Here  a  Canadian  who  is 
going  to  plant  an  orchard  of  walnuts  (a 
large  growing  tree)  and  alternate  with 
almonds  (a  small  growing  tree),  and  what 
does  the  cashier  think  of  it,  and  will  his 
bank  assist  him  in  his  enterprise.  One 
day  I  heard  a  babel  of  strange  voices  and 
considerable  confusion  in  the  lobby  of 
our  bank.  Upon  investigating  I  found 
about  fifteen  Hindoos  assembled  there 
and  evidently  holding  an  animated  meet- 
ing. It  seems  one  of  their  race  had  been 
arrested  and  they  were  considering  ways 
and  means  of  bailing  him  out.  So  it  goes ; 
here  a  Syrian  buys  exchange  to  send  to 
his  beloved  and  far  away  Jafifa ;  a  Portu- 
guese tells  of  his  success  as  a  cheese 
maker  and  of  cutting  six  crops  of  alfalfa 
this  year.  He  adds  to  his  growing  sav- 
ings account  against  a  day  when  he  can 
send  for  his  brother  Manuel,  or  buy  more 
land.  A  chicken  raiser  pays  off  an  old 
loan  and  wants  to  know  what  the  pros- 
pects of  a  new  loan  are  if  he  decides  to 
plant  twenty  acres  of  broom-corn  so  that 
he  may  have  the  seed  for  his  chickens 
and  the  stalks  for  the  broom  factory. 
Nationality  follows  nationality  ;  merchant 
follows  farmer  and  farmer  follows  mer- 
chant, so  that  we  bankers  are  receiving 
constantly  mental  photographs  of  the  ac- 
tivities and  marvelous  diversity  of.  as  I 
said  before,  the  most  wonderful  product- 
ive and  cosmopolitan  section  in  the  world. 
califorxha's  excellext  baxkixg  laws 
In  conclusion  I  might  say  that  we  have 
in  California  as  strict,  complete,  far-reach- 
ing and  altogether  good  bank  laws  as  any 
state  in  the  Union,  and  that  the  State 
banks  generally  strive  to  uphold  the  s])irit 
and  the  letter  of  tlienL  If  banks  here 
follow  the  law  there  is  no  danger  of  them 
getting    into    financial    difficulties. 

The  national  banks  of  the  section  stand 


96  FIXAXCIAL  RESOURCES 

now  as  they  always  have.  \cr\  hij^h.  and  ]\n<^  the  business  of  their  patrons,  inas- 
those  interested  in  them  feel  (|uite  well  niueh  as  California  is  sueh  a  large  ship- 
satisfied  with  the  new  Currency  Act,  just  ping-  and  exporting  state  and  the  provis- 
passed  by  Cong;ress,  and  believe  that  it  ions  of  the  new  act  are  particularly  ad- 
will  assist  them  very  materially  in  hand-  vantag;eous  to  such  activities. 


The  Heart  of  Commercial  Life 

T>AXT\S  arc  the  heart  of  the  coiiiniercial  life  of  any  community. 
\\  here  there  are  banks  there  must  be  money,  or  there  would  l)e 
no  need  for  them.  There  is  an  old  saying,  *Tf  you  would  make  money, 
go  where  monev  is  made" ;  in  other  words,  seek  those  localities  where 
the  financial  conditions  are  evidenced  by  the  provision  for  their  devel- 
opment. There  is  scarcely  a  country  tow'u  of  any  importance  whatever 
in  California  that  has  not  its  banking  institution,  and  the  man  at  the 
head  of  that  institution  is  generally  respected  and  looked  up  to  as 
a  fount  of  wisdom.  This  is  as  it  should  be:  A  bank  should  not  be 
merely  a  place  where  money  is  kept  and  dispensed ;  it  should  be  ( in 
the  smaller  community )  a  headquarters  of  financial  information ;  a 
bureau  of  advice  to  farmer  or  stockman,  fruit  grower,  or  vineyardist, 
or  manufacturer.  Hard  and  fast  rules  are  said  to  be  necessary  in 
business,  but  the  biggest  btisiness  men  will  tell  you  that  there  are  no 
hard  and  fast  rules  in  business.  And  the  bank  with  men  at  its  head 
who  mix  a  little  humanity  with  their  business  methods  will  lose  noth- 
ing and  gain  much.  But,  bv  the  same  token,  bankers  must  be  readers 
of  character.  California  bankers  know  the  conditions  of  the  locali- 
ties in  which  they  are  situated.  They  know  the  people  and  many  the 
overdue  note  that  is  held  up  a  few  days  longer  to  help  some  fellow 
out  of  a  hole;  the  mortgage  on  the  farm  is  pretty  much  of  a  joke 
nowadays,  especially  in  the  West,  but  the  foreclosure  is  relegated  to 
the  limbo  of  things  forgotten.  The  banker  must  be  the  friend  of  his 
patrons,  and  tliev  must  know  it  so  that  all  ])arties  concerned  may  carry 
on  a  profitable  business  relationshi]). 


"The  development  of  this  rich  country  has  not  much  more 
than  obtained  a  good  headway  as  yet,  but  the  signs  of  the 
times  indicate  a  rapid  increase.  .   .  ." 

—Hon.  Alden  Anderson, 
formerly   Lieutenant-Governor   of   California. 


A  ND  SO,  you  see,  opportunities  for  success  in  California 
■^  ^  are  abundant.  This  must  be  so  in  a  country  whose  devel- 
opment has  scarcely  begun.  Mr.  Anderson  (in  the  preced- 
ing article)  continues  by  quoting  figures  on  production,  and 
adds:  "With  that  prodigious  production  and  many  of  the 
activities  only  in  their  infancy,  the  strength  of  our  position 
and  continued  growth  and  development  is  not  problematical." 

TS  NOT  that  convincing  evidence  that  California  is  the 
place  for  you,  no  matter  what  your  present  prospects? 
Doesn't  it  prove  to  your  satisfaction  that  the  man  who  can 
do  so  and  does  not  come  to  California  now  is  missing  a 
golden  opportunitv  to  lay  the  foundation  of  his  fortunes — ■ 
more,  to  establish  in  himself  and  in  the  hearts  of  those  depen- 
dent upon  him  a  true  sense  of  the  joy  of  living? 

T  ET  US  tell  you,  through  our  READERS'  SERVICE,  more  of 
-*-^  this  wonderful  State.  You  have  an  example  of  what  we 
can  supply  in  this  respect  in  this  number  of  CALIFORNIA'S 
Magazine.  But  we  have  resources  of  information  far  be- 
yond what  are  manifested  in  this  volume.  Ours  is  the  most 
far-reaching  co-operative  organization  for  the  development 
of  California  that  has  ever  been  formed.  We  know  what 
California  can  do  for  the  world  and  we  mean  that  the  world 
shall  know  it,  too.  We  can  bring  overwhelming  proof  to 
support  every  assertion  we  make  and  to  convince  even  the 
most  skeptical  of  the  true  greatness  of  CALIFORNIA.  Write 
us  today. 


READERS'  SERVICE  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

NEW  CALL  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


Courtesy  Santa  Fc  Railzcay  Co. 

Vernal  Fall,  Voseiiiite  Valley.  I-oeated  si<  the  lieiid  of  tlie  A  alley,  this  -ivoinlerfiil  easeade  is 
one  of  the  largest  ol'  all  the  Vo.seiiilte  fir«>iii».  "Vernal  meets  all  the  re«iiilreiiieiit.s  of  an 
ideal  esitaraet. — a  solid  sheet  ol'  elear  ^vater  hendinur  easily  from  the  hrink  of  a  broad, 
level  iilatforni,  and  ott'eriug'  all  the  colors  o£  its  o«n  delightful  rainhows." -^  .John  H. 
AVillianis. 


Kearsarge  Pinnacles  and  chain  of  lakes  near  Kings  River  Canyon 

The  National  Parks  of 

California 

By  Mark  Daniels 

General  Superintendent  and  Landscape  Engineer  of  Xational  Parks  under  the  United 
States  Department  of  the  Interior 


Editor's  Xofc:  Mr.  Daniels  was  appointed  superintendent  of  na- 
tional parks  because  of  his  established  reputation  as  a  landscape 
architect.  He  has  designed  some  of  the  most  satisfactory  work  in 
that  line  ever  achieved  in  this  State.  His  command  of  the  resources 
of  his  profession  and  his  thorough  understanding  of  the  artistic  and 
humanistic  elements  involved  in  the  management  of  great  natural 
endowments  for  the  greatest  public  good  are  demonstrated  by  his 
discussion  of  the  principles  underlying  the  proper  management  of  the 
national  parks  of  this  State.  Californians  have  a  profound  interest  in 
the  subject,  and  Mr.  Daniels  ministers  to  the  promotion  and  satis- 
faction of  it. 


CALIFORNIA  enjoys  the-  unique  distinc- 
tion of  having  within  her  borders  three 
national  parks  and  six  national  monuments. 
Of  these  the  three  parks  are :  Vosemite  Na- 
tional Park,  Sequoia  National  Park,  and  Gen- 
eral  Grant   National   Park.       The   six   monu- 


ments are :  Muir  Woods,  the  Pinnacles, 
Cinder  Cone,  Lassen  Peak,  Devil  Postpile 
and  Cabrillo.  The  three  national  parks  and 
the  first  two  named  monuments  are  admin- 
istered by  the  Interior  Department,  the  next 
three  named  national  monuments  are  admin- 


0,9       C.\LI1-(^RXTA'S  MAGAZINE 

istered  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and 
the  last  is  administc'red  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment. 

Ihere  are  two  general  classifications  of  the 
land  set  aside  for  the  preservation  of  scenic 
wonders,  liistoric  landmarks  and  cibjects  of 
historic  and  scientific  interest,  the  national 
parks  and  tlie  national  monuments.  The  prin- 
ci{)al  difi'erence  between  the  two  withdrawals 
is  that  the  national  parks  are  created  by  act 
of  Congress  and  generally  carry  an  appro- 
priation more  or  less  adequate  for  their  pro- 
tection and  administration,  while  the  national 
monuments  are  as  a  rule  set  aside  by  presi- 
dential proclamation,  with  no  funds  appro- 
priated for  their  maintenance. 

Some  considerable  objection  has  been  made 
to  California  possessing  so  many  parks  and 
monuments,  but  if  one  is  conversant  with  the 
topographical  and  geographical  conditions  of 
the  State  of  California  the  objection  quickly 
changes  to  a  feeling  that  the  number  and  areas 
of  these  parks  and  monuments  within  the 
State  is  very  inadec]uate. 

EXQUISITE  MOUNTAIN  SCENERY 

The  Sierra  Nevada  Range  of  mountains 
from  Mount  Whitney  to  Mount  Shasta  is  re- 
I)lete  with  scenery  such  as  people  of  all  coun- 
tries travel  thousands  of  miles  to  visit.  There 
are  in  this  range  of  mountains  the  deepest 
canyons  in  the  world,  the  largest  trees  in  the 
world,  the  oldest  living  thing  in  the  w'orld, 
the  highest  waterfalls  in  the  world,  and  the 
highest  point  of  land  in  the  I'nited  States,  and 
in  addition  to  all  of  these  marvels  and  won- 
ders the  entire  range  is  a  riot  of  exquisite 
landscape  beauty,  wild  fiowers,  forest  glades 
and  alpine  lakes. 

To  one  who  has  traveled  these  mountains 
tlie  fact  that  so  many  people  from  this  coun- 
trv  travel  annually  to  Europe  is  a  never-endirig 
source  of  wonder.  Men  who  have  made  moun- 
tain climbing  their  pastime  and  occupation 
for  years  have  said  that  undoubtedly  the  fine.st 
range  of  mountains  in  the  world  for  tourists 
and  mountain  scenery  lovers  is  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  it  is  particularly  surprising  to  hear 
such  men  as  Professor  J.  N.  Le  Conte  of  the 
Universitv  of  California  state  that  in  Switzer- 


liridal   Veil   I":ills  in  Yoscmitc  Valley — one  of  the  most 
renowned  of  all   waterfalls   in  this  National   Park 


NATIONAL  PARKS 


99 


land  there  is  no  glacier  system  which  excels 
in  beauty  and  grandeur  the  system  which 
crowns  Mount  Rainier  in  the  Mount  Rainier 
National  Park.  Unfortunately,  the  reason  for 
the  small  amount  of  travel  to  the  high  moun- 
tains of  California  is  the  fact  that  so  little 
information  has  been  disseminated  to  the  gen- 
eral traveling  public,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the 
federal  government  will  within  the  near  future 
establish  a  bureau  of  information  regarding 
the  merits  of  the  national  parks  which  will 
adequately  fill  this  long  felt  want. 

SEQUOIA    AND   GENERAL   GRANT   NATIONAL 
PARKS 

The  three  national  parks  of  the  State  are  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada.  Sequoia,  the  most  south- 
erly, was  originally  set  aside  for  the  purpose 
of  preserving  to  posterity  a  magnificent  grove 
of  Sequoia  gigantca.  Little  or  no  attention 
was  paid  to  the  scenic  values  of  the  area  set 
aside  other  than  the  merits  of  the  Sequoia 
groves.  There  are,  however,  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  park  many  features  of  in- 
terest in  addition  to  the  giant  forests.  There 
is,  for  instance,  running  through  the  center 
of  the  park  in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direc- 
tion, the  great  Kaweah  Canyon,  which  at  one 
point  is  over  one  mile  in  depth,  and  there  are 
within  the  area  of  the  park  over  one  and 
one-quarter  million  Sequoia  gigantea  trees. 
This  park  was  set  aside  on  September  25,  1890, 
and  contains  161,597  acres. 

The  record  of  tourist  travel  shows  that 
people  from  practically  every  civilized  nation 
in  the  world  are  annual  visitors  to  this  national 
park.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  anything 
more  magnificent  or  more  awe  inspiring  than 
the  view  of  these  giant  forests.  This  is  the 
only  area  in  which  the  Sequoia  gigantea  is 
found  in  all  ages  from  20  years  to  8000  years, 
and  there  is  a  contrast  ever  evident  of  great 
age  and  virile  youth.  It  is  difficult  to  appre- 
ciate as  one  stands  contemplating  a  tree  250 
feet  in  height  and  thirty  feet  in  diameter, 
containing  as  many  board  feet  of  lumber  as 
may  be  estimated  in  a  cruise  of  sixty  acres 
of  good  timber  land,  that  its  great  towering 
shafts  were  6000  years  old  when  Christ  was 
born.      ,\    visit   to   the   groves   of   these   trees. 


A   typical    ('al  ilOriiia    Hcdwood 


Cathedral  Spires,  Yoseniite — one  of  those  numerous  phices  in  the  great  valley  \\hich  awe  the  visitor 
to  silence  and  carry  his  thoughts  to  almost  divine  heights 


Deer    Horn   Mountains    I'roni    liryantluis    Lake,    near    Kines    River    Canyon 


I 


El    Capital]     stands    sentinel    eternally   over    the   Valley    of   ICneliantnieiit 


102 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


from  between  whose  towering  shafts  one  may 
at  noontime  clearly  see  the  stars,  lias  the  most 
salutary  effect.  People  frciiuentlv  arrive  in 
noisy  parties  and  depart  speaking  in  whispers. 
Truly  if  there  is  any  place  where  it  may  be 
said  thai  men  "came  to  scoff  and  remained  to 
pray."  Sequoia  National  Park  is  that  place. 

(Seneral  (}rant  National  Park  is  a  small 
area  just  north  of  Sequoia,  containing  2536 
acres   which    was   set   aside   (October    1.    1890, 


Fishing   is    excellent    in   both    parks   and   the 
roads  are  open  to  automobiles. 

The  Se(iui)ia  and  ( leneral  (irant  national 
parks  are  situated  in  i'ulare  and  Fresno  coun- 
ties. The  former  may  be  reached  from  Visalia 
on  the  Southern  Pacific  and  tlie  Atchison, 
Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  railroads,  and  Exeter 
on  the  Southern  Pacific,  thence  by  way  of  the 
Visalia  l^lectric  Railway  to  Lemon  Cove, 
thence  fort\'  miles  bv  stage  or  ])rivate  convey- 


Middle    I'ork    of    Kings    River   Canyon    Ironi    Inspiration    I'oint 


for  the  purpose  of  preserving  an  isolated  grove 
of  Sequoia  gigantea,  and  was  named  after  the 
greatest  tree  in  the  grove,  the  General  Grant. 
Nestling  on  its  western  border  is  a  small  moun- 
tain lake,  and  in  its  confines  are  numerous 
exquisite  bits  of  scenery. 

There  are  accommodations  in  both  Sequoia 
and  General  Grant  national  parks  for  tour- 
ists, consisting  of  tent  cottages  and  a  general 
dining  room.  In  each  of  the  parks  are  com- 
plete equipments  of  saddle  horses  and  pack 
animals     for    trips    through    the    mountains. 


ance  to  Camp  Sierra  in  the  park.  This  road 
is  through  a  panorama  of  scenic  wonders. 
wStages  leave  Lemon  Cove  for  Camp  Sierra 
three  times  a  week  during  June,  and  daily  ex- 
cept Sunday  for  the  remainder  of  the  season. 
Similar  service  is  provided  from  the  camp. 
'Idle  fare  is  not  excessive. 

General  (irant  Park  can  best  be  reached 
from  Sanger  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
thence  by  auto  stage  or  private  conveyance 
a  distance  of  forty-six  miles  to  the  park. 
Stages  leaver  Sanger  daily  for  Hume,  via  the 


NATIONAL  PARKS 


103 


park.  General  Grant  Park  can  also  be 
reached  from  Guttler  Station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  thence  by 
stage  or  private  conveyance  by  way  of  Orosi 
and  Badger  to  the  park,  a  distance  of  thirty- 
nine  miles.  This  park  may  be  reached  from 
Dinuba  and  Reedley  on  both  railroads. 

Between  June  15  and  October  1  is  consid- 
ered the  ideal  period  for  visiting  either  of 
these  two  parks,  the  weather  during  that  time 
usually  being  pleasant. 

Ideal  for  trout  fishing,  boating  and  bathing 
are  the  streams  and  lakes  in  these  parks.  The 
waters  are  all  pure  and  good  for  drinking 
purposes.  In  the  forests  are  the  oldest  and 
largest  trees  in  the  world.  Not  only  the 
giant  Sequoia,  but  pines,  fir,  cedar  and  decid- 
uous trees  abound,  while  the  wild  flowers, 
ferns,  mosses  and  shrubbery,  together  with 
the  myriad  of  smaller  wild  animals  and  song 
birds,  make  the  country  a  never-ending  source 
of  delight  to  the  lover  of  nature. 

The  Yosemite  National  Park  has  been  justly 
called  the  incomparable.  It  was  set  aside 
October  1,  1890,  and  contains  719,622  acres. 
There  is  no  equal  area  in  the  world  which 
contains  so  many  wonders  of  nature,  magnifi- 
cent scenes,  glorious  growths  of  flowers  and 
forest  trees.  It  is  most  unfortunate  that  the 
average  tourist  who  goes  to  the  Yosemite 
National  Park  visits  little  more  than  the 
Yosemite   Valley  and  its   immediate  vicinity. 

This  valley  is  a  great  chasm  approximately 
one-half  mile  deep  with  vertical  side  walls 
hewn  out  of  living  granite  by  glacial  action 
over  which  pour  a  series  of  rivers  and  small 
streams.  The  floor  of  the  valley  is  at  an 
elevation  of  approximately  4000  feet  above 
sea  level  and  the  tops  of  its  wall  vary  in 
elevation  from  6000  to  8000  feet. 

The  description  of  its  scenic  wonders  is  a 
monumental  task  which  defies  the  art  of  any 
writer.  All  that  can  be  said  is  that  any  de- 
scription which  mav  be  written  about  this  park 
must  fall  short  of  the  glories  of  an  actual  visit. 

The  Yosemite  Village  is  on  the  floor  of  the 
valley  and  there  are  in  this  village  accommo- 
dations of  varying  character  for  tourists,  to- 
gether with  every  form  of  transportation  neces- 
sary  for   visiting   the   high  mountains   in   the 


North  Dome  and  a  section  of  the  Merced  River 


104 


NATIONAL  TARKS 


park,  and  there  arc  sufficient  wonders  and 
views  of  magnificent  scenery  within  a  day's 
horse-back,  ride  from  the  vaHev  to  justify 
several  seasons"  visits  to  thi'  park. 

In  the  early  summer  the  river  banks  and 
forest  gUules  are  massed  with  azaleas,  and 
there  is  throu,L,dn)Ut  the  vallev  the  gentle  hum 
of  watt'rfalls.  A  few  hours'  ride  on  horse- 
back brings  one  to  the  top  of  the  canyon  walls, 
from  whence  can  be  seen  one-lialf  mile  below 
the  (juaint  mountain  \-ilIage  nestling  at  the 
base  of  a  half-mile  high  cliff  over  wdiich 
pours  a  roaring,  snow-white  river.  Looking 
to  the  east,  miles  upon  miles  of  ragged,  saw- 
lootli  crest  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  is  clearly 
visible  with  the  great  snow  banks  and  glaciers. 

In  the  higher  areas  of  the  park  are  numer- 
ous lakes  which  are  fully  stocked  with  game 
fish  which  make  the  back  mountain  country 
the  fisherman's  paradise.  Fortunatelv  these 
lakes  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  make  it  not 
more  than  a  few  hours'  journey  from  one  to 
another,  so  that  camping  may  be  conveniently 
practiced  in  traveling  from  lake  to  lake.  There 
are  trips  from  headquarters  in  the  valley  to 
fit  the  convenience  of  any  tourist :  One-day 
trips,  two,  four,  six,  eight  and  up  to  twenty- 
day  trips,  traversing  practically  every  variety 
of  mountain  scenery  that  can  be  found  any- 
where in  the  world.  There  are  in  the  park 
three  groves  of  Sequoia  gigaiitea;  on  the  east- 
ern border  is  Mount  Lyell,  with  its  glaciers 
and  vast  snowfields ;  traversing  the  park  north 
of  the  valley  the  Tuolumne  and  its  canyons 
and  waterfalls ;  while  along  the  eastern  border 
of  the  park  runs  the  broken  crest  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

The  Department  of  the  Interior  is  now- 
taking  steps  to  develop  these  parks  in  Cali- 
fornia and  to  make  them  open  to  tourists  in  a 
manner  closely  resembling  the  system  of  ac- 
commodating mountain  climbers  that  is  so 
popular  in  Switzerland.  It  is  devoutly  to  be 
hoped  that  the  traveling  public  will  respond 
with  the  attention  that  these  mountains  so 
thoroughly  warrant  and  justify. 

The  park  is  open  to  automobiles  and  may  be 
reached  by  three  different  roads  of  entry — the 
Coulterville,  the  Big  Oak  Flat  and  the  Wa- 


Loiic  Juniper  tree  in  the   Sierras 


NATIONAL  PARKS 


105 


wona  roads.  The  Coulterville  road  enters  the 
park  via  Coulter\dlle  and  Hazel  Green  and 
passes  through  the  Merced  Grove  of  Big 
Trees ;  the  Big  Oak  Flat  road  enters  via 
Stockton,  Chinese  Camp  and  Crockers  and 
passes  through  the  Tuolumne  Grove  of  Big 
Trees,  while  the  Wawona  road  enters  from  the 
south  via  Raymond  and  Wawona.  The  rail 
transportation  to  the  valley  is  via  Santa  Fe 
or  Southern  Pacific  to  Merced ;  thence  via 
the  Yosemite  Valley  Railroad  to  El  Portal ; 
thence  by  auto  bus  up  the  canyon  of  the  Mer- 
ced practically  along  the  entire  length  of  its 
wonderful  cascades  to  the  floor  of  the  valley. 
While  every  provision  is  made  for  the  en- 
joyment of  the  park  by  visitors,  strict  rules 
are  provided  and  enforced,  to  the  end  that  no 
one  may  be  the  sufferer  by  another's  thought- 
lessness or  maliciousness.  Likewise  extraor- 
dinary precautions  are  taken  against  disastrous 
fires  which  might  be  caused  by  careless 
campers  or  smokers. 

One  rule  particularly  gives  an  idea  of  the 
extent  to  which  the  government  has  gone  to 
insure  the  pleasure  of  those  who  are  its  guests 
temporarily  in  this  wonderland  of  nature: 
There  is  a  body  of  water  caller  Mirror  Lake ; 
so  placid  and  clear  are  its  limpid  depths  that 
the  fabled  fountain  in  which  Narcissus  is 
reputed  to  have  caught  his  reflection  might 
well  have  been  a  Missouri  river  by  comparison. 
Rule  5  declares  that  no  one  is  allowed  to  throw 
anything  into  Mirror  Lake,  thereby  causing 
ripples  and  disturbing  the  reflection,  which 
"all  are  entitled  to  behold." 

Extreme  caution  is  urged  in  all  methods 
of  transportation  and  particularly  with  regard 
to  automobiles,  which  were  recently  admitted 
to  the  park.     Motorcycles  are  not  permitted. 

Pages  might  be  written  depicting  the  won- 
ders that  burst  upon  the  vision  of  the  tourist 
in  Yosemite  at  every  turn,  but  as  has  already 
been  indicated,  no  pen  is  adequate  to  describe 
with  justice  the  actual  grandeur,  matchless 
beauty  and  impressive  character  of  this  epic 
poem  of  Nature.  A  visit  is  essential  to  a  con- 
ception of  what  it,  as  well  as  California's 
other  national  parks,  offers  those  in  search 
of  scenic  wonders. 


Overhanging  Rock,  Yosemite  National  Park,  from 
which  a  comprehensive  view  may  be  obtained  of 
the  entire  valley 


Mirror  Lake,  Yoseniite.    So  still  that  never  a  ripple  disturbs  its  al)solutely  plaeid  surface 


Half  Dome,  Yoseniite,  in  mid-winter 


Lumbering  in  California 

By  G.  X.  Wendling 

President  of  the  Weed  Lumber  Coiiipait\  of  San  Francisco 


Editors  Xotc:  A  Jr.  G.  X.  Wendling-  in  his  hig-hly  interesting  as 
well  as  authoritative  paper  discusses  the  great  lumbering  industry  in 
the  State  from  the  viewpoint  of  the  practical  business  man  as  well 
as  from  that  of  the  student  of  the  tree  from  twig  to  bole.  He  also 
includes  some  consideration  of  the  national  situation  in  this  direction 
and  his  figures  and  comparisons  are  valuable  and  instructive.  As 
president  of  a  large  lumbering  concern  and  one  of  the  largest  lumber 
operators  in  the  State,  Air.  \\  endling  has  studied  the  subject  from 
all  angles  and  has,  so  to  speak,  made  of  it  his  life-work. 


IN  THE  early  days  lumbering  was  carried 
on  entirely  as  a  local  industry,  the  miners 
using  the  timber  near  at  hand  necessary  to  the 
construction  of  mining  cabins,  etc.  The  mate- 
rials were  in  the  main  split  or  rived  for  wall 
boards,  and  shakes  for  roof  or  covering  mate- 
rials, as  sawmills  had  not  made  their  way  into 
California  at  that  early  period,  but  the  forests 
offered  the  natural  materials  for  ready  con- 
version, and  the  hardy  pioneers  made  good 
use  of  them  in  fitting  their  needs,  and  this 
emphasizes  the  fact  that  man's  real  needs  are, 
after  all,  quite  simple  until  he  outgrows  his 
real  wants,  when  artificial  culture  };uts  other 
and  unnatural  burdens  upon  him.  But  with 
the  growth  of  population  and  the  improve- 
ment of  transportation  facilities,  there  came 
into  use  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  the  small 
saw-milling  operators  whose  output  has  with 
time  expanded  into  the  larger  productions, 
many  concerns  now  producing  up  to  the  100.- 
000.000  feet  mark  annually. 

A  brief  reference  to  tlie  lumbering  industry 
nationally  is,  I  think,  in  order  as  an  indication 
of  its  general  scope : 

IN    THE   UNITED   STATES 

Statistics  in  Detail — There  are  about  40,000 
establishments,  employing  in  round  figures  about 
800,000  persons  ;    about  50.000  are  proprietors  and 


firm  members;  about  20,000  are  salaried  officers, 
superintendents,  and  managers ;  about  18,000  are 
male  clerks ;  about  8000  are  female  clerks  and 
stenographers ;  the  average  number  of  wage  earn- 
ers about  700,000. 

Value  of  Production  igog  Most  Recent  Statistics 
Available — Approximate  value  of  production  in 
1909,  $1,156,128,747,  plus  value  added  by  manu- 
facture, $648,011,168.  reaching  in  commercial  value 
nearly  $2,000,000,000. 

Standing  Timber  on  tlie  Pacific  Coast — Standing 
timber  in  the  following  enumerated  Pacific  West- 
ern states  is  as  follows  : 

Feet 

Montana    65,000.000,000 

Idaho    129,100.000.000 

Washington  391.000.000,000 

Oregon  545.800,01X),000 

California    381,000.000,000 

Total  1.511,900.000,000 

California  having  381,000.000.000  feet  of 
standing  timber,  valued  at  $3  per  1000  feet, 
reaches  the  generous  dollar  value  total  of 
$1,H  3, 000,000,  a  financial  resource  worthy 
the  profound  admiration  of  the  king  or  em- 
peror of  any  nation,  and  yet  we.  who  are  the 
natural  heirs  of  this  vast  property,  being  a 
part  of  it,  seemingly  accept  it  as  a  matter  of 
course,  and  one  is  reminded  of  the  fact  that 
man\-  men  and  women  of  California,  who 
were  born  within  twenty  miles  of  one  of  na- 
ture's greatest  pieces  of  natural  architecture, 
the  Vosemite  Valley,  have  never  seen  the  val- 
lev  and  its  wondrous  attractions. 


108 


LUMBERING 


The  value  of  tlie  California  stumpage  is 
governed  by  the  quality  of  the  timber — quan- 
tity in  anv  gix'en  area,  acressibi]it\-  and  case 
of  0})eration.  The  logging  costs  vary  in  dif- 
ferent localities,  running  from  $4.50  to  $7. 
including  the  cost  of  railroad  building,  which 
can  be  roughly  estimated  at  $1  per  thousand 
feet.  This  holds  good  generally  throughout 
the  Pacific  C\)ast  states. 

Ri'dn'ood — In  California  we  encounter  a 
very  different  forest  growth  from  the  timber 
in  ^\'ashington  and  Oregon.  Here  we  have, 
in  addition  to  the  pine  family,  that  wonderful 
redwood,  lommon  onlv  to  California,  botani- 
callv  known  as  Srqi/oia  scmpcrvirciis.  This 
wonder ful  member  of  the  cedar  family,  in 
fai't  the  mastodon  of  the  entire  cedar  grotip. 
finds  its  habitat  maiidv  in  the  counties  of  Del 
Norte,  the  northeastern  countv  of  the  State, 
extending  southward  through  Humboldt, 
Mendocino,  Sonoma.  Marin,  and  to  a  limited 
extent  into  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz 
counties. 

Some  groves  of  the  redwood  family  are 
fotmd  in  the  vSierra  Nevada  range  of  moun- 
tains, though  they  are  viewed  mainly  in  the 
light  of  ornamental  groves,  where  sentiment 
has  decreed,  as  in  fact  it  should,  that  these 
vast  forest  giants,  many  thirty  feet  in  diame- 
ter, should  continue  to  stand,  as  they  have 
stoinl  throughout  countless  ages  filling  the 
wandering  savages  with  wonder  and  civilized 
man  with  awe.  "The  woodman's  axe"  should 
spare  these  trees  that  were  old  when  Babylon 
was  an  empire. 

The  redwood  forests  range  in  extent  from 
the  southern  border  of  Oregon  to  Monterey, 
a  distance  of  some  600  miles,  but  the  main 
forest  from  a  commercial  standpoint  is  located 
in  Del  Norte,  Humboldt,  and  Mendocino 
counties.  The  growth  is  generally  very  dense, 
averaging  about  50,000  feet  per  acre ;  the 
trees  are  large,  reaching  a  diameter  of  twenty 
feet,  and  a  height  as  great  as  350  feet.  In 
beauty  and  majesty  these  redwood  forests 
stand  in  a  class  by  themselves,  and  are  easily 
the  lords  of  the  forests.  The  family  aggre- 
gates about  75.000.000,000  feet. 


Production — The  animal  production  is 
about  600,000.000  feet,  hence  the  visible  sup- 
l>ly  at  this  writing  is  ample  for  100  years' 
cutting. 

I  scs — Redwood  has  no  wood  competitor 
for  foundation  timbers,  being  almost  imper- 
vious to  decay,  for  general  finishing  lumber, 
window  frames,  dotjr  frames,  mouldings,  house 
siding,  shingle  and  other  general  building  pur- 
poses, it  stands  in  a  class  by  itself,  as  it  re- 
sists moisture  and  decay  wonderfully,  and  like- 
wise resists  fire  more  successfully  than  any 
wood  fiber  on  the  market. 

Mode  of  Harvest — The  forests  being  so 
vast  as  to  size,  call  for  the  largest  logging 
eiiuipment ;  many  of  the  logs  are  blasted  in 
the  process  of  logging,  otherwise  they  would 
be  too  large  for  standard  railway  equipment. 

Logging — Logging  methods  in  the  redwoods 
have  been  undergoing  changes  in  recent  years, 
as  indeed  is  the  case  in  all  lumbering,  but 
especially  in  redwood,  where  with  the  expe- 
rience of  years,  machinery  has  practically 
taken  the  place  of  the  earlier  methods,  where 
the  ox  team  had  undisputed  sway,  and  now 
logging  is  carried  on  at  perhaps  60  per  cent 
of  the  cost  of  the  earlier  and  more  primitive 
methods. 

Fire  Hasord— Fire  in  the  redwoods  is  like 
the  Dutchman's  coon,  "a  seldom  animal,"  in 
fact  the  method  of  harvesting  redwood  con- 
sists of :  Falling  the  trees,  cross-cutting  the 
trees  to  the  desired  lengths,  limbing  the  trunks, 
peeling  the  bark,  then  setting  fire  to  the  debris. 
No  harm  results  ;  on  the  contrary  much  effort 
is  expended  in  keeping  the  fires  sufficiently 
aflame  to  clean  u\)  the  rubbish. 

Redwood  possesses  the  wonderful  quality  of 
being  the  safest  shipper  green  from  the  saw 
tlirect  to  the  ship's  hold,  standing  transporta- 
tion to  any  part  of  the  world  without  injury  ; 
in  fact,  transportation  in  tliis  c-ondition  has 
the  etfect  of  jtartially  seasoning  the  wood. 

\\'ood  stave  pipe  for  water  mains,  sewer 
pipe,  and  other  conduits  has  come  into  general 
use  in  the  last  twenty-five  years  ;  in  this  con- 
struction redwood  has  j^roven  king  and  in  this 
particular  field  it  has  won  the  title  of   "The 


LUMBERING 


109 


Wood  Eternal."  on  account  of  its  lasting  qual- 
ity when  placed  in  the  ground. 

Si/ga/-  Pine  {or  Piniis  laiubcrtiaiia) — This 
wonderful  tree  is  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
only,  ranging  in  territorial  extent  from  Cen- 
tral Oregon  in  the  Cascade  Range  southward 
for  a  distance  of  about  1200  miles  through 
Central  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Range. 
7'hese  sugar  and  white  pine  trees  grow  up  to 
twelve  feet  in  diameter  and  reach  a  height  of 
250  feet.  The  wood  is  soft,  of  a  creamy  white 
color,  and  is  generally  useful  for  the  same 
purposes  common  to  the  white  pines  of  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  and  usually 
growing  in  a  mixed  forest  carrying  about  an 
equal  quantity  of  white  pine  (or  Finns  pon- 
derosa),  and  other  woods,  such  as  white  fir 
(or  Abies  concolor),  and  red  fir  (or  Abies 
inagnifica) .  Here  it  is  rather  a  common  re- 
mark among  California  lumbermen  that  our 
forests  run  about  one-third  sugar  pine,  one- 
third  white  pine,  and  one-third  white  and  red 
fir  and  some  incense  cedar,  valuable  for  the 
manufacture  of  lead  pencils;  in  fact,  the 
pencil  manufacturers  of  the  world  must  look 
to  California  for  their  future  supply  of  cedar 
for  pencils. 

Logging — Logging  operations  in  these  for- 
ests are  the  most  modern  methods  known  to 
the  art,  and  it  is  really  an  art  as  now  con- 
ducted. 

Elevation — These  forests  are  found  gener- 
ally in  an  elevation  ranging  from  1500  to 
7000  feet.  The  choicest  growth  is  found  in 
elevations  ranging  from  3000  to  5500  feet 
above  sea  level. 

The  fire  hazard  is  regarded  nominal,  as  the 
operators  clean  up  and  burn  the  slashings, 
taking  care  to  protect  the  young  growth  for 
future  use. 

Uses  of  ]]liite  and  Sugar  Pine — Pine  is 
mainly  useful  for  general  building  lumber.  It 
makes  a  beautiful  house  finish  and  trim,  pos- 
sesses exceptional  value  for  doors,  windows, 
blinds,  and  as  a  veneer  material  has  no  supe- 
rior in  soft  woods,  being  entirelv  free  from 
face  checking.  As  a  material  for  the  maiui- 
facture  of  box  shook  pine  is  king,  as  the  shook 


when  manufactured  and  ready  for  use  may  be 
shipped  to  any  climate  free  from  checking.  In 
California  the  fruit  products  are  packed  in  the 
main  in  white  and  sugar  pine  boxes  and  these 
containers  are  manufactured  from  the  lower 
grades. 

The  annual  consumption  of  raw  material 
for  this  jjurpose  reaches  the  generous  total  of 
about  200,000,000  feet  annually. 

Sugar  pine  as  a  pattern  material  and  for 
piano  keys  outranks  all  known  soft  woods,  as 
it  is  not  subject  to  expansion  or  contraction 
after  being  thoroughly  seasoned. 

The  principal  uses  of  the  lumber  products 
may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

In  the  pine  members  of  the  general  forest 
found  in  the  main  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada 
Range,  we  have  practically  an  inexhaustible 
supply.  These  forests  supply  materials  for 
general  construction  throughout  interior  Cali- 
fornia, but  are  not  shipped  to  the  seaboard 
cities  for  construction  purposes,  as  Oregon  fir 
has  from  the  earlier  days  held  the  trade  in  the 
bay  cities  of  San  Francisco,  Oakland,  Ala- 
meda, Berkeley,  Stockton,  Sacramento,  San 
Jose,  and  smaller  towns  in  the  region  where 
these  cities  are  located.  This  is  also  true  of 
Southern  California  south  of  the  Tehachapi 
Range,  or  to  generalize,  all  Southern  California 
receives  its  building  lumber  from  Oregon  and 
Washington,  in  fir — its  redwood  (in  the 
main),  from  the  coast  counties  of  Del  Norte, 
Humboldt,  and  Mendocino. 

Produetion — The  production  in  California 
at  this  writing  aggregates  about  500,000,000 
feet  annually  ;  hence  with  a  standing  resource 
in  California  of  381,000.000,000  feet  we  may 
assume  that,  at  the  present  rate  of  cutting. 
we  have  a  supply  for  about  800  years. 

Comparison — In  conclusion,  a  comparison 
of  Pacific  Coast  sugar  and  white  pine  with 
the  wonderful  forests  of  white  pine  originally 
standing  in  Michigan.  \\'isconsin,  and  Minne- 
sota, may  not  l)e  out  of  order. 

l"he  forests  of  those  states  served  a  double 
purpose,  in  that  as  they  were  cut  away  the 
lands  were  cleared  for  the  building  of  homes 
for  tlie    farmers ;     the   expansion  of  the  lum- 


no 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


bering  camps  into  the  cities  of  Detroit,  Sagi- 
naw, Grand  Rapitls.  Madison,  St.  Paul,  Min- 
neapolis, Duluth,  etc..  has  made  a  civilization 
worth  perhaps  millions  of  times  more  to  com- 
merce and  society  than  if  the  entire  forests 
were  standing  there  toda\-  in  their  priine\-al 
naturalness  ;  and  yet  a  greater  purpose  was 
accomplished,  in  that  ;is  the  forests  disap- 
peared in  those  states,  the  lumber  thus  pro- 
duced was  supplied  to  build  the  homes,  barns, 
and  fences  of  another  civilization  in  the  prairie 
regions  of  Indiana.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  the  Dakotas,  and  Western  Min- 
nesota, making  it  possible  to  quickly  develop 
that  country,  which  has  become  the  nation's 
granary. 

May  we  not  hoi)e  for  similar  results  as  our 
forests  disap|)ear.  though  with  us  of  the  Pa- 
cific states,  our  forests  are  so  vast  that  we 
will  be  busy  for  centuries  removing  them, 
though  every  quarter  section,  when  cleared  of 
its  forests,  where  the  lands  are  fertile,  is  worth 
easily  double,  and  more,  for  agriculture,  horti- 
culture and  dairying  purposes,  than  with  the 
timber  standing. 


A  word  as  to  how  the  dollar  in  lumbering 
in  California  is  distributed  may  be  interesting 
to  the  readers  of  the  "California  Almanac"  as 
well  as  the  approximate  amount  paid  in  wages 
annually.  The  total  amount  distributed  to 
tile  workmen   is  about  .$2.^. 000. 000  vearlv. 


THE  BEST  WAY 

Theodore  Roosevelt  in  ''Tlie  Mcfropolitaii'  for  MarcJi 

JAPAN  is  already  playing  a  very  great  part  in  the  civilized  world. 
^  She  will  play  a  still  greater  part  in  the  future.  It  may  well  he  that 
she  will  prove  the  regeneration  of  all  Eastern  Asia.  She  and  the 
United  States  have  great  interests  on  and  in  the  Pacific.  These  inter- 
ests in  no  way  conflict.  They  can  be  served  to  best  purpose  for  each 
nation  by  the  heartiest  and  most  friendly  co-operation  between  them 
on  a  footing  of  absolute  equality.  There  is  but  one  real  chance  of 
friction.  This  should  be  eliminated,  not  by  pretending  to  ignore  facts, 
but  by  facing  them  with  good-natured  and  courteous  wisdom.  Each 
country  should  receive  exactly  the  rights  w^hich  it  grants.  Travelers, 
scholars,  men  engaged  in  international  business,  all  sojourners  for 
health,  pleasure,  and  study,  should  be  heartily  welcomed  in  both  coun- 
tries. From  neither  country  should  there  be  any  emigration  of  work- 
ers of  anv  kind  to,  anv  settlement  in  mass  in,  the  other  countrv. 


California  State  Forestry  Work 


By  G.  M.  Homans 

State  Forester   of   Calif oriiia 


Editor  s  Xotc:  Before  the  national  g-overnment  took  up  forestry 
work  in  California  the  State  of  Cahfornia  provided  for  the  guarding 
and  extension  of  forests,  beginning  with  a  law  organizing  and  provid- 
ing for  a  State  forestry  commission  in  1885.  Some  years  later  new 
laws  were  passed,  a  new  commission  organized,  and  more  definite 
protective  and  promotive  work  has  been  done.  For  nearly  ten  years 
this  work  has  been  under  direction  of  Mr.  G.  M.  Homans,  who  has 
prepared  an  article  showing  what  California  is  doing  for  forest  pro- 
duction, encouragement  of  reforestation,  and  tree  planting  generally. 


LONG  before  the  federal  government  set 
aside  any  natural  forest  reserves  in  Cali- 
fornia our  State  Legislature  created  a  board 
of  forestry  which  acted  largely  in  the  capacity 
of  a  commission  of  inquiry  with  emphasized 
educational  functions.  Police  powers  were 
conferred  in  1887  ;  and  the  first  real  achieve- 
ment of  the  board  was  the  publication  of  three 
valuable  reports  on  the  forest  conditions  and 
forest  trees  of  the  State. 

Previous  to  1905,  at  which  time  a  new  forest 
law  was  made  and  a  new  board  created,  the 
State  spent  several  thousand  dollars  in  co-op- 
eration with  the  federal  government  with  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  a  suitable  forestry  bill. 
A  study  was  made  of  the  State  preparatory 
to  launching  such  a  forest  policy.  The  pur- 
pose of  the  law  is  to  protect  the  great  forest 
resources  of  the  State  for  the  benefit  of  the 
greater  number  of  citizens  and  to  stimulate 
a  wholesome  activity  along  forestry  lines. 

VOLUNTARY    FIRE    WARDENS 

The  state  forester  is  autliorizcd  to  appoint 


voluntary  fire  wardens  in  and  for  whatever 
localities  he  deems  such  appointments  neces- 
sary. There  are  now  about  1300  voluntary 
fire  wardens  active  in  the  endeavor  to  prevent 
and  suppress  forest  and  range  fires  throughout 
the  entire  extent  of  California.  These  men 
are  vested  with  police  authority  and  can  arrest, 
without  warrant,  any  violator  of  the  state  and 
federal  forest  laws.  The  State  is  able  to  effect- 
ively co-operate  with  the  federal  forest  service 
through  the  conferring  of  police  ])ower,  by 
the  state  forester,  upon  all  rangers  and  other 
forest  officers  in  the  employ  of  the  federal 
government  within  California.  However,  such 
police  power  is  not  given  to  a  man  unless  he 
is  recommended  by  a  superior  officer  unless, 
in  the  discretion  of  the  state  forester,  the 
authority  may  be  given  without  recommen- 
dation. The  first  qualifications  for  a  fire 
warden  are  courage  and  fortitude.  Often  he 
is  required  to  remain  in  charge  of  a  fire-fight- 
ing crew  for  several  days  with  little  or  no 
sleep  and  as  little  food.    Perhaps  we  have  no 


IT  IS  a  gratifving  thing  to  know  that  California's  magnificent  forests 
are  in  good  hands — that  the  government  has  competent  men  in 
charge  wdio  will  see  to  it  that  the  homes  of  the  trees  are  not  violated 
ruthlesslv. 


112 


FCi 


A  niajiiiUicciit  redwood  forest — one  of  Ihe  wonderful   scenes  on  the  new  Overt; I 


better  opportunity  than  here  to  express  our 
appreciation  of  the  valiant  assistance  and  work 
of  the  voluntary  fire  wardens.  They  have  done 
much  toward  decreasing  the  damage  likely  to 
be  occasioned  by  forest  fires. 

( )ur  present  state  forest  laws  further  provide 
that  it  is  a  misdemeanor  to  set  a  fire  on  any 
property  within  the  State  without  first  taking 
every  reasonable  precaution  to  prevent  the  fire 
getting  beyond  control.  A  great  many  darnag- 
ing  fires  in  the  past  have  originated  because 
such  precautions  were  not  taken.  Furthermore, 
if  a  fire  gets  beyond  control  and  burns  over 
land  belonging  to  another,  the  person  damaged 
thereby  can  recover  damages  by  civil  suit 
against  the  responsible  person.  In  this  way 
the  State  aims  to  protect  its  citizens  justly 
against  injury  due  to  neglect  or  carelessness. 
The  forest  laws  provide  for  severe  punishment 
for  incendiaries. 

The    state    forester    conducts    special    field 


studies  and  investigations  directed  toward  the 
public  good.  The  reports  of  these  investiga- 
tions are  published  and  distributed  at  no  cost 
to  those  who  wish  to  receive  them. 

The  State  has  recently  passed  a  law  making 
it  possible  for  any  county  to  organize  a  county 
board  of  forestry  for  the  purpose  of  conduct- 
ing local  forest  activities.  Several  counties 
have  already  taken  advantage  of  this  provi- 
sion and  are  doing  commendable  work  along 
the  lines  of  park  and  highway  planting.  The 
state  department  stands  ready,  at  all  times,  to 
assist  the  counties  by  giving  helpful  sugges- 
tions, and  by  encouraging  forest  and  highway 
planting.  Although  the  State  is  not  in  a  po- 
sition to  distribute  trees  for  planting,  the  state 
forester  is  very  frecjuently  called  upon  to  study 
certain  localities  wath  reference  to  suitable 
svstems  of  planting.  The  correspondence  rela- 
tive to  this  phase  of  the  work  is  naturally 
large    since   manv    inquire    as   to    appropriate 


J 


.(•en  San  Francisco  and  Eureka.— Cour^esi;  of  Sorthwestern  Pavific  Hailroad 


Species     for     planting     in     their     respective 
localities. 

Throughout  the  State  there  is  a  growing 
sentiment  in  favor  of  community  protective 
associations.  These  communities  receive  the 
hearty  support  of  the  state  board  of  forestry 
and  are  greatly  assisted  by  the  State  in  organiz- 
ing and  outlining  the  scope  of  their  work.  A 
few  associations,  now  fully  organized,  are  ac- 
complishing much  in  forest  protection  and 
improvement. 

EDUCATION  IN   FORESTRY 

One  great  phase  of  the  State's  forestry  work 
is  that  of  education.  Publications  are  issued 
by  the  state  forester,  from  time  to  time,  relat- 
ing to  matters  of  state-wide  interest  in  forestry. 
A  few  of  the  recent  publications,  now  ready 
for  free  distribution,  are  : 

The  Fourth  Biennial  Report  of  the  State 
Forester,  Pharmacal  Plants  and  Their  Cul- 
ture,   Wood-Using    Industries    of    California. 


Fire  Prevention  Day — A  Lesson.  The  Forest 
Protection  Problem  in  California,  Annual  Fire 
Report,  1913,  Handbook  of  Forest  Protec- 
tion, Street  and  Highway  Planting,  Fifth. 
Biennial  Report  of  the  State  Forester. 

The  office  collection  of  descriptive  views  is 
constantly  being  enlarged  and  illustrated  lec- 
tures are  freely  given  before  schools,  clubs,  and 
associations  upon  request. 

Forestrv  is  a  subject  that  will  ultimately 
occupy  a  great  deal  of  attention  in  California. 
Our  forest  resources,  third  in  extent,  place  us. 
in  a  position  to  look  to  their  perpetuation, 
protection  and  proper  use.  Our  purpose  is  to 
so  endeavor  and  so  organize  our  efforts  as  to 
insure  to  future  generations  an  enjoyment  of 
the  majestic  forests,  the  unex  elled  scenic  won- 
ders, the  inexhaustible  industrial  activities,  and 
the  abundant  field  for  the  sportsman,  equal  to, 
if  not  better,  than  what  we  of  Calif orni;i. 
have  today. 


The  National  Forests 
of  California 


By  Coert  DuBois 


District  Forester  Fifth  District  U .  S.  Forest  Service,  San  Francisco 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  DuBois  in  his  article  estimates  the  vakie  of 
Uncle  Sam's  forest  resources  within  the  limits  of  California  at  $250,- 
000,000.  He  proceeds  to  describe  in  most  interesting  detail  what 
Uncle  Sam  is  doing  to  preserve  and  protect  his  California  property 
and  to  make  it  productive  in  a  modern,  scientific  forestry  way.  He 
shows  exactly  what  the  relations  are  between  this  great  national  un- 
dertaking and  the  general  welfare  of  the  State  and  the  industries, 
recreations,  and  welfare  of  individuals.  Besides  these  considerations 
the  details  of  organizations  and  the  duties  of  the  various  officials  in 
the  eighteen  distinct  national  forest  reservations  in  California  are 
very  interestingly  set  forth. 


AL'l'HOUGH  they  occupy  the  roughest 
and  most  mountamous  portions  of  the 
State,  the  national  forests  in  California  con- 
tain resources  which  may  be  conservatively 
valued  at  $250,000,000.  They  protect  the 
sources  of  nearly  all  the  streams  that  supply 
the  State  with  water  and  water  power.  They 
contain  about  one-third  the  timber  of  the 
State.  They  provide  forage  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  State's  live  stock  industry,  and 
they  furnish  recreation  grounds  for  tliousands 
of  citizens  not  only  of  California  but  of  other 
states  as  well. 

During  the  fiscal  year  that  ended 
June  30.  1914.  the  national  forests  in  Cali- 
fornia furnished  57,000,000  feet  of  timber: 
provided  forage  for  189,451  head  of  cattle  and 
horses,  and  433,058  head  of  sheep  and  goats ; 
developed  70,221  hydro-electric  horse-power  ;* 
and  yielded  a  rental  of  $16,258  for  3599  spe- 

*Permits  have  been  issued  for  ten  times  this 
amount,  and  the  works  are  now  under  construc- 
tion. 


cial  uses  of  various  kinds.  The  total  receipts 
during  this  period  amounted  to  $260,007.34. 
Under  the  law,  the  State  receives  25  per  cent 
of  the  gross  receipts  for  the  benefit  of  its 
schools  and  roads,  and  an  extra  10  per  cent  is 
expended  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
within  the  State  for  public  roads  and  trails. 
This  amounted  to  $91,000  during  the  last 
fiscal  year. 

The  expense  of  administering  tlie  national 
forests  is  borne  entirely  by  the  federal  govern- 
ment. Tlie  annual  appropriation  for  this  pur- 
pose for  the  forests  in  California  amounts  to 
a  little  over  $770,000.  Since  the  net  receipts 
after  deducting  tlie  $91,000  that  is  expended 
for  tliL'  benefit  of  the  State  amount  to  about 
$179.01)0.  the  net  cost  of  administering  the 
national  forests  is,  therefore,  in  tlie  neighbor- 
hood of  $600,000  a  year. 

The  principal  item  of  expense  is  for  the 
protection  of  the  forests  from  fire. 

The  value  of  tlie  improvements  built  to 
further    the    administration    of    the    national 


116 


FORESTRY 


Harvesting    tlic    forage    crop   on    a    National    I'ol'cst.      Heel'   Cattle    l)eing   gatluTed    in    tlif 
timbered  range  in  tlie  Sierras. — Photo  by   U.  S.  Forest  Service 


fall    from    a 


forests  in  California  amounts  to  $814,257. 
These  consist  of  258  miles  of  road,  3886  miles 
of  trail,  3663  miles  of  telephone  lines,  413 
miles  of  fire  breaks  and  fire  trails,  sixty-eight 
bridges,  and  numerous  lookout  towers,  dwell- 
ings, fences,  corrals,  etc. 

NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICIES  AND  PURPOSES 

National  forests  are  set  apart  to  insure  a 
perpetual  supply  of  timber  for  the  use  and 
necessities  of  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  i)revent  destruction  of  the  forest  cover 
which  regulates  the  flow  of  streams.  They  are 
"open  to  all  persons  for  all  lawful  purposes. 
The  timber,  water.  ])asture,  and  other  re- 
sources are  for  the  use  of  the  people,  and  the 
minerals  are  open  to  exploitation  just  as  on 
the  unreserved  public  land."* 

The  distinction  between  national  forests  and 
national  parks  should  be  clearly  understood. 


*The  Use  Book:  A  Manual  for  Users  of  The 
National  Forests,  July  1,  1913.  Copies  may  be 
obtained  free  of  charge  on  application  to  the  Dis- 
trict Forester,  114  Sansomo  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 


The  purpose  of  the  latter  is  chiefly  esthetic. 
Whereas  the  national  forests,  although  they 
are  largely  used  by  the  public  for  purposes  of 
recreation,  have  a  primary  purpose  that  is 
strictly  utilitarian.  Originally  the  itational 
forests  were  called  forest  reserves.  The  name 
was  changed  by  Congress  in  order  to  bring  out 
more  clearlv  the  point  that  the  resources  of 
the  forests  are  to  be  used.  The  national  forests 
are  reserved  in  the  sense  that  certain  of  the 
land  laws  which  apply  to  the  public  domain 
are  not  effective  on  the  forests;  but  none  of 
the  resources  are  reserved  from  use  except  in 
occasional  cases  where  one  use  is  incompatible 
with  another.  The  mature  timber  in  national 
forests  is  for  sale,  and  is  cut  as  the  market 
demands  it.  Only  stumpage  is  sold,  the  title 
to  the  land  and  the  immature  forest  remaining 
in  the  ownership  of  the  people. 

Timber  is  sold  in  amounts  ranging  from  a 
few^  thousand  feet  up  to  whatever  amount  may 
be  necessary  to  warrant  the  investment  re- 
(juired   for   constructing    a    railroad   or   other 


FORESTRY 


117 


means  of  transpi)rtation  into  comparatively  in- 
accessible regions. 

Forage  resources  are  sold  under  regulations 
whose  leading  objects  are  the  protection  and 
conservative  use  of  all  national  forest  land 
adapted  for  grazing,  the  permanent  good  of 
the  live  stock  industry  through  proper  care  and 
improvement  of  grazing  lands,  arid  the  pro- 
tection of  the  settler  and  home  builder  against 
unfair  competition  in  the  use  of  the  range. 

Claims  may  be  initiated  upon  lands  within 
national  forests  under  the  mining  laws,  the 
coal  land  laws,  and  the  forest  homestead  act. 
Prospecting  is  not  interfered  with  in  any  way. 
Timber  may  be  used  free  of  charge  by  bona 
fide  miners  and  prospectors  who  may  not  rea- 
sonably be  required  to  purchase  and  who  have 
not  on  their  own  claims  a  sufficient  or  accessi- 
ble supply. 

The  national  forests  x:ontain  water  powers 
of  great  value.  Permits  for  the  development 
and   use   of   these   water   powers   are    granted 


under  regulations  which  seek  to  prevent  the 
appropriation  of  power  sites  for  speculative 
purposes,  to  secure  prompt  and  full  develop- 
ment, to  prevent  monopoly,  and  to  secure  a 
reasonable  compensation  to  the  government  for 
the  use  of  the  land  occupied  and  the  beneficial 
protection  given  to  the  water  shed. 

Timber,  stock  range,  water  power,  summer 
resort  sites — these  are  the  natural  resources  of. 
the  national  forests  waiting  upon  individual 
enterprise  for  commercial  development. 

But  there  is  still  another  resource  in  the 
forests  which  is  being  used  every  summer  by 
the  general  public,  thousands  of  them,  non- 
commercially  and  free  of  all  charge,  and  that 
is  the  opportunity  for  camping  in  the  mountain 
forests.  The  habit  of  roughing  it  in  the  woods 
in  summer  is  strongly  ingrained  in  the  Cali- 
fornian  and  is  a  very  real  factor  in  California's 
public  health  and  happiness.  With  all  of  the 
attractive  wild  lands  outside  the  national 
forests  passing  rapidly  into  private  ownership 


Where    Nature's    forces    are    Harnessed    by    Man — 45,000    Horse-power    put    to    Ijc-nefieial    use    at    a 
hydro-electric   plant  on   one  of  the   National   Forests   of   California 


118 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAciAZIXI-: 


Naval  stores  are  now  an  undeveloped  resource  of  the  California  National  Forests.  These  tapping 
experiments  conducted  by  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  show  that  the  industry  is  conimcndably 
feasible  in   California. — Photo   by    U.   S.  Forest  Service 


and  increasing  in  value  as  game  preserves  and 
commercial  resort  sites,  it  is  only  a  matter  of 
time  when  the  forest  lands  where  any  man  may 
hsh,  hunt  and  camp  at  will  will  be  restricted 
to  these  national  forests.  Realizing  this,  the 
United  States  service  has  gone  systematically 
to  work  to  provide  for  a  vastly  increased  use 
of  these  areas  by  the  public  of  the  future. 
Through  organized  co-operation  with  the  Cali- 
fornia fish  and  game  commission,  a  feature 
of  whicli  is  the  apjiointment  of  every  forest 
ranger  as  a  state  game  warden,  a  supply  of 
hsh  and  game  is  assured  for  public  enjoyment. 
Strategic  areas  along  pojjular  travel  routes  are 
set  aside  as  public  camping  grounds,  and  no 
individual  is  allowed  exclusive  use  of  them. 
The  rangers  recognize  as  part  of  their  regular 
work  the  duty  of  courteously  aiding  mountain 
travelers  in  every  possible  way  by  giving  them 
directions  as  to  routes,  information  on  fish  or 
game,  or  maps. 

The  administration  of  the  various  resources 


of  the  forests  and  the  protection  of  the  forests, 
especially  from  fire,  constitute  the  principal 
work  of  the  forest  service  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

NATIONAL    P'ORESrS    IN    CALIFORNIA 

There  are  eighteen  national  forests  in  Cali- 
fornia comprising  20,555,680  acres  of  govern- 
ment land.  Three  are  located  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Southern  California,  one  is  in  the 
Coast  range  south  of  Monterey,  and  the  rest, 
which  contain  the  heaviest  stands  of  timber, 
cover  the  Sierras  and  northern  Coast  ranges. 
Their  average  size,  including  the  areas  within 
their  boundaries  not  owned  by  the  government, 
is  one  and  one-half  million  acres. 

General  supervision  over  the  national  forests 
in  California  is  exercised  by  the  district  for- 
ester, with  headquarters  at  114  Sansome  Street, 
San  Francisco. 

Each  national  forest  is  in  charge  of  a  super- 
visor who  plans  the  work  on  his  forest,  under 
the  general  direction  of  the  district  forester, 


FORESTRY 


119 


and  supervises  its  execution.  His  headquar- 
ters is  located  in  a  town  situated  conveniently 
to  his  forest. 

Routine  work  involved  in  the  supervision  of 
timber  sales,  grazing,  free  use  of  timber,  spe- 
cial use  and  other  contracts  and  permits,  the 
carrying  out  of  the  protective  and  improve- 
ment plans  and  other  administrative  activities 
is  performed  by  rangers.  Each  forest  is  di- 
vided into  ranger  districts  of  such  size  that 
under  ordinary  conditions  all  the  regular  work 
can  be  handled  effectively  by  one  fully 
equipped  ranger  with  the  necessary  temporary 
assistants.  The  average  ranger  district  has 
about  60,000  acres,  but  where  there  is  only  a 
small  volume  of  business  or  the  fire  hazard  is 
low,  very  much  larger  districts  mav  be 
established. 

The  permanent  field  force  on  the  forests 
numbers  about  220.  As  the  fire  season  ap- 
proaches extra  men  are  put  on  until  at  the 
height  of   the   fire   season   the   force   amounts 


to  nearly  900.  ^\'hen  the  fire  danger  decreases 
with  the  coming  of  the  fall  rains  the  extra 
men  are  laid  ofl:. 

FOREST     FIRE     PREVENTION 

The  fire  risk  in  California  is  excessive.  The 
long  dry  season,  the  inflammable  nature  of  the 
cover,  and  the  campers  during  the  summer, 
tend  to  produce  severe  fire  conditions.  Most 
fires  are  of  human  origin.  The  seasoned 
camper  is  by  no  means  a  source  of  fire  danger ; 
he  is.  rather,  a  safety  factor  since  he  knows 
what  precautions  must  be  taken  and  helps  to 
instruct  those  who  are  less  experienced.  But 
until  a  camper  has  had  at  least  a  season's 
experience  in  the  forests  he  is  apt  to  take 
unwarranted  chances  with  campfires,  matches, 
burning  tobacco,  etc. ;  and,  speaking  generally, 
the  more  people  there  are  in  the  forests  the 
greater  the  risk. 

The  fire  organization  on  the  national  forests 
includes  measures  designed  to  prevent,  detect, 
and  suppress  fires.    Absolute  prevention  is,  of 


]*ig  wheel  logRiiig  in  a  yellow  pine  stand  on  a  National  Forest  in  .NortlieiTi  (.alilornia.  L  nder 
forestry  principles  between  75  and  80  per  cent  of  this  timber  is  being  cut. — Photo  by  U.  S. 
Forest  Service 


120 


FORESTRY 


course,  impossible — lightning  causes  a  certain 
percentage  of  fires  each  year,  and  a  few  fires 
■-tart  in  otlier  wavs  that  may  be  fairly  called 
unpreventable.  Among  these  are  the  breaking 
of  transmission  lines,  the  accidental  burning 
•of  houses  in  the  forests,  etc.  There  is  also  a 
theory  very  prevalent  in  California  that  broken 
bottles,  by  focusing  the  sun's  rays  upon  in- 
flammable material,  are  a  frequent  source  of 
fires,  but  the  theory  has  never  been  verified. 
During  se\en  \ears  in  wliich  accurate  fire 
records  have  been  kept  in  California,  not  a 
single  authentic  case  of  this  sort  has  come 
to  light. 

Two-thirds  of  the  fires  can  be  prevented  by 
educating  the  public.  This  the  service  attempts 
to  accomplish  by  various  devices,  but  especially 
bv  giving  currency  to  the  following  six  rules : 

1.  Matclics — Be  sure  your  match  is  out.    Break  it 

in  two  before  you  throw  it  away. 

2.  Tobacco — Throw  pipe  ashes  and  cigar  or  cig- 

arette stumps  in  the  dust  of  the  road  and 
stamp  or  pinch  out  the  fire  before  leaving 
them.  Don't  throw  them  into  brush,  leaves, 
or  needles. 

3.  Making  camp — Build   a   small   campfire.     Build 

it  in  the  open,  not  against  a  tree  or  log  or 
near  brush.  Scrape  away  the  trasli  from 
ail  around  it. 

4.  Leaving   camp — Never   leave   a   campfire,    even 

for  a  short  time,  without  quenching  it  with 
water  and  then  covering  it  with  earth. 

5.  Bonfires — Never      build      bonfires      in      windy 

weather  or  where  there  is  the  slightest  dan- 
ger of  their  escaping  from  control.  Don't 
make  them  larger  than  you  need. 

6.  Fighting   fires — If  you    find   a   fire,    try   to   put 

it  out.  If  you  can't — get  word  of  it  to  the 
nearest  U.  S.  forest  ranger  or  state  fire 
warden  at  once.  Keep  in  touch  with  the 
rangers. 

The  work  of  detecting  and  suppressing 
forest  fires  has  been  greatly  systematized  in 
recent  years.  Nowadays,  fires  are  reported 
mainly  by  lookouts  whose  function  is  not  to 
fight  fires  but  merely  to  discover  and  report 
them.  The  lookouts  are  located  on  command- 
ing peaks,  and  remain  on  duty  continuously. 
They  are  equipped  with  the  necessary  instru- 
ments and  housed  in  cabins,  from  the  interior 
of  which  the  entire  area  under  protection  can 
be  kept  in  view.  Each  forest  has  several  look- 
outs. Where  the  same  area  is  under  observa- 
tion from  two  or  more,  the  location  of  a  fire 
can  be  determined  very  accurately  by  triangu- 


lation  even  at  a  distance  of  many  miles  from 
either. 

The  lookout  is  in  communication  with  the 
ranger  either  by  telephone  or  by  heliograph. 
Telephone  service  is  the  most  certain  and  sat- 
isfactory, but  heliographs  are  used  in  situa- 
tions wdiere  other  facilities  are  lacking  or  are 
too  costly.  ( )n  receiving  a  report  from  a  look- 
out, the  ranger  in  whose  district  the  fire  is 
located  takes  immediate  steps  to  put  it  out. 
His  assistants  are  stationed  at  various  strategic 
points,  each  connected  by  telephone,  and  they 
remain  within  hearing  distance  of  the  bell.  In 
fighting  a  forest  fire  it  is  as  necessary  to  be 
prompt  as  it  is  in  saving  a  burning  house. 
For  this  reason  the  forest  firemen  are  kept  at 
their  stations  in  constant  readiness.  This  sys- 
tem has  proved  to  be  very  economical.  Instead 
of  having  large  fires  to  fight,  the  majority  of 
fires  are  kept  to  an  area  under  one-quarter  of 
an  acre  and  are  handled  by  one  or  two  men 
at  the  most. 

When  large  fires  occur,  due  to  exceptional 
circumstances,  large  bodies  of  fire  fighters  may 
be  required.  These  are  so  far  as  possible  or- 
ganized in   advance   so   that   no   time  may   be 


Lot^i^iiiH  (111  a  National  I  im(s|  m  California;  the  in- 
cense cetlar  wliicli  is  tailing  will  eventually  be 
manufactured  into  lead  pencils. — Photo  by  U.  S. 
Forest  Service 


FORESTRY 


121 


lost.  They  are  recruited  from  nearby  ranchers, 
stockmen,  lumbermen,  and  even  from  the  set- 
tlements outside.  Transportation  facilities, 
both  for  the  men  and  for  their  subordinates, 
are  also  arranged  beforehand,  and  tools  and 
non-perishable  food  supplies  are  cached  in 
places  where  a  demand  for  them  is  likely 
to  arise. 

In  the  more  thickly  settled  portions  of  some 
forests,  especially  where  there  are  numerous 
occasional  visitors  from  nearby  towns,  moving 
patrolmen  are  employed.  These,  by  calling  the 
attention  of  campers  to  the  necessity  for  taking 
proper  precautions  and  even  by  their  very  pres- 
ence, keep  a  great  many  fires  from  starting. 
They  also  attend  to  the  extinguishing  of  such 
fires  as  occur,  and  in  the  case  of  large  fires 
take  charge  of  the  fire  fighting  until  tlieir 
superiors  relieve  them. 

The  system  thus  briefly  described  handled 
1628  fires  on  the  national  forests  of  California 
during  the  season  of  1913.  This  was  an  ex- 
ceptional year  for  electric  storms,  lightning 
having  caused  804  fires,  or  nearly  half  the 
total.  Thirteen  per  cent  of  the  fires  were 
caused  by  campers.  The  total  area  of  forest 
burned  was  a  trifle  less  than  90,000  acres ; 
10,418  acres  being  timber  land  and  the  re- 
mainder brush  or  grass  land.  Only  275  fires 
attained  an  area  larger  than  ten  acres,  and 
912  were  caught  and  put  out  before  they  had 
covered  a  space  of  100  feet  square. 

One  additional  phase  of  fire  protection  work 
should  be  mentioned,  namely,  the  safeguarding 
of  dangerous  areas  either  by  reducing  their 
inflammability  or  by  constructing  fire  lines 
around  them.  Obviously,  the  simplest  way  of 
cleaning  up  considerable  areas  that  are  in  dan- 
gerous condition  is  by  the  careful  use  of  fire. 
The  debris  resulting  from  the  cutting  of  tim- 
ber under  the  timber  sale  regulations  would 
form  a  serious  menace  to  the  young  growth 
from  which  the  future  forest  will  be  derived, 
unless  it  were  disposed  of  somehow.  The  usual 
practice  is  to  require  that  tlie  purchaser  of 
government  timber  pile  the  brush,  tops,  limbs, 
and  other  debris  in  piles  of  suitable  size,  which 
are  fired  at  the  proper  season  by  the  rangers. 

A  few  years  ago  the  opinion  was  very  preva- 


lent in  California  that  the  entire  forest  area 
should  be  burned  over  periodically  in  order  to 
eft'ect  a  general  cleanup.  This  theory  is  now 
very  largely  discarded,  and  properly  so.  There 
are  certain  arguments  in  favor  of  it,  but  it  is 
chiefly  based  upon  conceptions  that  are  funda- 
mentally wrong.  In  the  first  place,  although 
it  appears  to  cost  nothing,  it  is  in  reality  an 
extremely  expensive  measure  when  performed 
eifectively.  Advocates  of  this  theory — the  so- 
called  "light  burning"  theory — assume  that  it 
is  only  necessary  to  touch  oft"  a  piece  of  forest 
at  the  proper  season  and  that  the  fire  will  do 
its  work  without  further  attention.  This  is  by 
no  means  the  case.  It  is  obvious  that  there  are 
many  areas  that  fire  should  be  kept  out  of  at 
all  hazards,  or.  if  they  are  to  be  burned  at 
all,  should  be  burned  with  extreme  care.  This 
means,  then,  that  the  fire  must  be  kept  under 
control — which  would  entail  prohibitive  ex- 
pense as  compared  with  the  cost  of  keeping 
fires  out  entirely.  One  large  tract  in  the 
Northern  Sierras  was  cleaned  up  in  this  fashion 
at  a  cost  of  50  cents  per  acre.  At  the  same 
rate,  the  expense  of  light-burning  the  whole 
yellow  pine  belt  in  California  would  amount 
to  at  least  $5,000,000. 

But  besides  the  prohibitive  cost  there  are 
two  other  objections  to  this  practice.  One  is 
that  the  young  growth  is  inevitably  destroyed; 
in  fact,  since  thickets  of  young  growth  are 
especially  inflammable,  it  is  one  of  the  objects 
of  light  burning  to  consume  them.  But  the 
forests  of  the  future  can  not  be  created  all 
at  once  when  they  are  needed.  They  require 
a  development  period  of  at  least  one  hundred 
years  before  they  produce  material  fit  to  cut 
into  lumber.  Any  system  which  protects  the 
mature  timber  at  the  expense  of  the  young 
growth  which  is  to  replace  it  violates  the  prin- 
ciples of  forestry,  and,  unless  the  sacrifice  is 
absolutely  unavoidable,  of  common  sense  as 
well.  It  was  formerly  argued  that  this  sacri- 
fice was  necessary ;  that  unless  the  debris 
which  collected  on  the  floor  of  the  forest  year 
after  year  was  burned,  unless  the  thickets  of 
voung  growth  were  kept  down,  the  final  result 
would  be  a  conflagration  that  nothing  would 
control.    This  argument  upon  examination  is 


122 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


found  not  to  hold.  Tlic  record  of  the  forest 
service  in  California  during  the  last  year 
proved  that  verv  severe  fire  conditions  could 
be  handled  without  any  considerable  loss  of 
timber. 

But,  what  is  more  important,  it  is  found 
by  e.xperiment  that  burning  decreases  the 
amount  of  litter,  not  for  a  period  of  years, 
but  at  most  for  an  iiUerval  of  a  few  months. 
The  litter  upon  the  ground  at  the  time  of  the 
burning  is  consumed,  but  is  replaced  with  more 
than  normal  rapidity  by  the  debris  shed  from 
the  trees  scorched  by  the  fire. 

In  short,  light  burning — in  order  to  make 
the  forest  safe  against  future  fires — must  not 
be  "light."  but  must  be  a  fire  of  exactly  the 
sort  that  it  is  the  object  of  the  practice  to 
prevent.  Fortunately,  the  light  burning  method 
is  no  longer  advocated  to  any  great  extent. 

CALIFORNIA    FOREST    RESOURCES 

The  national  ft)rests  in  California  contain 
an  estimated  stand  of  100.000,000,000  feet  of 
merchantable  government-owned  timber,  con- 
sisting of  pine,  fir,  and  cedar.  About  60,- 
000,000  feet  a  year  are  being  converted  into 
lumber,  but  a  large  portion  of  the  stand  is 
W'ell  along  toward  matuTity  and  several  times 
the  present  cut  could  be  removed  annually  with 
benefit  to  the  stand.  The  government  is,  there- 
fore, anxious  to  dispose  of  the  mature  timber 
when  conditions  permit.  Thus,  w'herever  mar- 
ket conditions  warrant  the  installation  of  new 
plants,  excellent  opportunities  are  offered  by 
the  national  forests  of  California  for  persons 
desirinc  to  enter  the  sawmill  business. 


'i'lie  best-timbered  national  forests  in  Cali- 
fornia are  located  in  the  Coast  Range  from 
Lake  County  north  to  the  Oregon  line,  and 
southward  along  the  Sierras  from  the  state 
line  to  Kern  County.  The  forests  in  the 
Sierras  contain  the  famous  sugar  and  yellow 
j)ine  belt  which  produces  the  most  valuable 
lumber  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  principal 
species  in  this  belt  are  sugar  pine,  Western 
vellow  (or  white)  pine,  incense  cedar,  white 
fir.  and  toward  the  north,  red  fir  and  Douglas 
fir.  The  Coast  Range  species  are  the  same  with 
the  exception  that  there  is  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  Douglas  fir. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  forests: 

A'atiu)ial  Forest  Headquarters 

Angeles Los    Angeles,  Cal. 

California Willows,  Cal. 

Cleveland San  Diego,  Cal. 

l-lklorado Placerville,  Cal. 

Inyo Bishop,  Cal. 

Klamath Yreka,  Cal. 

L-issen Red  Bluff,  Cal. 

Modoc Alturas,  Cal. 

Mono Gardnerville,    Nev. 

Monterey. .A.rbolado,  Cal. 

Plumas Quincy,  Cal. 

Santa  Barbara Santa  Barbara,  Cal. 

Sequoia Hot  Springs,  Cal. 

Shasta Sisson,  Cal. 

Sierra Northfork,  Cal. 

Stanislaus Sonora,  Cal. 

Tahoe Nevada    City,  Cal. 

Trinity Weaverville,  Cal. 

Detailed  information  regarding  any  special 
features  of  the  national  forests  may  be  ob- 
tained by  addressing  the  forest  supervisor  at 
any  of  the  forest  headquarters,  or  by  com- 
municating with  the  district  forester,  114 
Sansome  Street,  San  Francisco. 


'^Vl/'HEX  we  plant  a  tree,  we  are  cloii\^-  wliat  we  can  to  make  our 
'  ^      planet  a  more  \vholesome  and  a  happier  dwelling  place  for 
those  who  come   after   us,   if   not   for   ourselves/' — Oliver   Wendell 
Holmes. 


The  Chemical  Industries 
of  California 

By  John  Maxon  Stillman 

Member  of  Facultw  Ldand  Stanford  Junior   Universitx 


Editor  s  Xofc:  Doctor  Stillman  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most 
scholarly  technologists  of  California ;  also  as  one  of  the  most  direct 
and  concrete  in  his  thought  and  knowledge  of  oiu*  conditions  affecting 
the  development  of  technological  industries.  His  educational  services 
have  been  no  less  distinguished,  for  he  has  participated  intimately  and 
influentially  in  the  upbuilding  of  Stanford  University  from  the  date 
of  its  foundation.  Aside  from  these  important  general  phases  of 
experience  Doctor  Stillman's  long  continued  participation  in  tech- 
nical instruction  and  research  eminently  cjualify  him  to  prepare  the 
following  sketch,  which  so  well  reflects  the  safely  progressive  pur- 
poses of  this  publication. 


IN  THE  development  of  a  new  country,  min- 
ing, agriculture,  and  manufactures  most 
closely  related  to  the  necessities  of  life  are 
naturally  the  earliest  to  be  developed.  This  is 
true  of  California.  The  so-called  chemical  in- 
dustries are  in  general  a  later  development. 
By  chemical  industries  are  meant  those  indus- 
tries in  which  products  are  obtained  as  the 
result  of  chemical  ])rocesses  from  raw  mate- 
rials whether  of  mineral  or  of  organic  origin. 
These  processes  may  be  of  comparative  sim- 
plicity and  relatively  slight  cost.  sui:h  as  the 
refining  of  petroleum,  or  thcv  may  demand 
much  labor  and  expense  so  that  the  value  of 
the  finished  jjroduct  is  determined  bv  the  cost 
of  the  labor  rather  than  by  the  cost  of  raw 
materials.  Such,  for  example,  are  the  Port- 
land cement  industry,  sugar  manufacture  and 
especially  such  processes  as  the  manufacture 
of  organic  dyes,  or  synthetic  drugs.  The  con- 
ditions necessary  for  success  in  developing  the 
chemical  industries  in  any  particular  locality 
are  availability  of  raw  materials,  labor,  skilled 


and  unskilled,  cheap  fuel  or  power,  and  ac- 
cessibility of  markets  for  the  product — a  con- 
dition involving  costs  of  transportation. 

OBSl'ACLES  REMOVED 

In  California  there  are  many  minerals  and 
raw  materials  of  organic  origin  which  could 
form  the  basis  of  chemical  industries.  The 
chief  difficulties  lying  in  the  way  of  their  de- 
\-elopment,  however,  were  for  a  long  time  the 
lack  of  cheap  fuel  or  power.  The  compara- 
tively recent  development  of  the  immense  pe- 
troleum resources  of  wdiich  the  ainuial  produc- 
tion exceeds  $35,000,000  in  value,  together 
with  the  invention  of  practicable  methods  of 
aji] living  its  use  to  a  great  variety  of  furnaces 
and  burners,  removed  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant obstacles  to  the  development  of  chemical 
industries  in  the  State.  Tlie  construction  of 
great  plants  by  which  the  power  of  water 
falls  or  torrents  from  the  Sierras  can  be  util- 
ized to  furnish  cheap  power  in  the  form  of 
electric  current  removes  another  important  dif- 
ficulty.  The  gradual  extension  of  railroad  sys- 


124 


CHEMICALS 


terns  and  the  improvement  of  waterways,  and 
doubtless  also  the  opening  of  the  Panama 
Canal  are  increasing  the  facilities  for  connect- 
ing localities  which  may  advantageously  serve 
as  sources  of  raw  material  with. the  necessary 
markets  for  their  products. 

Labor  has  also  been  in  general  more  ex- 
pensive and  still  is  so,  than  in  competing  states 
or  nations.  Where  the  element  of  expense  for 
labor  is  small  as  compared  with  machinery, 
fuel,  water,  and  raw  materials  the  difference 
in  cost  of  hibor  may  be  oi  suborcUnate  import- 
ance, but  where  much  skilled  and  unskilled 
labor  must  of  necessity  enter  into  the  cost  of 
production,  this  difficulty  is  still  a  real  one. 

SUPPLYING  LOCAL   NECESSITIES 

Naturally  the  chemical  industries  to  be 
earliest  developed  were  those  supplying  local 
necessities.  As  California  furnished  many  ores 
of  precious  metals  or  of  many  other  useful 
metals,  the  metallurgical  processes  were  among 
the  first  to  be  introduced,  at  first  gold,  silver, 
and  quicksilver,  and  later  the  more  expensive 
reductions  of  lead,  copper,  and  zinc.  In  the 
year  1912  the  values  of  the  production  of  these 
metals  in  California  is  given  as:  Gold,  $19,- 
713,478;  silver.  $1,300,136;  copper,  ^33,- 
451,672;  lead,  $1,144,731  ;  zinc,  $4,345,591  ; 
mercury  (in  1909),  $863,034. 

The  production  of  illuminating  gas,  at  first 
from  coal,  always  an  expensive  source  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  later  more  cheaply  from  crude  oil, 
was  an  early  necessity,  and  the  value  of  illu- 
minating and  fuel  gas  produced  in  California 
was  estimated  in  1912  at  over  $11,000,000. 

The  need  of  blasting  powder  in  mining  and 
engineering  projects  gave  rise  to  an  early 
establishment  of  factories  for  explosives  and 
these  have  increased  in  the  volume  of  their 
product  and  the  variety  of  products,  so  that 
the  manufacture  of  explosives  is  an  important 
local  industry. 

The  making  of  clay  products — i)rick,  tile, 
and  ceramics — is  another  industry  which  was 
of  necessity  early  introduced  and  has 
progressed  continuously — the  products  being 
valued  in  the  last  census  at  over  $4,500,000. 

Fermentation  and  distilling  industries — beer. 


wine,  and  distilled  liquors — are  developed  to 
an  annual  production  of  not  far  from  $25,- 
000,000  in  value. 

The  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the  beet 
was  encouraged  by  the  costs  of  transportation 
of  refined  sugars  from  Eastern  points,  and  the 
consequent  relatively  high  price  of  refined 
sugar.  At  first  a  struggling  industry,  it  has 
developed  under  the  influence  of  increased 
facilities  for  transportation  and  irrigation,  as 
well  as  under  the  protective  tariff,  until  the 
value  of  its  products  lies  between  $15,000,000 
and  $20,000,000  annually. 

The  sugar  refining  industry  is  also  an  im- 
portant one,  two  large  refineries  on  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  operating  on  Hawaiian  raw  sugar, 
as  well  as  on  sugar  from  other  sources. 

The  application  of  crude  oil  to  fuel  pur- 
poses has  created  an  industry  of  large  propor- 
tion in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement. 
Twenty  years  ago  California  depended  mainly 
upon  cement  from  Germany  or  the  East.  At 
present  some  twelve  or  thirteen  factories  are 
manufacturing  not  far  from  $8,000,000  per 
annum  of  Portland  cement. 

The  manufacture  of  sulphuric,  nitric,  and 
other  acids  is  estimated  at  over  $1,000,000  in 
value  per  annum. 

Artificial  fertilizers  are  manufactured  to  the 
extent  of  over  $2,000,000  a  year. 

The  refining  of  crude  petroleum  was  the 
natural  outgrowth  of  the  oil  development  and 
in  the  last  United  States  census  twenty-nine 
refineries  are  stated  to  have  produced  products 
to  the  extent  of  nearly  $18,000,000  for  the 
census  year. 

The  production  of  salt  from  ocean  brines 
and  its  refining  is  carried  on  on  the  shores  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  and  on  the  coast  of  South- 
ern California,  the  annual  production  being  in 
1910  valued  at  $750,000. 

Of  especial  interest  are  certain  chemical  in- 
dustries which  have  developed  from  conditions 
peculiar  to  California.  Such,  for  instance,  is 
the  refining  of  borax,  ores  of  which  are  found 
in  the  comparatively  rainless  districts  of  Death 
Valley,  the  basin  of  Owens  Lake,  and  some 
other   localities.     Owing  to   difficulties  of  ac- 


CHEMICALS 


125 


cessibility  of  water,  fuel,  and  transportation  to 
these  arid  regions,  the  costs  of  production  were 
considerable  but  not  great  enough  to  prevent 
the  development  of  a  profitable  business  in  the 
refining  of  borax. 

MAKING  THE  DESERT  PAY 

These  arid  regions  have  long  been  known 
to  contain  enormous  deposits  of  common  salt, 
soda,  and  borax,  and  more  recent  investigations 
have  shown  also  that  they  contain  in  the  form 
of  brines  very  considerable  quantities  of  potash 
salts. 

Government  experts  (1912)  estimate  the 
quantity  of  potash  in  Searles  Lake  basin  in 
the  form  of  saturated  salt  brines  at  from 
4,000,000  to  10,000,000  tons.  Owens  Lake 
is  estimated  to  contain  almost  as  much. 

Estimates  of  a  private  source  (Mr.  C.  E. 
Dolbear),  are  for  the  Searles  Lake  deposit 
even  higher,  being  for  potash  as  chloride  30,- 
000,000  tons,  for  borax  17.100.000,  sodium 
carbonate  115,130.000,  sodium  bicarbonate 
42,700,000  tons. 

A  serious  effort  is  being  made  to  render 
available  the  resources  of  this  region  ;  a  rail- 
road has  been  built  and  a  factory  is  in  prog- 
ress. If  the  practical  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
the  profitable  working  of  these  brines  can  be 
overcome,  it  will  be  of  great  importance  to 
this  State  and  to  the  nation. 

The  enormous  masses  of  sea  weed  or  kelp 
in  coast  waters  have  lately  been  the  subject  of 
much  study  and  speculation  with  a  view  of 
making  them  a  profitable  source  of  potash 
salts.  It  is  still  an  unsettled  question  as  to 
whether  this  potash  content,  somewhat  vari- 
able, can  be  profitably  extracted  under  com- 
petitive conditions. 

The  manufactures  of  paints  and  varnishes, 
of  glass,  soap,  matches  are  also  prominent  in- 
dustries already  established  and  of  importance 
in  their  contributions  to  the  commercial  and 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  State. 

There  are  many  possibilities  for  the  future 
of  chemical  industries  in  California.  There 
are  also  evidences  that  a  realization  of  these 
possibilities  is  becoming  more  general.  The 
financial  and  commercial  conditions  produced 


by  the  European  war  have  naturally  operated 
to  postpone  expansion  of  existing  industries 
and  to  discourage  new  ventures.  At  the  same 
time  the  embarrassments  arising  from  the  war 
have  brought  home  to  the  American  people 
the  dangers  of  relying  too  securely  upon  the 
resources  of  foreign  countries,  and  we  may  look 
for  efforts  to  make  our  industrial  welfare  more 
independent  in  character.  The  rapid  extension 
of  irrigation  systems,  increasing  facilities  for 
transportation,  by  rail  and  by  sea,  the  develop- 
ment of  cheap  electric  power,  and  the  utiliza- 
tion of  oil  as  a  cheap  fuel  are  all  factors 
which  are  making  more  practicable  the  main- 
tenance of  industries  which  thus  far  have  been 
left  to  the  states  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
but  which,  with  a  combination  of  business  en- 
terprise and  chemical  and  engineering  skill, 
can  successfully  be  established  in  California. 
American  inventive  genius  has  usually  found  a 
way  to  offset,  at  least  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, the  higher  cost  of  labor  by  labor-saving 
devices,  and  we  may  trust  that  problem  will 
also  be  solved. 

GREATER   APPRECIATION   ESSENTIAL 

Two  essential  conditions  are  necessary  for 
the  upbuilding  of  chemical  industries  in  Cali- 
fornia— a  greater  appreciation  by  the  capi- 
talist of  the  value  of  first-class  chemical 
knowledge  and  chemical  engineering  skill,  and 
a  sufficient  number  of  well  trained  chemists 
and  chemical  engineers  who  can  take  the  ini- 
tiative in  pointing  the  way  and  in  directing  the 
processes  toward  success  in  new  ventures.  It 
is  here  that  evidences  exist  which  are  most 
encouraging.  There  is  manifestly  a  growing 
tendency  in  many  of  the  larger  industries  to 
secure  and  depend  upon  trained  experts,  and 
there  are  alreadv  many  able  chemists  at  work, 
wliile  our  universities  are  contributing  in  no 
unimportant  way  in  increasing  the  number  of 
well  trained  chemists  whose  skill  and  ability 
will,  in  time.  ])lace  the  chemical  industries  of 
California  and  the  Pacific  Coast  upon  a  basis 
commensurate  with  its  natural  resources  and 
commercial  capabilities.  The  American  Chem- 
ical Society,  which  numbers  some  7200  mem- 
bers, has  already  over  300  members  in  Cali- 


126  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

fornia,  a  number  exceeded  only  by  New  York,  ores  at  Heroult,  the  electrolytic  separation  of 

Pennsylvania.  New  Jersey.  Illinois,  Massachu-  arid  sprays,   or  cement   dust,   from   flue  gases 

setts,  and  Obit).  by    Dr.    Cottrell's   process,    and    tbe    Thiogen 

\\'bile,  of  course,  not  all  of  tbese  are  cai)able  process  of   Professor   Young  for  the  recovery 

of  taking  the  lead  in  seeing  the  opjiortunitics  of   sulphur    from   smelter    fumes.     These  and 

for  new  industries  or  for  adapting  obi  methods  otlier  \-entures  are  symptomatic  of  a  realiza- 

to  changed  conditions,  yet  years  and  experience  tion  of  the  necessity  of  chemical  invention  and 

will    ultimately    bring    leaders    to    the    front.  enterprise.    When  industrial  conditions  gener- 

That  important  initiative  already  exists  is  evi-  ally  are  more  settled  tlian  at  the  jiresent,  we 

denced  by  such  California  enterprises  and  ex-  may  expect  a  marked  advance  in  the  chemical 

periments  as  the  electrolytic  reduction  of  iron  industries  of  California. 


California's  Comprehensiveness 

XTOT  alone  is  California  agriculturally  among  the  most  fertile  of 
^^  sections,  not  only  in  the  United  States,  but  in  the  world,  but 
also  is  it  markedly  comprehensive  in  its  fertility.  Where  another  State 
or  another  country  may  excel  in  any  one  product,  California  excels 
in  a  hundred.  There  is  scarcely  a  land  that  has  not  met  a  competitor 
in  California.  Does  the  Egyptian  Delta  grow  cotton?  Do  the  South- 
ern States  follow  suit?  Then  California  must  needs  have  a  hand  in 
the  game — and  lo !  the  Imperial  Valley  looms  up  as  a  cotton  producer 
promising  to  outdo  all  rivals.  Does  far-ofif  Smyrna  grow  the  finest 
figs,  or  the  Holy  Land  the  choicest  olives?  California  is  there,  also, 
and  to  be  reckoned  with.  Do  China  and  Japan,  Oriental  lands,  produce 
rice  that  excels?  Nay,  they  must  look  to  their  laurels,  for  the  Sac- 
ramento A^alley  of  California — and  other  localities  as  well — are  becom- 
ing factors  in  the  market  for  this  precious  cereal.  No  Klondike,  no 
Australian  gold  field,  can  surpass  California's  store  of  the  glittering 
metal ;  nor  can  the  fabled  shores  of  the  Rhine,  the  valleys  of  the 
Moselle,  the  hills  of  Castile,  nor  yet  the  vineyards  of  Omar's  fairy- 
land, give  fairer  draught  than  the  sun-kissed  slopes  of  the  rolling 
foothills  of  California.  So  through  the  whole  catalogue  of  products: 
Is  it  any  wonder  that  Californians  regard  with  a  pride  akin  to  adora- 
tion the  Golden  State,  golden  not  alone  because  through  its  terrestrial 
depths  the  greatest  mother  lode  in  the  world  twines,  but  because 
the  shores  are  sun-kissed  to  golden  wonder  and  the  flowers  and  fruits, 
sun-burnished,  contribute  to  the  glory  of  it  all. 


Mineral  Development 
of  California 

By  Fletcher  McN.  Hamilton 

CaViiorn  a  State  Mineralogist 


Editor's  Xofc:  The  executive  work  which  CaHfornia  undertakes 
for  the  better  knowledge  of  her  metal  and  mineral  resources  and  indus- 
tries is  vested  in  a  State  mineralogist  and  an  institution  known  as  the 
State  mining  bureau  in  the  Ferry  Building,  which  is  itself  State  prop- 
erty, in  San  Francisco.  The  State  mineralogist,  Mr.  Hamilton,  pre- 
pares for  our  publication  a  statistical  and  descriptive  review  of  the 
resources  and  industries  of  which  he  holds  official  purview.  Mining 
in  its  various  forms  was  the  foundation  of  California's  greatness  and 
introduced  the  State  to  the  world's  notice.  Mr.  Hamilton's  account 
shows  that  mining  is  still  a  great  industry  and  minerals  a  great 
resource  of  the  State. 


CIVILIZATION  is  directly  dependent 
upon  mining  and  the  mineral  products. 
California  has  the  greatest  store  of  mineral 
wealth  of  any  state  in  the  Union.  This  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  although  it  is  a  thinly 
populated  state,  having  but  fifteen  people  to 
the  square  mile,  its  present  annual  output  of 
minerals  is  over  $100,000,000.  and  California 
is  out-ranked  by  only  four  other  states  which 
have  many  times  the  number  of  people  to  the 
square  mile  that  we  have.  There  is  ample 
indication  that  future  developments  will  dis- 
close mineral  resources  that  are  now  scarcely 
thought  of  In"  the  ordinary  person. 

The  early  history  of  California  is  synony- 
mous with  the  early  history  of  mining  in  Cali- 
fornia. The  discovery  and  development  of  the 
marvelous  gold  deposits  and  the  ease  with 
which  this  golden  wealth  was  accumulated, 
accounts  for  the  rapid  growth  of  agricultural 
and  industrial  activities.  In  merely  three  years 
after  the  important  discovery  of  gold  at  vSut- 


ter's  mill  there  had  been  won  from  the  earth 
over  one  hundred  million  dollars. 

It  is  wonderful  to  relate,  that,  with  the  ad- 
vancement and  growth  of  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia and  with  the  demands  and  necessity  for 
the  numerous  mineral  products  used  in  the  va- 
rious arts  and  industries  of  a  complex  civili- 
zation, the  natural  resources  within  the  confines- 
of  our  State  have  been  discovered  and  de- 
veloped to  such  an  extent  that  we  can  supply 
practically  all  our  needs. 

California  today  produces  on  a  commercial 
basis  over  forty  different  rocks  and  minerals. 

Mineral  deposits  are  known  in  everv  one  of 
our  fifty-eight  counties,  and  all  but  two  have 
a  commercial  output. 

CAI.IFORNI.A^';    GRE.\TEST    MIXKRAL     I'KODLCT 

Petroleum  is  the  mineral  product  which 
looms  largest  in  a  summarv  of  mineral  re- 
sources. During  1914  the  recortl  production  of 
105.000.000  barrels  was  attained,  valued  at 
$49,000,000.     This  industry  has  been  almost 


128 


FORESTRY 


*^-:,:t-^..-. '; 


Pciiiisylvaiiia   Mine,  at  (irass  Valley,  (Uililonii; 


entirely  developed  within  the  last  fifteen  years. 
It  is  not  confined  to  a  monopoly  as  many  sup- 
pose. There  are  some  three  hundred  com- 
panies engaged  in  the  production  of  oil  which 
is  purchased  and  marketed  by  four  or  five 
large  concerns  having  thousands  of  miles  of 
pipe  lines  and  many  tank  steamers  touching 
various  Pacific  ports.  The  future  supply  of  oil 
is  so  large  that  even  a  conservative  estimate 
"vvould  appear  absurd ;  however,  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  when  the  oil  is  taken  from 
the  ground  it  is  exhausted,  and  therefore  par- 
ticular consideration  must  be  given  to  methods 
for  its  conservation. 

Competition  among  producers  has  been  so 
keen  that  more  oil  is  produced  every  year  than 
is  needed  and  the  amount  going  into  storage 
is  constantly  increasing  until  we  at  present 
have  almost  60,000,000  barrels  stored  above 
the  ground.  Lack  of  co-operation  among  pro- 
ducers has  therefore  prevented  tlicm  from 
obtaining  as  large  a  profit  as  they  should. 
However,  the  general  public  has  profited  to 
such  a  great  extent  that  even  electric  jjower, 
generated  by  water  falling  through  pipes  down 
our  steep  mountain  slopes  into  hydro-electric 
power  stations,  in  many  places,  ran  not  com- 
pete with  power  generated  from  oil  fuel.  The 
inferior  grade  and  small  number  of  coal  de- 
posits in  California  make  our  abundant  sup- 
ply  of   fuel    oil   of  even    greater   importance. 


With  practically  no  co-operation  producers  of 
oil  received  about  $5,000,000  in  dividends 
during  1914. 

WHAT   GOLD    CAN    STILL   DO    FOR   CALIFORNIA 

Gold  is  responsible  for  the  remarkably  fast 
development  of  California  in  that  the  great 
quantities  early  discovered  in  the  State  quickly 
drew  many  hardy  pioneers  within  our  borders. 
During  1914  over  $21,000,000  in  gold  was 
produced,  this  bringing  the  total  gold  pro- 
duction of  California  to  well  over  $1,600,- 
000,000.  Creditable  estimates  show  that  nearly 
as  much  more  gold  remains  buried  in  the 
ancient  gold-bearing  gravel  channels  and  hy- 
draulic mines  in  our  mountains.  These  gravel 
channels  were  profitably  worked  by  the 
hydraulic  method,  but  as  it  was  claimed  that 
the  silt  carried  down  from  hydraulic  mines 
was  rapidly  damaging  our  navigable  streams 
and  agricultural  lands,  legislation  was  enacted 
whereby  the  hydraulic  mining  industry  was 
regulated  to  the  point  of  strangulation.  This 
branch  of  the  mineral  industry  deserves  par- 
ticular attention  and  investigation  in  order 
that  due  consideration  be  given.  Facts  and 
plans  will  be  presented  showing  that  this  enor- 
mous amount  of  metal  wealth  can  be  devoted 
to  the  use  of  mankind,  not  only  without  undue 
injury  to  other  industries  and  pursuits,  but  can 
be  directed  to  be  of  particular  benefit  to  them. 

The  deposits  of  gold  ore  have  been  bounti- 


I 


A  CAL,IFORMA  OIL  GUSHKK.  Tlie  petroleum  iuilustry  iu  Cnliforuisi  lias  been  developed 
aliuost  entirely  within  the  last  fifteen  years  and  at  the  present  time  tlie  total  annual 
production  is  over   100,000,000  harrels. 


This  Map  Shows  Where  the  Mineral  Wealth 
of  California  is  Located 


"^, 


MT.  SMAStA 

V- 


IX/TR.  FLETCHER  McN.  HAMILTON,  California  State  Mineralogist, 
''■  ''■declares:  "It  is  wonderful  to  relate  that,  with  the  advancement  and 
growth  of  the  State  of  California  and  with  the  demand  and  necessity  for  the 

numerous  mineral  products,   .  .  .   the  natu- 
ral  resources  within  the  confines  of  our 
State  have  been  discovered  and  devel- 
oped to  such  an  extent  that  we  can  not 
only  supply  practically  all  our  own 
needs,  but  furnish  a  large  surplus  for 
consumption  outside  of  the  State  as 
well."     Those  who  are  attracted  by 
this    phase  of  California's    produc- 
tiveness  may  become  informed    of 
any   detail   through   our  READERS' 
Service,  whose  experts  are  able 
and  ready  to  answer  all  queries. 
There  are  opportunities  today, 
as  in  the  past,  for  those  who 
are  interested  in  mining, 
etc. 


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pANAMA  CANAL  has 
-*-     opened  the  world  to  California 
as  a  market  for  its  products,  and 
with  the  restoration  of  normal  con- 
ditions in  Europe  the  demand  for  min- 
eral supplies  will  be  enormous.    California 
is   in   a    position    to    meet    this    demand   a 
well  as  care  for  domestic  reciuirements. 


vo^ 


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San  Diego^ 

Panama  CAiiFORNiA^^iS- 

Exposition 


MINERAL 


129 


fully  distributed  by  nature  and  our  present 
production  comes  from  not  less  than  thirtv- 
two  counties,  a  little  over  one-half  being  taken 
from  deep  mines,  and  the  remainder  from 
placer  deposits,  chietiy  won  through  dredging 
operations.  During  the  past  year  considerable 
development  work  has  taken  place  upon  old 
properties  which  had  been  idle  for  many  years, 
and  in  many  cases  this  resumption  of  w'ork 
has  already  resulted  in  profit,  and  proven  the 
persistence  of  our  great  ore  bearing  zones.  As 
gold  is  a  product  that  is  always  marketable, 
the  conditions  resultant  from  the  European 
war  will  undoubtedly  stimulate  this  work  on 
old  deposits,  and  many  opportunities  await 
only  intelligent  development  in  order  to  be 
placed  among  our  best  producers. 

CEMEXr 

Nearly  every  constructive  work  of  civiliza- 
tion now  depends  upon  the  use  of  cement,  of 
which  California  produces  annually  some 
$7,000,000  worth  from  seven  separate  plants 
which  afford  employment  to  over  three  thou- 
sand men. 

As  with  our  other  mineral  resources,  those 
making  up  cement  are  widely  distributed  over 
the  State.  Another  striking  instance  of  the 
fact  that  we  are  only  beginning  to  develop  in 
a  mineral  way  is  that  this  enormous  industry 
has  been  developed  almost  entirely  within  the 
last  twentv-five  vears.    A  further  increase  of 


this  industry  is  only  limited  by  the  needs  of 
the  territory  commercially  tributary  to  the  Pa- 
cific slope.  Many  undeveloped  deposits  of  lime 
and  limestone  exist  within  the  State. 

THE   SERVICE  OF   COPPER 

Electricity,  which  has  become  such  an  im- 
portant factor  in  our  every-day  life,  would  be 
comparatively  worthless  if  it  were  not  for  the 
availability  of  copper  from  which  a  large  por- 
tion of  transmission  lines  are  constructed,  and 
electrical  machinery  made.  Not  less  than  sev- 
enteen counties  annually  contribute  to  our 
copper  output  and  there  are  over  sixty  pro- 
ducing concerns.  During  1914  there  were  pro- 
duced about  $3,500,000  worth  of  copper,  and 
only  the  interruption  of  the  foreign  war  pre- 
vented this  figure  from  equaling  that  of  1913 
which  was  over  $5,000,000.  It  is  almost  un- 
necessary to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  this 
metal,  like  so  many  of  our  other  mineral  re- 
sources, is  also  widely  distributed  over  the 
State  and  controlled  by  no  monopolistic 
concerns. 

The  exploitation  and  development  of  our 
copper  resources  has  been  considerably  handi- 
capped in  recent  years  by  the  activities  of  the 
so-called  "smoke  farmers"  against  the  copper 
smelters.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  in  the 
past,  when  no  effort  was  made  to  control  the 
smelter  fumes,  great  damage  was  done.  But 
since  the  regulation  and  control  of  these  fumes 


Gwiii  Mine,  I'alonia,  Calaveras  County 


130 


CAL 1 1'(  )R.\  1  A"S  -M  A( , AZ 1  NE 


Hutte  Mine,  Jenny   Lind,   California 


have  been  retiuin-d  and  farried  out  there  seems 
to  have  been  no  material  damage  inflicted,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  in  the  light  of  an  ex- 
haustive investigation  and  report  by  an  arbi- 
tration commission  appointed  in  the  case  of 
Solano  County  against  the  Selby  smelter, 
which  was  favorable  to  the  smelter  (as  well 
as  a  recent  decision  in  favor  of  the  Mammoth 
Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  located  at 
Kennett.  Shasta  County,  against  some  of  the 
farming  interests  in  which  the  judge  gave  a 
very  favorable  decision  to  the  company  which 
will  in  all  likelihood  prevent  further  curtail- 
ment of  smcdting  operations  in  that  section), 


that  there  will  be  engendered  a  feeling  of  com- 
munity spirit  between  the  smelters  and  farm- 
ers. When  such  feeling  is  applied  to  all  the 
rest  of  such  problems,  the  State  of  California 
will  i)rofit  immeasurablv  thereby. 

WHAr   CALIFORNIA    CAN   DO    FOR   THE   COUNTRY 
IN  MINERALS 

Because  of  the  economic  conditions  brought 
about  through  the  European  war  and  the  prob- 
ability of  the  United  States  being  forced  to 
relv  upon  its  own  mineral  resources,  and  be- 
cause this  country  is  a  potential  producer  of 
almost  every  mineral  substance  used  in  the 
industrial  world,  the  possibilities  of  future  de- 


.^^..jtatmrnmSki 


.Mill   al   riMu.mth    MiiK's,   .Vniador   Couiilv 


MINERAL 


131 


Head-franir,  l'l>iiioulh  Mi 


velopment  can  be  foreseen.  A  brief  review 
of  the  subject  reveals  the  fact  that  in  several 
instances  California  is  the  sole  source  of  do- 
mestic supply,  and  with  but  few  exceptions 
this  State  contains  deposits  of  every  mineral 
produced  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

Seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  quicksilver  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States  comes  from  Cali- 
fornia. One  of  the  important  uses  of  quick- 
silver is  in  the  manufacture  of  fulminate  for 
explosive  caps.  Another  important  use  is  in 
various  electrical  equipment.  The  war  caused 
a   very   rapid   rise   in    the   price   of   this   com- 


modity which  stimulated  activity  during  the 
latter  part  of  1914,  and  the  total  production 
will  be  valued  at  about  $750,000.  There  are 
over  twenty  producing  mines  scattered  through 
eight  counties.  Innumerable  undeveloped 
prospects  are  known  to  exist. 

Magnesite  is  a  mineral  which  affords  con- 
siderable opportunity  for  future  development. 
Reports  of  actual  production  have  been  re- 
ceived from  twenty-four  different  properties 
located  in  four  counties.  One  of  the  uses 
which  has  caused  it  to  be  i)articularly  noticed 
recently  is  in  building  ojierations.    It  is  used 


Head-frame,  Fremont  Mine,  Amador  County 


132 


CALH-ORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Raymond  Orauitc   (Company   Quarries,   Kiiowh's,   (California 


in  making  plastic  material  for  flooring,  tiling, 
wainscoting,  artificial  marble,  paint,  and  fire- 
proofing.  Some  notable  examples  of  the  use 
of  this  mineral  will  be  seen  at  the  Panama- 
Pacific  exposition,  where  some  5000  square 
feet  of  magnesite  flooring  is  in  use.  It  is 
curious  to  note  that  although  California  is 
the  only  State  in  the  Union  which  has  pro- 
duced magnesite,  and  although  there  are  many 
large  deposits  of  it  here,  there  have  been  con- 
siderable imports  of  foreign  magnesite  landed 
at  our  very  doors.  It  is  inconceivable  that  such 
a  condition  can  long  prevail. 

Chromic  iron  ore  is  another  mineral  widelv 


Tlie   Hank  of  (California,  San  Francisco    i  built  of 
Raymond  granite) 


distributed  over  California,  being  produced  in 
a  small  way  in  four  different  counties.  Since 
the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  there  is 
no  reason  why  this  industry  should  not  in- 
crease considerably.  Some  of  the  extensive 
uses  of  this  material  are  for  refractory  furnace 
linings  in  steel  and  allied  industries.  It  is 
also  used  as  an  alloy  in  making  high-grade 
steels.  The  interruption  of  trade  by  the  Euro- 
pean war  has  served  to  stimulate  an  investi- 
gation along  this  line,  and  the  advantage  of 
cheap  freight  through  the  Panama  Canal  will 
undoubtedly  tend  to  overcome  the  previous 
tendency  of  American  users  to  depend  upon 
Rhodesia  and  New  Caledonia  for  our  supply. 

Tungsten  is  another  mineral  used  largely 
in  the  steel  industry  and  also  as  a  filament  in 
electric  light  bull)s.  The  industry  has  rapidly 
grown  since  its  inception  in  1905  until  the 
normal  production  is  at  present  worth  about 
$2  50,000.  There  is  reason  to  expect  that  this 
iiulustr\'  will  also  expand. 

Iron  ore  has  played  so  prominent  a  part  in 
all  of  the  other  states  that  exceed  California 
in  mineral  output  that  it  is  reasonable  to  in- 
quire as  to  our  iron  resources.  There  are  large 
amounts  of  iron  ore  in  California,  but  in  the 
l>ast    the    reduction    of   such    ores    has    alwavs 


I 


MINERAL 


133 


depended  upon  a  cheap  supply  of  coking  coal. 
However,  with  our  great  supply  of  petroleum 
and  the  experiments  that  are  heing  carried  on 
with  electric  smelting,  it  would  indeed  be  a 
bold  prophecy  to  make  a  statement  that  our 
iron  resources  will  never  be  of  importance  to 
California. 

Building  stones  of  many  varieties  are  found 
distributed  throughout  the  State  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  any  need  that  can  be  well 
imagined,  and  many  buildings  throughout  the 
State  already  serve  as  testimonials  of  its  utility. 
Sandstone  alone  is  annually  produced  to  a 
value  of  about  $100,000.  Granite  is  produced 
from  nearly  tvrentv  counties,  the  annual  pro- 
duction being  worth  about  $500,000.  San 
Francisco  itself  shows  in  many  of  its  finest 
buildings  the  use  of  California  building  stones, 
especially  the  sandstones  and  granites,  as  well 
as  artificial  stone,  brick,  and  tile,  manufac- 
tured from  our  large  clay  resources. 

Asbestos  is  a  mineral  that  is  commonly 
known  to  every  one  and  occurs  in  many  locali- 
ties in  California.  However,  the  production  of 
asbestos  has  never  been  important  in  the  past 
and  the  United  States  has  depended  almost 
entirelv    upon    the    Canadian    deposits.     New 


uses  are  being  found  for  asbestos,  particularly 
in  building  operations,  as  it  has  been  discovered 
that  asbestos  wall  plaster  renders  the  wall 
impervious  to  heat  and  also  does  away  with 
the  echo,  which  is  undesirable  in  many  build- 
ings. The  asbestos  pulp  has  been  mixed  with 
cement  and  magnesite  for  roofing  and  flooring 
with  very  satisfactory  results.  There  is  no 
doubt  but  that  this  industry  can  be  expanded 
by  the  proper  application  of  energy. 

Clay  deposits  are  at  present  worked  in  four- 
teen different  counties  of  the  State.  With  our 
fuel  oil  supply  and  with  the  growing  popu- 
lation and  industrial  development  of  Cali- 
fornia, it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  until  the 
pottery  and  clay  products  industry  will  be  of 
much  greater  magnitude.  Even  at  the  present 
time  we  have  a  considerable  number  of  pot- 
teries and  brick  manufacturing  plants  from 
one  end  of  the  State  to  the  other.  But  the 
new  uses  to  which  such  i)roducts  are  being  put, 
and  even  the  new^  products  themselves,  assure 
a  much  larger  growth  of  this  important  min- 
eral branch. 

Potash  is  a  mineral  wdiich  has  become  of 
national  and  even  international  importance. 
Up  to  the  present  time  the  principal  supply 


Scene  ;it    Um.mudiuI   Oiiarries 


134 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


/^^AUFORNIA  today  produces  on  a  coniniercial  l)asis  over  forty 
^-^  different  kinds  of  rock  material  and  mineral  i)rodncts.  The  pro- 
duction is  widespread  over  the  State,  all  but  two  counties  i)articii)at- 
ing  therein. 

Annual  Mineral  Yield  of  California 

The  followiiiiv  table  shows  the  annual  yield  of  the  mineral  products 
in  the  State  of  California  for  the  year  1913,  compiled  from  returns 
received  by  the  state  mining  bureau,  being  the  latest  complete  annual 
data  at  this  date: 

Substance                                                             Amount  Value 

Asbestos 47  tons  ^            1,175 

Asphalt 2,752,000 

Barytes  1,600  tons  3,680 

Bituniinous  rock 37,541   tons  78,479 

Borax    58,051   tons  1,491,530 

Brick 358,754  M  2,915,350 

Cement  6,167,806  bbls.  7,743,024 

Chromite   1,180  tons  12,700 

Clay 231,179  tons  261,273 

Coal 25,198  tons  85,809 

Copper  34,471,118  lbs.  5,343,023 

Feldspar 2,129  tons  7,850 

Fuller's  earth 460  tons  3,700 

Gems   13,740 

Gold 20,406,958 

(iraphite 2,500  lbs.  25 

Gypsum 47,100  tons  135,050 

Infusorial  earth 8,645  tons  35,968 

Iron  ore 2,343  tons  4,485 

Lead   3,640,951  lbs.  160,202 

Lime 613,444  bbls.  528,547 

Limestone 301,918  tons  274,455 

Magnesite 9,632  tons  77,056 

Marble    41,654  cu.  ft.  113,282 

Mineral  paint 303  tons  1,780 

Mineral  water 2,350,792  gals.  599,748 

Natural  gas 14,210,836  M  cu.  ft.  1,053.292 

Petroleum    98,494,532  bbls.  48,578,014 

Platinum    368  oz.  17.738 

Pumiee   4,500 

Pyrites 79,000  tons  218,537 

Quartz  rock 4,040  tons  7,756 

Quicksilver 15,6()1  flasks  630,042 

Salt 204,407  tons  462.681 

Sand,  glass 14,578  tons  14,143 

Sandstone 62,227  cu.  ft.  27,870 

Silver 832,553 

Soapstone    1,350  tons  6,150 

Soda    1,861   tons  24,936 

Stone   industry* 6,168,020 

Tungsten  ore 7,592  tons  234,673 

Zinc   1,157,947  lbs.  64,845 

Total $101,396,639 

*Including  granite,  macadam,  rubble,  paving  blocks,  sand,  and  gravel. 
Bulletin  08,  giving  the  complete  mineral  statistics  for  1913,  will  be  furnished  upon  reciuest. 


MINERAL 


135 


has  come  from  Germany,  where  the  govern- 
ment has  maintained  monopolistic  conditions 
in  order  that  their  natural  resources  should 
not  be  depleted  at  a  loss  to  its  own  citizens 
and  a  gain  to  foreign  countries.  During  the 
past  few  years  prospecting  has  been  done  by 
our  federal  government  in  search  of  potash 
deposits  which  might  obviate  the  necessity  of 
depending  upon  foreign  countries  for  this  very 
important  fertilizer.  California  now  bids  fair 
to  become  an  important  producer  of  potash, 
there  having  been  erected  a  large  plant  at 
Searles  Lake  in  San  Bernardino  County.  This 
so-called  lake  is  similar  to  many  of  the  other 
playa  of  the  desert  portion  of  America. 

In  the  desert  regions  the  natural  depressions 
frequently  have  no  outlet  and  as  the  minerals 
of  the  surrounding  hills  have  been  worn  down 
by  erosion  or  slowly  dissolved  out  by  the  occa- 
sional rainfall,  the  water  carries  such  soluble 
minerals  to  the  lake  bed.  The  water  soon 
evaporates  and  finally  we  have  the  concentra- 
tion of  various  salts. 

Another  of  the  desert  saline  products  is 
borax  which,  unlike  potash,  has  already  been 
well  developed  and  our  annual  production  is 
worth  about  $1,500,000.  California  is  the 
only  state  in  the  Union  producing  borax.  Our 
deposits  supply  various  foreign  countries,  and 
offer  another  striking  illustration  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  mineral  development  in  California. 

It  has  been  recently  brought  home  with 
great  force  to  the  American  people  that  we 
have  an  inadequate  supply  of  chemical  manu- 
facturing plants.  Many  persons  have  recently 
found  that  since  the  German  supply  has  been 
cut  off,  common  articles,  involving  chemical 
products,  have  raised  greatly  in  price  or  are 
not  to  be  obtained.  This  knowledge  will  be 
a  distinct  gain  to  America,  and  particularly  to 
California,  where  we  have  nearly,  if  not  all, 
of  the  raw  materials  necessary  for  chemical 
manufacture,  and  application  of  capital  and 
close  research  may  be  expected  to  place  Cali- 
fornia in  an  enviable  position  as  a  chemical 
producer. 

A  crude  start  in  the  chemical  industry  has 


already  been  made,  and  one  of  the  products  is 
sulphuric  acid,  the  pyrites  from  which  it  is 
made  alone  being  annually  valued  at  about 
$250,000. 

Even  when  it  comes  to  mineral  waters  Cali- 
fornia stands  forth  pre-eminently.  The  waters 
with  all  their  beneficial  and  medicinal  quali- 
ties are  here,  and  the  possibilities  of  making 
California  world  famous  for  her  mineral 
springs  can  not  be  exaggerated. 

The  foregoing  gives  briefiy  some  idea  of  the 
magnitude  of  the  mineral  industry  in  this 
State. 

With  the  conditions  of  the  import  business 
aft'ected  as  they  are  by  the  war  in  Europe,  with 
the  Eastern  markets  opened  by  the  Panama 
Canal,  and  with  many  of  the  natural  resources 
at  hand  ready  to  be  used,  there  does  not  seem 
to  be  any  reasonable  doubt  as  to  the  possi- 
bilities of  growth  in  this  great  basic  industry. 

A    STATE    MINERAL    MUSEUM 

The  state  mining  bureau,  located  on  the 
third  floor  of  the  Ferry  Building,  San  Fran- 
cisco, is  supported  by  biennial  appropriations 
from  the  legislature  and  aims  to  foster  de- 
velopment of  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
State.  The  results  of  its  investigations  are  at 
the  service  of  the  public.  A  museum  contain- 
ing some  20,000  mineral  specimens  is  con- 
stantly open  to  the  public  and  visited  by  thou- 
sands of  interested  persons.  There  is  a  library 
containing  some  5000  volumes  of  selected 
works  dealing  with  the  mineral  industry.  There 
is  a  laboratory  where  rock  specimens  are  iden- 
tified free  of  charge,  and  such  information  as 
can  readily  be  had  is  given  to  any  person 
sending  or  bringing  samples.  The  statistical 
department  annually  sends  out  requests  to  all 
owners  of  mineral  properties  and  issues  an 
annual  report  which  is  distributed  free  of 
charge,  fully  enumerating  our  mineral  pro- 
ductions. A  corps  of  trained  engineers  has 
been  employed  in  the  past  two  years  in  re- 
porting upon  the  mines  and  mineral  resources 
of  the  State,  which  reports  will  be  available 
to  those  interested  in  the  mineral  development 
of  the  State. 


136 


CALTFORXTA'S  AIACkAZTXE 


Panoramic  view   of  New   Idria,   plant   and   town, 


TT  IS  wonderful  to  relate  that,  with  the  advancement  and  growth 
-■-  of  the  State  of  California  and  with  the  demand  and  necessity  for 
the  numerous  mineral  products  used  in  the  various  arts  and  indus- 
tries of  a  complex  civilization,  the  natural  resources  within  the  con- 
fines of  our  State  have  been  discovered  and  developed  to  such  an 
extent  that  we  can  not  only  supply  practically  all  our  own  needs,  but 
furnish  a  large  surplus  for  consumption  outside  of  the  State  as  well. 


Source  of  supply  ol'  liayniond  (S 


MINERAL 


137 


County,   California.    An  early  morning  view 

DEPOSITS  of  gold  ore  and  placer  gold  in  California  have  been 
bountifully  scattered  by  Nature  and  our  present  annual  pro- 
duction of  over  $21,000,000  comes  from  not  less  than  thirty-two  coun- 
ties. Gold  being  a  product  that  is  always  marketable,  the  conditions 
resultant  from  the  European  war  will  undoul^tedly  stimulate  devel- 
opment of  our  gold  resource,  and  many  opportunities  await  the  intelli- 
gent investment  of  capital. 


limy      (Juarry  scene  at  Knowlos,   California 


Relations  of  California  Soils 
to  Permanent  Fertility 

By  Dr.  C.  B.  Lipman 

Professor  of  Soil  C/iroiisfry  and  Bactcriologx.  Unk'crsitx  of  California 


Editors  Xotc:  Doctor  Lipman,  who  is  the  leading"  soil  investigator 
of  California  now  in  active  service,  interprets  into  clear,  popular 
terms  the  results  of  investigations  which  have  been  pursued  in  this 
State  during  the  last  forty  years,  and  discusses  their  relations  to  the 
fundamental  principles  of  soil  fertility  as  discerned  by  modern  soil 
science  and  demonstrated  by  the  most  successful  agricultural  prac- 
tice. He  enables  the  general  reader  to  understand  why  our  deep 
soils  are  inherently  fertile  and  proceeds  to  a  demonstration  of  the 
basis  for  their  proper  management  from  all  points  of  view.  His 
article  is  distinctly  a  notable  contribution  to  future  prosperity  of 
California  agriculture. 


AS  THE  source  of  the  raw  materials  of 
food,  clothing  and  shelter  for  the  world 
the  soil  occupies  a  position  of  unique  im- 
portance to  man  and  animal,  which,  if  com- 
parisons were  not  odious,  would  place  it  para- 
mount to  all  other  interests  of  mankind.  While, 
however,  the  conservation  of  all  the  soil's  re- 
sources has  received  but  scant  attention,  the 
significance  thereof  is  much  more  fully  appre- 
ciated and  comprehended  than  its  nature, 
variation  and  mode  of  functioning  as  such 
indispensable  factor  in  our  existence.  Assum- 
ing therefore  that  my  readers  are  fully  aware 
of  the  overwhelming  importance  of  the  soil 
to  the  material  welfare — if  nothing  mor^ — of 
the  human  family.  I  shall  not  go  into  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  economic  phases  of  the  subject, 
but  shall  confine  myself  to  some  interesting 
discussion  with  reference  to  the  nature  of  soils, 
particularly  of  California  soils.  I  shall  at- 
tempt, moreover,  to  bring  out  as  popularly 
and  as  clearlv  as  I  can  how  a  soil's  nature,  in 
the  broader  sense  of  that  term,  is  related  to 
the  kind  and  quantitv  of  crops  which  it  can 


produce  and  other  factors  concerned  with  the 
production  of  a  fertile  soil  or  with  the  mainte- 
nance of  such. 

THE  TEXTURE  AND  STRUCTURE  OF  SOILS 

As  may  appear  obvious,  the  soil  is  not  a  solid 
mass  of  rock  particles,  but  one  in  which  the 
spaces  about  the  particles  are  of  considerable 
size.  This  total  pore-space,  as  it  is  called,  will 
vary  from  40  per  cent  in  the  coarser  sands 
to  60  per  cent  in  the  finest  silts  and  clays.  In 
other  words  on  the  average  every  acre  foot 
of  soil  in  depth  is  only  one-half  solid  material, 
the  balance  being  empty  space.  For  optimum 
ct)nditions  with  respect  to  the  plant's  air  and 
moisture  supply,  half  of  such  open  space 
should  be  filled  witli  water  and  half  with  air. 
The  air  and  water  supply  of  soils  is  there- 
fore in  considerable  degree  regulated  by  the 
"texture  of  the  soil,"  as  it  is  called,  and  by 
which  we  mean  the  mechanical  composition 
thereof.  This  mechanical  composition  is  de- 
termined by  separating  a  soil  into  the  various 
amounts  of  each  of  its  component  sizes  of  soil 
grains.      It  nmst  he  remarked  here,  however, 


140 


CALII'ORXIA'S  MACAZIXE 


that  another  factor  besides  pore-space  and 
c\-en  more  niarkedlv  than  tlic  hitter,  reguhites 
the  water  supi)lv.  This  factor  is  the  total 
surface  of  the  soil  particles  within  the  soil. 
While  pore-space,  as  we  ha\e  seen,  \-aries 
relatively  little  between  the  coarsest  and  the 
finest  soils,  the  surface  is  enorniouslv  dilferent 
between  them.  \\'ater  is  not  only  spread  over 
the  surfaces  of  these  particles,  but  a  larger 
surface  means  usually  a  greater  retention  of 
water,  and  since  water  serves  to  dissolve  off 
the  minerals  from  the  surfaces  of  soil  par- 
ticles and  vields  them  as  food  to  the  roots  of 
plants,  we  can  readily  see  the  important  re- 
lationship of  the  internal  surface  of  a  soil  to  its 
fertility. 

In  this  connection  we  are  brought  to  con- 
sider soil  structure  as  distinguished  from  soil 
texture.  By  the  latter  we  mean  the  coarse- 
ness or  fineness  of  a  soil  or  the  proportions 
of  sands,  silts  and  clay  which  it  contains.  By 
structure  we  mean  the  kind  of  aggregate  par- 
ticles built  up  in  a  soil  from  these  single 
particles  through  the  cementing  action  of  or- 
ganic matter,  various  salts,  frost,  changes  in 
temperature,  tillage,  action  of  roots  of  plants, 
action  of  bacteria,  lower  animals,  etc.  These 
more  or  less  loosely  cemented  soil  particle  ag- 
gregates determine  the  structure  of  a  soil  and 
modify  very  materially  its  total  surface,  and 
hence  its  water  holding  power,  air  holding 
power,  and  available  laboratory  space,  as  it 
were,  for  the  manufacture  of  soluble  plant 
foods.  These  ideas  with  reference  to  soil 
texture  and  structure  must  be  borne  in  mind 
when  the  discussion  below  given  is  considered. 
There  are  perhaps  but  few  people  who  realize 
how  enormous  the  internal  surface  of  soils  is 
and  for  that  reason  it  is  hard  for  the  unin- 
formed to  realize  what  a  i)rofound  role  is 
played  by  it  in  the  economy  of  i)lant  nutrition. 
It  mav  be  said  that  in  an  acre  of  soil  to  a 
dejith  of  four  feet  the  total  surface  may  vary 
from  40  to  50  square  miles  in  the  coarse  sands 
to  about  300  or  more  scjuare  miles  in  the 
finest  clay  loams  and  clays. 

One  of  the  prime  objects   in  soil   manage- 
ment should  be  to  make  such  skillful  use  of 


tillage,  linniig.  draining  and  the  introduction 
of  organic  matter  as  will  insure  an  ideal  con- 
dition for  the  I'ormation  of  aggregates  of  soil 
l)articles  known  as  (■oini)ound  particles,  or  in 
other  words,  to  make  certain  of  proper  soil 
structure. 

FHE  son.  AS  A  MKDllM  OF  PLAN  1'  C.ROWrH 

The  soil  attains  its  greatest  measure  of  use- 
fulness when  it  permits  the  largest  and  most 
healthful  development  of  the  roots  of  plants. 
It  is  therefore  of  value  in  agriculture  in  such 
measure  as  it  approaches  the  ideal  condition 
as  a  medium  for  plant,  or  more  specifically, 
of  root  growth.  In  other  words,  the  develop- 
ment of  the  above  ground  parts  of  plants 
merely  mirrors  the  development  of  their  below 
ground  parts — the  roots.  That  being  the  case, 
and  the  investigations  of  many  men  in  many 
places  will  bear  out  this  assertion,  it  follows 
that  one  can  only  succeed  in  making  the  soil 
function  successfully  as  a  producer  of  plant 
growth  by  providing  therein,  as  nearly  as 
may  be.  the  conditions  which  are  congenial  to 
a  wide  ramification  of  roots.  It  becomes 
logical  therefore  to  inquire  what  are  such  con- 
genial conditions  for  root  development. 

To  answer  that  query  it  is  necessary  first 
to  understand  that  there  are  certain  indis- 
pensable requirements  for  plant  growth,  in- 
cluding roots  and  tops.  These  are  air. 
moisture,  plant  food,  heat  and  light.  The 
first  four  are  common  to  both  roots  and  tops. 
The  last  named  is  necessary  for  the  tops  of 
plants  only  and.  since  it  perforce  accompanies 
the  supi)ly  of  heat  which  comes  principally 
from  radiation  from  the  sun,  we  shall  give  it 
such  consideration  as  it  needs  under  the  head 
of  heat,  ^^'e  mav  now.  to  advantage,  give  to 
each  of  these  i)rime  necessities  for  plant  growth 
more  detailed  attention. 

Till-  Air  Su/>f>ly — Plants  are  no  exception  to 
the  general  rule  that  living  things,  from  the 
simplest  to  the  complex,  must  have  a  sufi'icient 
sup]ily  of  air  in  order  to  carry  on  their  normal 
functions.  \\'hilc  this  general  idea  is  pretty 
thoroughly  understood  by  the  layman,  there 
is  at  least  one  phase  thereof  which  the  average 
individual  does  not  in  the  slightest  appreciate. 


SOILS 


141 


I  refer  to  the  absolute  necessity  of  oxygen  for 
the  roots  as  well  as  for  the  tops  of  plants. 
While  in  the  case  of  aquatic  plants  such 
oxygen  is  necessary  only  in  small  quantity  and 
in  the  case  of  others  in  large  quantity,  it  is 
none  the  less  indispensable.  Space  will  not 
permit  my  fuller  discussion  of  the  evidence 
adduced  by  investigators  to  prove  the  close 
relationship  between  air  supply  for  the  roots 
of  plants  and  the  well  being  of  the  latter. 
I  need  but  refer  the  reader  to  the  splendid 
contributions  of  soil  physicists  on  this  point 
as  typified  by  that  part  of  King's  "Physics  of 
Agriculture,"  which  deals  with  that  subject. 
Suffice  it  to  say  here  that  it  has  been  dem- 
onstrated beyond  peradventure  of  a  doubt  that, 
other  things  being  equal,  the  growth  of  plants 
in  soils  is  a  function  of  the  air  supply  for 
their  roots.  If  the  reader  will  bear  this  point 
in  mind  he  will  the  more  readily  grasp  the 
cogency  of  statements  made  below  anent  Cali- 
fornia soils  and  their  productiveness. 

The  Moisture  Supply — That  water  is  an 
essential  material  to  plant  growth  becomes  at 
once  obvious  when  one  considers :  First,  that 
seldom  less  than  three-fourths  of  the  weight 
of  plants  consists  of  that  simple  chemical  com- 
pound of  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  Second,  that 
water  is  the  vehicle  by  which  available  plant 
food  is  carried  up  to  the  plant  factorv — the 
leaves.  Third,  that  water  is  necessary  to  the 
life  and  well  being  of  plants  and  to  the  purely 
chemical  as  well  as  biochemical  chances  which 
must  occur  in  soils  if  plants'  roots  are  to  be 
supplied  with  so-called  available  or  usable 
plant  food. 

The  Heat  and  Light  Supply — The  heat  and 
light  necessary  to  plant  growth  are.  of  course, 
almost  entirely  received  from  the  radiant 
energy  of  the  sun.  The  absolute  dependence 
of  plants  on  heat  is  well  illustrated  bv  the 
fact  that  Init  very  few  seeds  will  germinate  at 
the  freezing  tempei^ature,  that  the  earliest 
crops  are  produced  on  the  driest  and  lience  the 
warmest  soils  and  that  the  most  luxuriant 
plant  growth  is  obtained  in  the  tropics  and 
other  regions  of  high  temperatures  on  the 
earth's  surface.  The  reasons  for  such  depend- 
ence of  plants  on  heat  are  verv  well  known 


and  can  be  summed  up  as  follows :  First,  the 
activity  of  the  individual  cells  of  which  plants 
are  composed  is  dependent  upon  a  certain  de- 
gree of  temperature  for  the  accomplishment  of 
chemical  and  biochemical  reactions  by  them 
which  are  essential  to  life.  Second,  chemical 
reactions  are  doubled  in  rate  with  every  rise  of 
50  deg.  F.,  thus  hastening  the  transformation 
in  the  soil  of  insoluble  to  soluble  plant  food 
materials.  Third,  the  bacterial  activity  in  the 
soil,  which  is  responsible  for  some  of  the  chem- 
ical reactions  by  which  plant  foods  are  made 
soluble  from  insoluble,  must  have  enough 
warmth  in  order  to  activate.  For  example,  the 
best  work  of  nitrate-producing  bacteria  takes 
place  at  a  temperature  of  about  86  deg.  F. 

Light  is  necessary  only  for  the  tops  of 
plants,  but  is  there  absolutely  indispensable 
since  the  green  coloring  matter  of  the  plant 
leaves  known  as  chlorophyll,  which  is  the 
agent  in  the  manufacture  of  sugars  and 
starches  from  carbonic  acid  gas  from  the  air 
and  water  from  the  soil,  can  not  work  in  the 
absence  of  light.  The  latter  furnishes  the 
energy  for  that  most  interesting  and  still  mys- 
terious process. 

The  Plant  Food  Supply — \\'e  have  now 
known  for  over  a  century  that  of  the  eighty 
odd  chemical  elements  known  there  are  but  ten 
which  are  essential  to  the  life  of  plants.  They 
are  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  plios- 
phorus.  sulphur,  potassium,  magnesium,  cal- 
cium and  iron.  The  first  three  are  obtained 
from  the  air  and  from  water,  and  if  the  latter 
is  properly  supplied  and  conserved  plants  will 
not  suffer  for  the  want  of  those  elements.  The 
other  seven  essential  elements  are  obtained 
by  the  roots  of  plants  from  the  chemical  com- 
pounds in  solution  in  the  soil  water.  One 
of  them,  nitrogen,  may  be  obtained  from  the 
air  bv  certain  classes  of  plants — the  legumes, 
including  clovers,  alfalfa,  vetch,  peas,  beans, 
etc. — through  assistance  rendered  bv  a  class 
of  bacteria  which  lives  in  little  nodules  on 
their  roots.  The  chemical  compounds  other- 
wise referred  to  as  being  in  the  soil  water 
are  derived  by  weathering  of  the  minerals  of 
which  soils  are  largely  composed  and  which, 
of  course,  are  in  turn  derived  from  the  rocks 


142 


CALI !•  ( )R X I  A'S  MAGAZl XE 


from  which  they  were  originally  split  off. 
When  soils  are  formed  from  a  few  minerals 
like  quartz,  which  contain  very  little  if  any  of 
the  essential  elements  above  named,  the  latter 
must  be  added  in  some  form  commonly  known 
as  fertilizers. 

C.VI-IFORXIA  .SOILS  IN  THE  I.IC.H  1    OK    I  IIK 
FORliGOIXG 

l''rom  the  principles  above  enunciated  it 
follows  that  soils  must  of  necessity  show  great 
variations  with  reference  to  their  sup])ly  of 
air,  moisture,  heat  and  jdant  food  not  only 
under  anv  given  set  of  climatic  conditions,  but 
more  particularly  under  different  climatic  con- 
ditions. Thus  in  a  region  of  much  rainfall. 
in  whith  clav  forms  more  rapidly,  we  should 
expect  a  predominating  number  of  clay  soils 
with  excessive  water-holding  power,  especially 
in  the  subsoil  into  which  much  of  the  clay  is 
beaten  by  heavy  rains.  But  if  that  is  so  they 
must  of  necessity  have  a  more  limited  air 
supply.  Also  when  soils  hold  much  water  they 
use  up  so  much  heat  in  the  cwaporation  of 
water  that  the  soil  only  with  difficulty  attains 
the  degree  of  temperature  optimum  for  plants. 
Then  too  in  soils  with  much  clay  and  much 
water,  roots  can  not  develop  widely  and  deeply 
for  reasons  explained  al)ove.  or  in  other  words, 
their  foraging  surface  is  decreased.  Finally  in 
a  region  of  much  rainfall  much  better  oppor- 
tunities for  the  leaching  out  of  plant  food  are 
available  and  particularly  of  that  fraction  of 
the  plant  food  known  as  the  supply  of  avail- 
able ]i]ant  food,  which  is  the  only  portion  that 
plants'  roots  can  assimilate. 

Converselv.  it  follows  that  in  the  other  ex-, 
trcme  of  climate  or.  in  other  words,  in  the  arid 
as  contradistinguished  from  the  humid  region, 
the  drawback  above  pointed  out  must  largely 
disai)|)ear  and  be  replaced  by  as  many  advan- 
tages. Thus  in  California,  which  belongs  in 
the  arid  region  of  small  rainfall  in  a  limited 
season,  clav  forms  more  slowlv.  Soils  here 
are  thus  predominantly  of  the  lighter  or 
sandier  varietv.  It  follows  from  that,  that  air 
must  penetrate  into  tlicm  with  greater  facility 
and  to  a  greater  depth :  also  that  excessive 
amounts  of  water  will  more  readily  drain 
awav.     But  these  are  congenial  conditions  for 


a  large  and  deep  root  development.  There- 
fore roots  must  haw  a  much  larger  area  of  soil 
surface  from  whith  to  obtain  the  great  necessi- 
ties to  their  t'xistence  above  enumerated.  The 
climate  of  the  arid  region  insures  to  plants, 
nioreo\-er,  similar  ad\-antages  with  regard  to 
heat  antl  plant  food.  For  the  larger  number 
of  davs  of  sunshine,  which  we  have  along  with 
the  warmer  sun  in  summer,  and  the  verv  mild 
winter  tem])eratures  operate  to  maintain  a 
nuich  greater  amount  of  heat  in  our  soils. 
Likewise  in  the  absence  of  excessive  and  con- 
tinuous rainfall,  there  must  occur  the  minimum 
leaching  effect  and  hence  arid  soils,  to  which 
ours  belong,  must  contain  far  more  of  the 
elements  found  in  soils  which  are  essential  to 
idant  growth. 

Tin-:  PEPITI   OF  CALIFORNIA  SOILS   AND  ITS 
SIGNIFICANCE 

Briefly,  therefore,  the  climatic  conditions 
peculiar  to  the  arid  region  have  made  possible 
the  formation  in  California  of  soils  popularly 
spoken  of  as  deep,  well  aerated,  and  rich  or 
well  supplied  with  plant  food.  Their  depth, 
moreover,  is  at  once  the  most  characteristic  and 
most  valuable  asset  of  California  soils.  For 
greater  depth  means,  popularly  speaking, 
greater  foraging  surface.  From  what  has  been 
said  above  it  stands  to  reason  that  a  plant 
root  which  covers  two  hundred  soil  ytarticles 
and  therefore  has  available  to  it  all  the  plant 
food  carried  in  the  water  films  which  invest 
them,  must  have  twice  the  chances  for  a  suc- 
cessful and  vigorous  growth  that  arc  possessed 
by  a  similar  plant  whose  root  system  has  only 
available  for  its  spread  one  hundred  soil  par- 
ticles of  the  same  kind.  A  proper  understand- 
ing of  this  simple  fact  renders  easy  the 
explanation  of  the  celebrated  fertility  and 
durabilitv  of  arid  soils.  It  is  the  key.  more- 
over, and  this  is  very  important,  to  the  devel- 
opment of  svstems  of  soil  management  in 
California  which,  so  far  from  reducing  the 
wonderful  intrinsic  fertility  of  our  soils,  will 
render  possible  the  enhancement  thereof. 

We  therefore  have  the  advantage  of  not 
onlv  much  more  of  the  important  plant  food 
elements  in  an  acre  foot  of  California  soils 
than  exists  in  an  acre  foot  of  an  Eastern  soil 


SOILS 


143 


because  of  lack  of  leaching  here,  but  for  every 
acre  three  feet  in  depth  offered  the  roots  of 
plants  by  Eastern  or  humid  soils,  our  soil? 
offer  at  least  six  feet  in  depth  of  such  available 
and  congenial  soil  surface.  In  many  of  our 
soils  these  depths  are  much  greater. 

A  little  reflection  will  make  it  obvious  that 
the  logical  outcome  of  such  a  condition  as  that 
above  described  for  California  soils,  is  that 
they  will  last  longer  not  only  because  they 
have  been  leached  less  but  because  the  roots 
of  plants  have  so  much  more  soil  surface  to 
draw  upon  for  their  food.  Fertilizers  need 
therefore  to  be  used  sparingly,  if  at  all,  on 
many  of  our  soils,  thus  making  the  cost  of 
maintaining  a  fertile  soil  a  much  smaller  one 
in  California  than  in  Eastern  states  or  other 
humid  regions.  California  soils  contain,  on 
the  average,  ten  times  as  much  lime  as  Eastern 
soils,  about  three  times  as  much  potash  and 
about  the  same  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid. 
This  is  true  when  equal  weights  or  volumes  of 
soils  from  the  two  regions  are  compared.  If 
we  assume  that  our  soils  have  only  twice  the 
amount  of  surface  (they  have  much  more) 
suitable  for  root  development  possessed  by 
Eastern  soils,  then  there  is  on  the  average, 
available  for  the  use  of  plants,  twenty  times 
as  much  lime  in  the  soils  of  California  as 
in  the  Eastern  states,  six  times  as  much  potash, 
and  twice  as  much  phosphoric  acid.  The 
condition  with  respect  to  nitrogen  is  that 
in  reality  most  California  soils  are  poorer 
than  Eastern  soils  in  that  important  element, 
weight  for  weight,  or  volume  for  volume,  but 
here  again  depth  and  extent  of  soil  surface 
enter  into  the  subject  and  owing  to  the  greater 
depth  of  our  soils  considerably  more  nitrogen 
is  available  for  the  uses  of  plants  than  in 
Eastern  soils,  taking  averages  for  considera- 
tion. 

THE    ONE    GREAT    DEFICIEXCV    IN     CALIFORNIA 
SOILS 

The  one  great  deficiency  in  all  the  arid  soils 
of  California,  such  particularlv  as  those  of  our 
interior  valleys,  is  organic  matter.  I'he  latter 
is  the  characteristic  component  of  agricultural 
soils  and  distinguishes  them  from  masses  of 
disintegrated  rock  particles.     It  is  a  material 


which  maintains  a  good  structure  in  soils  in 
accordance  with  principles  above  explained; 
it  is  the  chief  source  of  carbonic  acid  gas, 
which  dissolved  in  the  soil  water  helps  to 
change  insoluble  to  soluble  plant  food  ma- 
terials ;  it  is  the  source  of  nitrogen  for  most 
crops ;  it  furnishes  carbon  and  other  materials 
as  sources  of  energy  for  soil  bacteria  of 
various  kinds  which  are  essential  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  an  available  plant  food  supply. 

Many  methods  may  be  employed  to  make 
good  this  deficiency  in  California  soils.  Barn- 
yard manure  should  be  used  to  plow  under  as 
the  first  choice,  whenever  it  is  available.  The 
next  method  should  be  the  deep  incorporation 
through  plowing  of  green  manure  crops  or 
cover  crops.  In  the  southern  part  of  Cali- 
fornia the  vetches  serve  best  for  this  purpose. 
In  other  parts  of  California  burr  clover  or 
Canada  field  peas  may  be  used,  or  one  of 
these  mixed  with  grain  like  barley,  oats,  wheat 
or  rye.  When  none  of  the  legumes  can  be 
employed  a  cover  crop  of  the  grains  alone- 
will  assist.  "When  none  of  these  methods  is 
practicable,  well  rotted  bean  straw  or  spoiled 
alfalfa  hay,  preferably,  or  other  forms  of 
straw  and  weeds,  both  green  and  dry,  should 
be  mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  stable 
manure  and  thoroughly  packed  and  moistened. 
This  Avill  make  a  large  mass  of  well-rotted 
organic  matter  which  is  excellent  for  incor- 
poration with  the  soil.  In  valleys  with  a  very 
long,  hot  summer,  organic  matter  of  some 
kind  should  be  placed  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  especially  in  orchards,  to  keep  the 
soil  cool  and  moist.  This  will  prevent  rapid 
oxidation  or  "burning  out"  of  the  organic 
matter.  This  operation,  which  is  called 
"mulching,"  can  be  carried  out  about  May  15 
or  June  1  and  culti\-ation  discontinued  for  the 
balance  of  the  summer. 

IRRIGATION     AND     DRAINAGE     OF      CALIFORNIA 
SOILS 

It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  discuss  with 
any  degree  of  detail  this  important  subject  in 
the  brief  space  allotted  me,  but  some  serious 
abuses  in  our  irrigation  practice  render  a 
proper  comprehension  of  the  subject  of  the 
greatest   practical  moment.      I   venture  there- 


144 


CALIFURXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


fore  to  speak  of  these  important  points  briefly. 
In  a  word,  the  <i;reatest  evil  about  California 
irrigation,  probahh'  also  about  irrigation  else- 
where, is  an  unnecessarily  extravagant  use  o( 
water.  Viewed  merely  from  the  point  of  rural 
econonn'  the  i)ractice  is  a  reprehensible  one, 
but  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  soil 
fertility  and  its  maintenance,  it  is  little  short 
of  criminal.  K.\cessi\-e  use  of  water  militates 
against  proper  temperature  conditions  in  the 
soil  and  prevents  the  supply  of  air  from  being 
normal.  The  cogency  of  tliese  two  objections 
is  attested  by  the  considerations  hereinabove 
discussed,  but  the  most  important  objections 
have  still  to  be  mentioned.  Excessive  u.se  of 
irrigation  water  raises  the  water  table,  thus 
making  worthless  large  surfaces  of  soil  par- 
ticles which  should  serve  as  sources  of  food 
and  water  for  the  roots  of  plants.  Moreover, 
the  rise  of  the  water  table  is  always  accom- 
panied by  the  improvement  in  the  jiower  of 
capillarity  in  a  given  soil  to  raise  water  to 
the  surface.  In  arid  regions  which,  as  above 
explained,  are  supplied  with  large  quantities 
of  soluble  salts  from  the  rapid  weathering  of 
soil  minerals  there,  such  rapid  movement  of 
water  upwards  will  transport  to  and  concen- 
trate at  the  surface  large  quantities  of  these 
soluble  salts  and  as  the  water  evaporates  it 
leaves  there  the  salt  accumulations  that  are 
responsible  for  injury  to  crops  on  alkali  lands. 
It  would  appear  that  such  irrigation  is  carried 
out  on  tlie  i^asis  of  the  popular  maxim  that 
■"if  a  little  water  is  good  more  is  better"  and 
that  water  can  make  up  for  lack  of  tillage 
and  other  methods  of  maintaining  soil  fer- 
tility. Peojile  do  not  sullicientlv  realize  that 
a  small  amount  of  water  properly  conserved  in 
soils  can  produce  paying  crops  and  preclude 
the  danger  lurking  in  the  excessive  use  of  water 
of  destroying  the  soil's  fertilitv.  Constant 
summer  cultivation,  as  nearlv  as  possible  once 
a  week,  or  mulching  as  above  explained,  in 
orchards  and  vineyards,  will  make  possible 
such  excellent  conservation  of  moisture  that 
only  one  or  two  irrigations  in  a  summer  will 
sui)ply  all  the  needs  of  tlie  crop  even  in  a 
region  of  very  deficient  rainfall  like  the  San 
Joacjuin  Valley. 


Another  common  misconception  with  respect 
to  the  soils  of  California  is  that  drainage  is 
unnecessary  l)ecause  there  is  so  little  rainfall. 
.\s  a  matter  of  fact,  drainage  is  frecjuently 
necessary  even  on  lands  receiving  no  irrigation 
and  certainly  will  be  needed  on  flat  areas  of 
land  with  a  slight  slope  and  poor  outlet,  if 
damage  from  a  rapidly  rising  water  table  and 
its  concomitant  evils  is  to  be  averted.  All 
who  are  interested  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
wonderful  fertility  of  California  soils  should 
therefore  keep  prominentlv  before  them  the 
vital  necessity  of  preventing  excessive  use  of 
water  in  irrigation  and  of  providing  drainage 
wherever  called  for. 

THE    ADAPTABILITY    OF    SOILS    TO    CROPS 

The  writer  entertains  a  genuine  fear  that 
this  subject  is  one  which  is  more  hopelessly 
muddled  in  the  lay  mind  than  any  other  touch- 
ing agriculture.  Indeed  he  has  good  reason  to 
fear  that  the  professional  agriculturist  even 
is  often  in  a  state  of  abysmal  ignorance  with 
reference  to  the  facts  in  the  case. 

Two  misconceptions  seem  to  be  character- 
istic of  the  uninformed.  First,  that  a  chemical 
analysis  of  a  soil  will  reveal  its  adaptability 
to  crops.  Secondly,  that  secular  selection  of 
plants  by  natural  means  has  progressed  so 
far  as  to  render  necessary  a  most  careful 
selection  of  a  soil  for  any  given  crop  either 
according  to  mechanical  or  chemical  standards 
of  judging  soils. 

While  indeed  there  is  no  reliable  evidence 
that  some  truth  may  not  attend  these  con- 
ceptions and  that  verv  profound  and  extended 
study  may  prove  them  in  part  justified,  we  are 
obliged  as  scientific  men  to  regard  these  ideas 
in  the  light  of  present  knowledge  as  being,  if 
not  in  their  entirety,  at  least  largely,  chi- 
merical. As  a  matter  of  fact,  practical  ex- 
perience, which  gives  us  the  only  reliable  data 
on  the  subject,  thus  far  teaches  that  almost 
anv  crop  may  be  made  profitable  on  almost  any 
soil,  abnormal  conditions  below  discussed  being 
barred,  of  course.  Nothing  can  be  more  patent 
in  this  regard  than  the  fact  that  alfalfa  is  being 
grown  successfully  on  every  type  of  soil  in 
the  State  of  California  and  we  are  not  without 
our  just  quota  of  such  types.     Citrus  trees  are 


SOILS 


145 


jiroduced  successfully  on  the  lightest  and  on 
the  heaviest  soils  and  on  all  intermediate  types. 
Vines  are  grown  successfully  on  shifting  sands 
and  on  the  heaviest  black  adobes.  Barley  and 
wheat  do  not  seem  to  show  clearly  marked 
preferences.  Even  such  crops  as  peaches  and 
almonds  are  grown  successfully  on  a  very  wide 
variety  of  soil  types  despite  the  prevalent  idea 
that  thev  will  only  do  well  on  our  light  soils. 
^^'e  might  in  this  manner  run  through  the 
whole  gamut  of  California  crops  and  still 
be  unable  to  discover  in  practical  results  indi- 
cations of  a  specific  adaptability  of  soils  to 
crops. 

To  be  sure  some  soils  will  produce  more 
fruit  of  a  given  type  than  others,  but  that  is 
not  connected  at  all  with  the  question  of 
adaptabilitv.  but  merely  with  a  difference  in 
} lower  to  supply  the  essentials  for  plant  growth 
which  are  above  named.  This  power  can  be 
very  much  modified,  as  shown  in  this  paper, 
and  what  is  more  important,  the  difference 
will  affect  any  crop  and  not  only  a  specific 
crop.  Our  ideas  with  reference  to  this  subject 
have  about  as  much  foundation  in  fact  as  those 
other  ideas  which  are  just  as  prevalent  with 
respect  to  the  specific  effect  of  the  essential 
plant  food  elements  in  fertilizers.  There  is 
no  more  justification,  thus  far.  for  believing  in 
the  specific  adaptability  of  a  soil  for  a  crop 
than  there  is  for  the  belief  that  potash  makes 
a  thin  and  smooth  rind  on  an  orange  or  other 
fruit,  that  lime  makes  a  sweeter  fruit,  and  that 
[ihosphoric  acid  increases  coloring  of  fruit. 

ABNORMAL    SOIL    COXDITIONS 

There  are  several  abnormal  conditions  to  be 
met  with  in  arid  soils  like  those  of  California 
which  are  common  enough  to  justify  special 
mention  here.  Thev  are  particularly  hardpan 
and  alkali  conditions. 

Hard  pail — A  hardpan  is  an  impervious  and 
refractorv  layer  of  soil  which  is  rarely  pene- 
trated by  roots,  water  or  air.  It  occurs  any- 
where from  the  surface  of  the  soil  to  any 
dei)th  several  feet  below,  and  it  varies  in 
thickness  ixom  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  many 
feet.  Depending  upon  the  kind  of  minerals 
present  in  the  soil  in  which  it  is  formed,  hard- 
pan  will  vary  widely  in  nature,     ^\'e  may  thus 


have  produced  by  the  cementing  action  of 
chemicals  and  pressure  of  the  surface  soil  a 
rock-like  mass  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the 
soil  material  above  but  very  hard  and  im- 
pervious. Sometimes  therefore  there  may  be 
sandstone  hardpans  and  at  other  times  lime 
hardpans,  iron  hardpans.  gravel  hardpans  and 
black  alkali  hardpans.  The  damage  done  by 
such  hardpan  layers  is  of  course  increasing  the 
damage  to  plants  by  preventing  free  flow  of 
excess  water  downward,  by  decreasing  the 
available  surface  for  root  development,  and  by 
making  possible  a  faster  rise  of  the  water  table 
than  ordinary  on  irrigated  land  and  with  it 
the  rise  and  concentration  of  the  alkali. 

Ameliorative  measures  against  hardpan  con- 
sist of  blasting,  principally.  Blasting  with 
dvnamite  is  most  eft'ective  only  if  hardpan  does 
not  exceed  several  inches  to  one  foot  in  thick- 
ness and  if  it  can  be  done  in  every  tree  hole 
in  the  case  of  orchards  to  make  possible  better 
aiid  wider  root  penetration  as  well  as  drainage 
of  excess  irrigation  water.  \\'here  hardpans 
are  more  than  several  inches  in  thickness  only 
verv  careful  and  economical  use  of  water  and 
thorough  tillage  and  heavy  manuring  can  put 
oft'  the  day  of  trouble  for  crops.  Even  such 
methods  will  only  be  successful  on  lands  with 
at  least  lYi  to  3  feet  of  good  soil  over  the 
hardpan. 

Alkali — By  the  term  "alkali"  we  mean  an 
accumulation  of  solul^le  salts.  These  are 
derived  in  most  California  soils,  as  implied  in 
the  discussion  above,  from  a  weathering  of  soil 
minerals  which  renders  possible  the  formation 
of  soluble  salts  and  the  subsequent  transporta- 
tion upward  of  such  salts  by  rise  of  capillary 
waters  carrving  them  in  solution.  As  the 
water  evaporates  when  it  arrives  at  the  surface 
the  salts  remain  behind  and  the  soluble  salt 
accumulations  of  several  feet  in  depth  are 
thus  concentrated  at  the  surface.  Thus  while 
thev  were  harmless  or  even  beneficial  as  dif- 
fused in  several  feet  of  soil  they  are  rendered 
injurious  through  concentration.  Usually 
lhese  salts  are  common  salt  (sodium  chloride), 
Cilauber  salt  (sodium  sulphate)  and  sodium 
carbonate  (salsoda).  Any  or  alb  of  these  may 
be  present  in  alkali  lands.     The  first  two  are 


146 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


usually  denominated  collectively  "white 
alkali"  and  the  last  named  is  knawn  as  "black 
alkali"  because  of  its  power  to  dissolve  organic 
matter  from  the  soil  and  produce  black  spots 
at  the  surface,  (lypsum  occurs  with  these 
alkali  salts  not  infreciuently  and  sometimes  also 
magnesium  chloride,  and  magnesium  sulphate. 
The  damage  done  by  alkali  salts  is  through 
corrosion  and  poisoning  of  the  plant  tissue  and 
by  preventing  proper  water  absorption  by  the 
roots  of  plants.  They  also  destroy  good  struc- 
ture in  soils  antl  make  the  latter  impervious 
to  air  and  water. 

As  the  reader  may  readily  surmise,  the  use- 
fulness of  alkali  lands  in  practice  must  depend 
not  onlv  upon  the  total  quantity  and  nature  of 
its  components  but  also  upon  the  type  of  soil 
in  which  thev  are  found.  In  general,  it  may 
be  said  that  the  results  of  modern  research 
make  it  appear  highly  probable  that  we  shall 
take  a  much  more  hopeful  view  of  alkali 
reclamation  in  the  future  than  we  have  in  the 
past.  Not  only  .such  feasible,  but  expensive, 
methods  as  flooding  and  tile  drainage  to  carry 
the  salts  away  will  be  largely  employed,  but 
also  the  introduction  of  organic  matter  and 
dir'jct  chemical  treatment  to  prevent  the  detri- 
mental activity  of  the  alkali  salts  will  doubt- 
less soon  be  resorted  to.  It  seems  safe  to  assert 
that  the  next  decade  will  see  the  reclamation 


and  i)rotital)le  use  of  enormous  areas  of  land 
uow  referred  to  as  barren  alkali  land  by  the 
use  of  metliods  above  referred  to. 

CONCI.IDIXC;    RKM.ARKS 

In  the  discussion  of  outstanding  general 
principles  and  of  particular  conditions  in  their 
api>lication  to  California  soils  the  writer  hopes 
that  he  has  made  the  most  economical  use  of 
the  brief  space  allotted  liim.  If  the  reader 
will  have  learned  from  my  remarks  that  the 
most  valuable  asset  of  California  soils,  when 
viewed  by  and  large,  is  their  depth,  he  will 
have  grasped  the  essential  truth  about  them. 
Moreover,  a  proper  understanding  thereof  ex- 
plains the  inherent  fertility  of  our  deep  soils 
and  gives  a  reasonable  and  logical  basis  for 
their  management  from  all  points  of  view.  It 
is  also  hoped  that  the  reader  will  catch  from 
the  foregoing  paragraphs  some  of  the  author's 
enthusiasm  for  the  fascination  of  a  subject 
which  deals  with  a  study  of  a  most  wonderful 
medium  for  plant  growth  in  Avhich  there 
operate  profound  laws  of  physics  and  chem- 
istry and  which  is  at  the  same  time  a  home 
and  laboratory  for  hosts  of  living  organisms. 
All  of  these  forces  are  constantly  activating 
to  make  the  soil  a  more  congenial  and  richer 
medium  for  plant  growth,  if  we  will  only 
make  it  possible  for  them  to  operate  normally. 


44 


O  ACK  to  the  soil"  may  be  applied  literally  as  well  as  figuratively 
-^  in  the  case  of  the  man  who  intends  to  seek  his  means  of  living 
in  the  fields.  California  is  adapted  as  are  few  other  States  to  the  needs 
of  every  class  of  farmer,  no  matter  how  great  or  how  small  his  enter- 
prise. Accurate  information  regarding  the  soil  of  any  particular  por- 
tion of  the  State  will  be  cheerfully  furnished  readers  of  this  publication 
if  they  will  write  the  Service  Department.  The  information  supi:)lied 
will  be  obtained  from  soil  experts,  who  know  all  about  the  conditions 
and  rec|uirements. 


University   Peak,   near   Kearsarnc    Pass,   near    Kiiit^s    Rivtr    (".anyoii,    Cal  ilornia.     A    picturcs(iuc    view 
of  high  altitudes  in  one  of  tlie  most  beautiful   sections  of  the   State 


The  Climate  of  California 

By  William  G.  Reed 

Instnic-tor  in  Clinmti'lci^x  at  tlu-   i' nirrrsity  of  California 


lulifor's  Xofc:  Mr.  Ixeed  i^ives  accurate  data  on  tlie  climates  of 
California  and  contrasts  them  with  the  climates  of  other  older-settled 
reo'ionsof  the  world,  thus  renderini^-  the  difterences  clear  and  readily 
intelligihle.  He  also  inter])rets  the  sio-niticance  of  these  differences 
to  human  industry  and  comfort.  California  is  discussed  in  its  various 
climatic  sulxlivisions,  and  the  ruling-  characteristics  of  each  are  noted. 
The  statement  is  hrief,  striking,  and  will  lead  to  a  better  understand- 
ing of  California  even  by  Californians.  To  distant  readers,  the  rec- 
ords and  descriptions  are  illuminating. 


GENERAL  FEATURES— Fhe  Califor- 
nia climate  is  of  the  type  known  as 
Mediterranean  because  in  its  essential  features 
it  closely  resembles  that  of  this  famous  region. 
This  is  because  the  conditions  controlling  the 
clijnates  of  the  t-wo  regions  are  the  same. 
Climates  similar  in  their  main  features  are 
•also  to  be  found  in  Central  Chile,  in  South- 
western Australia,  and  in  New  Zealand.  The 
characteristic  features  of  the  Mediterranean 
or  Californian  climate  are  the  generally  mild 
temperatures — and  this  is  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  in  certains  portions  of  the  State  tlie  ther- 
mometer reads  higher  than  anywhere  else  in 
the  country — the  dry,  or  nearly  dry  summers, 
and  the  occurrence  of  winter  rains. 

Ikit  the  statement  that  California  has  the 
same  general  climatic  features  as  the  Medi- 
terranean lands  does  not  tell  the  whole  truth. 
The  mountains  and  valleys  of  the  State  make 
for  a  diversity  of  climate  which,  viewed  super- 
ficially, seems  extraordinary.  The  State  has 
been  called  "a  land  of  contrast  and  contra- 
diction; a  region  of  much  sunshine  and  of 
much  fog ;  a  desert  and  a  country  of  gardens. 
And  because  of  the  sea  and  the  mountains. 
climate  is  so  modified  that  men  marvel, 
whereas  it  would  be  marvelous  were  it  not  so  I" 


It  is  scarcely  possible  to  write  of  the  climate 
of  California ;  the  State  has  many  climates. 
These  can  be  grouped  for  convenience  as 
coast,  valley,  desert,  and  mountain;  and  al- 
though there  are  certain  features  common  to 
all,  the  differences  are  as  marked  as  the  simi- 
larities. 

TEMPERATURE 

Coast — The  coast  of  California  has  climates 
of  great  uniformity.  In  the  part  of  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  differ- 
ences between  North  and  South  are  strongly 
marked,  and  the  terms  have  almost  the  same 
significance  as  cold  and  warm.  In  California 
this  is  far  from  the  case,  and  north  and  south 
have  little  significance  as  far  as  temperature  is 
concerned ;  temperature  changes  much  more 
rapidlv  from  east  to  west  than  it  does  from 
north  to  south,  the  differences  are  those  of 
coast  and  interior  rather  thari  of  latitude. 

The  records  of  tlie  weather  bureau  may  be 
tpioted  to  show  this  relation  between  north  and 
south  on  the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic  coasts 
and  in  the  great  Mississippi  Valley.  Average 
temperatures  for  the  vear  are  manifestly  of 
little  value  as  showing  actual  conditions, 
although  even  in  these  averages  the  differences 
are  not   as  marked   in   California  as  in  other 


CLIMATE 


149 


I)arts  of  the  country.     In  the  whole  distance  California  its  cool  summers  and  warm  winters, 

from  Eureka  to  San  Diego,  nearly  700  miles,  VaUc^ys— The     topography     of     California 

there  is  a  change  of  temperature  of  only    10  plays   an   important  part   in   the   temperature 

degrees,    while    in   the   same   distance   on   the  conditions  of   the  portion  of  the  State  away 

Atlantic  Coast  the  difference  is  1  7  degrees,  and  from  the  immediate  coast.     A   glance  at  the 

in  the  Mississippi  Valley  it  is  16  degrees.  map    will    show   that   the   mountains    are    for 


Latitude 
(Approximate) 
41°    North 
38°    North 
34°    North 
32°    North 

41°  North 

38°  North 

34°  North 

32°  North 

41°  North 

38°  North 

34°  North 

32°  North 


TEMPERATURES   OF    CALIFORNIA   COAST   AXD   EASTERN    POINTS 


California 
Coast 

Eureka 51° 

San   Erancisco 55° 

Santa  Barbara 60° 

San  Diego 61° 


AVERAGE    FOR   THE   YEAR 

At  la  II  tic- 
Coast 

Boston 49° 

Baltimore  55° 

Wilmington 63° 

Savannali   66° 

AVERAGE   FOR   THE   COLDEST    MONTH 


Eureka    47° 

San  Erancisco 50° 

Santa  Barbara 54° 

San  Diego 54° 

AVERAGE    FOR 

Eureka    55° 

San   Erancisco 59° 

Santa  Barbara _.  .  .67° 

San  Diego '. .  .69° 


Boston 27° 

Baltimore   33° 

Wilmington   47° 

Savannah  50° 

THE    WARMEST     MONTH 

Boston 71° 

Baltimore   77° 

Wilmington   80° 

Savannah  80° 


Mississippi 
J-allcv 

Chicago 49° 

St.  Louis 56° 

]\Iemphis 61° 

Vicksburg 65° 

Chicago    24° 

St.  Louis 31° 

Memphis    40° 

Vicksburg    47° 

Chicago 72° 

St.  Louis 79° 

Memphis 80° 

Vicks1)urg    80° 


But  more  important  than  uniformity  with 
change  of  latitude  is  uniformity  throughout 
the  year,  ^\'hile  the  differences  of  latitude 
between  summer  and  winter  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast  are  30  to  40  and  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  even  greater,  the  California  coast  region 
has  dift'erences  of  less  than  10.  The  region  is, 
therefore,  one  of  warm  winters  and  cool  sum- 
mers when  compared  with  almost  any  other 
portion  of  the  country. 

The  explanation  of  the  mild  temperatures 
of  California  is  to  be  found  in  the  existence 
of  the  great  ocean  which  lies  to  the  west  and 
in  the  fact  that  the  winds  blow  from  the 
ocean  to  the  land.  The  temperature  of  the 
water  of  the  Pacific  varies  little  from  55 
during  the  year,  in  some  ])laces  it  is  less  and 
in  some  jjlaces  it  is  more,  but  everywhere  it 
is  relatively  constant  through  the  year.  The 
air  lying  over  this  great  body  of  water  has 
nearly  the  same  temperature  as  the  water,  but 
were  it  not  for  the  westerly  winds  the  climate 
of  California  would  be  as  little  influenced  by 
the  Pacific  as  the  Eastern  coast  is  influenced  by 
the  Atlantic.  It  is  the  westerly  winds  which 
bring  the  mild  ocean  air  to  the  land  and  irive 


the  most  part  unbroken  ranges  nearly  parallel 
to  the  coast.     The  great  valley  of  California, 
drained    by    the     Sacramento    and    the     San 
Joaquin  rivers,  is  by  far  the  largest,  but  Salinas 
Valley  and  the  smaller  valleys  tributary  to  San 
Francisco  Bay  are  of  much  the  same  general 
character.     These  inland  valleys  are  sheltered 
from   the    ocean    winds   and    show    a    marked 
dift'erence  in  temperature  and  humidity  from 
the  coast  region.     A\'hile  on  summer  afternoons 
the  coast   is   cool   and   foggy,   the  valleys   are 
warm  and  dry.     In  the  great  valley  especially, 
summer    afternoon    temperatures    are    exceed- 
ingly high  ;  at  Fresno  a  maximum  temperature 
of  115  has  been  recorded  and  temperatures  of 
from    100  to    110   are   not   uncommon   in   the 
great  valley  and  by  no  means  unknown  in  the 
smaller  valleys.      The  In'gh  temperatures  occur 
with   very   low   humidities,    so   that  the   ther- 
mometer is  not  a  wholly  fair  indicator  of  the 
conditions,  which  are  not  nearly  as  op])ressive 
as   temperatures   considerably   lower    in   other 
parts  of  the  country.     The  cooling  during  the 
night  is  very  great,  the  difference  between  the 
highest    and    lowest    temperatures    in    twenty- 
four    hours    frequently    amounting    to    40    or 


150 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


more.  ?>osts  occur  freciucntlv  during  the 
winter  montlis ;  the  first  killing  frost  occurs 
about  the  first  of  December  and  the  last  about 
the  end  of  March,  but  the  occurrence  of  frost 
is  widely  different  in  different  localities  and  in 
different  vears. 

In  the  \-alleys  south  of  the  Tehachapi 
Mountains  the  minimum  temi)eratures  are  not 
as  low  as  in  the  great  valley  and  the  maxima 
are  scarcely  higher  except  in  the  desert  regions 
to  the  east. 

Deserts — The  term  desert  has  lost  its  terrors 
for  (/alifornians  because  of  the  fact  that  some 
of  the  most  fertile  regions  of  the  State  are 
properly  classed  as  desert.  The  most  spec- 
tacular of  the  desert  regions  is  Imperial  Valley, 
which  is  now  a  prosperous  agricultural  district 
with  no  less  than  five  flourishing  towns, 
although  this  region  was  an  almost  waterless 
waste  as  recently  as  the  beginning  of  this 
century.  The  regions  of  the  State  known  as 
desert  are  the  whole  southeastern  ])ortion  ex- 
cept the  region  between  the  mountains  and 
the  ocean,  and  also  the  region  east  of  the 
Sierra- Nevada,  known  as  Owens  Valley. 

This  region  is  one  of  high  afternoon  tem- 
peratures and  extreme  dryness ;  the  highest 
temperatures  in  the  United  States  occur  in  this 
part  of  California  ;  temperatures  as  high  as 
130  have  been  recorded  in  the  Colorado  Desert 
and  a  temperature  of  134  was  recorded  in 
the  shade  by  standard  instruments  under 
weather  bureau  conditions  on  July  10,  1913, 
at  (Greenland  Ranch  in  Death  Valley,  which 
is  a  part  of  the  Owens  Valley  region;  this  is 
the  highest  shade  temperature  ever  recorded 
in  the  continental  United  States.  In  spite  of 
this  temperature  and  the  reputation  which 
Death  Valley  holds,  it  has  been  stated  by 
the  leading  official  of  the  weather  bureau  in 
California  that  "the  records  of  the  weather 
bureau  uphold  the  belief  that  it  is  quite 
possible,  if  proper  care  be  taken  in  the  matter 
of  supplies  and  provisions  for  physical  com- 
fort, to  live  and  work  in  this  section."  This 
applies  equally  well  to  all  parts  of  the  desert 
in  California.  The  only  lack  of  the  desert  in 
the  matter  of  climate  is  water,  and  where  this 


can  be  supplied  bv  irrigation,  the  climate  con- 
ditions for  agriculture  are  unsurjjassed. 

M (iiiiiliiins — The  mountains  of  California 
are  generallv  cool  througln)ut  the  year  and 
hence  furnish  the  great  playground  for  the 
people  of  the  State  and  for  others  who  are 
fortunate  enough  to  make  the  trip.  In  winter 
snow  occurs  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
northern  portion  of  the  coast  ranges  furnish- 
ing a  large  part  of  the  water  supplv  of  the 
State.  In  the  valleys  among  the  mountains  the 
summer  days  are  warm  and  the  climates  ex- 
cellent for  many  varieties  of  agriculture. 

FROSl' 

The  frost  problem  in  California  is  one  upon 
which  a  great  deal  might  be  said.  There  is 
no  part  of  the  State  which  is  frost  free.  North 
of  the  Tehachapi  Mountains  frosts  occur  every 
year  except  on  the  coast,  and  all  parts  of  the 
region  are  subject  to  killing  frosts  from  No- 
vember or  December  to  April  or  Mav.  the 
l»eriod  is  a  little  shorter  in  the  south  and 
longer  at  the  higher  altitudes.  South  of  the 
Tehacliapi  frosts  occur  only  under  particular 
conditions  of  wind  and  dryness  so  that  frost 
may  be  regarded  as  a  tvpe  of  storm  and  can 
be  forecasted  as  such,  so  that  the  necessary 
preparations  may  be  made  to  protect  against 
frost  damage. 

After  a  few  days  of  a  drv  and  somewhat 
boisterous  north  wind  in  the  southern  region 
of  the  State  a  clear,  quiet  night  will  result 
in  more  or  less  severe  frosts.  The  valley  bot- 
toms are  nn)re  subject  to  frost  than  the  sides 
of  the  same  valleys,  as  frost  is  mainly  the 
result  of  the  drainage  of  the  cold  air  to  the 
lower  places.  The  studies  carried  on  in  this 
part  of  the  State  have  made  the  prediction  of 
frost  by  the  weather  bureau  entirely  practi- 
cable, and  frost  forecasts  are  now  made  with 
certainty  twelve  to  thirty-six  hours  in  advance 
of  the  occurrence  of  frost.  This,  together  with 
the  methods  of  protection  in  common  use.  have 
rendered  damage  to  crops  by  frost  one  of  the 
])reventable  losses  and  there  is  no  reason  why 
such  damage  should  occur  except  through 
neglect  of  the  proper  precautions. 


CLIMATE 


151 


RAINFALL 

Like  the  temperature  the  rainfall  of  Cali- 
fornia is  the  result  of  the  position  of  the 
State.  Over  the  greater  part  of  the  State  the 
rain  occurs  in  the  winter  months,  about  one- 
half    the    total    coming    from    December    to 


and  August  are  usually  rainless,  the  length  of 
the  dry  summer  increasing  to  the  south  where 
four  months  are  usually  without  rain.  The 
average  monthly  distriliution  of  the  rain  at 
selected  places  in  California  is  shown  by  the 
following  figure.    The  amounts  of  rain  vary 


March.    In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  July      widely  with  different  parts  of  the  State,  from 


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152 


CALIFORXIA'S  ^lACiAZIXE 


the  Colorado  Desert,  where  the  average  annual 
amount  is  about  two  inches,  to  the  mountains 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  where  the 
amount  in  some  cases  reaches  an  average  of 
100  inches.  The  distribution  over  the  State 
is  l)est  shown  l)y  the  map  which  is  based  on 
all  available  records  and  indicates  the  condi- 
tions w'ith  considerable  accuracy.  In  general 
there  is  more  rain  in  the  north  than  in  the 
south,  and  more  on  the  mountains  than  in 
the  valleys.  The  streams  supplied  by  the  moun- 
tain rain  and  snow  furnish  the  water  for  the 
development  of  the  hydro-electric  power  of 
the  State  and  for  the  irrigation  of  the  drier 
valleys. 

The  rainv  season  is  a  time  with  a  great 
deal  of  fair  weather ;  the  average  for  the 
State  is  about  one  rainy  day  in  three  during 
the  winter  months.  The  number  of  rainy  days 
is  greater  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State 
and  the  dry  summer  is  shorter  than  in  the 
southern  part.  The  rain  comes  in  storms  last- 
ing for  two  to  seven  days  at  a  time  with 
periods  of  fine  weather  between  the  storms. 


Marcl^  Hprll         \      na^  \     Juni 


The  character  of  the  rainy  season  may  well 
be  shown  bv  the  diagram  of  the  rainfall  at 
Berkeley  in  the  central  part  of  the  State  for 
the  twelve  months,  ending  June  30,  1914.  when 
the  rainfall  was  somewdiat  more  than  the  aver- 
age. This  figure  shows  the  amount  of  rain  for 
each  day  of  the  year,  the  longer  the  line  the 
more  rain  ;  the  months  are  marked  at  the  bot- 
tom antl  the  number  of  inches  of  rain  at  the 
sides  of  the  figure. 

In  the  drier  parts  of  the  State  summer  rains 
of  the  thunderstorm  type  occur ;  these  are 
sharp  showers,  generally  of  short  duration,  in 
the  afternoon  hours.  Occasionally  these  show- 
ers are  of  great  intensity  when  they  are  known 
as  "cloudbursts."  and  sometimes  they  do  great 
damage,  but  the  cloudburst  is  an  abnormal 
thing  and  is  a  rare  occurrence  in  any  particular 
localitv.  In  the  mountains  summer  thunder- 
storms also  occur  at  times. 

SNOW 

Snow  is  common  on  the  mountains  ;  it  has 
an  important  eft'ect  on  the  State  as  upon  the 
conservation  of  this  snow  depends  the  stream 


This  Map  Shows  the  Climatic  Conditions  of 
Cahfornia  for  Which  it  is  Renowned 


.rH> 


EURE 


TN  the  opinion  of  experts,  the  California  climate  ranks  high  among  its  as- 
-*■  sets.  The  generally  mild  temperatures  with  the  cool  summers  and  almost 
total  absence  of  winter  as  this  season  is  known  elsew^here    in    the    United 

States;   the  long  growing  season  with  the 
abundance  of  sunshine,  the  heavy  rains  on 
the  mountains  furnishing  water  for  irri- 
gation and  for  power,    and  the  even 
temperature  of  the  coast  region,  give 
State  a  combination  of  climatic 
ditions  with  which  few  regions 
compare.    Farming  in  this  State 
rendered  far  easier  and  far  more 
sfactory  as  a   result  of  the  eli- 
te.   Our  Readers'  Service  can 
give  you  data  as  to  the  climatic 
and  soil  conditions  in  any  sec- 
tion of  the  State.    This  data 
is    absolutely   authentic, 
being    supplied    by 
foremost  experts   of 
the  State. 

SCALE  OF  SHADES  -ivches 

0.00  TolO'MC 


20  TO  JO 


30ro40 


Ok'Ef?  -fO 


£0 


THERE  are  more 
than    a    thousand 
miles  of  seacoast  mark- 
ing    California's     splendid 
frontage    upon    the    Pacific 
and  throughout  this  Coast  re- 
gion the  climatic  conditions  are 
Surprisingly  uniform.     Some  of  the 
most  ideal  sites  for  homes  are  along 
this  coast,  where  the  ozone  of  the  salt  sea 
puts  a  tang  in  the  atmosphere   that  creates 
eliergy  and  activity. 


San  Diego  ' 
Panama  California 
Exposition 


\ 


"This  California  which  is  just  bursting  forth  into  a  new 
Hfe  is  richer  in  resources  and  opportunities  than  any  gold- 
seekers  ever  dreamed." 

— Dr.  Benjamin  Ide  ]]' heeler, 
President  Universitx  of  California. 


pERHAPS  you  have  regretted  that  you  didn't  live  in  the  days  of 
'49,  or  if  you  did  live  then,  that  you  didn't  take  advantage  of  the 
opportunity  to  make  a  fortune  by  coming  to  California  with  the 
gold-seekers. 

T^O  YOU  know  that  opportunities  are  plentiful  today  in  Cali- 
fornia? Not,  perhaps,  surrounded  by  the  glitter  and  romance 
of  the  "days  of  gold,"  but  more  certain.  Remember,  that  even  in 
those  times  not  every  man  made  "his  pile."  Luck  had  a  lot  to  do 
with  it  and  common  sense  also.  Today  the  common  sense  is  as  neces- 
sary as  then,  but  luck  has  very  little  to  do  with  the  case. 

^T^HE  biggest  brains  in  the  State,  men  who  know  whereof  they 
speak,  will  tell  you  that  the  California  of  today  is  the  California 
of  peace  and  progress  and  plenty.  It  is  a  land  where  no  man  need  go 
hungry  if  he  be  willing  to  work;  it  is  a  State  wherein  men  and 
women  who  do  work  are  richly  rewarded  in  not  alone  dollars  and 
cents,  but  in  contentment  and  peace  of  mind — which,  most  persons 
believe,  are  the  most  important  things  in  life. 

SERVICE 


/CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  has  a  Readers'  Service,  fully 
organized  to  supply  you  with  whatever  information   regarding 
California  vou  may  consider  essential  to  making  it  your  home  and 
the  scene  of  your  future  labors.     \^^rite  us  todav. 


READERS'  SERVICE  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

NEW  CALL  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


CLIMATE 


153 


flow  during  the  dry  summer  months.    At  sea 
level  snow  is  rare,  although  not  unknown. 

"In  no  j)ortion  of  the  habitable  globe,"  savs 
a  California  climatologist,  "are  seasonal  rain- 
falls more  watched  and  studied  than  in  Cali- 
fornia. There  are  many  sections  of  the  United 
States  where  departures  from  normal  condi- 
tions are  followed  with  interest ;  but  there  is 
no  district  where  an  excess  or  deficiency  in 
rainfall  means  more  or  is  more  directly  and 
vitally  connected  with  the  community  than  in 
our  own  State."  There  is  a  wide  fluctuation 
in  the  amounts  of  rainfall  in  different  years, 
from  scarcely  more  than  a  third  to  more  than 
twice  the  normal.  The  records  kept  for  over 
sixty  years  show  that  there  is  no  regular 
sequence  of  wet  and  dry  years  or  even  of  wet 
and  dry  months.  An  abnormally  wet  month 
may  be  followed  by  another  wet  month,  by  a 
month  abnormally  dry.  or  by  a  month  with 
its  normal  amount,  and  the  secjuence  seems 
to  be  a  matter  of  absolute  indifference.  The 
record  does  show  one  thing  very  clearly  and 
that  is  that  the  climate  of  California  is  the 
same  now  as  it  was  sixty  years  ago  and  that 
the  State  is  neither  becoming  wetter  nor  drier, 
but  that,  in  spite  of  fluctuations  in  the  amount 
of  rainfall,  the  average  remains  the  same,  and 
that  there  are  in  the  long  run  as  many  years 
of  excess  as  there  are  of  deficient  rainfall. 

FOG 

In  California  there  are  two  types  of  fog 
which  are  etTective  as  regulators  of  the  climate. 
The  "tule  fog"  of  the  winter  nights  is  a  low- 
lying  fog  filling  the  valley  bottoms  to  a  depth 
of  about  a  hundred  feet,  chiefly  along  the  riyer 
courses  ;  the  blanketing  effect  of  the  fog  often 
l)revcnts  frost.  The  foothills  are  for  the  most 
part  above  these  fogs. 

The  other  type  of  fog  is  the  famous  fog  of 
the  Pacific  Coast;  it  is  common  from  Mexico 
to  British  Columbia,  although  best  developed 
in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco.  This  fog. 
which  grades  into  a  low  veil  of  cloud  a  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  ground  or  less,  locally 
known  as  "high  fog."  occurs  in  the  spring  and 
summer  months  shutting  oft'  the  direct  rays  of 
the  sun  and  thus  preventing  high  temperatures. 
.\lthough   often   a  menace  to  naviiration  and 


imparting  a  chill  to  the  summer  air  which 
makes  the  Ea.sterner  shiver,  the  fog  must  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
assets  of  the  California  coast  as  it  unites  with 
the  ocean  influence  to  make  for  the  cool  sum- 
mers of  which  the  region  is  justly  proud.  The 
fogs  also  furnish  a  good  deal  of  moisture  to 
the  trees  of  the  region  and  take  the  place  of 
rain  to  some  extent. 

SUXSHIXE 

California  is  pre-eminently  a  land  of  sun- 
shine. The  amount  of  bright  sunshine  in  the 
great  valley  and  in  the  desert  regions  exceeds 
80  per  cent  of  the  daytime  and  even  on  the 
coast,  in  spite  of  the  summer  fogs,  the  average 
sunshine  for  the  year  is  over  60  per  cent.  In 
San  Diego,  for  example,  there  has  been  an 
average  of  356  days  a  year  when  there  was 
bright  sunshine  for  an  hour  or  more.  In 
general,  the  sunshine  of  the  interior  portions 
of  the  State  is  greater  than  that  of  anv  other 
section  of  the  United  States,  and  greater  than 
that  of  the  Mediterranean  region  famous  for 
its  sunshine.  The  coast  has  about  the  same- 
amount  of  sunshine  as  the  Mediterranean. 

WINDS 

The  prevailing  winds  of  the  coast  region  are- 
from  the  west,  but  during  the  winter  storms 
southeast  winds  occur.  In  summer  the  west 
winds  blow  steadily  during  the  afternoon 
hours.  Occasionally  during  the  months  of 
April,  May,  and  June  the  west  or  northwest 
winds  reach  high  velocities. 

In  the  great  valley  the  winds  are  pre- 
vailingly frcnn  the  north  :  they  are  occasion- 
ally strong  and  do  damage.  In  the  Sacramento- 
^^alley  the  summer  winds  are  from  the  south  ; 
this  well-known  south  wind,  felt  nearly  every 
summer  night,  materially  moderates  the  heat 
of  the  valley.  The  winds  throughout  Southern 
California  are  light  except  during  occasional 
storms. 

In  general  the  winds  of  the  State  are  cool ; 
but  the  most  trying  climatic  feature  of  Cali- 
fornia is  the  so-called  "norther."  or  hot.  dry 
wind  from  the  north  or  northeast,  which 
occurs  in  the  valleys,  chiefly  in  May,  June,  and 
July.     In    the   southern   portion   of   the    State- 


154 


CAT.TI'ORXTA'S  MAGAZINE 


similar  winds,  known  as  Santa  Anas,  may 
occur  in  December  and  Jaimary.  Their  velocity 
sometimes  exceeds  twenty  miles  an  hour  and 
as  muc-h  dust  is  carried  they  are  i^enerally 
disagreeable.  There  are.  however,  only  a  com- 
parativelv  few  days  each  year  when  this  type 
of  wind  blows. 

CLIMATE    AS    AX    ASSKT    OF    CALIFORNIA 

Among  the  important  natural  assets  of  Cali- 
fornia the  climate  ranks  high.  The  generally 
mild  temperatures  with  the  cool  summers  and 


almost  total  absence  of  winter  as  this  season 
is  known  elsewhere  in  the  I'nited  States,  the 
long  growing  season  with  the  abundance  of 
bright  sunshine,  the  heavv  rains  on  tlie  moun- 
tains furnishing  water  for  irrigation  and  for 
power,  and  the  even  temperature  of  the  coast 
region  give  the  .State  a  combination  of  climatic 
conditions  with  which  few  regions  can  com- 
pete and  which  far  surpass  the  conditions  of 
cdimate  under  which  the  great  mass  has  to  live 
and  work. 


f /'^ ALTPA)RXI  A  is  a  land  with  many  phases  of  soil  and  climate, 
^^  of  fruit  and  Hower.  Think  of  all  the  Arcadias  and  Avalons  and 
Ardens  in  the  world,  of  the  wonder- waters  and  the  enchanted  lands. 
Think  of  the  hushed  henediction  of  the  skies  of  Italy,  shining-  hetween 
the  Alps  and  seas;  of  the  quick  fruitfulness  of  Egypt's  ancient  sands 
nourished  hy  the  Nile;  of  the  patient  thrift  of  Holland's  open  plains 
rescued  from  the  sea;  of  the  yield  of  the  Rhine  slopes  of  Germany 
sunning  on  a  thousand  hills ;  of  the  luxuriance  of  Sahara's  chance 
oases  watered  by  the  desert  wells ;  of  the  rich  pampas  plains  of  Argen- 
tina, bordered  by  the  fair  gardens  of  Persia,  scenting  all  the  winds 
that  blow — think  of  all  these  places  of  beauty  and  abundance,  and  T 
will  show  you  a  duplicate  of  any  one  of  them  in  nw  California  of  many 
moods.  She  i)roduces  under  one  sky  all  that  those  other  lands  ])ro- 
duce  under  their  far-scattered  skies." — Edzi'in  Markliaiii  in  ''Califor- 
nia flic  iroiufcrfiil." 


Seed  Growing  in  California 


By  Lester  A.  Morse 

President  C.   C.  Morse   cr   Co. 


Editor's  Xotc:  Mr.  Morse  is  the  head  of  the  largest  seed  growing 
enterprise  in  Cahfornia,  which  was  estabhshed  by  liis  father,  the  late 
C.  C.  Morse,  and  has  added  thereto  a  seed  distribution  business  pro- 
portionally important.  He  therefore  speaks  from  an  experience  of 
two  generations.  He  indicates  the  particular  lines  of  seed  growing 
in  which  California  is  great  and  the  sections  in  which  each  is  most 
successfully  grown.  He  also  indicates  California's  place  in  the  seed 
supply  of  the  world. 


DIFFERENT  kinds  of  seeds  require  dif- 
ferent soils  and  climates,  and  no  one 
section  of  country  will  produce  more  than  a 
comparatively  few  varieties.  Because  a  section 
of  country  produces  good  vegetables  or  good 
fruit,  it  is  no  indication  that  that  same  section 
will  produce  good  seed. 

The  whole  State  of  California  represents  a 
great  variety  of  climates  and  soils,  and  on  the 
whole  will  produce  a  long  list  of  vegetable, 
field,  farm  and  flower  seeds — -a  longer  list  than 
any  country  with  the  possible  exception  of 
France. 

Interesting  Instances — Ihe valleys  along  the 
coast  where  fog  is  prevalent  are  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  peas — culinary  or 
eating  peas.  Owing  to  the  cool  weather  and 
the  dampness  occasioned  by  fog,  there  are  no 
pea  weevils,  and  the  seed  is  wt)nderfully  well 
developed  and  bright.  Peas  grown  in  good, 
average  soil  hold  their  type  well — much  better 
than  in  the  inland  valleys.  Peas  have  become 
a  very  important  seed  crop,  and  in  1912  fully 
4000  acres  were  devoted  to  growing  pea  seed 
along  the  coast   from   Humboldt  to  Ventura. 

Another  important  seed  crop  is  beans,  pole 
beans,  dwarf,  bush  or  string  beans,  and  lima 
beans.  We  refer  now  to  seed  beans  onlv  and 
such  varieties  as  are  used  bv  seedmen  in  their 


trade,  and  not  to  beans  as  used  commercially 
for  eating  dry.  There  is  less  area  adapted  to 
beans  than  to  peas,  but  the  Lompoc  Valley 
and  sections  about  Watsonville,  Salinas, 
Arroyo  Grande,  and  Santa  Maria  are  wonder- 
fully adapted  to  pole  and  bush  beans,  and  the 
sections  about  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara  are 
especially  good  for  lima  beans.  There  are 
limited  areas  in  other  portions  of  the  State 
where  these  beans  can  be  successfully  grown, 
but  the  places  just  mentioned  are  the  best 
adapted  for  superior  quality — for  fine,  bright 
seed  samples  and  the  best  reproducing  quali- 
ties. The  average  annual  acreage  of  seed  beans 
is  about  5000. 

(jood  vine  seeds,  watermelon,  muskmelon. 
squash  and  pumpkin,  grow  to  perfection  in 
the  interior  valleys,  from  Redding  at  the  north 
to  Bakersfield  at  the  south.  These  plants  re- 
quire good,  hot  summer  weather,  and  with  such 
climate,  rich  soil  and  irrigation,  good  c^op.'^ 
of  fine  quality  are  fairlv  sure.  As  yet  there  is 
hut  a  limited  area  devoted  to  these  crops,  but 
with  better  knowledge  of  production  the 
acreage  will  increase. 

California  sweet  corn  does  best  in  the  sec- 
tions just  adjoining  the  coast,  where  it  is 
neither  hot  in  summer  nor  foggy.  Good  field 
corn   is   produced   in  the   Sacramento   Valley, 


156 


CALII'"(  )K.\T.\'S  MAGAZINE 


C;ilil'<)iiiia's  (iarpct  of  (ioki — I'oppics  t^rowiiit;  lOr   soctl 


and  can  stand  rather  more  hot  weather  than 
sweet  corn.  I'ntil  only  a  few  years  ago  (not 
more  than  five).  Cah'fornia  grown  corn  was 
not  supposed  to  produce  good  seed,  and  most 
of  the  seed  used  was  im]K)rted  from  the  Middle 
\\'est.  It  was  found  that  the  reason  for  failure 
was  simplv  lack  of  knowledge.  When  the  same 
intelligence  was  ap^died  in  selection,  cultiva- 
tion, and  choice  of  location  as  is  applied  to 
other  kinds  of  seeds,  it  was  found  that  our 
California  grown  corn  seed  does  better  on  the 
Pacific  ("oast  than  Eastern  grown,  and  the 
future  of  corn  growing  for  seed  is  bound  to 
show  a  greatly  expanding  acreage. 

Up  to  the  present  time  there  is  ])ut  little 
beet  seed  produced  in  California,  and  jjracti- 
cally  no  cabbage,  mangel,  sugar  beet,  turnip, 
cauliflower,  rutabaga,  egg  plant,  or  pepper. 
These  could  be  grown  bv  going  farther  north 


for  the  brassicas  and  mangel  and  further  south 
for  pepper  and  egg  plant,  but  there  has  been 
no  especial  encouragement  for  these  items  since 
the  European  source  of  supply  has  hitherto 
been  satisfactory.  The  future  may  force  all  of 
these  lines  to  our  coast. 

Garden  V ci^ctabh-s — California  seed  farms 
are  famous  all  over  the  world  and  practically 
all  seed  dealers  know  us.  but  what  are  com- 
monly known  as  California  seeds  in  vegetables 
are  carrot,  celery,  endive,  leek,  lettuce,  onion, 
parsley,  parsnip,  radisli.  salsify,  and  tomato. 
All  of  these  items  are  produced  on  a  large 
scale,  and  the  California  crops  of  same  prac- 
tically set  the  growers'  prices  for  the  world. 
All  are  grown  in  great  variety  and  all  are  sold 
to  dealers  everywhere. 

So  far  as  quality  of  the  strains  is  concerned, 
most  of  these  California  crops  must  compete 


SEED  GROWING 


157 


with  P>ance  and  Germany,  and  during  full 
years  the  European  crops  hold  the  foreign 
markets.  But  California  onion  and  lettuce  seed 
is  superior  to  that  produced  anywhere  else. 
Here  we  have  the  best  possible  climate  for 
developing,  curing,  threshing,  and  cleaning 
seed.  Lettuce  requires  a  semi-arid  climate  for 
ripening,  and  here  it  receives  full  share  of  dry 
summer  weather,  so  that  the  sample  of  seed 'is 
immeasurably  superior  to  foreign  grown.  It  is 
quite  impossible  to  grow  lettuce  seed  in  coun- 
tries where  summer  rains  are  frecjuent. 

California  radish  makes  a  larger  root  and 
rather  larger  top  than  foreign  grown  stocks, 
but  the  seed  is  a  much  finer  sample  and  has 
a  very  high  vitality  which  is  lacking  in  seed 
from  other  sources.  It  makes  the  verv  best 
radish  for  kitchen  garden  purposes,  though 
not  always  popular  with  green  house  market 
gardeners  who  wish  small  tops  and  small, 
early  roots. 

( )nion  seed  as  produced  in  California  has 
met  and  overcome  a  very  decided  and  per- 
sistent prejudice.  As  a  rule  the  onion  repro- 
duces itself  better  in  its  immediate  environment 
and    Eastern   frrown  or   foreign   trrown   onion 


seed  is  very  likely  to  run  largely,  if  not  en- 
tirely, to  scallions  or  stiff-necks  when  used 
here.  The  same  result  is  likely  with  the  onion 
seed  taken  from  any  one  climate  to  another,  but 
California  seed  will  make  a  well  ripened,  mer- 
chantable bulb  in  any  locality  where  onions 
are  grown.  It  is  remarkable  to  be  able  to  pick 
out  a  plot  of  onions  grown  from  California 
seed  in  England,  or  France,  or  Germany,  and 
find  them  invariably  all  uniformly  ripe  and 
well  matured,  free  from  stiff-necks,  and  all 
varieties  usually  ripened  earlier  than  the  same 
variety  from   other   sources. 

For  these  reasons  just  mentioned,  California 
is  the  chief  world's  supply  for  onion  and  let- 
tuce seed,  and  is  rapidly  becoming  so  for 
radish,  celery,  and  the  other  California  specials 
just  enumerated. 

California  Flowers — \\'hen  it  comes  to 
flower  seeds,  the  list  of  varieties  and  species  is 
only  limited  by  the  cost  of  production.  Prac- 
tically all  flower  seeds  could  be  grown  in  Cali- 
fornia if  protected  from  European  labor  com- 
petition. As  it  is.  manv  flowers  are  now  grown 
here  on  a  large  scale  and  the  area  is  rapidly 
increasinij. 


Where  Utility  and  Beauty  Mingle — Radish  in  blossom 


158 


CALII-ORXIA'S  ^[ACAZTXE 


P^^^I^H 

lis 

•■■■  ^  ^^*^tj 

:^A,4 

'■■■■■      >..     >,.■,  ••v^. 

Planting   Onions    lor    Seed 


Exclusive  oi  sweet  peas,  three  firms  south 
grow  a  total  area  of  fully  500  acres,  and  de- 
voted to  candytuft,  cosmos,  stocks,  asters, 
poppy,  etc. 

vSweet  peas,  of  course,  are  the  great  Cali- 
fornia leader,  and  practically  the  world's  sup- 
ply is  produced  here.  California  has  the  proper 
.soil  and  climate  for  sweet  peas  and  many  grow- 
ers are  sweet  pea  specialists.  For  the  past 
three  years  the  country  about  Santa  Clara  Val- 
ley, San  Juan  Valley.  Arroyo  Grande,  Lompoc, 


and  Los  Angeles,  has  contained  no  less  than 
2500  acres  each  year  all  planted  to  sweet  peas 
for  seed  alone.  All  classes,  all  types  and  all 
varieties  are  produced  in  these  localities,  and 
the  seed  when  harvested  is  shipped  to  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

While  now  noted  for  .seeds  of  a  very  great 
varietv  and  destined  to  increase  the  list  very 
much,  California  is  now  and  always  will  be 
celebrated  for  the  great  triumvirate  of  onions, 
lettuce,  and  sweet  peas. 


|fti--T't[Yfr-ii 


Where   seed   is   grown  for  a   good   part   of   tlie    world — Panoramic   view   ol    dillcrent 

on  ranch  ol'  C.  C.  Morse  &  Co. 


Fish  and  Game:  One  of 

California's  Great 

Resources 

By  Ernest  Schaeffle 

Executive    Secretary    California    Fish    and    Game  Conimission 


Editors  Note:  Fishing  and  hunting-  are  largely  counted  ''sport" 
in  the  public  mind,  but  Mr.  Schaeffle  discusses  fish  and  game  as  an 
important  resource  of  the  State,  both  directly  and  indirectly.  This 
resource  is  large,  unique,  and  influential  in  State  development  and 
exceedingly  interesting,  also,  as  Mr.  Schaeffle  presents  it.  The  pres- 
ervation and  protection  of  wild  life  of  a  beneficent  kind  is  recognized 
in  all  civilized  nations  as  a  public  duty  and  benefit,  and  Mr.  Schaeffle's 
article  shows  forcibly  what  California  has  to  do  in  that  line.  By 
constant  contact  with  those  who  are  close  to  Nature  and  her  animal 
product,  as  well  as  by  study  and  personal  investigation,  the  writer 
of  this  fascinating  article  is  enabled  to  handle  the  subject  with  no 
uncertain  pen. 


WITH   the  last  few  years  a  great  many  of  thousands  of  sportsmen  who  may  be  said 

people  have   come  to   realize  the   fact  to  have  had  a  purely  selfish  interest  in  saving 

that  the  fish  and  game  of  any  region  have  a  the  fish  and  game  supply  for  the  pleasure  of 

tangible  value,  which  can  be  measured  in  dol-  themselves  and  of  their  children  after  them, 

lars  and  cents  just  as  we  have  long  measured  The  influence  of  these  two  classes,   however, 

the  value  of  the  forests,  the  mines,  the  water  has  never  been  sufficient,  and  probably  never 

powers,  and  the  lands.    In  the  writer's  opinion  would  be  sufficient,  to  insure  the  eft'ectiveness 

this  newly  developed  sentiment  is  a  fortunate  of  conservation  measures  necessary  for  the  per- 

thing  as  it  would  seem  to  present  a  convincing  petuation   of   the   wild   life   resources   of   any 

argument  in  favor  of  conservation  to  the  thou-  state  ;    but  with  the  realization  of  the  fact  that 

sands  of  people  who  would  be  unable  or  un-  fish  and   game  have  a  very  great  value  to  a 

willing  to   consider   any   other   argument   less  state  in  the  dollars  and  cents  expended  by  resi- 

material   in   nature.     It   is  true  that   we  have  dent  and  foreign  sportsmen  in  the  pleasures  of 

always   had  a   comparativelv   limited   number  the  fieUl.  has  come  an  entire  change  of  senti- 

of   people  who   were   natural   conservationists  ment   on    the    jiart    of   thousands   of   farmers, 

and  who  objected  to  the  waste  and  destruction  mountaineers   and  others   who  w^ere   formerly 

of  any  natural  resource.    \W  have  also  num-  indifferent  or  even  antagonistic  to  preservation 

bered  among  our  population  a  certain  number  laws  and  methods. 


160 


CALI  FORXIA'S  ^TAGAZIXE 


("alifornia  has  always  been  sin!j;ulaii\-  for- 
tuiiatc  in  the  possession  of  rich  and  \-arie(l  wiUl 
life  forms.  This  wealth  in  hsh  and  game  has 
as  a  iiatnral  conseciuenee  developed  a  fishing 
and  hnnting  class  larger  in  proportion  to  the 
total  population  of  tlie  state  than  borne  bv 
any  similar  sporting  ])opulation  in  an\-  other 
state  or  country,  'rinft  this  statement  is  jus- 
tified, we  ha\e  only  lo  consider  the  fact  that 
each  year  the  fish  and  game  commission  is 
issuing  lOO.oiU)  indix'idual  licenses  to  hunters 
and  85,000  licenses  to  those  who  fish  for  pleas- 
ure, to  say  nothing  of  the  licenses  that  are 
issued  to  the  4000  commercial  fishermen  of  the 
state.  These  totals  seem  to  be  exceeded  in  only 
three  or  four  states  in  the  Union,  states  in 
which  the  poitulation  is  very  much  greater 
than  in  California.  From  the  records  that  are 
available  it  seems  that  California  is  now  being 
led  only  by  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and 
Illinois,  while  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
in  Creat  Britain,  with  its  population  of  close 
to  50,000.000.  less  than  65,000  game  licenses 
are  issued  annual  1  v. 

WHAT  INDUSTRY  MEANS 

Now  let  us  estimate,  if  we  can.  just  what 
this  hunting  and  fishing  "industry"  means  to 
the  State  in  the  mere  expenditure  and  distri- 
bution of  money.  Of  course  every  hunter 
needs  guns,  ammunition,  special  clothing, 
tents,  and  camping  outfits,  trained  dogs  and 
other  gear  and  paraphernalia  so  varied  as  to 
be  impossible  of  appreciation  bv  anv  one  who 
has  not  taken  a  ])art  in  the  game.  Further- 
more, as  the  best  hunting  and  fishing  grounds 
are  not  situated  in  the  outskirts  of  our  big 
towns  and  cities,  the  sportsman  must  travel, 
often  considerable  distances,  which  means  that 
his  outlay  for  railroad  fares,  stage,  and  auto 
fares  and  for  express  charges  is  a  verv  con- 
siderable item.  Added  to  all  these  other  mat- 
ters of  expense  are  the  cost  of  accommodations 
at  the  thousands  of  country  hotels,  boarding 
houses,  and  camps  that  have  sprung  up  in  the 
last  generation  from  one  end  of  the  State  to 
the  other  and  in  every  district  in  which  game 
and  fish  can  be  found. 

The  president  of  the  fish   and  game  com- 


mission. Mr.  l''rank  M.  Xewbert.  who  has  had 
opportunities  for  studying  the  fish  and  game 
industry  probably  superior  to  those  of  any 
other  person  in  the  State,  estimates  that  the 
yearly  expenditure  in  California  on  account 
of  fish  and  game  reaches  the  surprising  total 
of  $15,000,000.  We  lack  the  si)ace  to  consider 
the  details  of  the  expense  included  in  the  total 
gi\en  but  Mr.  Newbert's  statement  is  based 
upon  years  of  study  and  undoubtedly  is  nearer 
the  correct  amount  than  would  be  an  estimate 
made  by  any  one  else  in  the  country. 

If  the  statements  just  oft'ered  are  accepted, 
it  would  seem  that  the  case  of  the  conserva- 
tionist is  complete,  but  there  is  no  need  of 
stopping  here  as  there  are  still  additional  facts 
to  be  presented  which  may  be  of  some  in- 
terest. In  the  first  place  we  find  that  in  prac- 
tically every  other  state  in  the  Union  there 
has  been  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  a 
regrettable  diminution  in  the  suj^ply  of  fish 
and  game.  This  reduction  in  the  supply  is 
having  two  results,  according  to  the  observa- 
tions of  state  and  national  conservationists. 
The  first  is  that  there  has  been  an  inevitable 
cessation  of  hunting  and  even  interest  in  hunt- 
ing and  in  conservation  in  all  of  the  states  in 
which  the  game  supi)lv  has  been  depleted. 
Secondlv.  we  find  that  each  vear.  from  the 
states  in  which  game  has  become  scarce,  there 
is  an  increased  migration  of  hunters  and  fish- 
ermen to  the  more  fortunate  states,  like  Cali- 
fornia, that  have  jjreserved  a  satisfactory  pro- 
portion of  the  original  wild  stock.  \\'hile  it 
is  true  that  the  number  of  these  outside  sports- 
men wlu)  ha\e  thus  far  come  to  California  for 
their  annual  outing,  is  comi^aratively  limited, 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  more  and  more 
of  these  visitors  are  reaching  us  every  year 
with  the  probability  that  within  ten  years  the 
State  will  entertain  from  25,000  to  50,000  of 
them  each  season.  In  the  writer's  opinion  this 
is  a  very  fortunate  deyelo|)ment  for  many  rea- 
sons. Not  only  will  these  good  people  come 
here  each  season,  often  bringing  their  families 
with  them,  to  the  financial  betterment  of  the 
State,  but  many  of  them  who  otherwise  would 
not  become   acquainted   with   the   advantages 


Mexican  ^^  lid  Turkey;  introduced  from  west  coast  of  Mexico  by  the  State  Fish  and  Game  Com- 
nussion. — Repradtteed  by  natural  color  process  from  original  painting  by  Louis  Agassiz  Fuertes, 
probably  leading  bird  artist  of  the  world. 


,^-^-*. 


s 


^ 


£^. 


i/ 


■  -^^Vfifii  -■■;-  \d 


FISH  AND   GAME 


163 


offered  here,  will  find  farms,  locations  in  tim- 
bered areas,  openings  in  manufacturing  and 
other  commercial  lines  and  will  remain  here 
to  the  State's  very  great  betterment  in  all  ways. 
That  the  readers  of  this  remarkable  publi- 
cation may  have  some  idea  of  the  attractive- 
ness of  California  in  a  fishing  and  hunting 
way,  we  will  endeavor  to  sketch  very  superfi- 
cially and  briefly  the  possibilities  that  offer 
themselves  both  to  the  resident  sportsmen  and 
to  those  who  may  be  so  fortunate  as  to  visit 
our  land.  Probably  the  finest  hunting  that  we 
have,  the  hunting  that  is  enjoyed  by  the  great- 
est number  of  people,  is  furnished  by  the  deer. 
The  deer  is  rightly  considered  the  most  valu- 
able form  of  game  we  have  in  the  State  be- 
cause of  its  general  distribution,  because  of 
its  great  value  as  food  and  because  of  the 
thrilling  sport  it  affords  to  so  many  thousands 
of  hunters.  It  is  found  in  every  county  of  the 
State  with  the  exception  of  San  Francisco,  and 
in  fact  is  hunted  and  killed  each  year  in  con- 
siderable numbers  within  twenty  miles  of  the 
metropolis.  Probably  no  county  of  the  State 
of  like  area  has  furnished  so  many  deer  as  has 
little  Marin,  which  lies  only  across  the  Golden 
Gate  from  San  Francisco.  Surprising  as  it 
may  seem,  the  annual  kill  in  this  little  county, 
a  large  part  of  which  is  covered  with  the  sub- 
urban residences  of  San  Francisco  people, 
numbers  around  400  deer,  all  males,  of  course, 
as  the  State  law  does  not  permit  the  shooting 
of  female  deer.  According  to  figures  which 
have  been  painstakingly  gathered  by  the 
fish  and  game  commission,  the  deer  hunters 
are  now  lawfully  taking  an  average  of  over 
8000  deer  a  season.  If  we  add  to  this  total 
the  numbers  unlawfully  killed  and  the  num- 
bers killed  of  which  no  account  is  given,  it  is 
probable  that  the  total  killed  for  the  State 
amounts  to  over  15,000  animals.  As  large  as 
this  total  may  seem  there  is  apparently  no  rea- 
son for  alarm  as  in  every  part  of  the  State,  ex- 
cept Southern  California,  there  are  reports  of  a 
gratifying  increase  in  the  supply.  This  in- 
crease is  due  no  doubt  to  the  fact  that  there 
has  been  no  deer  hunting  in  California  for 
commercial  purposes  for  years  and  to  the  fur- 
ther fact  that  the  female  animals  have  been 
carefully  protected. 


Next  to  the  deer  in  interest  and  value  come 
the  wild  fowl,  the  geese,  the  sea  brant,  the 
ducks,  and  the  shore  birds.  While  not  so  gen- 
'irously  distributed  as  other  forms  of  game, 
hey  are  fairly  well  represented  in  every  sec- 
tion of  the  State,  even  in  the  southeastern 
desert  region,  strange  as  it  may  seem.  From 
data  collected  by  the  fish  and  game  commis- 
sion it  appears  that  not  less  than  1.000,000 
wild  ducks  and  100,000  geese  are  killed  in 
the  State  each  year.  Unfortunately,  no  figures 
as  to  the  kill  of  shore  birds  are  available, 
although  of  course  their  numbers  are  very 
much  less  than  those  of  the  larger  varieties  of 
wild  fowl.  At  the  present  time  the  great  wild 
fowl  regions  are  the  overflowed  areas  in  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  the 
marshes  adjacent  to  San  Francisco,  San  Pablo, 
and  Suisun  bays,  the  bays  along  the  shore  line 
in  Humboldt  and  Del  Norte  counties,  the 
swamps  and  lakes  in  Northern  and  Northeast- 
ern California,  the  marshes  and  artificially  cre- 
ated club  lands  along  the  southern  coast,  and 
the  irrigated  areas  in  Southeastern  California 
in  what  was  formerly  desert.  Being  as  it  is 
the  wintering  ground  of  millions  upon  millions 
of  wild  fowl  bred  in  the  north,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  California  will  continue 
to  hold  its  important  place  as  a  sportsman's 
paradise.  At  the  present  time  the  State  laws 
give  ducks,  geese,  and  shore  birds  needed  pro- 
tection, while  supplementing  them  we  have 
federal  regulations  which  in  time  no  doubt  will 
be  rigidly  enforced  and  a  guarantee  against 
the  extermination  of  any  species  protected  un- 
der their  many  provisions. 

PLENTY    OF    QUjVIL 

California  is  peculiarly  fortunate  in  its  up- 
land game  birds.  The  valley  quail  alone, 
found  practically  from  one  end  of  the  State 
to  the  other,  furnishes  hunting  which  can  not 
be  excelled  anywhere  or  by  any  other  variety 
of  game.  This  bird  finds  a  congenial  habitat 
at  least  somewhere  in  every  county  in  the 
vState.  The  number  of  men  who  go  afield  in 
its  pursuit  runs  into  the  thousands. 

To  the  angler,  few  parts  of  the  world  offer 
such  varied  attractions  as  does  this  State. 
'\MTether  his  hobby  be  fishing  for  the  humble 
mud  cat,  flv  casting  for  the  beautiful  rainbow 


i  ?  =  y;  5  2 
tc  2  ""  j^  £  " 
.E  Jc  ~  ■=  —  y; 


FISH  AND   GAME 


167 


trout,  surf  fishing  for  the  many  species  which 
frequent  the  coast,  or  the  pursuit  of  the  lordly 
tuna  or  sword  fish,  he  may  have  his  fill.  Sup- 
plementing the  work  of  an  already  generous 
nature,  man  has  in  California  done  some  of 
the  greatest  work  in  acclimatizing  imported 
species  and  in  propagating  and  distributing 
both  native  and  imported  varieties  of  trout  and 
other  fish  that  has  ever  been  accomplished. 
^\'hile  many  of  the  streams  of  the  State  natu- 
rally suited  to  trout  and  other  fish  were  found 
teeming  with  them  by  the  pioneers,  the  range 
of  many  species  has  been  extended  through 
transplantation  so  that  today  we  find  even  the 
small  streams  and  lakelets  in  the  high  Sierras 
literally  alive  with  beautiful  gamey  fish,  while 
to  the  numbers  of  native  species  have  been 
added  such  splendid  fish  as  the  large  mouth 
and  small  mouth  black  bass,  crappie,  yellow 
perch,  striped  bass,  the  brook  trout  of  the 
Eastern  streams,  the  Loch  Leven  or  Scotch 
Lake  trout  and  the  German  brown  trout 
(Sal mo  fario),  of  Europe.  This  work  of  in- 
troduction, artificial  propagation  and  trans- 
plantation so  well  begun  is  being  prosecuted 
in  increasing  magnitude  each  year.  The  State 
now  operates  eight  hatcheries  with  the  possi- 
bility of  opening  two  more  within  the  next 
year.  From  these  eight  hatcheries  each  year 
are  planted  an  average  of  around  12,000,000 
trout,  the  distribution  of  which  keeps  a  special 
distribution  car  on  the  road  six  months  out  of 
each  year. 

ENORMOUS  FISH   "CROP" 

To  do  justice  to  the  subject  of  the  State's 
commercial  fisheries  volumes  would  be  needed. 
We  have  over  4000  people  engaged  in  the  ac- 
tual catching  of  fish.  Their  annual  "crop" 
amounts  to  87,000,000  pounds  (in  round  num- 
bers), and  has  a  value  to  them  of  $4,000,000. 
While  it  is  impossible  to  secure  complete 
figures  as  to  the  retail  value  of  the  catch,  it 
seems  reasonable  to  place  the  total  at  the  very 
respectable  figure  of  $10,000,000.  That  even 
this  great  business  is  capable  of  further  de- 
velopment is  shown  by  the  history  of  the  tuna 
or  albacore  industry,  which  three  years  ago 
amounted  to  practically  nothing  and  for  the 
season  of  1914  brought  the  canners  $1,600,000. 


It  is  believed  that  this  single  industry  will  be 
increased  in  value  by  50  per  cent  during  the 
present  year. 

The  salmon  industry  is  of  peculiar  interest, 
not  alone  because  of  its  annual  value  to  the 
fishermen  of  $500,000,  but  because  of  the  fact 
that  it  owes  its  revival  and  continuance  almost 
solely  to  the  hatchery  operations  of  the  Na- 
tional Bureau  of  Fisheries  and  the  State  Fish 
and  Game  Commission.  In  1885  the  State 
first  took  up  the  artificial  propagation  of 
salmon,  it  having  developed  that  the  salmon, 
particularly  in  the  Sacramento  and  its  tribu- 
taries, had  become  practically  extinct.  This 
diminution  in  the  salmon  runs  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  with  the  advent  of  the  white  men 
there  had  been  a  great  demand  for  the  salmon 
in  the  Sacramento  River  and  with  no  hatch- 
eries to  increase  their  numbers  or  adequate 
laws  to  protect  the  breeding  fish  and  with  the 
great  spawning  beds  on  Feather,  Yuba,  Bear, 
and  x'lmerican  rivers  destroyed  by  mining  oper- 
ations, their  numbers  had  lessened  year  by 
year.  The  salmon  had  abandoned  many  of  the 
streams  altogether  as  the  eggs  deposited  on 
the  spawning  grounds  did  not  hatch,  being  de- 
stroyed by  the  detritus  from  the  mines.  In 
1885,  -  the  state  commission  established  a 
salmon  hatchery  on  Hat  Creek,  a  tributary  of 
Fall  River.  This  hatchery  was  later  aband- 
oned and  a  larger  hatchery  opened  at  Sisson. 
The  output  of  the  latter  hatchery  alone  has 
brought  the  salmon  back  to  the  waters  of  this 
State  and  in  sufficient  numbers  to  make  pos- 
sible a  profitable  industry  which  shows  no 
signs  of  decreasing  in  volume  or  profits  to 
those  engaged  in  it. 

With  a  revenue  of  around  $300,000  each 
year  from  the  sale  of  licenses  to  sportsmen  and 
market  fishermen  and  from  fines  collected  from 
violators  of  the  law,  California  is  assured  that 
all  means  necessary  for  the  perpetuation  of  its 
fish  and  game  supply  can  and  will  be  carried 
out,  particularly  as  during  recent  years  a  pub- 
lic sentiment  has  developed  which  recognizes 
the  value  of  the  State's  wild  life  resources  and 
demands  that  they  be  conserved  for  the  benefit 
of  those  who  are  here  to  enjoy  them  now  and 
for  those  who  will  come  after  us. 


Aiitoiiiobile    Hoai]   Icadin);   iliroiiuli    (lu 
nortlifrn   cou.st   of   C:ililtiriii:i, 


.secmAMB.. 

>Niii(;    forests    of    |iriiiiev:il    re«l^voo«{s,    alon^    tlie 
o    everj    tiirii   <Iis<-lost's    new    wonders. 

Courtesy  Xorthn'cstcrn   Pacific  Railroad   Co. 


Agricultural  Potentialities 
in  California 

By  Dr.  Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt 

Dean  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  of  the   University  of  California  and  Director 
of  the  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations 


Editor's  Note:  Dean  Hunt,  who  has  under  his  personal  supervision 
all  the  great  agricultural  activities  of  the  University  of  California,  is 
a  close  student  both  of  the  present  and  future  of  the  State,  whose 
leading  industry  is  farming.  In  the  following  article  Dean  Hunt  dis- 
cusses the  relation  of  population  and  transportation  to  agricultural 
development,  as  well  as  giving  tersely  some  clear  and  logical  reasons 
why  the  farmer  does  or  does  not  succeed.  He  sums  up  the  matter  in 
the  statement  that  it  is  the  income  per  unit  of  labor  that  makes  a  suc- 
cessful farm. 


A  FEW  weeks  ago  I  wended  my  way 
along  the  busy  wharves  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Harbor  with  the  quarantine  otificer  of 
the  state  commissioner  of  horticulture.  He 
was  on  his  way  to  inspect  the  fruit  and  vege- 
tables aboard  a  steamer  just  arrived  from 
Honolulu.  While  we  were  on  this  steamer 
the  of^cer  pointed  across  the  slip  and  said : 
"Do  you  see  that  boat?"  It  was  the  freight 
steamer  Pennsylvanian.  "Just  sixteen  days 
ago,"  continued  my  guide,  "that  ship  was  tied 
up  in  the  North  River,  New  York  Harbor. 
It  carries  8000  tons  net."  A  few  days  later 
I  met  the  secretary  of  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce of  San  Francisco.  "We  now  have  a 
rate  of  30  cents  a  hundred  on  canned  goods 
from  San  Francisco  to  New  York  by  way 
of  the  canal,"  he  said.  "The  former  railway 
rate  was  90  cents.  For  the  first  time  in  the 
history  of  this  coast  we  are  now  able  to  sell 
canned  goods  in  Southeastern  United  States," 
he  added. 

By  means  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacra- 
mento rivers,  as  well  as  by  four  railway  sys- 
tems, the  fertile  interior  vallevs  of  California 


have  potentialities  possessed  by  few,  if  any, 
regions  in  the  world.  Fifty  to  $100  worth 
of  farm  products  per  acre  is  not  uncommon 
with  irrigation ;  in  fact  it  is  almost  common. 
Leasing  land  at  from  $15  to  $25  per  acre  is 
a  favorite  pastime.  When  shipped  in  suffi- 
cient bulk  from  river  landings,  six  cents  moves 
100  pounds  of  freight  by  water  from  the 
center  of  this  great  area  to  the  San  Francisco 
Bay,  while  30  to  50  cents  additional  sends  it, 
in  sixteen  to  twenty  days,  to  the  Eastern 
seaboard.  By  cutting  the  American  continent 
in  twain,  California  has  been  placed  in  the 
front  yard  of  New  York ;  when  fast  pas- 
senger steamers  are  placed  in  service  we  will 
be  on  the  front  porch. 

I  have  been  greatly  interested  in  three  tracts 
of  land.  One  of  these  tracts  is  the  nine  North 
Atlantic  states,  the  six  New  England  states 
plus  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  is  a  tract  of  100,000,000  acres.  The 
second  tract  is  California.  It  is  also  a  tract 
of  100,000,000  acres.  The  third  tract  which 
has  interested  me  is  a  tract  of  land  belonging 
to  one  Mr.  7>rrazzaz,  now  sojourning  in  El 


178 


CALII-ORXIA'S  MACAZIXE 


Paso,  Texas,  for  reasons  with  which  we  are 
not  concerneil  in  this  article.  It  occupies 
about  three-fourths  of  the  state  of  Chihuahua, 
It  is  said  to  be  a  tract  of  100,000,000  acres. 
The  first  of  these  tracts,  the  nine  North  At- 
lantic states,  contains  25,000,000  people.  The 
second  tract  of  equal  size.  California,  con- 
tains 2.500,000  persons.  1  do  not  know  how 
many  people  live  on  the  100,000,000  acre 
Mexican  ranch,  but  suppose,  to  make  the  pic- 
ture complete,  that  there  are  250.000  souls. 
There  are  single  counties  in  California  that. 
if  they  were  as  densely  populated  as  Massa- 
chusetts, could  hold  the  present  population  of 
California. 

The  25,000,000  people  of  the  North  At- 
lantic states  are  better  fed,  better  clothed, 
better  housed,  and  better  educated  than  when 
there  were  onlv  2.500.000  inhabitants.  It  is 
not  asserted  that  this  is  due  necessarily  to  the 
greater  population,  but  that  it  is  true  in  spite 
of  it.  Some  day,  probably  within  the  life  time 
of  persons  now  living,  California  will  contain 
not  less  than  10.000.000  people.  \\'hen  that 
day  comes  we  can  expect  them  to  be  better  fed, 
better  clothed,  better  housed,  and  better  edu- 
cated than  the  present  population,  which  per- 
haps has  no  superiors  at  present  in  these  par- 
ticulars in  the  world. 

The  greater  population  of  the  North  At- 
lantic states  is  due  to  the  fact  that  those 
states  face  upon  the  same  ocean  as  the  coun- 
tries of  Europe.  These  states  have  had  the 
wealth  created  by  the  vast  number  of  immi- 
grants without  having  the  expense  of  raising 
them  to  the  wage-earning  age.  Had  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  states,  witli  their  fertile  soils,  rich 
ores,  vast  water  power,  and  unexcelled  climate 
faced  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  they  might  now  con- 
tain 40,000,000  people  instead  of  5,000,000. 
It  costs  an  immigrant  two  and  one-half  times 
as  much  to  reach  San  Francisco  from  Genoa 
as  it  does  to  reach  New  York.  Fifty  years  ago 
the  differential  was  vastly  greater.  As  soon  as 
boats  begin  to  run  directly  from  Bramerhaven 
or  Naples  to  San  Francisco  by  way  of  the 
canal,  it  will  probably  cost  the  immigrant  only 
50  per  cent  more  to  reach  the  ^\'estern  Coast 
than  the  Eastern  Coast.    It  is  not  necessarv  to 


assume  that  more  iinniiL:;raiits  will  come  to 
America,  but  mcrdv  that  thcv  will  be  dif- 
ferent Iv  distributed. 

In  1910  l/.OOO.OOO  acres  of  the  28,000,000 
acres  of  the  farm  lands  in  California  were 
held  in  ranches  of  over  lOOO  acres.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  .^0.000,000  acres  of  land 
in  California  suited  to  agriculture.  Only  six 
per  cent  of  this  area,  or  three  per  cent  of  the 
total  area,  is  held  in  farms  of  under  175  acres. 

There  is  a  certain  county  in  California  con- 
taining 805.760  acres,  which  in  1910  was  re- 
ported to  contain  663  farmers.  The  total  area 
in  farms  was  491,198  acres,  or  741  acres  per 
farm.  A  small  reclamation  project  has  been 
developed  in  this  county.  Settlement  began  in 
1911.  Two  hundred  and  sixty  families  now 
occupy  8000  acres,  7400  of  which  are  under 
irrigation.  It  is  estimated  that  in  1914 
$100,000  worth  of  a  single  product — butter- 
fat — was  sold  from  this  area.  There  is  nothing 
to  prevent  the  sale  of  $500,000  worth  within 
five  years.  The  bank  in  the  town  adjoining 
this  project  has  1575  depositors  with  deposits 
aggregating  $404,000.  Note  that  this  is  less 
than  one  per  cent  of  a  county  which  in  1910 
was  reported  to  contain  663  farms. 

^Vhen  this  8000  acres  was  a  sheep  ranch 
it  may  have  brought  in  10  cents  an  acre.  It 
now  contains  about  260  thirty-acre  farms,  each 
with  a  family  averaging  four  and  one-half 
persons.  The  people  of  the  project  recently 
sent  a  representative  to  Washington  to  say  to 
Secretary  Lane  that  they  had  no  complaints 
to  make.  If  this  were  not  an  unusual  case  it 
would  not  have  been  quoted  here.  Neverthe- 
less it  illustrates  the  agricultural  potentialities 
of  California,  because  this  instance  may  in 
the  future  be  duplicated  many,  many  times,  if 
only  the  right  methods  are  employed. 

The  citrus  industry  offers  a  further  illustra- 
tion of  what  may  be  accomplished.  In  1890 
there  were  4000  carloads  of  oranges  and 
lemons  shipped  from  California.  In  1914 
nearly  50.000  carloads  were  handled.  Last 
year  the  consumers  paid  $86,000,000  for  the 
citrus  fruit  raised  in  California.  It  is  esti- 
mated to  have  been  raised  on  125,000  acres. 
When  this  fruit  was  hanging  on  the  trees  it 


AGRICULTURAL    POTENTL\LITIES 


179 


was  worth  25  per  cent  of  what  tlie  consumers 
paid  for  it  and  it  is  estimated  to  have  given 
employment  to  8000  families.  How  many 
families  were  supported  by  virtue  of  the  re- 
maining three-fourths  which  the  consumers 
paid  can  only  be  surmised. 

Like  all  other  places,  California  has  two 
sides  to  its  shield.  Success  depends  upon 
knowing  what  is  on  both  sides  of  the  shield. 
In  California,  as  elsewhere,  too  many  people 
have  been  living  off  of  the  increased  value  of 
the  land  and  unfortunately  have  been  living 
off  this  increment  before  it  was  earned.  Some 
people  look  upon  this  as  a  local  phenomenon. 
While  it  may  have  received  greater  emphasis 
here  than  elsewhere,  it  is  only  a  part  of  a 
widespread  disease.  This  unearned  increment 
has  made  possible  the  extravagant  living  for 
which  the  past  fifteen  years  have  been  noted. 
Few  people  can  live  extravagantly  unless  they 
issue  their  promissory  note  against  the  future. 

It  is  not  that  the  wholesale  price  of  land 
is  too  high  in  California,  but  the  overhead 
charge  of  dividing  up  these  lands  and  finding 
settlers  has  been  too  great.  Nowhere  has 
the  art  of  selling  been  developed  to  a  greater 
degree  than  in  California.  Often  the  art  of 
buying  has  not  been  equally  developed  in  the 
newcomer.  The  goods  are  here  but  sometimes 
the  buyer  does  not  find  them.  Not  infrequently 
the  seller  displays  his  shelf-worn  articles. 

REASONS  FOR  ERROR 

Buyers  have  commonly  been  led  into  error 
for  the  lack  of  understanding  three   factors : 

1.  The  time  required  to  make  a  farm  a 
going  concern. 

2.  The  value  of  a  dollar. 

3.  The  requirements  of  a  successful  farm. 
When  fifty  years  ago  the  pioneer  went  into 

Iowa  he  had  only  to  turn  the  furrow  in  order 
to  seed  to  oats  or  plant  corn.  In  from  three 
to  six  months  he  deposited  in  the  bank  the 
cash  for  the  crop.  When  his  son  came  to  Cali- 
fornia, he  found  conditions  different.  In  an 
irrigated  region,  water  must  be  brought  to  the 
tract,  the  land  must  be  leveled  and  checked 
before  a  crop  can  be  started.  A\nnle  a  slight 
return  may  be  made  the  first  year  a  going 
concern  can  not  be  made  with  a  piece  of  raw 
land  under  irrigation  short  of  two  years  and 


in  some  of  the  more  profitable  lines  it  takes 
from  three  to  five  years.  The  less  capital  to 
start  with  the  longer  it  takes. 

A  dollar  does  not  go  as  far  in  the  Pacific 
Coast  states  as  it  does  in  the  older  and  more 
thickly  settled  ones.  Labor  is  higher.  The 
cost  of  long  hauls  must  be  added  to  the  cost 
of  materials.  It  will  all  come  back  in  the 
end  if  wisely  expended,  but  this  does  not  help 
the  man  while  he  is  getting  started.  I  received 
a  letter  from  a  prospective  settler  in  the  Mid- 
dle West  who  had  a  couple  of  thousand 
dollars  to  invest.  He  said  he  had  read  in  the 
highly  colored  prospectuses  of  leading  devel- 
opment firms  that  anything  could  be  raised 
from  a  bean  to  a  fig  tree.  He  appealed  to 
me  for  some  believable  information  concern- 
ing the  products  of  California.  It  was  neces- 
sary to  say  to  this  prospective  buyer  that  it 
was  perfectly  true,  in  California  anything 
could  be  raised  from  a  bean  to  a  fig  tree. 
Further  that  what  was  said  in  the  highly  col- 
ored literature  which  he  had  received  was 
quite  possible,  but  it  was  not  evidence  that 
he  could  make  a  living  on  a  farm  in  Cali- 
fornia. His  success  would  depend  wholly  upon 
his  wisdom  in  purchasing  and  his  own  ability 
as  a  farmer. 

There  is  an  old  English  saying  which  reads, 
"If  wishes  were  wagons,  beggars  might  ride." 
It  takes  more  than  a  wish  to  become  a  suc- 
cessful farmer.  If  it  were  not  so  there  would 
be  more  competition  in  farming  than  there  is 
at  present.  Oftentimes  a  competent  man 
could  make  a  living  where  another  has  made 
a  failure,  but  the  man  who  is  competent  to 
make  a  living  under  the  particular  conditions 
would  have  known  enough  to  have  purchased 
elsewhere.  Many  persons  have  no  adequate 
conception  of  the  requirements  of  a  successful 
farm.  Neither  will  this  article  undertake  to 
list  them,  but  this  much  may  be  said,  that  it  is 
not  the  yield  per  acre  nor  the  per  cent  earned 
on  the  investment  that  makes  a  successful 
farm.  It  is  the  income  per  unit  of  labor. 
Neither  is  this  income  to  be  reckoned  wholly 
in  dollars  and  cents ;  it  comes  in  certain 
human  satisfactions  that  no  money  can  buy. 
In  these  latter  respects  few,  if  any,  places 
have  greater  potentialities  than  California. 


Til  ERE  is  a  certain  weirdness  in  the  grotesque  form  of  these  mon- 
ster trees,  which  shadow  a  winding-  road  near  the  coast  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  not  far  from  San  F'rancisco. 


Rural  Credit  and  State 
Development 

By  Col.  Harris  Weinstock 

Member  from   California  of   the   American    Commission   on   /Igrieiiltiiral 
Co-of^eration  and  Rural  Credit 

Editor's  Note:  After  years  of  zealous  study  of  finance  from  the 
point  of  view  of  human  interest  through  the  increase  of  individual 
prosperit}'  in  agricultural  production  Colonel  Weinstock  has  arrived 
at  the  conviction  that  the  state  should  adopt  a  plan  for  fair  finance 
in  farming.  His  beliefs  in  this  direction  are  widely  shared  by  the 
citizenship  of  California,  and  the  following  contribution  will  there- 
fore meet  with  sympathetic  interest.  As  a  member  of  the  American 
Commission  on  Agricultural  Co-operation  and  Rural  Credit,  Colonel 
Weinstock  has  had  an  excellent  opportunity  to  investigate  the  prob- 
lem from  many  angles  and  gives  his  readers  herein  the  summed-up 
results  of  his  findings. 


IN  1913  two  commissions  were  appointed, 
one  by  the  state  government,  representing 
a  group  of  about  sixty  commissioners,  known 
as  the  American  Commission,  and  the  other 
consisting  of  seven  federal  commissioners,  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
to  visit  Europe  to  investigate  the  various  sys- 
tems of  European  rural  credits,  and  to  report 
thereon  to  Congress. 

As  one  of  the  commissioners  for  California 
appointed  by  Governor  Hiram  W.  Johnson, 
I  brought  back  with  me  from  my  European 
investigations,  two  valuable  demonstrations : 
First,  the  amortization  method  of  payments  of 
farm  mortgage  loans ;  that  is,  spreading  the 
re-payments  over  a  long  period  of  years. 
Second,  the  plan  of  issuing  marketable  land 
bonds  in  lieu  of  land  mortgages. 

I  found  that  these  two  ideas  have  been  put 
into  successful  operation  in  Europe,  and  have 
done  much  to  revolutionize  the  rural  conditions 
of  Europe.   The  system  has  enabled  the  small- 


est European  land  owner  to  borrow  money  on 
long  time  payments,  at  the  world's  lowest  rate 
of  interest ;  in  other  words,  the  smallest  Ger- 
man, French,  or  Italian  farmer  could  borrow 
the  little  money  he  needed  in  the  markets  of 
the  world  as  cheaply  as  a  Rockefeller  or  a 
Pierpont  Morgan. 

I  found,  further,  that  the  system  as  applied 
by  the  British  Parliament  to  Ireland  had 
brought  about  a  social  and  economic  revolution 
in  that  little  country,  unparalleled  in  the 
world's  history.  The  Irish  land  bill  enacted 
bv  Parliament  a  decade  or  more  ago,  created 
a  royal  commission  with  the  power  to  ap- 
praise the  value  of  and  to  condemn  the  large 
landed  Irish  estates ;  to  buy  them  from  their 
absentee  landlords,  paying  them  a  bonus  of 
about  12  per  cent  above  the  appraised  valua- 
tion ;  to  cut  up  these  great  estates  in  small 
parcels,  sell  them  to  selected  Irish  tenants, 
advancing  them  100  per  cent  of  the  purchase 
price,    and   granting   them   seventy-five   years 


182 


CALTFORXIA'S  ^lAGAZTXF. 


time  in  uhicli  to  make  annual  repayments, 
at  the  rate  of  about  one-half  of  one  per  rent 
on  tlie  principal,  chargini;  them  only  three 
per  cent  interest  on  the  deferred  payments. 

This  system  has  within  a  decade  con\erted 
over  300.000  poverty-stricken,  wretched,  un- 
happy, discontented  tenant  farmers  into  over 
300,000  happy,  prosperous,  contented,  and 
progressive  landed  proprietors,  so  that  little 
old  Ireland,  from  being  the  most  miserable 
and  poverty-stricken  country  in  all  Europe, 
has  become  one  of  the  most  prosperous  coun- 
tries in  the  world. 

IXViriNG    THE    WORLD 

In  a  crude  and  an  imperfect  way,  we  of 
California  have  appreciated  the  importance 
of  breaking  up  our  great  bodies  of  land  owned 
by  the  few.  into  small  parcels,  inviting  people 
from  all  o\er  the  world  to  become  farm  colo- 
nists in  our  midst.  Great  fortunes  have  been 
e\j)ended  throughout  the  nation  and  else- 
where, inviting  people  to  engage  in  California 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  but  our  methods 
have  been  so  crude  and  so  unscientific,  and 
the  love  of  greed  on  the  part  of  land  pro- 
moters has  been  such,  that  a  very  great  pro- 
portion of  those  who  have  been  induced  to 
come  here,  and  to  buy  our  acreages,  have 
failed  with  great  misfortune  to  themselves,  and 
with  serious  injury  to  the  State. 

The  usual  method  of  procedure  in  attempt- 
ing to  colonize  in  California  has  been  for  a 
group  of  capitalists  and  promoters  to  get  to- 
gether, to  buy  up  a  body  of  land.  ])aying.  as 
a  rule,  $35  to  $40  an  acre  for  the  raw  land, 
to  spend  $.S0  or  $60  an  acre  thereon  to  water 
and  to  improve  it,  to  spend  an  additional  $40 
or  $50  an  acre  in  advertising  it,  and  then  to 
sell  it  to  colonists  at  about  $200  an  acre, 
which,  even  then,  would  onlv  allow  a  reason- 
able margin  to  the  promoters. 

Blinded  by  glittering  statements  and  great 
promises  of  future  possibilities  many  within 
and  without  the  State  were  led  to  invest  their 
little  all  in  such  colonization  schemes.  As  a 
rule,  they  would  be  called  upon  to  pay  down 
at  least  20  per  cent  of  the  jjurchase  price, 
with,  say,  four  or  five  years  additional  time 
to   pay   the   balance,    at   a   maximum   rate   of 


interest.  Comparatively  few  of  these  pur- 
chasers would  be  scientifically  trained  farmers 
or  fruit  growers.  As  a  rule  they  would  be 
Eastern  i>eople,  some  with  no  farm  experience 
and  some  with  farm  experience  that  would 
not  tit  into  tlie  California  t'limatic  conditions, 
and  some  of  them  city  people  seeking  rural 
homes.  As  a  consequence,  the  land  would 
have  to  yield  annually  enough  to  pay  about 
20  per  cent  on  the  purchase  price,  the  maxi- 
mum rate  of  interest  on  the  deferred  payments, 
and  to  afford  a  li\ing  for  the  colonist  and  his 
family,  despite  the  fact  that  the  soil  may  have 
proven  most  inferior  and  despite  the  further 
fact  of  the  lack  of  experience  on  the  part  of 
the  colonist.  As  a  consequence  a  frightfully 
large  proportion  of  such  investors  have  come 
to  grief ;  have  been  forced  back  to  the  cities, 
many  of  them  as  unskilled  laborers,  to  swell 
the  ranks  of  the  casual  unemployed  and  many 
of  them  have  cursed  the  State  as  a  delusion 
and  a  snare;  have  shouted  their  misfortunes 
from  the  housetops,  and  have  thus  injured 
California  in  the  eyes  of  their  sympathizers 
here  and  elsewhere. 

Compare  this  crude,  unwise,  and  unscientific 
method  of  colonization  with  the  plan  followed, 
for  example,  by  Australasia.  The  Austral- 
asian government  made  the  matter  of  farm 
colonization  a  state  affair.  In  those  domin- 
ions, the  State  sends  its  experts  out  to  spy  out 
the  land  and  to  buy  desirable  tracts  at  the 
lowest  market  rates.  Such  land  is  then 
drained,  watered,  and  improved,  again  by  ex- 
perts, at  the  lowest  possible  cost,  cut  up  into 
small  parcels  and  sold  to  carefully  selected 
colonists  who  have  the  body  and  the  brains 
that  are  essential  to  farming  success.  In  the 
State  of  Victoria.  Australia,  for  example,  the 
cash  payment  required  on  the  land  by  the 
State  is  only  3  per  cent  of  its  .sale  price, 
and  thirty-one  and  one-half  years  are  given  in 
which  to  complete  payments,  with  interest  on 
deferred  payments  at  4^4  per  cent.  Besides 
giving  this  long  term  of  payment  and  requir- 
ing this  low  rate  of  interest,  the  state  builds 
'  houses  for  the  settlers,  on  cash  payments,  for 
about  a  quarter  of  the  cost,  the  remaining 
payments  being  allowed  to  extend  over  twenty 


RURAL  CREDIT 


185 


/ears,  with  interest  at  five  per  cent.  Further- 
more, the  state  details  expert  graduates  from 
its  agricultural  colleges  to  settle  among  the 
colonists,  and  to  play  the  part  of  teacher, 
friend,  guide,  and  instructor,  all  with  a  view 
to  taking  the  inexperienced  by  the  hand,  and 
teaching  them  as  speedily  as  possible,  scientific 
farming.  As  a  result  of  this  wise,  beneficent, 
and  scientific  method,  Australasia  is  rapidly 
becoming  an  object  lesson  to  the  world  in 
successful  farm  colonization,  adding  greatly  to 
the  wealth  of  the  state  and  to  the  prosperity 
and  the  well  being  of  its  people.  The  Aus- 
tralasian dominions,  to  finance  these  schemes, 
issue  state  bonds,  and  by  virtue  of  the  high 
credit  enjoyed  by  those  countries,  are  enabled 
to  borrow  money  in  the  world's  markets,  at 
the  lowest  current  rate  of  interest. 

Whereas,  in  the  Western  United  States, 
100  per  cent  and  over  is  more  often  added 
to  the  original  cost  by  the  land  promoters,  in 
Australasia  the  colonist  gets  his  land  at  the 
actual  cost  of  the  land  and  improvements,  plus 
about  10  per  cent. 

There  is  no  other  spot  in  the  world  where 
possibilities  for  carrying  out,  for  example, 
the  Australasian  idea,  are  so  great  as  right 
in  our  own  commonwealth  of  California.  We 
not  only  have  the  soil  and  the  climate,  which 
will  compare  more  than  favorably  with  those 


of  Australasia,  but  we  have  the  world's  great- 
est markets  at  our  very  door,  whereas  Aus- 
tralasia is  isolated  from  great  populated  cen- 
ters, thus  being  placed  at  a  serious  marketing 
disadvantage. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  foresee  how,  if  suitable 
plans  are  carried  out,  it  must  revolutionize  the 
rural  conditions  of  California,  by  enabling  the 
struggling  farmer  to  borrow  his  money  as 
cheaply  as  the  greatest  financier,  giving  him 
thirty  years  or  less  in  which  to  make  re- 
payments. 

In  many  instances  such  advantages  may  save 
many  farmers  from  failure  who  find  them- 
selves on  the  ragged  edge,  and  who  are  unable 
to  meet  their  loans,  by  enabling  them  to  secure 
their  money  at  the  world's  lowest  interest  rate, 
and  with  miny  years  in  which  to  make  repay- 
ment, thus  greatly  adding  to  their  possibility 
of  final  success. 

It  will  be  a  great  day  for  California  when 
these  plans  can  be  successfully  carried  out.  It 
will  not  only  be  a  great  day  for  California, 
so  far  as  its  own  prosperity  is  concerned,  but 
it  will  also  be  a  great  day  for  this  common- 
wealth, in  becoming  an  object  lesson  to  the 
sister  States  of  our  Union,  who  may  follow, 
as  they  have  in  other  things,  the  example  set 
by  our  State.  Thus  may  we  not  only  become 
a  blessing  to  ourselves,  but  also  to  the  nation. 


^^/"^0-OPERATION  is  a  word  often  used  and  often  misused;  some- 
^^  times  carelessly  used  and  sometimes  used  with  intention  to  mis- 
lead. When  used  fairly  it  not  only  should  imply  an  intention  to  help 
one  another  but  it  also  implies  the  ability  to  do  so.  It  carries  with  it 
the  possession  by  each  party  of  some  element  of  strength  or  of  service 
which  can  be  helpfully  joined  with  what  the  other  party  can  contribute 
to  the  partnership.  This  constitutes  true  co-operation." — B.  F.  Voa- 
k II III  ill  "TJic  Fra." 


The  Immigration  Problem 
in  California 


By  Hon.  Julius  Kahn 

Mnnhrr  of  Congress  from  Calif(iriiia 


Editor's  Note:  Honoral^le  Julius  Kahn  possesses  the  distinction  of 
having-  served  longer  as  a  representative  to  Congress  than  any  other 
man  from  the  Pacific  Coast.  He  was  elected  in  1898,  following  six 
years  as  a  member  of  the  California  Legislative  Assembly,  and  has 
served  continuously,  with  the  exception  of  one  term,  to  date.  His 
resolution  and  active  work  were  prime  factors  in  securing  the  Expo- 
sition for  San  Francisco.  Congressman  Kahn  has  served  on  numer- 
ous Congressional  committees,  among  which  may  be  named  those 
dealing  with  judiciary,  naturalization,  military,  immigration,  and 
national  exposition  problems.  In  all  these  departments  of  work  he 
has  proved  highly  efficient.  His  experience  in  immigration  mat- 
ters enables  him  to  write  with  incisive  understanding  upon  the  sub- 
ject. His  ])aper  will  be  found  thoroughly  interesting  and  of  undoubted 
value. 


THE  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  to  the 
commerce  of  the  world  will  materially 
affect  the  future  of  California.  Millions  of 
acres  of  fertile  and  arable  soil  will  be  opened 
up  to  agriculturists  and  horticulturists  in  our 
productive  valleys  and  the  foothills  of  our 
great  mountain  ranges.  This  State  can  be 
made,  and  will  be  made,  the  world's  granary. 
Our  great  extent  in  area  from  north  to  south 
and  our  climatic  conditions  enable  us  to  pro- 
duce all  those  food  products  that  are  so  es- 
sential to  the  very  existence  as  well  as  the 
pleasure  of  the  human  race.  Our  cereals,  our 
vegetables,  and  our  fruits  mature  many  weeks 
before  similar  products  ripen  in  the  Eastern 
section  of  our  country.  Those  consumers  on 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  region  who  will  be  able  to  secure  our 
food    commodities    at    reasonable    prices    far 


in  advance  of  their  own  seasons  will  be- 
come steady  customers  for  the  products  of 
California. 

farmers'  opportunity 
Our  great  difficulty  heretofore  has  been  the 
necessary  supply  of  farm  labor.  Orientals 
have  never  found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Cali- 
fornians.  But.  with  the  opening  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal,  nianv  thousands  of  European 
laborers  will  come  directly  through  the  great 
waterway  from  their  native  lands  to  the 
Golden  Gate.  Most  of  these  will  be  farmers 
and  horticulturists.  They  and  their  ancestors 
for  many  generations  have  been  compelled  to 
eke  out  an  existence  on  lands  that  have  been 
worked  for  centuries  and  that  can  only  be 
made  productive  by  the  constant  use  of  fer- 
tilizers. These  men  know  what  intensive  farm- 
ing means.    If  they  can  be  spread  upon  the 


lALAIIGRATION  PROBLE^I 


185 


lands  in  the  interior  they  will  add  enormously 
to  the  wealth  of  the  Golden  State.  For  our 
soil  is  practically  virgin.  Millions  of  acres 
have  never  been  tickled  by  the  plough  as  yet. 
They  need  no  artificial  fertilization.  The  farm 
laborers  from  Europe,  taking  advantage  of 
these  favorable  conditions,  will  be  able  to 
gather  enormous  harvests.  And  the  markets 
for  these  harvests  will  constantly  increase. 

WORK    OF    COMMISSION 

An  immigration  commission  already  has  been 
appointed  to  meet  the  conditions  that  will 
arise  out  of  this  tide  of  immigration.  This 
commission  will  endeavor  to  prevent  the  con- 
gestion of  these  masses  of  immigrants  in  our 
cities.  They  will  seek  to  send  them  back  to 
the  land.  They  will  endeavor  to  induce  them 
to  take  up  the  arts  of  husbandry  in  this  com- 
monwealth. That  means  that  labor  of  the 
right  kind  will  be  found  tliat  will  enable  the 
owners  of  large  holdings  either  to  go  into  the 
business  of  raising  crops  themselves,  or  it  will 
enable  them  to  sell  their  great  tracts  to  small 
holders  who  will  take  advantage  of  the  labor 
conditions  to  put  their  farms,  orchards,  and 
vineyards  under  cultivation.  The  crops  of 
fruits  and  melons  and  berries  and  vegetables 
will  increase  enormously.  Our  dairies,  our  hop 
fields,  our  cereal  producing  ranches,  our  vine- 
yards, and  our  orchards  will  be  expanded  and 
extended  until  the  entire  State  will  become 
one  vast,  extensive  farm.  Lines  of  refrigerator 
ships  will  undoubtedly  be  established  to  take 


these  products  to  the  markets  of  our  Eastern 
seaboard  and  even  to  the  ports  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  South  America.  Today  large  quan- 
tities of  fresh  fruits  and  vegetables  are  shipped 
to  London  and  other  European  cities  in  re- 
frigerator ships  from  South  Africa.  England, 
and  even  our  own  country,  as  well  as  many  of 
the  large  communities  in  the  Orient  receive 
fresh  beef,  fresh  vegetables,  and  other  prod- 
ucts of  the  farm  and  dairy  from  Australia. 
Argentina  is  sending  her  farm  products  to  our 
own  Eastern  seaboard,  as  well  as  to  European 
countries.  These  exports  add  materially  to  the 
wealth  of  the  exporting  nations,  and  we  in 
California  ought  to  take  advantage  of  the  new 
conditions  that  will  come  to  us  through  the 
opening  of  the  canal  to  increase  our  trade  in 
the  products  of  this  State  with  the  great  con- 
suming masses  of  our  Eastern  Coast  and  the 
western  coast  of  Europe.  There  is  no  reason 
why  our  immigration  problem  should  become 
a  difficult  one.  On  the  contrary,  it  ought  to 
be  easy  of  solution.  In  many  of  the  smaller 
valleys  of  California,  European  immigrants 
and  the  sons  and  daughters  of  these  immi- 
grants have  already  created  productive  farms, 
dairies,  orchards,  and  vineyards.  They  have 
taught  us  what  can  be  done  by  the  industrious 
immigrant  on  the  lands  of  California. 

The  future  for  the  interior  of  the  State, 
when  the  tide  of  immigrants  shall  be  dis- 
tributed upon  our  uncultivated  lands,  holds  as 
bright  a  bow  of  promise  as  ever  hung  upon 
the  clouds  of  a  retreating  storm. 


"T^OR  OUT  in  San  Francisco  a  panorama  is  beginning  to  unfold  be- 
^  fore  us — a  splendid  panorama  of  our  past  and  the  past  of  those 
countries  closely  allied  with  us  in  the  endeavors  of  civilization.  We 
have  only  to  stroll  and  watch,  and  we  can  not  help  drawing  from  it 
that  "\-ision  without  which  a  people  perishes."  On  our  way  there  we 
shall  catch  sight  of  glories  of  pastureland,  sublimities  of  mountain 
range,  the  golden  sight  of  Titan  young  cities  of  the  West,  the  realiza- 
tion of  that  heritage  the  pioneers  have  left  us.  In  great  spaces  fit 
for  men  to  breathe  in  are  born  great  dreams.  We  must  necessarily 
return  with  fresher  springs  of  inspiration  opened  in  our  souls. — From 
Editorial  in  "Tlic  Century^'  for  April,  IQ15. 


'M' 


Mounl    Sliaslii.   Ndrtlicrn   C.;!!  i  foniia 

itl\  /T  (  )L'XrAIXS  sccni  to  have  l)ecn  l)iii]t  for  the  human  race,  as  at 
once  tlieir  schools  and  cathedrals;  full  of  treasures  of  illum- 
inated manuscript  for  the  scholar,  kin(ll\-  in  sinii)le  lessons  for  the 
worker,  quiet  in  pale  cloisters  for  the  thinker,  glorious  in  holiness  for 
the  worshiper.  They  are  great  cathedrals  of  the  earth,  with  gates  of 
rock.  i)avements  of  cloud,  choirs  of  stream  and  stone,  altars  of  snow, 
and  vaults  of  purple  traversed  hy  the  continual  stars." — Riiskiu. 


The  Parcel  Post  Service 
in  California 


By  Charles  W.  Fay 

Postmaster  of  Son  Francisco 


Editor's  Note:  The  bridging  of  great  distances  and  the  consequent 
closer  relationship  between  the  remote  farmer  and  the  marts  of  trade 
as  a  result  of  the  perfection  of  the  parcel  post  is  the  subject  of  the 
following  article  by  Charles  W.  Fay,  postmaster  of  San  Francisco. 
Mr.  Fay  finds  in  the  new  order  of  things  a  cause  for  much  satisfac- 
tion, and  his  views  will  be  read  with  interest  since  he  is  known  to 
have  always  taken  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs.  ]\Ir.  Fay  was 
for  three  terms  secretary  to  former  Mayor  Phelan  (now  senator) 
of  San  Francisco.   He  was  appointed  postmaster  by  President  Wilson. 


WHEN,  two  years  ago,  the  parcel  post 
system  was  added  to  the  mail  service 
and  the  United  States  government  seriously 
entered  the  business  of  transporting  packages, 
a  new  field  of  opportunity  w^as  opened,  the 
scope  and  value  of  which  are  only  just  begin- 
ning to  be  realized.  By  its  order  inaugurating 
the  parcel  post  system  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  people 
for  the  handling  of  parcels,  more  than  60,000 
post  offices  and  stations,  33,000  city  carriers, 
45,000  rural  carriers,  and  1,000,000  miles  of 
rural  free  delivery,  and  brought  20,000,000 
people,  who  were,  up  to  that  time,  out  of 
touch  with  any  market,  directly  in  contact 
with  the  world  of  trade. 

Nowhere  has  this  new  service  a  better  field 
of  usefulness  than  in  California.  All  con- 
ditions of  populous  districts  are  present  in 
and  around  the  large  cities,  and  through  the 
avenues  of  the  mail  service  these  centers  are 
brought  in  touch  with  the  far  distances  in 
the  forests  and  in  the  mountains.  There  the 
express  service,  because  unprofitable,  was  un- 
known, and  the  monthly  or  even  semi-annual 


trip  to  the  nearest,  but  still  far  away  settle- 
ment, was  the  only  means  of  getting  supplies. 
Now  this  has  all  been  changed.  No  place 
is  too  lonesome  to  be  out  of  reach  of  the  post 
office,  or  too  far  away  to  be  forgotten.  The 
element  of  cost  does  not  determine  the  char- 
acter or  extent  of  accommodation.  The  entire 
service  bears  the  burden  in  the  lonesome  places 
and  the  same  theory  that  will  spend  a  dollar 
to  send  a  two-cent  letter  through  the  ice 
fields  of  Alaska,  will  bring  a  parcel  to  some 
pioneer  or  prospector  far  out  in  the  wilderness 
where  he  is  blazing  the  trail.  Service  of  this 
kind  can  not  be  done  under  the  theory  of  a 
profit  paying  business,  and  yet  in  the  long  run 
it  does  pay,  for  its  value  is  rated  in  citizenship 
and  manhood  and  new  opijortunities.  not  in 
dollars  and  cents. 

NEW  OPPORTUNITIES  DI.SCOVERED 

It  is  in  this  opening  up  of  new  opportunities 
that  the  parcel  post  is  playing  the  most  im- 
portant part.  It  is  no  longer  true  that  a  man 
or  small  merchant  with  goods  to  sell  must  find 
his  market  in  his  own  vicinity.  He  can, 
through    the    parcel    post,    find    it    anywhere. 


188 


CAIJFORXIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


L'nck-r  the  zone  system  he  may  liiul  that  some 
markets  are  more  avaihible  than  others,  and 
that  some  products  may  be  unavailable  at  some 
places  but  available  elsewhere,  but  if  lie  will 
give  the  system  half  the  study  he  gives  to 
railroad  and  express  rates  and  conditions  he 
will  find  some  part  of  it  accurately  tuned  to 
the  song  of  his  needs,  and  he  has  only  to  keep 
in   harmony. 

■"1  ARM   TO   cnv"'    SERVICE 

The  parcel  post  system  gives  special  heed 
to  the  marketing  of  farm  produce  in  the  cities, 
and  a  "producer  to  consumer"  service  that, 
starting  as  an  experiment,  has  become  a  firm 
and  rapidlv  growing  fixture  in  the  trade  of 
the  country.  And  supplementing  this  "farm 
to  city"  service  is  a  "city  to  farm"  service 
that  is  swelling  the  volume  of  business  handled 
to  proportions  far  beyond  any  prophecy  made 
when  the  service  started.  Potatoes,  fruit,  meat, 
fresh  vegetables,  honey,  butter,  eggs,  dried 
fruit,  nuts,  dressed  poultry,  squabs,  berries 
and  a  hundred  other  things  are  streaming  into 
the  city  of  San  Francisco  and  other  places 
where  these  "farm  to  table"  centers  have  been 
established;  and  grain,  cement,  nails,  black- 
smitlis'  coal,  flour,  meal.  salt,  plaster,  and 
even  bricks,  are  going  out  to  where  no  de- 
liveries of  anything  have  ever  before  been 
made,  except  through  the  medium  of  the  old 
farm  wagon. 

Ore  is  transported  by  ])arcel  j)ost  to  the 
assay  office  and  to  tlie  smelter.  lUillion  is 
transported    fnim    tin-    smeller    to    the    mint. 


Gradually  new  fields  are  opening  to  the  new 
service  and  up-to-date  merchants  are  calling 
more  and  more  upon  its  facilities.  Yielding 
to  their  needs,  rates  have  been  lowered  and 
weight  limits  have  been  twice  raised.  Books 
have  been  admitted  as  parcel  post ;  printed 
matter  also  when  in  tjuantity  beyond  the  or- 
dinary third  class  package.  Regulations  have 
been  amended  to  allow  sealed  packages  of 
proprietary  articles  to  be  transmitted  at  parcel 
post  rates.  New  methods  of  handling  have 
been  devised  ;  new  schemes  of  distribution  to 
prevent  reliandling  have  been  thought  out; 
insurance  on  small  articles  has  been  cut  in 
half ;  arrangements  have  been  made  to  furnish 
a  delivery  receipt  to  the  sender  and  to  collect 
the  value  of  the  package  if  he  so  desires. 
government's  concessions 

In  every  way  possible  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment has  been  following  the  demands 
made  upon  the  parcel  post  service  with  further 
concessions,  in  order  that  business  needs  may 
meet  with  business  treatment,  and  a  service 
not  for  one  but  for  all,  may  be  placed  at  the 
people's  disposal. 

With  its  varied  products,  its  wide  diversity 
of  industries  and  its  profusion  of  opportunity, 
California  should  profit  largely  by  the  parcel 
post.  It  has  entered  into  the  heart  of  the 
commercial  life  of  the  State,  and  day  by  day 
its  hold  on  the  situation  is  growing  stronger. 
It  is  an  element  in  trade  that  must  be  reck- 
oned with,  and  those  who  first  see  and  avail 
themselves  of  its  opportunities  will  secure  an 
advantage  hard  to  overcome. 


"T^ill'^  modern  farmer  .sometimes  scarcely  realizes  the  advantag-es 
-*-  he  has  over  what  his  forefathers  had  to  contend  with.  The 
telegraph,  telephone,  antomohile,  and  now  the  parcel  ])OSt — all  are 
factors  in  the  development  of  the  agriculturist  of  today.  And  his 
ability  to  produce  is  greatly  increased,  while  he  and  his  family  no 
longer  are  veritable  slaves  to  the  soil,  but  masters  of  it,  causing;  it 
to  yield  bountifully.  California  is  an  ideal  locality  for  those  who  would 
farm  under  the  best  conditions. 


California 
Coming  Into 
Its  Own 

By  Edgar  Allen  Forbes 

Secretary   of  the   California  Developuiciit 
Board 


Editor's  Note:  Contrasting  vividly 
the  activities  and  vast  production  of 
the  Cahfornia  of  today  with  the  Cah- 
fornia  of  the  padres,  Mr.  Forbes, 
known  nationally  as  a  high  class 
magazine  writer  and  editor,  paints 
the  tremendous  advancement  of  the  State  in  glowing  slashes  of  color  upon  his 
canvas  of  years.  In  his  position  as  secretary  of  the  California  Development 
Board  he  is  so  placed  as  to  be  constantly  in  touch  with  what  the  State  is  doing. 
Therefore  it  is  not  surprising  that  his  paper  should  possess  the  attention  to  de- 
tail in  the  matter  of  agricultural  and  other  production  that  it  does. 


FROM  its  earliest  beginnings,  California 
has  been  a  land  of  promise,  but  in  that 
dreamy,  romantic  and  at  times  tragic  era  of 
its  history,  against  whose  skyline  stand  in  bold 
relief  the  padre  and  the  concjuistador,  the 
resources  of  the  country  were  untouched,  its 
possibilities  were  as  yet  an  unknown  quantity. 
All  that  could  be  discerned  by  the  necessarily 
narrowed  vision  of  those  early  figures  in  the 
history  of  California,  was  that  it  possessed 
wonderful  scenery,  equable  climate  and  an 
abundance  of  animal  and  vegetable  life,  with 
none  but  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  to  lay 
claim  thereto. 

The  missionaries  were  at  that  time  con- 
cerned more  deeply  with  the  salvation  of  the 
Indians  than  with  the  development  of  the 
land  or  the  settlement  of  the  province.  They 
saw  a  great  deal  to  be  done  for  the  soul  of 


the  Indian  and  beheld  in  this  their  most  press- 
ing duty.  But  the  conquistadors,  lusting  only 
for  conquest  and  gold,  regarded  the  Indian 
as  simply  a  slightly  better  developed  type  of 
the  beasts  that  haunted  the  forests  and  plains, 
and  by  a  system  of  cruelty,  amounting  fre- 
quently to  barbarism,  forced  him  into  slavery 
and  soul-killing  labor.  So  the  padres  found 
very  soon  more  than  mere  soul  salvation  await- 
ing their  energies.  They  must  strive  against 
the  powers  of  might,  the  powers  of  wealth ; 
the  Indian's  body  must  be  saved  as  well.  In 
this  heart-breaking  task  the  names  of  such 
men  as  Las  Casas  and  Junipero  Serra  stand 
out  strongly ;  it  was  through  the  efforts  of 
these  and  other  members  of  that  early  band 
of  heroic  missionaries  that  the  mission  idea 
became  a  fact. 

The   Indian    was   a   non-tiller   of  the   soil. 


190 


C-ALII-ORXrA'S  MAGAZIXI', 


The  conquistador  and  the  cavalier  of  the 
period  had  neither  time  nor  inclination  for 
such  work.  True,  tlie  Indians  were  made  to 
labor  under  the  lash  of  the  conquistadors,  but 
it  was  a  labor  that  killed  and  its  liarvest  was 
largely  stained  with  the  blood  of  the  toilers. 
The  true  idea  of  development  did  not  come 
into  being  until  the  missions  were  founded 
and  brought  to  a  flourishing  state.  Twenty- 
one  missions  were  built  up  in  less  than  seventy 
years,  and  the  value  of  the  property  acquired 
by  the  thrifty  padres,  represented  by  land, 
harvest,  and  flocks,  mounted  into  the  millions 
of  dollars.  Then  came  Mexico's  revolt  from 
Spain  in  1821  and  with  this  successful  insur- 
rection began  the  "secularization"  of  the  mis- 
sions. The  Indians  were  given  their  freedom 
and  land  and  stock,  which  they  promptly  pro- 
ceeded to  lose  by  gambling  or  through  their 
natural  disinclination  to  labor.  The  mission 
system  was  demoralized  and  dismembered,  and 
though  a  few^  friars  stayed  on,  doing  what 
lay  in  their  power  for  the  unfortunate  Indians, 
the  end  was  inevitable.  The  march  of  prog- 
ress had  destroyed  forever  the  system  that 
had  been  in  vogue  nearly  two-thirds  of  a  cen- 
tury. And  before  the  triumphant  advance  of 
this  same  progress  went  down  alike  padre, 
Indian  and  cavalier,  destined  henceforth  to 
flourish  only  in  memory  and  in  the  pages  of 
history  or  romance. 

THE    GLK.VM    OF    GOLD 

The  agricultural  jjossibilities  of  California 
may  have  been  recognized  to  some  extent  by 
the  Franciscans  and  some  occasional  isolated 
conquistador,  but  before  they  should  be  real- 
ized to  any  great  extent  another  source  of 
riches  was  to  be  uncovered.  From  the  utter- 
most ends  of  the  earth,  lured  by  the  gleam  of 
nuggets  in  the  placer  fields  and  by  the  ex- 
citement of  an  unknown  life  in  "the  new  and 
naked  lands."  came  the  gold-seekers.  The 
excitement  they  found,  many  found  "pay  dirt" 
as  well ;  others  found  only  failure  and  igno- 
minious death.  And  the  total  cost  of  pro- 
duction (reckoned  in  expense,  time,  toil  and 
suffering)  was  out  of  all  proportion  to  the 
number  of  ounces  of  gold.  And  so  the  Forty- 
Niner  retraced  his  steps  along  the  Via  Dolor- 


osa, leaving  behind  him  a  region  which, 
sixty-five  years  later,  is  still  the  richest  gold- 
producing  state  in  the  Union. 

I'rior  to  the  coming  of  the  gold-hunters  and 
fnllowing  the  eventful  jHTidd  of  the  padres, 
was  an  Arcachan  interlude,  when  the  plains 
l)ecame  dotted  witli  haciendas  and  the  hills 
and  valleys  were  the  abodes  of  great  flocks  and 
herds — the  days  of  the  Spanish  grants,  of  the 
grandees;  days  of  chivalry  when  "softly 
sighed  of  love  the  light  guitar."  Following 
on  the  lieels  of  this  pastoral  era  was  the  Mexi- 
can period,  and  then  the  immigrant  trains 
bL'gan  to  wend  tlieir  circuitous  and  tortuous 
way  across  the  great  plains  and  the  fame  of 
California  was  spread  abroad.  The  "prairie 
scliooners"  brought  to  the  new  land  many 
whose  names  are  inseparably  linked  with  its 
history — such  names  as  Bidwell,  Sutter.  Don- 
ner,   Fremont,   and  others. 

In  seeking  a  location  suitable  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  flour  mill  which  Cai)tain  Sutter 
wislied  to  build,  James  A\'.  Marshall  uncovered 
gold  and  by  this  simple  act  transformed  the 
country  into  a  gigantic  lodestone  that  was  to 
attract  countless  thousands  to  its  shores.  Al- 
ready the  American  flag  was  floating  over  tlie 
Monterey  customs  house,  as  well  as  Sonoma, 
Los  Angeles,  San  Francisco.  Two  3'ears  later 
tliis  flag  had  a  new  star  and  California,  hav- 
ing passed  through  many  hands  and  number- 
less vicissitudes,  had  become  safely  anchored 
at  last. 

Had  men  not  been  blinded  by  the  lustre  of 
tlie  yellow  metal  in  those  days,  it  is  con- 
ceivable they  might  have  given  more  attention 
to  the  other  possibilities  of  the  soil.  Ikit  this 
was  hardly  to  be  expected;  where  gold  lay 
beneath  their  feet,  though  sometimes  eluding 
even  their  most  ardent  search,  it  was  scarcely 
likely  they  should  be  content  to  sow  and  wait 
upon  nature  to  produce  a  crop  that  they  might 
harvest.  These  men,  many  of  them,  were 
farmers — had  left  farms  to  search  for  gold. 
But  while  they  must  have  realized  what  oppor- 
tunities lay  before  them  in  agricultural  lines, 
tlie  immediate  prospect  for  gold  discovery  was 
too  powerful  a  magnet.  Even  where  fortune 
passed  them  by  they  refused  to  till  the  soil. 


DEVELOPMENT 


191 


Witness  the  case  of  one  sturdy  young  farmer 
who  came  from  the  worn-out  soil  of  one  of  the 
Southern  states  to  seek  wealth  in  the  new 
golclfield.  He  had  to  undergo  months  of 
hardship  before  he  could  sink  a  pick  into  the 
creek  bed  of  a  California  placer  iield.  He 
came,  he  toiled,  grimly  endured  the  hardships 
incident  to  the  pioneer  life ;  then  he  went 
back  empty  handed  to  his  people.  Today  we 
know  he  might  have  remained  as  the  absolute 
owner  of  a  large  part  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  or  of  the  area  now  covered  by  the  city 
of  Los  Angeles ! 

The  overland  stage,  the  pony  express,  then 
the  railroads,  each  aiding  in  the  development 
of  the  new  State,  were  coincident  with  the 
agricultural  awakening  that  began  Avhile  yet 
the  gold  fever  held  sway.  First  came  the 
great  cattle  era,  then  its  decline  and  the  rise 
of  the  grain,  the  apotheosis  of  the  wheat,  and 
its  fall — and  then  the  breaking  up  of  the 
vast  domains  and  the  cropping  forth  of  the 
smaller  ranches,  and  farms,  the  orchards,  vine- 
yards, gardens.  There  are  still,  in  our  present 
day,  great  live  stock  ranches ;  there  are  fields 
of  golden  grain  apparently  without  end — but 
the  days  of  the  wheat  and  cattle  barons  are 
gone  forever.  This  is  the  day  of  the  farmer, 
and  already  the  spirit  of  co-operation  is 
making  itself  felt  in  contradistinction  to  the 
monopolistic  methods  of  those  earlier  times. 

CONTRASTING    FIGURES 

Sixty-five  years  ago  the  cash  value  of  all 
the  farms  of  California  as  entered  in  the 
records  of  the  Eighth  Census,  was  but 
$3,874,401.  There  are  numerous  individual 
holdings  in  tliis  State  today  that  could  not 
be  bought  for  that  amount.  Li  that  same 
period  there  were  4780  "working  oxen"  in 
California,  the  number  increasing  in  the  next 
decade  to  a  total  of  31,527.  A  "working 
ox"  would  be  a  curio  todav  to  most  Cali- 
fornians,  but  the  motor  vehicle  registration 
in  California  in  1914  included  122,800  entries. 

The  orchard  products  of  California  were 
then  listed  at  a  total  valuation  of  $17,700; 
now  they  are  figured  not  in  dollars  but  in 
carloads.  For  example,  in  1913  the  ship- 
ments of  oranges  and  lemons  alone  amounted 


to  18,085  cars — more  than  a  car  for  every 
dollar's  worth  of  all  the  orchard  products  of 
1850.  The  wine  makers  of  that  generation 
considered  it  something  of  an  achievement  to 
report  the  manufacture  of  58,055  gallons  of 
wine,  but  the  State  board  of  viticultural  com- 
missioners reports  that  the  1914  output  was 
"slightly  under  40,000,000  gallons,"  not 
counting  3,320,744  gallons  of  brandy  and 
perhaps  50,000  gallons  of  unfermented  grape 
juice.  Thus,  by  comparisons,  an  idea  of  the 
tremendous  development  of  California's  re- 
sources can  be  gained. 

There  is  small  need  for  any  one  to  lament 
the  vanished  days  of  the  discoverer  and  the 
explorer.  California  is  still  in  the  epoch  of 
discovery  and  every  year  records  new  marvels 
in  agriculture  and  horticulture.  It  is  gen- 
erally understood  that  the  citrus  industry 
thrives  in  California.  Yet  the  navel  orange, 
the  chief  factor  of  this  industry,  was  intro- 
duced from  Brazil  as  recently  as  1870,  and 
the  first  crop  of  seedless  oranges  (sixteen  in 
number)  ever  grown  in  North  America  came 
from  two  trees  in  1878-9.  A  crop  of  six 
million  boxes  a  year  is  not  considered  remark- 
able today. 

Despite  the  fact  that  the  grape  was  grown 
in  the  mission  gardens  by  the  Franciscan 
friars,  the  wine  industry  does  not  actually  date 
back  beyond  the  memory  of  men  now  living. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  raisin  industry,  which 
is  even  younger,  and  of  the  English  walnut, 
which  though  it  now  has  a  production  in 
California  of  frt)m  eight  to  twelve  thousand 
tons  annually,  has  been  grown  in  California 
for  less  than  half  a  century,  and  the  two  men 
who  liad  most  to  do  with  the  creation  of 
the  industry  in  California  are  still  living. 

An  atmosphere  of  romance  surrounds  most 
of  these  products,  but  they  have  arrived  at 
their  full  fruition  largely  within  compara- 
tivelv  recent  times  and  as  the  result  of  prac- 
tical methods  of  cultivation. 

NEW    DISCOVERIES 

Every  once  in  a  while  some  new  discovery 
awakens  a  county  or  section  of  the  State  to 
the  realization  that  its  resources  have  not  yet 
been  exhausted,  and  that  opportunity  is   for- 


192 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


ever  present  for  those  who  do  not  bar  their 
doors  against  it. 

One  of  the  more  recent  surprises  has  been 
the  Imperial  Valley,  which  has  developed  into 
a  "cotton  belt"  that  promises  to  rival  those 
districts  of  the  South  which  liad  h)ng  held 
the  supposedly  exclusive  control  over  this  in- 
dustry. 

Such  illustrations  might  be  indefinitely  mul- 
tiplied, evidence  of  the  fact  that  California 
has  not  yet  come  into  its  own,  but  is  simply 
on  the  way. 

STRIKING    DATA 

The  following  items  of  fact  concerning  pro- 
duction in  this  and  last  year  are  significant : 

The  total  number  of  cars  of  citrus  fruits 
from  the  State  was  47,839  cars  for  the  sea- 
son November  1,  1913,  to  October  19,  1914. 
The  total  number  of  cars  of  deciduous  fruits 
up  to  October  21  was  14,301^,  as  against 
11,946^  cars  same  period  in  1913. — October, 
1914. 

The  total  pack  of  California  canned  fruits 
for  1914  is  estimated  at  about  5,500,000  cases 
of  the  market  value  of  about  $15,000,000. 
The  total  canned  vegetable  pack  is  estimated 
at  about  3.000,000  cases;  approximate  value 
$6,000,000.— December,   1914. 

Approximately  12,000  carloads  of  vege- 
tables were  shipped  out  of  the  State  during 
1914,  the  largest  amounts  being  of  potatoes, 
onions  and  celery. — December,  1914. 

The  lima  bean  crop  for  1914  is  estimated 
at  1,550,000  bags  of  eighty  pounds  each. — 
November,    1914. 

In  1914  the  yield  of  rice  per  acre  in  Cali- 
fornia rice  fields  was  53.3  bushels.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  California's  nearest  competitor 
was  39.8  Inishels.     California  is  "iven  fourth 


rank  in  the  jtroduction  of  rice  in  the  United 
States. —  1  anuary,  1915. 

Seventy-three  thousand  dollars  was  paid  to 
dairymen  of  Fresno  County  for  June  butter 
fat.— July,    1914. 

It  is  reported  that  6,650,000  pounds  of 
butter  was  i)roduced  in  1914  from  32,000 
cows  in  the  Imperial  Valley. — Februarv,  1915. 

These  are  fairly  representative  items  and  it 
may  be  truthfully  said  that  practically  every 
county  in  the  State  is  able  to  furnish  without 
difficulty  figures  fully  as  impressive  regarding 
some  sort  of  product. 

California  oflfers  a  diversity  of  climatic  and 
soil  conditions  unparalleled  in  any  other  state ; 
between  Del  Norte  County  (on  the  Oregon 
frontier)  and  Imperial  County  (on  the  Mexi- 
can border)  stretch  over  eight  hundred  miles, 
wherein  can  be  found  scenery,  climate  and 
soil  in  greater  variety  than  in  any  other 
153,650  square  miles  of  territory  under  the 
American  flag.  Here  may  be  found  any  alti- 
tude from  the  line  of  perpetual  snow  to  the 
plain  that  drops  below  the  level  of  the  sea; 
any  degree  of  humidity,  any  temperature,  any 
sort  of  landscape,  any  kind  of  vegetation. 

California,  as  it  has  been  the  endeavor  to 
show  herein,  has  from  the  beginning  supplied 
man  with  everything  he  needed  for  his  own 
comfort  and  where  he  has  had  the  energy  and 
enterprise  to  labor  honestly,  has  responded 
richly  to  his  efforts.  And  if  romance  has 
suffered,  industry  has  gained  by  the  growth 
of  civilization.  The  past,  with  its  picturesque- 
ness,  need  not  be  regretted.  The  golden  op- 
portunity of  the  Now  is  more  alluring  than 
any  which  beckoned  men  in  the  old  days. 

California  is  at  last  coming  into  its  own, 
facing  "that  God's  own  hour — when  a  new 
horizon  heaves  itself  up  against  a  new  dawn." 


44 


It  will  easily  1)e 


''  I  ""HE  settlement  of  the  West  has  t)nly  l)eg-un. 
^  possible  to  support  a  population  five  times  as  great  as  that 
now  found  there.  CHniatic  conditions  are  favorable;  health  conditions 
are  good;  the  splendid  class  of  pioneers  who  settled  the  W^est  have 
built  up  social  and  ])olitical  institutions  which  are  attractive  to  think- 
ing people." — llioinas  H.  Means  in  "The  Econoniist." 


Fundamental  Principles 
6^/ Plant  Breeding 


By  Luther  Burbank 

President   of    the    Luther   Burhank   Society 


Editor's  A'Ofe:  jNIany  years  of  devotion  to  the  study  of  the  princi- 
ples of  plant  life  have  placed  Mr.  Luther  Burbank  in  a  unique  position 
whereby  he  has  been  enabled  to  combine  a  labor  for  beauty  and 
for  utility  in  the  development,  transformation,  and  creation  of  forms 
of  fruits,  veg-etables,  and  flowers,  achieving-  a  success  thereby  that 
makes  his  name  one  to  conjure  with  in  the  realms  of  horticultural 
research  and  experiment.  The  genius  of  Luther  Burbank,  coupled 
with  the  rich  soil  and  balmy  air  of  California,  have  united  in  bringing 
to  the  world  added  riches  to  appeal  to  palate  and  eye.  Li  the  following 
article  Mr.  Burbank  treats  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  plant 
breeding:  in  a  his^hlv  interestins"  manner. 


THE  fundamental  principles  of  plant 
breeding  are  simple,  and  may  be 
stated  in  few  words ;  the  practical  applica- 
tion of  these  principles  demands  the  highest 
and  most  refined  efforts  of  which  the  mind 
of  man  is  capable,  and  no  line  of  mental  effort 
promises  more  for  the  elevation,  advancement, 
prosperity,  and  happiness  of  the  whole  human 
race. 

Every  plant,  animal,  and  planet  occupies 
its  place  in  the  order  of  nature  by  the  action 
of  two  forces — the  inherent  constitutional  life 
force  with  all  its  acquired  habits,  the  sum  of 
which  is  heredity ;  and  the  numerous  com- 
plicated external  forces  or  environment.  To 
guide  the  interaction  of  these  two  forces,  both 
of  which  are  only  different  expressions  of  the 
one  eternal  force,  is,  and  must  be,  the  sole 
object  of  the  breeder,  whether  of  plants  or 
animals. 

When  we  look  about  us  on  the  plants  in- 
habiting the  earth  with  ourselves,  and  watch 


any  species  day  by  day,  we  are  unable  to  see 
any  change  in  some  of  them.  During  a  life- 
time, and  in  some  cases  perhaps  including 
the  full  breadth  of  human  history,  no  remark- 
able change  seems  to  have  occurred.  And  yet 
there  is  not  today  one  plant  species  which  has 
not  undergone  great,  and  to  a  certain  extent, 
constant  change. 

The  life  forces  of  the  plant  in  endeavoring 
to  harmonize  and  adapt  the  action  of  its  ac- 
quired tendencies  to  its  surroundings  may, 
through  many  generations,  slowly  adapt  itself 
to  the  necessities  of  existence,  yet  these  same 
accrued  forces  may  also  produce  sudden,  and 
to  one  not  acquainted  with  its  past  history, 
most  surprising  and  unaccountable  changes  of 
character.  The  very  existence  of  the  higher 
orders  of  plants  which  now  inhabit  the  earth 
has  been  secured  to  them  only  by  their  power 
of  adaptation  to  crossings,  for  through  the 
variations  produced  by  the  combination  of 
numerous  tendencies,  individuals  are  produced 


194 


CAiJI'ORXTA'S  ^FAGAZINE 


whicli  are  better  ciuluwed  to  meet  the  i)re- 
vailini;  conditions  of  life.  Tlius  to  nature's 
persistence  in  crossing  do  we  owe  all  that 
earth  now  i>riuluces  in  man,  animals,  or 
plants  ;  and  this  magnificently  stupendous  fact 
may  also  be  safely  carried  into  the  domain  ot 
chemistry  as  well,  for  what  is  common  air  and 
water  but  nature's  earlier  efforts  in  that  line, 
and  our  nourishing  foods  but  the  result  of 
mvriad  complex  chemical  affinities  of  later 
date? 

Natural  and  artiticial  crossing  and  hybri- 
dization are  among  the  principal  remote  causes 
of  nearly  all  otherwise  perplexing  or  unac- 
countable sports  and  strange  modifications, 
and  also  of  many  of  the  now  well  established 
species.  Variations,  without  immediate  ante- 
cedent crossing  occur  ahvays  and  everywhere 
from  a  combination  of  past  crossings  and  en- 
vironments, for  potential  adaptations  often 
exist  through  generations  without  becoming 
actual,  and  when  we  fully  grasp  these  facts 
there  is  nothing  mysterious  in  the  sudden  ap- 
pearance of  sports;  but  still  further  intelli- 
gent crossings  produce  more  inmiediate  results 
and  of  great  value,  not  to  the  plant  in  its 
struggle  with  natural  forces,  but  to  man,  by 
conserving  and  guiding  its  life  forces  to  supply 
him  with  food,  clothing,  and  innumerable 
other  luxuries  and  necessities.  Plant  life  is  so 
common  that  one  rarelv  stops  to  think  how' 
utterly  dependent  we  are  upon  the  quiet,  but 
magnificently  powerful  work  which  they  are 
constantly  i)erforming  for  us. 

It  was  once  thought  that  plants  varied 
within  the  so-called  species  but  very  little, 
and  that  true  species  never  varied.  We  have 
more  lately  discovered  that  no  two  plants  are 
ever  exactly  alike,  each  one  having  its  own 
individuality,  and  that  new  varieties  haxing 
endowments  of  priceless  value,  and  even  dis- 
tinct new  species,  can  be  produced  bv  the 
plant  breeder  with  the  same  precision  that 
machinery  for  locomotion  and  other  useful 
purposes  is  produced  by  the  mechanic. 

ADJUSTING     TO    COXmilONS 

The  evolution  and  all  the  variations  of 
plants  are  simply  the  means  which  they  employ 
in  adjusting  themselves  to  external  conditions. 


I''>ach  plant  strives  to  adapt  itself  to  environ- 
ment with  as  little  demand  upon  its  forces  as 
possible  and  still  keep  uj)  in  the  race.  The 
l)est  endowed  species  and  individuals  win  the 
l)rize,  and  by  variation  as  well  as  persistence. 
'I'he  constantly  varying  external  forces  to 
which  all  life  is  everywhere  subjected  demand 
that  the  inherent  internal  force  shall  always 
be  ready  to  adapt  itself  or  perish. 

The  combination  and  interaction  of  these 
innumerable  forces  embraced  in  heredity  and 
environment,  have  given  us  all  our  bewilder- 
ing species  and  varieties,  none  of  which  ever 
did  or  ever  will  remain  constant,  for  the  in- 
herent life  force  must  be  pliable  or  outside 
forces  will  sooner  or  later  extinguish  it.  Thus 
adaptability,  as  well  as  perseverance,  is  one  of 
the  prime  virtues  in  plant  as  in  human  life. 

Plant  breeding  is  the  intelligent  applica- 
tion of  the  forces  of  the  human  mind  in  guid- 
ing the  inherent  life  forces  into  useful  direc- 
tions by  crossing  to  make  perturbations  or 
variations  and  new  combinations  of  these 
forces,  and  bv  radically  changing  environ- 
ments, both  of  which  produce  somewhat  simi- 
lar results,  thus  giving  a  broader  field  for 
selection,  which  again  is  simply  the  persistent 
application  of  mental  force  to  guide  and  fix 
the  jjerturbed  life  forces  in  the  desired 
channels. 

IMant  breeding  is  in  its  earliest  infancy.  Its 
possibilities,  and  even  its  fundamental  prin- 
ciples, are  understood  but  bv  few  ;  in  the  past 
it  has  been  mostly  dabbling  with  tremendous 
forces,  which  have  been  only  partially  appre- 
ciated, and  it  has  yet  to  approach  the  precision 
which  we  expect  in  the  handling  of  steam  or 
electricity,  and,  notwithstanding  the  occasional 
sneers  of  the  ignorant,  these  silent  forces  em- 
bodied in  plant  life  have  vet  a  part  to  play 
in  the  regeneration  of  the  race  which  by  com- 
parison will  dwarf  into  insigm'ficance  the  serv- 
ices which  steam  and  electricity  have  so  far 
given.  Even  unconscious  or  half  conscious 
plant  breeding  has  been  one  of  the  greatest 
forces  in  the  elevation  of  the  race.  The  chem- 
ist, the  mechanic  have,  so  to  speak,  domesti- 
cated some  of  the  forces  of  nature,  but  the 
plant  breeder  is  now   learning  to   guide  even 


LUTHER  BURBANK 


195 


the  creative  forces  into  new  and  useful  chan- 
nels. This  knowledge  is  a  most  priceless 
legacy,  making  clear  the  way  for  some  of  the 
greatest  benefits  which  man  has  ever  received 
from  any  source  by  the  study  of  nature. 

A  general  knowledge  of  the  relations  and 
affinities  of  plants  will  not  be  a  sufficient 
equipment  for  the  successful  plant  breeder. 
He  must  be  a  skillful  botanist  and  biologist, 
and  having  a  definite  i)lan.  must  be  able  to 
correctly  estimate  the  action  of  the  two  funda- 
mental forces,  inherent  and  external,  which  he 
would  guide. 

The  main  object  of  crossing  genera,  species, 
or  varieties  is  to  combine  various  individual 
tendencies,  thus  producing  a  state  of  pertur- 
bation or  partial  antagonism  by  which  these 
tendencies  are,  in  later  generations,  disso- 
ciated and  recombined  in  new  proportions, 
which  gives  the  breeder  a  wider  field  for  selec- 
tion ;  but  this  opens  a  much  more  difficult  one 
— the  selection  and  fixing  of  the  desired  new 
types  from  the  mass  of  heterogeneous  tend- 
encies produced,  for,  by  crossing,  bad  traits 
as  well  as  good  are  always  brought  forth.  The 
results  now  secured  by  the  breeder  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  accuracy  and  intensity  of 
selection,  and  the  length  of  time  they  are  ap- 
plied. By  these  means  the  best  of  fruits,  grains, 
nuts,  and  flowers  are  capable  of  still  further 
improvements  in  ways  which  to  the  thoughtless 
often  seem  unnecessary,  irrelevant,  or  im- 
possible. 

^Vhen  we  capture  and  domesticate  the  va- 
rious plants,  the  life  forces  are  relieved  from 
many  of  the  hardships  of  an  unprotected  wild 
condition,  and  have  more  leisure,  so  to  speak, 
or,  in  other  words,  more  surplus  force,  to  be 
guided  by  the  hand  of  man  under  the  new 
environments  into  all  the  useful  and  beautiful 
new  forms  which  are  constantly  appearing 
under  cultivation,  crossing,  and  selection. 
Some  plants  are  very  much  more  pliable  than 
others,  as  the  breeder  soon  learns.  Plants  hav- 
ing numerous  representatives  in  various  parts 
of  the  earth  generally  possess  this  adaptability 
in  a  much  higher  degree  than  the  monotvpic 
species,  for  having  been  subjected  to  great 
variations    of   soil,    climate,    and   other    influ- 


ences, their  continued  existence  has  been  se- 
cured only  by  the  inherent  habits  which 
adaptation  demanded,  while  the  monotypic 
species  not  being  able  to  fit  themselves  for 
their  surroundings  without  a  too  radically  ex- 
pensive change,  have  continued  to  exist  only 
under  certain  special  conditions.  Thus  two 
important  advantages  are  secured  to  the 
breeder  who  selects  from  the  genera  having 
numerous  species — the  advantage  of  natural 
pliability,  and  in  the  numerous  species  to 
work  upon  by  combination  for  still  further 
variations. 

CARE  IN  SELECTION  NECESSARY 

The  plant  breeder  before  making  combina- 
tions should  with  great  care  select  the  indi- 
vidual plants  which  seem  best  adapted  to  his 
purpose,  as  by  this  course  manv  vears  of  ex- 
periment and  much  needless  expense  will  be 
avoided.  The  differences  in  the  individuals 
which  the  plant  breeder  has  to  work  upon  are 
sometimes  extremely  slight.  The  ordinary  un- 
practiced  person  can  not  by  any  possibility 
discover  the  exceedingly  minute  variations  in 
form,  size,  color,  fragrance,  precocity,  and  a 
thousand  other  characters  which  the  practiced 
breeder  perceives  by  a  lightning  like  glance. 
The  work  is  not  easy,  requiring  an  exceedingly 
keen  perception  of  minute  differences,  great 
practice,  and  extreme  care  in  treating  the  or- 
ganisms operated  upon,  and  even  with  all  the 
naturally  acquired  variations  added  to  those 
secured  by  scientific  crossing  and  numerous 
other  means  the  careful  accumulation  of  slight 
individual  differences  through  many  genera- 
tions is  imperative,  after  which  several  genera- 
tions are  often,  but  not  always,  necessarv  to 
thoroughly  "fix"  the  desired  type  for  all  prac- 
tical purposes. 

The  above  applies  to  annuals,  or  those  plants 
generally  reproduced  by  seed.  The  breeder  of 
plants  which  can  be  reproduced  by  division  has 
great  advantage,  for  anv  valuable  individual 
variation  can  be  multiplied  to  anv  extent  de- 
sired without  the  extreme  care  necessarv  in 
fixing  by  linear  breeding  the  one  which  must 
be  reproduced  by  seed.  But  even  in  breeding 
perennials  the  first  deviations  from  the  origi- 
nal form  are  often  almost  unappreciable  to  the 


196 


CALll"URi\lA'S  MAGAZINE 


perception,  but  by  accumulating  the  most 
minute  differences  through  many  generations 
the  deviation  irom  the  original  ft)rm  is  often 
astounding.  Thus  by  careful  and  intelligent 
breeding  any  peculiarity  may  be  made  per- 
manent, and  valid  new  species  are  at  times 
produced  by  the  art  of  the  breeder,  and  there 
is  no  known  limit  to  the  improvement  of  plants 
by  education,  breeding,  antl  selection. 

The  plant  breeder  is  an  e.xplorer  into  the  in- 
finite. His  brain  must  be  clear  and  alert  in 
tlirowing  aside  fossil  ideas  and  rapidly  replac- 
ing them  with  living,  throbbing  thought  fol- 
lowed by  action.  Then,  and  not  until  tlien. 
shall  he  create  marvels  of  beauty  and  value  in 
new  expressions  of  materialized  force,  for 
everything  of  value  must  be  produced  by  the 
intelligent  application  of  the  forces  of  nature 
which  are  ahvays  awaiting  our  commands. 

The  vast  possibilities  of  plant  breeding  can 
hardly  be  estimated.  It  would  not  be  difficult 
for  one  man  to  breed  a  new  rye,  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  or  rice  w-hich  would  produce  one  grain 
more  to  each  head,  or  a  corn  which  would 
produce  an  extra  kernel  to  each  ear,  another 
potato  to  each  plant,  or  an  apple,  plum,  or- 
ange, or  nut  to  each  tree. 

What  would  be  the  result?  In  five  staples 
only  in  the  United  States  alone  the  inexhausti- 
ble forces  of  nature  would  produce  annually, 
without  effort  and  without  cost,  5,200,000 
extra  bushels  of  corn,  15,000,000  extra  bushels 
of  wheat,  20,000,000  extra  bushels  of  oats, 
1,500,000  extra  bushels  of  barley.  21,000.000 
extra  bushels  of  potatoes. 

But  these  vast  possibilities  are  not  alone  for 
one  year,  or  for  our  own  time  or  race,  but  are 
beneficent  legacies  for  every  man,  woman,  and 
child  who  shall  ever  inhabit  the  earth.  And 
who  can  estimate  the  elevating  and  refining  in- 
fluences and  moral  value  of  flow-ers  with  all 
their  graceful   forms  and  bewitching  shades 


and  combinations  of  colors  and  exquisitely 
varied  perfumes?  These  silent  intiuences  are 
unconsciouslv  felt  even  by  those  who  do  not 
appreciate  them  consciously,  and  thus  with 
better  and  still  better  fruits,  nuts,  grains,  and 
flowers  will  the  earth  be  transformed,  man's 
thoughts  turned  from  the  base,  destructive 
forces  into  the  nobler  productive  ones  which 
w  ill  lift  him  to  higher  planes  of  action  toward 
that  happy  day  when  man  shall  oft'er  his 
brother  man.  not  bullets  and  bayonets,  but 
richer  grains,  better  fruits,  and  fairer  flowers. 

Cultivation  and  care  may  help  plants  to  do 
better  w'ork  temporarily,  but  by  breeding, 
plants  may  be  brought  into  existence  which 
will  do  better  work  always  in  all  places  and 
for  all  time.  Plants  are  to  be  produced  which 
will  perform  their  ajjpointed  work  better, 
quicker,  and  with  the  utmost  precision. 

Science  sees  better  grains,  nuts,  fruits,  and 
vegetables,  all  in  new-  forms,  sizes,  colors,  and 
flavors,  with  more  nutrients  and  less  waste,  and 
with  every  injurious  and  poisonous  quality 
eliminated,  and  with  power  to  resist  sun,  wind, 
rain,  frost,  and  destructive  fungus  and  insect 
pests ;  fruits  without  stones,  seeds,  or  spines ; 
better  fiber,  coffee,  tea,  spice,  rubber,  oil, 
paper,  and  timber  trees,  and  sugar,  starch, 
color,  and  perfume  plants. 

Every  one  of  these,  and  ten  thousand  more, 
are  within  the  reach  of  the  most  ordinary  skill 
in  plant  breeding. 

Fellow  plant  breeders,  this  is  our  work.  On 
us  now  rests  one  of  the  next  great  world  move- 
ments, the  guidance  of  the  creative  forces  are 
in  our  hands. 

Man  is  slowly  learning  that  he,  too,  may 
guide  the  same  forces  which  have  been  through 
all  the  ages  performing  this  beneficent  work 
which  he  sees  everywhere  above,  beneath,  and 
around  him  in  the  vast  teeming  animal  and 
plant  life  of  the  world. 


IV/r  Y  (i.VRDI^^X.  with  its  silence  and  the  pulses  of  frai^Tance  that 
^^^  come  and  .^o  on  the  airy  undulations,  affects  me  like  sweet  music. 
Care  stops  at  the  gates,  and  gazes  at  me  wistfully  through  the  bars. 
Among  my  flowers  and  trees  Nature  takes  me  into  her  own  hands  and 
I  breathe  freelv  as  the  first  man. — Alexander  Suiifh. 


Modern  City  Buildin 

By  Timothy  A.  Reardon 

President  San  Francisco  Board  of  Public  Jl'orks 


Editors  A^otc:  As  one  who  has  had  superior  opportunities  for 
noting  the  processes  of  evohition  in  the  development  of  the  marts  of 
men,  Mr.  Timothy  A.  Reardon  has  profited  thereby  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  has  been  enabled  to  put  to  practical  use  many  of  the  ideas  thus 
gained.  His  article  points  the  way  for  an  escape  from  the  sordid  in 
city  building  and  to  something  approaching  an  attainable  ideal. 
Mr.  Reardon  sees  the  city  with  a  broad  vision  from  a  vantage  point 
and  with  a  wholesome  regard  for  the  rights  of  the  multitude  as 
opposed  to  those  of  the  few  and  favored. 


IT  SHOULD  not  be  proverbial  that  "God 
made  the  country  and  man  made  the  town." 
Therefore,  it  is  incumbent  upon  those  who 
have  a  part  in  the  building  of  our  cities  of 
today  to  exert  their  efforts  toward  making 
them  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible ;  as  nearly 
as  possible  free  from  those  objectionable  fea- 
tures that  have  long  been  supposed  inseparable 
from  man-made  habitations. 

Two  things  go  toward  the  ultimate  per- 
fection of  any  work  that  concerns  the  building 
of  the  ideal  city :  First,  the  right  kind  of 
citizens,  and,  second,  the  right  kind  of 
motives. 

It  is  self-evident  that  it  would  be  hopeless 
to  attempt  the  construction  of  a  secure  sus- 
pension-bridge from  imperfect  material ;  no 
more  can  you  build  a  city  with  unprincipled 
or  i;tterly  selfish  citizens.  It  is  likewise  ap- 
parent that  if  a  man  sets  out  to  do  a  thing, 
no  matter  how  laudable  his  enterprise  on  the 
face  of  it,  if  he  proceeds  with  a  mental  reser- 
vation that  he  will  in  the  end  turn  it  to  his 
own  selfish  account,  the  work  can  not  prosper ; 
or,  if  it  should  appear  to  do  so,  must  ultimately 
decay  because  rotten  at  the  core.  To  repair  the 
damage  ere  too  late,  it  is  necessary  to  detect 
the  infection  and  destrov  it.     In  short,   right 


motives  are  as  necessary  as  right  materials,  and 
neither  can  hope  for  lasting  success  without 
the  other. 

Granted  the  above  prerequisites  to  success, 
it  generally  follows  that  a  city  builder,  or 
builders,  since  it  always  requires  more  than 
one  head  or  one  pair  of  hands  to  accomplish 
a  work  of  any  magnitude,  must  be  provided 
with  financial  backing,  certain  natural  advan- 
tages, and  space  wherein  to  work.  From  what 
has  been  accomplished  in  the  way  of  city 
building  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  how- 
ever, it  would  seem  that  the  matter  of  natural 
advantages  is  not  always  essential.  Cities  have 
been  builded  under  what  in  the  beginning  must 
have  seemed  almost  insurmountable  obstacles. 
In  the  West,  in  California  particularly,  there 
is  little  need  of  considering  this,  or  even  the 
question  of  room,  and  financial  aid  is  usually 
provided  without  much  effort. 

Perhaps  the  better  word  to  express  what  is 
aimed  at  in  this  paper,  would  be  "rebuilding" 
instead  of  building,  since,  it  is  scarcely  neces- 
sary to  say.  few,  if  any,  cities  are  perfect,  and 
their  rebuilding,  reconstruction,  in  fact,  offers 
unparalleled  opportunities  for  the  city  builder 
to  show  bv  comparison  the  advantages  of 
modern  methods  over  those  of  the  past. 


198 


CALllXtKXiA'S  MAGAZIXE 


The  most  approved  nioclcrn  ick-a  in  tlie  con- 
struction of  the  municipal  licart  of  tlic  city  of 
importance  is  the  "civic  center"  iihui.  The 
groujiinL;.  or  assembling  of  the  civic  structures 
and  the  provision  thereby  of  conveniences 
otherwise  unattainal)le.  is  of  undnubt^d  ad- 
vantage. Likewise,  the  efforts  at  symmetry  or 
classical  outline  in  the  construction  of  the 
buildings  tliemselvc^  and  of  the  surrounding 
grounds,  are  highly  commendable.  One  of 
the  sins  of  the  early  city  builder  was  ugliness 
and  lack,  of  uniformity  in  construction.  But, 
while  it  may  be  comparatively  easy  for  the 
administrative  bodies  to  create  civic  centers 
composed  of  buildings  tliat  liarmoni/.e,  it  is 
a  far  more  difficult  matter  to  secure  anything 
like  harmony  or  symmetry  in  the  city  gen- 
erally, eitlier  in  the  business  or  residential  dis- 
tricts. Apparently  the  only  safe  plan 
henceforth,  in  the  erection  of  buildings  of 
any  magnitude,  will  be  to  follow  certain 
classic  models,  so  thoroughly  established  as 
standards  of  perfection  in  both  contour  and 
utility  as  to  ])rove,  in  all  likelihood,  equally 
acceptable  tt)  future  generations.  Perhaps 
wi.se  lawmakers  in  days  to  come  will  provide 
measures  to  insure  some  such  recognition  of 
the  laws  of  harmony  and  thereby  materially 
enhance  the  future  aspect  of  the  cities. 

UPWARD  TENDENCY 

Whether  a  city  be  constructed  upon  com- 
paratively small  area  as  in  tlie  case  of  some 
of  the  Eastern  municipalities,  or  with  room 
to  spread  as  in  most  Western  instances,  the 
modern  tendency  seems  to  be  ujiward;  hence, 
the  skyscraper,  undoubtedly  tlie  outcome  of 
the  necessity  of  conserving  land  space  and 
gaining  as  much  as  possible  in  height  to 
offset  the  fabulous  values  of  city  property 
in  the  business  districts.  And  yet,  the  sky- 
scraper will  be  found  in  cities  where  there 
is  no  physical  need  for  it.  so  it  must  be 
assumed  that  it  is  a  type  of  office  building 
which  experience  has  proved  desirable,  despite 
any  apparent  drawbacks  or  qualities  of  un- 
safety,  now  largely  minimized  by  excellence 
of  construction  and  perfection  of  ecjuipment 
for  escaping  and  fighting  fire,  etc. 

Perhaps  the  chief  feature  that  has  endeared 


the  skyscraper  to  the  constructor  of  city  build- 
ings, after  the  matter  of  conservation  in 
ground  space,  has  been  the  conij)actness  and 
resultant  saving  in  cost  and  time  to  tenants 
and  owners  alike.  The  ultimate  of  this  is 
attained  in  certain  I'^astern  structures,  wherein, 
it  is  said,  a  man  might  spend  a  lifetime  if 
need  be,  finding  within  the  confines  of  the 
building  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  This 
however,  is  a  custom  it  is  to  be  hoped  will 
never  become  prevalent,  else  we  are  likely  to 
degenerate  into  a  race  of  human  moles,  spend- 
ing an  artificial  existence  and  forgetting  the 
sunshine  and  the  blue  sky. 

The  "city-beautiful"  movement,  which  has 
gained  favor  in  numerous  cjuarters,  has  much 
to  recommend  it.  pro^•iding  the  idea  is  not 
carried  to  impracticable  limits.  Certaiidy  the 
beautifying  of  a  city  in  a  dignified  and  prac- 
tical manner,  and  the  retention  of  city  squares 
and  parks,  with  lawns  and  shade  trees,  is 
highly  commendable. 

We  of  the  \\'est  have  much  to  be  thankful 
for.  whether  our  lot  be  cast  in  city  or  country, 
since  we  are  always  in  touch  with  both.  Thus 
the  residents  of  San  Francisco  may  with  a 
short  ride  find  themselves  in  the  most  delight- 
ful of  natural  surroundings,  such  as  the  San 
Mateo  county  slopes  and  hills,  or.  by  cross- 
ing the  water,  the  numerous  charming  environs 
of  the  east  ba\-  cities.  The  same  applies  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  where  the  numerous 
attractive  beach  resorts  afford  tempting  oppor- 
tunities for  relaxation  for  the  people  of  the  city. 

So,  with  the  interior  cities  and  larger  towns 
— everywhere  the  country  beckons.  Indeed, 
tliere  are  few  cities  in  our  land  where  the 
citizen  may  not.  without  a  great  deal  of  time 
or  expense,  find  natural  settings  to  satisfy  his 
most  svlvan  mood.  It  is  only  the  very  poor 
in  some  of  the  greater  Eastern  cities  who 
find  it  impossible  to  escape  even  for  a  time,  the 
narrow  confines  of  stone  walls  and  the  dismal 
vistas  of  cobbled  streets,  and  the  energies  of 
those  more  fortunately  situated  should  be  ex- 
erted in  their  behalf,  until  such  a  thing  as 
comj)ulsorv  continuity  of  city  life  is  no  longer 
possible  under  anv  circumstances  or  in  any 
part  of  the  United  States. 


MODERN    CITY    BUILDING 


199 


San  f^rancisco,  during  the  present  year  is 
host  to  the  world,  and  the  department  of 
public  works,  under  whose  supervision  most 
of  the  details  of  civic  improvement  are 
handled,  has  exerted  every  effort  to  place 
the  city  in  the  best  possible  condition  to  re- 
ceive the  throngs  attracted  West  by  the  expo- 
sitions. 

Besides  the  realization  of  the  first  of  San 
Francisco's  great  tunnel  projects  and  the  com- 
mencement of  construction  on  the  Twin  Peaks 
tunnel,  the  development  of  the  civic  center 
grounds  and  buildings,  the  construction  of 
a  road  to  the  Hetch  Hetchy  damsite.  and  the 
extension  of  the  lines  of  the  Municipal  Rail- 
way, the  board  has  effected  the  improvement 
of  453  blocks  of  streets  and  of  89  crossings 
and  intersections  during  the  past  calendar 
year.  In  addition,  the  streets  or  sidewalks 
fronting  1 1 1  parcels  of  citv  propertv  have 
been  improved.  Modern  equipment  in  the 
corporation  yard  for  street  repair  and  con- 
struction has  been  installed.  A  tremendous 
amount  of  sewerage  work  has  been  accom- 
plished. Among  noteworthy  improvements 
planned  or  under  way  may  be  noted  the  further 
extension  of  street  railways  on  the  municipal 
lines ;  a  fire  alarm  central  station,  second  to 
none    in    the    United    States,    now    practically 


completed  ;  equipment  of  schools  with  metallic 
fire  escapes;  an  addition  to  the  polytechnic 
high  school  ;  the  permanent  improvement  or 
construction  of  numerous  extensive  boule- 
vards, etc. 

THE  LARGER  WORD 

San  Francisco  as  a  city  has  retained  its 
individuality,  its  character,  throughout  many 
vicissitudes,  and  this  is  mainly  due  to  the 
character  of  its  citizens,  ^^'hile  a  great  per- 
centage of  the  crowds  which  throng  the  streets 
is  transient,  particularly  at  this  time,  owing  to 
the  exposition,  and  while  the  city  is  thor- 
oughly cosmopolitan  at  all  times,  as  any  sea- 
port must  inevitably  be,  there  is  still  persistent 
in  the  main  body  of  the  population  that  spirit, 
which  has  been  handed  down  from  father  to 
son.  since  the  days  of  the  Argonauts ;  an 
indomitable  spirit ;  unquenchable,  distinctive, 
in  a  word.  San  Franciscan.  But  there  is  a 
larger  word,  and  with  that  broadness  of  view 
that  is  one  of  their  chief  characteristics,  the 
San  Franciscans  will  admit  it  readily.  This 
word  has  come  to  mean  more  with  every  pass- 
ing day;  it  is  representative,  comprehensive, 
inclusive ;  it  discourages  selfishness  and  petti- 
ness and  inspires  the  spirit  of  brotherhood 
which  is  so  necessary  to  progress.  That  word 
is— CALIFORNIA! 


.^1 


a*  I  ''HE  hig-hest  faculty  of  mind  is  the  constructive  faculty — the  fac- 
ulty that  builds.  A  man  who  builds  an  industry  must  be  a 
strong-  man.  The  man  that  builds  is  not  to  be  feared.  He  is  helping 
to  organize  the  world  for  our  benefit,  and  he  is  keeping  our  building 
faculties  in  practice.  The  trouble  with  the  old  and  narro\\-er  culture 
was  that  it  was  receptive  rather  than  constructive.  .  .  .  The  cul- 
tivated man  in  a  perfected,  democratic,  industrial  life  will  be  the  most 
widely  and  sanely  cultivated  man  that  has  been  evolved." — [['.  H. 
Page. 


T^OES  iliis  a])i)eal  to  you  as  a  charming-  and  effeclix'e  site  for  a  niod- 
J-^  ern  hillside  home?  There  are  many  such  locations  in  California; 
restricted  subdivisions  for  homeseekers  who  desire  something  dis- 
tinctive as  a  dwelling-  place. 


California  as  a  Place 
of  Homes 


By  Mark  Daniels 


Landscape   Engineer  and  Superintendent   of   National  Parks  of   California 


HOWEVER  slightly  the  sense  of  the  ar- 
tistic may  obtain  in  the  individual  na- 
ture, or  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  enter  into 
the  individual's  concept  of  what  is  essential 
to  life  and  happiness,  in  some  degree  he  is 
conscious  of  a  sensation  when  the  word  "home" 
is  considered  that  lifts  it  above  ordinary  terms 
and  in  his  mental  vision  enshrines  it  as  some- 
thing more  splendid  than  the  average. 

There  are  men  and  women,  too.  who,  yield- 
ing to  the  strange  fever  known  as  wanderlust, 
boast  that  wherever  they  hang  their  hats  is 
home  to  them.  But,  back  in  some  cloistered 
chamber  of  their  hearts,  it  is  safe  to  say, 
dwells  a  memory  centering  about  the  word 
"home."  They  think  they  have  forgotten, 
these  birds  of  passage,  but  they  have  not. 

There  are  persons  whose  souls  are  appar- 
ently so  steeped  in  selfishness,  or  whose  lives 
are  so  entirely  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  mate- 
rial wealth  and  power  that  the  thought  of 
home  as  anything  other  than  a  place  in  which 
to  sleep,  has  to  all  appearances,  no  significance. 
But  when  the  pot  of  gold  at  the  rainbow's  end 
is  found  empty  and  the  fruits  of  fame  turn  to 
apples  of  Sodom,  in  that  hour  shall  memory 
carry  them  back  over  the  years  to  a  place, 
however  humble,  that  once  held  for  them  all 
they  knew  of  home. 

Fortunately,  with  the  great  majority  of  us. 
home  is  perhaps  paramount  in  our  visions  of 
earthly  bliss,  and  the  more  beautiful  we  make 
our  homes  the  more  beautiful  will  be  our 
lives,  the  more  wholesome  our  outlook  upon 
the  world,  and  the  less  apt  will  we  be  to  allow 
our  minds  to  become  possessed  of  unhallowed 


thoughts.  Where  our  treasure  is  there  will  our 
hearts  be  also ;  therefore  it  is  our  duty  to 
make  our  home  the  receptacle  of  our  treasure 
and  no  man  who  is  not  a  miser  will  hide  his 
treasure  in  a  hovel.  Gradually  even  those 
whose  station  in  life  makes  it  impossible  for 
them  to  be  the  possessors  of  splendid  dwell- 
ings in  the  midst  of  roomy  grounds,  are  find- 
ing ways  and  means  to  escape  the  sordidness 
of  the  tenements  for  the  suburbs  and  the  vine 
thatched  cottages. 

Particularly  is  this  true  of  the  West — of 
California  especially — where  an  hour's  ride 
and  frequently  a  much  shorter  one.  will  bring 
us  from  the  city  to  the  country  the  transition 
being  rendered  less  arduous  and  expensive  with 
each  new  development  in  transportation. 

It  is  with  members  of  that  class,  however, 
who  are  so  fortunately  situated  as  to  be  able 
to  afford  at  least  comparatively  spacious 
grounds  and  buildings  in  proportion,  and  who 
can  choose  the  location  of  their  homes  with 
an  eve  to  the  natural  scenic  investiture,  that 
I  would  deal  in  this  paper. 

UXADULTER.4TED  BE.\UTV  OF  CALIFORXI.A. 

In  the  beginning  I  may  say  that  nowhere 
else  in  the  United  States  and  in  few  places  in 
the  entire  world,  is  there  to  be  found  such 
unadulterated  beauty  and  diversity  of  scenery, 
such  opportunities  for  possibilities  in  archi- 
tecture or  landscape  gardening  as  in  Cali- 
fornia. But  it  is  only  within  comparatively 
recent  times  that  the  most  effectual  means  of 
accomplishing  what  I  may  term  the  ultimate 
in  picturesque  home  construction  has  been 
taken  into  account  in  this   State;    by  this   I 


202 


CAI.TFORXTA'S  AIAGAZINE 


A  graceful  curve  in  a  ('.alifdniia   siilnlivisioii   for  hoiiu's 


mean  the  restricted  district  composed  of  a 
number  of  units  or  miniature  estates,  all  of 
which,  however,  form  a  complete  and  harmo- 
nious whole.  These  miniature  estates  may  vary 
in  size  from  five  to  forty  acres  and  in  some 
cases  even  less  than  five  acres,  the  extent  of 
the  entire  district  so  treated  depending  upon 
the  sizes  of  its  units.  And  in  this  regard,  Cali- 
fornia is  favored  above  most  other  states  in 
that  it  has  not  only  room,  but  room  so  situated 
as  to  be  suitable  in  every  respect  for  the  ])ur- 
pose  of  home  making. 

A    RIVAL    OP'    PARIS 

Take  the  city  of  San  Francisco  and  its  en- 
virons, for  example,  and  consider  from  the 
viewpoint  of  the  landscape  architect  its  pos- 
sibilities for  the  creation  of  idyllic  homes  and 
gardens.  If  Italy  possessed  such  possibilities 
we  would  be  crossing  the  ocean  in  droves  to 
visit  it.  There  is  no  place  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast  of  this  country  and  not  more  than  three 
localities  in  the  Old  World  that  even  compare 
witli  it.    North,  south,  east,  or  west,  it  matters 


not,  the  eye  is  favored  with  a  vista  that  teems 
witli  suggestive  possibilities.  Go  down  the 
peninsula  to  where  the  lakes  belonging  to  the 
Spring  Valley  Water  Company  are  spread  in 
a  chain  of  tiny  lagoons  rivaling  the  famed 
Lakes  of  Killarney  or  the  "lochs"  of  Scot- 
land. Already  several  fine  subdivisions  have 
been  laid  out  in  that  vicinity  and  partake  of 
an  Old  World  charm  that  is  beautiful  beyond 
compare.  Journey  to  Marin  County's  slopes, 
and  wade  knee-deep  in  fern,  while  tall  trees 
rise  to  imposing  heights  above  your  head. 
There  are  vallevs — hill  slopes — wooded  dells. 
rivaling  anything  that  I'Airope's  most  famous 
beauty  spots  can  afford.  Cross  over  to  Pied- 
mont, Berkelev.  Xorthbrae.  Thousand  Oaks, 
and  there  vou  will  find  foot  hill  sites  with 
wonderful  panoramic  marine  views  that  will 
hold  you  spellbound  by  their  enchantment. 
( )ut  bevond  Twin  Peaks  vou  will  find  Forest 
Hill.  St.  Francis  Wood,  and  other  subdivisions 
which  provide  the  most  ideal  locations.  In 
short.  San  Francisco  is  like  Paris — surrounded 


HOAIES  AND  GARDENS 


203 


by  small  cities,  each  with  its  own  particular 
style  of  charm,  all  within  easy  distance  of  the 
metropolis,  and  contributing  to  the  general 
beauty  and  utility  of  the  entire  scheme.  It  is  a 
wheel  within  a  wheel,  so  to  speak,  San  Fran- 
cisco constituting  the  hub.  This  is  but  one 
example — the  State,  from  one  end  to  the  other, 
affords  similar  facilities  for  those  who  are 
alive  to  the  artistic  possibilities.  In  the  South, 
Los  Angeles  forms  another  hub,  with  spokes 
reaching  out  in  all  directions,  the  ocean  on  one 
hand,  the  desert  and  the  mountains  on  the 
other,  compassing  the  circle.  In  the  interior 
there  is  no  county  but  oifers  individual  ad- 
vantages, with  mountain  and  valley  scenery, 
crystal  lakes,  and  rushing  rivers,  towering 
crags  down  which  pour  foamy  cascades,  trees 
that  seem  to  touch  the  stars,  or  that,  giving 
their  growth  to  breadth  rather  than  to  height. 
spread  their  branches  in  grateful  shade. 

Wherever  conditions  seem  at  all  propitious 
the  restricted  district  idea  of  subdivision  seems 
to  be  laying  hold  of  those  who  make  a  busi- 


ness of  turning  natural  beauty  to  practical 
ends  in  forming  home  sites  for  persons  of  re- 
fined taste.  The  possibility  of  building  a  fine 
home  and  in  a  year  or  two  having  a  soap  fac- 
tory or  laundry  erected  within  a  stone's  throw, 
was  not  to  be  considered.  Therefore  the  re- 
strictions for  upwards  of  thirty  years,  insuring 
only  buildings  of  a  uniform  excellence,  bar- 
ring business  establishments,  and  making  easy 
the  minds  of  those  who  invest  rather  heavily 
in  home  construction. 

ART  THAT  IS  CONCEALED 

The  art  of  the  landscape  architect  consists 
more  in  knowing  what  not  to  do  than  what  to 
do.  In  other  words,  he  must  seek  to  retain  the 
natural  effects  of  the  setting  and,  where 
changes  are  essential  to  utility,  to  disguise 
man's  handiwork  as  much  as  possible.  It  is 
merely  obedience  to  the  familiar  rule — "true 
art  is  to  conceal  art."  When,  therefore,  the 
artist  in  large  effects  wishes  to  decide  upon 
the  proper  preparation  of  a  certain  area  he 
must  first  gain  a  broad  conception,  a  perspect- 


Delicate  piece  of  landscape  engineering — fitting  a  road  between  two  enormous   boulders 


11.   C.   Ncwiirs  |)i(liiri'M|iic   liiinic   in    riidusaiid   Oaks.   ('.:il  i  IDiiiia,  an  ciiviron  of  San   I'laiK-iscH) 


(Iroimds  ol    Mark    Daniels"    iKinic    in     Tlioiisand    Oaks 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


205 


A  hoiiie  Ijuricd  by   feathery   trees 

ive  view  taking  into  consideration  all  the  dis- 
tinct features — vista,  character  of  verdure, 
topographical  conditions,  water  effects,  etc. 
Then  he  must  gaze  with  half-closed  eyes  upon 
the  ensemble,  finally  fixing  in  his  mind  the 
best  means  of  turning  to  advantage  what  na- 
ture has  provided  for  his  use.  Consider  a  spot 
upon  the  slope  of  the  foothills,  where  the 
ground  is  rendered  unavailable  for  agricultural 
pursuits  by  the  steep  inclines  or  by  the  frequent 
outcroppings  of  rock,  but  where  gnarled  oaks 
spread  their  distorted  branches  and  serpent 
like  roots  on  every  hand.  Here  is  an  ideal 
location  for  the  landscape  architect  and  one 
need  only  glance  at  some  of  the  accompanying 
photographs  to  see  what  has  been  done  with 
just  this  sort  of  material. 

Follow  California's  wonderful  coast  line 
and  innumerable  opportunities  for  home  sites 
within  sight  and  sound  of  the  sea  may  be 
noted. 

No  one  with  an  appreciation  of  the  beautiful 
can  travel  for  one  day  in  California  and  re- 
main uncnthusiastic.   And  when  twilight  comes 


stand  at  the  summit  of  a  hill,  "knee  deep  in 
June"  and  look  out  to  where  the  sun  has 
turned  the  sea  into  a  shimmering  copper  shield. 
Watch  a  little  golden  ship  sailing  out  through 
the  Golden  Gate  and  while  watching  see  the 
gold  change  to  brown  and  purple  as  night  falls 
— and  there  will  be  inspiration  and  to  spare 
for  whatever  work  one  may  be  engaged  upon. 
It  is  not  on  record  that  Edgar  Allen  Poe 
ever  visited  California  but  one  may  be  ex- 
cused for  wondering  how,  even  with  the  imagi- 
native genius  he  possessed  he  was  able  to  com- 
pose that  masterpiece  of  descriptive  writing. 
"The  Domain  of  Arnheim,"  without  having 
first  seen  the  beauties  of  this  State.  There  are 
a  dozen  places  where  the  fabled  domain  might 


:lassic  pathway  that  might  be  situated  in  an  Olil 
World  suburl)  but  wliich  is  typical  of  some  of 
California's  fine  subdivisions 


205 


CA 1  1 1( ) R X 1  A'S  M  A ( ; A Z 1  X  E 


Wliiit  finer  scttiiif^  liir  cliildliootl's  dcvelopnu'iit,  for  instilling  only  ideals  of  beauty,  and  appre- 
ciation of  Nature's  liountifulness  than  this  sylvan  scene — a  California  wooded  hillside  turned 
into  a  place  of  hoiiies 


have  been  located.  No  dream  of  Arcadian 
poet  surpasses  the  pastoral  beauty  of  Califor- 
nia's woods  and  fields ;  nowhere  has  the  Great 
Artist  painted  with  more  daring  sweeps  of 
color  than  here,  wliere  the  sun  dies  in  a  l)cd 
of  crimson  and  gold,  and  nowhere  is  there  a 
greater  peace  when 

The  azure  curtain  of  God's  lionse 

Draws  back,  and  hangs  star-pinned  in  space. 

One  may  not  dwell  upon  this  subject  without 
falling  into  the  mood  poetic.  And  every  nail 
that  is  driven  into  a  typical  California  home, 
wherein  beauty  and  service  commingle  ;  every 
spadeful  of  earth  that  is  turned,  every  seed 
that  is  planted  bears  witness  to  the  same  spirit 
of  appreciation.      In  short,  one  can  not  be  a 


part  of  the  great  work  that  is  rapidly  turning 
to  account  every  portion  of  this  Western  land 
without  l)eiiig  insjjired  by  its  qualities  of  en- 
during iicauty. 

FLORAL     EFFECTS 

^^'hL're  it  is  necessary  or  advisable  to  add 
to  the  natural  floral  effects  of  any  particular 
locality,  the  garden  expert  finds  no  difficulty 
in  making  anything  grow  in  California  tliat 
will  grow  anywhere  else  in  the  world.  The 
possibilities  of  flowers  and  shrubberv  as  a 
means  of  accentuating  or  enhancing  any  fa- 
vored spot  are  too  patent  to  need  an  extended 
survey.  Properly  cultivated,  successions  of 
blooms  may  keep  a  garden  in  perpetual  blos- 
som throughout  all  seasons. 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


207 


A  recent  writer  in  '"House  and  Garden" 
says : 

"For  the  making  of  a  garden  the  Califor- 
nian  has  practically  the  world  to  draw  upon. 
Indeed,  so  inclusive  is  the  hospitality  of  the 
State's  climate  that  the  supreme  temptation  is 
to  plant  something  of  everything  on  earth  and 
turn  one's  place  into  a  botanic  museum." 

The  writer  goes  on  to  complain  of  the  pre- 
ponderance of  such  medleyed  horticulture  in 
the  State,  which  is  another  argument  for  the 
skilled  and  artistic  worker  in  the  beautifying 
of  California  home  sites. 

TREES    A    GREAT    ASSET 

Trees  are  another  wonderful  asset  to  the 
landscape  gardener  and  the  low-spreading  oak 
has  as  wonderful  possibilities  as  have  the  ma- 
jestic redwood,  or  the  singing  pines.  The  man 
with  an  eye  for  harmonious  effects  will  select 
a  site  suitable  for  the  style  of  dwelling  he  in- 
tends to  erect,  or  vice  versa. 

There  are  counties  in  the  State  where  the 
redwoods  run  down  almost  to  the  ocean's 
shore  ;  in  other  districts  the  madrone  vies  with 
the  scrub  or  live  oak,  or  tall  poplars  in  martial 
rows  look  down  with  austere  mien  upon  less 
formal  locusts.  The  knowing  homeseeker  or 
home  builder  knows  just  how  to  utilize  the 
trees  upon  the  land  chosen. 

Water  is  always  a  favorite  means  of  en- 
hancing a  garden  landscape  and  California 
offers  so  wide  a  variety  of  marine  and  aquatic 
features  from  which  to  select  that  one  need 
never  be  at  a  loss.  Much  of  the  country 
abounds  in  springs  from  which  small  brooks 
and  often  large  streams  flow  toward  some  river. 
Lakes  are  common  in  many  sections,  and  to 
the  west  is  always  the  Pacific,  visible  from 
1  200  miles  of  coast  land. 

HILLSIDE    HOMES 

The  hillside  home  is  conducive  to  mental 
uplift  and  the  homeseeker  who  has  had  his 
appetite  whetted  by  Swiss  chalets  or  Italian 
villas  can  find  exactly  what  he  requires  in 
California. 

The  one  who  is  fond  of  boating,  fishing, 
hunting,  out-of-door  sports,  has  a  great  ex- 
panse from  which  to  select  a  home  site  within 
easv  reach  of  his  favorite  hobby. 


Those  who  love  to  dwell  in  the  shadow  of 
historic  associations,  where  ghosts  of  the  past 
haunt  the  byways,  may  find  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  old  missions  available  locations  for  homes 
partaking  of  that  type  of  architecture  and 
gardening  effect. 

NATURE   AND   MAN 

To  sum  up,  it  is  the  subdivision  plan,  with 
necessary  restrictions,  and  the  employment  of 
persons  of  discernment  to  make  the  needful 
changes  in  landscape,  and  to  plan  the  archi- 
tecture that  will  eventually  dot  California 
from  end  to  end  with  picturesque  estates,  each 
a  type  of  beauty  with  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics, until  the  State  in  its  entirety  as  a 
place  of  homes  becomes  as  much  a  paragon  as 
in  other  respects.  When  Nature's  hand  and 
man's  are  linked  in  friendly  clasp,  and  har- 
mony reconciles  their  association,  artificiality 
ceases  to  be  artificiality  and  a  perfection  is 
wrt)ught  wherein  beauty  and  utility  are  min- 
gled in  right  proportions. 


The  straight  line  in  rustic  surroundings  is  nnissary 
to  accentuate  the  irregular  charm  of  Nature's  less 
formal  moods 


M 


A  cottage  at  San  Diego,   California.    An  adaptation  of  tlie   flat-roofed  Egyptian  type 

— Irving   J.    Gill,    architect 

Homes  of  California 

By  Arthur  R.  Kelly 

President  Los  Atif^clcs  Architectural   CI  ill' 

Editor's  Xofc:  California  is  pre-eminently  a  place  of  homes.  It 
possesses  the  natural  advantages  of  scenic  investiture  second  to  none 
in  the  world,  climatic  perfection,  etc.,  enabling  the  most  fastidious 
to  build  according  to  their  desires.  Mr.  Kelly,  who  has  designed 
many  of  the  most  beautiful  homes  in  the  State,  gives  in  his  article 
a  general  survey  of  the  home-making  possibilities  of  California  and 
also  offers  suggestions  as  to  the  character  of  structures  that  have 
found  most  o'cneral  fa\-or  here. 


IN  CALIFORNIA  a  home  is  not  a  home 
without  a  garden  of  some  sort ;  therefore 
when  I  speak  of  a  home  I  mean  not  only  the 
actual  building,  which  is  used  as  a  habitation, 
but  also  the  ground  surrounding  it,  and  even 
the  vistas  bevond  its  immediate  locality.  In 
fact.   1  wish  to  include  in  this  term  all  of  the 


surroundings  which  lend  to  it  anything  of  joy 
and  beauty. 

Peoi)le  have  come  to  think,  especially  the 
people  of  the  East,  that  the  domestic  archi- 
tecture of  California  is  distinctive  and  gen- 
erallv  better  than  that  of  any  other  part  of 
the   countrv.     The  reason    for   so   thinking   is 


210 


CALTFORXIA'S  ^[.\(;.\ZI\K 


A  house  iit  Hollywood,   C.alil'oniia,  having  the  true  feeling  of  the  Spanish   Colonial   architecture 
at  its  best. — Mi/ron  limit  and  Elmer  (ireij.  architects 


undoubtedly  founded  on  fact,  for  although 
California  has  not  the  great  number  of  palatial 
residences  that  al)()und  in  the  far  East,  the 
general  average  of  architecture,  especially 
among  the  moderate-priced  residences,  is  very 
much  above  the  average  residence  architecture 
of  the  East. 

'I'he  reason  for  this  is  very  easily  cxpkiined. 
riie  liouses  of  California,  as  a  general  rule, 
are  all  fairlv  modern  and  any  one  will  admit 
that  for  this  reason,  if  for  no  other,  the 
average  should  l)e  better.  Because  of  this  and 
because  the  architects  of  today  are  doing  so 
much  better  work  than  those  of  yesterday  and 
because  the  taste  of  the  people  of  the  whole 
country  is  better  than  it  used  to  be.  it  is 
inevitable  that  the  domestic  architecture  of 
the  new  far  West  should  be  better  than  that 
of  the  East,  wdiere  for  years  after  the  decline 
of  the  old  Colonial  period,  there  was  no  do- 
mestic architecture  worthv  of  the  name.    Cali- 


fornia has  drawn  people  of  refined  taste  from 
all  parts  of  the  country  and  it  is  their  strong 
appreciation  of  good  architecture  as  well  as 
their  general  high  standard  of  what  they  re- 
quire in  their  own  homes  that  has  made  for 
the  improvement  of  the  quality  of  California 
domestic  architecture.  We  can  not  say  that  the 
people  of  California  have  better  taste  than 
the  people  of  the  East,  for  the  peojde  of  Cali- 
fornia are  the  people  of  the  East,  but  because 
the  homes  of  California  are  being  built  today 
by  jieople  who  have  more  appreciation  of  good 
architecture  than  had  the  ])eople  of  fifty  or 
seventy-five  years  ago,  and  because  the  archi- 
tects of  today  are  a  better  trained  class  of 
men.  I'he  modern  homes  are  not  only  better 
to  live  in.  but  are  also  better  in  appearance. 

TVPES  PECULIAR  TO  STATE 

'inhere  are  certain  types  of  domestic  archi- 
tecture which  are  [jcculiar  to  California.  Chief 
among  these  is  what  is  known  as  the  Spanish 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


211 


Mission  style  of  architecture.  This  style  has, 
of  course,  derived  its  name  and  character  from 
the  old  Spanish  missions  which  were  built  in 
California  by  the  Franciscan  fathers  during 
the  Spanish  occupancy  of  this  country.  These 
old  missions  have  furnished  the  inspiration  for 
the  development  of  a  style  of  architecture 
which  at  its  best  is  undoubtedly  very  pleasing 
and  especially  fitting  to  this  particular  en- 
vironment. 

The  California  Spanish  missions  were  nat- 
urally more  or  less  influenced  in  design,  by 
the  style  of  architecture  used  in  the  churches 
and  cathedrals  of  Spain  and  Old  Mexico,  from 
which  their  builders  derived  their  ideas,  and. 
truly  speaking,  a  great  deal  of  the  so-called 
Mission  architecture  is  more  nearly  Spanish 
or  Spanish  Colonial  than  it  is  Mission.  There 
is,  however,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying 
illustrations,  a  true  type  of  Mission  architec- 
ture which  carries  out  the  coarse  detail  and 
generally  crude,   yet  graceful   outlines  of  the 


old  California  missions.  It  is  in  this  true 
Mission  type  that  we  have  the  one  distinct 
contribution  to  architectural  style,  which  is 
always  associated  with  California. 

Another  type  of  residence  architecture, 
which  has  not  as  yet,  and  probably  never  will 
reach  such  a  stage  of  development  that  it  will 
be  termed  a  style,  is  a  type  of  building  which 
had  its  origin  in  and  around  Los  Angeles. 
Messrs.  Green  and  (ireen  are  the  originators 
of  the  type,  and  they  liave  taken  for  their 
traditional  basis  the  architecture  of  Japan  and 
Switzerland.  The  chief  characteristics  of  this 
type  of  residence  is  the  expression  of  an 
honest  and  logical  construction  throughout, 
with  unusually  wide  projections  of  eaves  and 
overhang  and  the  almost  exclusive  use  of  the 
simplest  of  materials.  This  type  of  building 
has  had  a  very  wide  popularity  in  Southern 
California,  chiefly  because  it  has  been  com- 
paratively easy  for  the  ordinary  builder  to 
grasp  the  fundamental  ideas  portrayed  in  the 


This  house  at  Nordhoff,  California,  is  an  example  of  how  the   Swiss  type  may  be  used  in  certain 
localities  effectively. — Myron   Hunt   and  Elmer   Grey,   architects 


212 


CAT.TFOKXIA'S  MAGAZTXE 


A    Swiss    c'linlct    ;il    Hollywood    showing    the    t>pc    in    :i    chariiclclisl  ic    sctliiif^ 

— Arthur   R.   Kflh/.  arcltifcct 


work  (if  its  originators,  and  not  onl\-  a  nuinl)fr 
of  architects.  l)ut  liundrc-ds  of  builders  as  well, 
are  followiiiL!;  with  no  small  degree  of  success, 
the  lead  of  these  \-ery  clever  designers. 

Ill  i:   IMilM   I.AR   lU  NC,  Al.OW 

Another  type  of  building,  which  can  hardly 
claim  the  dignity  of  being  called  a  style,  but 
which  nevertheless  is  now  seen  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  States  is  the  bungalow.  The  word 
"l)ungalow"  was  originalK-  applied  to  the  low 
thatched  roofed  houses  of  India  and  the  first 
buildings  in  California,  to  which  tliis  name 
was  applied,  were  in  a  general  wav  adajita- 
tioiis  of  this  Indian  dwelling  to  the  recjuire- 
ments  of  American  familv  life.  Now,  how- 
ever, the  term  "i)ungalow"  is  applied  to  almost 
any  type  of  small  dwelling  of  either  one  or 
two  stories,  and  strange  to  say,  those  build- 
ings  which    most   closelv   follow   the  lines   of 


the  buildings  from  whit-h  the  name  was  de- 
ri\-ed.  are  verv  much  in  the  minoritv.  To 
California,  nevertheless,  belongs  the  honor  of 
having  built  the  first  American  bungalows, 
and  if  the  jiopularitv  of  the  type  is  any 
triterion,  it  is  a  verv  great  honor  indeed. 

Another  dex'elopment  of  the  bungalow  idea 
wliich  is  distincti\-e  to  California  is  the  l)unga- 
low  court.  As  vet.  this  idea  has  not  been  used 
much  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  but  it  un- 
doubtedh'  will  spread  as  the  bungalow  has 
spread  owr  the  whole  Cnited  States.  As  a 
source  of  income,  the  bungalow  court  is  one 
of  the  best  of  anv  of  the  schemes  which  have 
to  do  with  rentals,  and  its  success  lies  in  the 
fact  that  so  little  ground  is  necessary  for  the 
building  of  a  satisfactory  court.  For  the 
benefit  of  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the 
idea   I   will   e\i>lain.   as   well   as  illustrate,  the 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


21. 


essentials  of  the  scheme.  Bungalow  courts  are 
usually  built  t)n  lots  having  a  frontage  of  not 
less  than  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet,  and  with 
a  depth  varying  from  one  hundred  to  three 
hundred  feet.  The  usual  plan  is  to  run  a  drive 
or  walk  down  the  center  of  the  lot  and  to 
locate  the  houses  at  intervals  along  the  sides 
of  the  lot  facing  toward  the  center.  By  this 
arrangement  a  large  number  of  exceedingly 
attractive  and  rentable  houses  can  be  built  on 
a  comparatively  small  piece  of  ground,  and  the 
rent  derived  from  such  a  scheme  is  usually  all 
that  the  most  avaricious  landlord  could  wish. 
These  small  houses  are  very  often  sold  to  in- 
dividuals so  that  each  plan  is  distinctly  a  home, 
although  the  ground  space  that  goes  with  the 
house  is  sometimes  very  little  indeed.  Some 
very  attractive  gardening  has  been  done  in 
connection  with  these  courts  as  is  evidenced 
by  some  of  the  accompanying  illustrations. 

TRANSPLANTED    STYLES 

Beside  the  styles  and  types  of  homes  which 


are  distinctive  to,  or  have  been  originated  in, 
California,  there  are  hundreds  of  other  styles 
and  types  of  houses  which  are  transplanted 
from  other  environments.  Among  these  are 
some  which  have  originated  in  the  United 
States,  but  which  are  peculiar  to  certain  locali- 
ties. The  Colonial  and  Dutch  Colonial  styles 
have  been  used  in  California  with  no  little 
degree  of  success,  from  the  standpoint  of  good 
architecture,  but  still  there  is  a  sort  of  incon- 
sistency in  building  a  house  of  this  type,  which 
was  originally  designed  for  the  cold,  snowy 
East,  in  a  land  where  sunshine  and  bright 
skies  are  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception, 
and  where  snow  is  never  known  except  on  the 
tops  of  high  mountains.  \\'hatever  esthetic 
reason  there  may  be  for  not  building  any  par- 
ticular style  of  house  in  any  particular  locality, 
the  fact  still  remains  that  man  has  a  right 
to  build  his  home  where  he  chooses  and  in 
whatever  way  he  chooses,  and  as  long  as  this 
riirht  exists,  houses  of  all  sorts  Avill  be  built 


All   ;ittra(ti\<l.\    picturesque   interior. — Myron    lliiiil    and    Elmer   (iicii.   <irchitects 


214 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Iiitcri'sting   detail    i>\    luniic    at    Oak    Knoll,    Pasadena,    possessing    a 
suggesti(>M    or    Spanish    architecture. — Elmer    Orvi),   nrchitevt 


Cudahy    ranch    house    near    Los    Angeles;    attractive    hecaiise    ol'    its 
long  horizontal  lines  and  rustic  clearness. — Arthur  H.  Kcllti.  urthilcil 


in  all  sorts  of  places  in  all  sorts 
of  styles. 

As  in  every  other  part  of  the 
I'liited  States,  the  domestic  ar- 
chitecture of  l'',nj4land  has  had  a 
strong  influence  on  California 
homes.  There  are  a  threat 
many  half -timbered  lOlizabethan 
houses  in  California  ;  some  have 
followed  jirecedent  to  a  large 
de!j;ree.  while  others  have  only 
kept  the  general  feeling  of  the 
work  from  which  their  inspi- 
ration was  derived.  Needless  to 
say.  there  are  a  gre^at  many  ar- 
chitecturally bad  half-timbered 
ht)uses  in  California,  l)ut  there 
are  a  good  many  which  are  very 
creditable  interjtretations  of  the 
style. 

(  )f  the  countries  whose  cli- 
matic conditions  and  topogra- 
phy somewhat  resemble  those 
of  California — Egypt,  Italy, 
and  Spain — have  lent  to  our 
residence  architecture  a  most 
jdeasing  influence.  There  is 
nothing  more  fitting  to  Cali- 
fornia environment  from  an  ar- 
chitectural standpoint  than  the 
white  walled,  tile  roofed  houses 
of  Spain  and  Italy,  or  the  flat 
roofed  houses  of  Egypt. 

Few  of  the  architects  who 
have  used  the  Egyptian  houses 
as  the  basis  for  their  designs 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  leave  off 
all  cornice  molds.  'The  flat  roofs 
with  various  cornice  projections, 
from  a  narrow  mold  to  a  three 
or  four-foot  corm'ce.  are  .seen 
in  large  numbers  in  all  sections 
of  Califorin'a  ;  but  in  the  south, 
around  San  Diego,  a  few  archi- 
tects have  left  off  any  sugges- 
tion of  a  cornice.  This  type  is 
rather  pleasing  in  efifect  when 
it  is  well  handled  as  to  propor- 
tion   and    spacing   of   openings, 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


215 


but  it  takes  a  man  with  a  strong 
appreciation  of  proportion  to 
handle  successfully  so  difficult 
a  problem  as  is  presented  in  the 
treatment  of  wall  surfaces  de- 
void of  detail,  and  with  only 
the  size  and  placing  of  open- 
ings to  work  with. 

BRILLIANCY   OF   WHITE   PLASTER 

Because  of  the  clear  atmos- 
phere of  California,  and  the 
consequent  sharp  and  brilliant 
shadows  which  occur,  white 
plaster  seems  to  have  a  bril- 
liancy which  no  other  exterior 
wall  covering  can  obtain.  It  is 
undoubtedly  this  brilliancy  of 
shadow  which  is  responsible  for 
the  general  pleasing  effect  of 
most  white  plaster  houses.  Ar- 
chitects of  very  moderate  ability 
and  designers  and  contractors 
who  have  no  architectural 
training  whatever  have  often 
built  white  plaster  houses  which 
would  pass  muster  under  all 
but  critical  examinations. 

A  great  many  of  the  houses 
of  California  which  have  been 
carried  out  along  the  lines  of 
the  Italian  villas  have  been  es- 
pecially successful  because  the 
climatic  conditions  of  Italy  are 
so  nearly  the  same  as  those  of 
California.  Then,  too,  the  to- 
pography of  the  two  countries 
is  quite  similar,  and  those 
houses  which  have  been  de- 
signed to  follow  closelv  the 
simple  type  of  Italian  villa. 
have  l)een  especially  successful 
in  this  setting.  This  is  not  so 
generally  true  of  the  more  pre- 
tentious houses  in  the  Italian 
style,  principallv  because  the 
ground  space  around  them  has 
not  been  sufficient. 

In  those  adaptations  of  the 
Italian  style  of  domestic  archi- 


A    detail    of   the    ('.lulaliy    ranch    house 


Ui'tail   ul'  a    Swiss  chalet  at  Hollywood. — Arthur  R.   Kelly,  archilcct 


216 


CALll'ORXl  \"S   .MA(,AZ1XE 


iji    ();ik    Kiiwll.    I';isadciia,  typifying  the   out   ol'  door   living  room 

— Mfiron   Ilttnl  and  Elmer  Greii.  arvhitecls 


tecture  in  which  simple  wall  surfaces  and 
beautiful  proportions  have  been  the  dominat- 
ing note,  and  where  the  detail  has  been 
treated  with  refinement  and  not  exaggerated, 
we  have  examples  of  some  of  the  best  homes 
of  California.  The  red  tiled  roofs,  the 
white  plastered  walls,  the  beautifully  molded 
cornices  and  the  clean-cut  treatment  of  all  the 
details  which  are  the  characteristic  features  of 
this  style  of  architecture  seem  to  fit  in  espe- 
cially well  with  the  bright  sunshine  and  bril- 
liant blue  sky  of  this  beautiful  country.  With 
the  sharp  contrast  of  light  and  shade  that  is 
so  emphasized  in  this  type  of  house,  the  whole 
composition  seems  literallv  to  sparkle  and  snap 
with  brilliancy,  and  we  do  not  wonder  that 
not  only  architects,  but  even  "jerry  builders" 
are  attempting  to  solve  their  problems  in  home 
building  by  the  use  of  this  most  interesting 
and  popular  style  of  architecture. 

Similar  in  general  characteristics,  but  differ- 
ing materiallv  in  detail  from  the  Italian  stvle, 


the  Spanish  and  Spanish  Colonial  architecture 
has  exerted  some  very  beneficial  influence  upon 
the  domestic  architecture  of  California  That 
it  has  not  had  more  influence  is  due  -to  the 
fact  that  only  the  architects  of  wide  experience 
and  training  are  at  all  conversant  with  the 
style,  and  because  of  this  fact,  it  has  been  the 
more  monumental  i)uildings  rather  than  the 
residences  which  liave  felt  its  influence.  How- 
ever, the  architects  who  have  created  homes  in 
this  particular  style  have  usually  been  men 
of  tliorough  training  and  some  remarkably 
good  work  has  been  turned  out.  as  is  shown 
by  some  of  the  illustrations  accompanying  this 
article. 

Those  of  the  less  pretentious  houses  of  Cali- 
fornia which  can  boast  of  being  designed  along 
any  particular  line  have  had,  in  a  great  many 
cases,  the  Swiss  chalet  as  a  basis  for  their  style. 
Naturally,  large  numbers  of  these  are  badly 
done,  because  of  the  lack  of  training  of  their 
designers,  and  because  in  numerous  cases,  loca- 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


217 


tion  has  not  been  taken  into  consideration.  A 
Swiss  chalet  can  not  be  successfully  built  on  a 
small  flat  city  lot  crowded  in  between  other 
houses  of  conflicting  types  ;  and  if  the  owners 
or  designers  of  houses  for  such  locations  had 
any  esthetic  feeling  whatever,  they  would  not 
attempt  such  an  utter  impossibility.  Neverthe- 
less, where  the  location  has  been  suitable,  and 
the  architect  has  been  comiietent.  the  Swiss 
chalet  has  been  used  with  very  great  success. 

CLIMATIC    COXUI  riOXS 

Climatic  condition  has  had  a  much  more 
general  influence  on  the  plan  of  California 
houses  than  it  has  on  their  exterior  design. 
Naturally,  the  homes  of  this  locality  are 
planned  to  take  advantage  as  much  as  possible, 
of  the  out  of  door  life  which  is  so  enjoyable 
in  this  delightful  climate,  and  rarely  is  a  house 
jilanned  which  does  not,  to  some  extent,  con- 
template  some    pretense   at    a    garden.     Most 


every  house  can  boast  a  garden  porch  which 
in  a  way  ties  house  and  garden  together.  The 
abundance  of  large  French  windows  and  spa- 
cious doorways,  making  it  possible  to  open  up 
the  whole  house  to  the  out  of  doors,  bespeaks 
the  influence  of  climate  on  our  systems  of  liv- 
ing. For  nine  months  in  the  year  more  than 
half  of  our  day  life  is  spent  out  of  doors,  and 
when  it  is  necessary  that  time  be  spent  inside 
the  house,  those  homes  which  are  most  suc- 
cessful are  those  in  which  the  plan  is  so  laid 
out  so  that  house  and  garden  are  as  one,  and 
a  constant  reminder  is  always  present  of  what 
lies  just  beyond  the  doors.  This  tying  together 
of  house  and  garden  is  coming  to  be  a  more 
and  more  important  feature  of  California 
houses,  and  in  those  houses  which  have  been 
planned  to  take  advantage  of  all  that  nature 
and  the  climate  have  to  offer,  we  have  the  most 
successful  type  of  California  home. 


Patio  in  a  house  at  Covina,  (^alironiia,  showing  the  use  of  the  Spanish  interior  court 

— Arthur  R.   Kelly,  architect 


218 


CAI.T  I'(  M>J\  I  .\"S  MAGAZINE 


Italian    I'ci'KoIa   ellcct   to   S!ii"<l*'>i    porch    of   Coviiia    lionu'. — Arthur   H.    Kellij.   arrliilect 

California's  Gardens 


By  Hugh  Bryan 


ONI'-  tDuhl  nui  write  of  ("alifornia  with- 
out dwelling  at  leii:j;th  uiiun  lier  gar- 
dens. Neither  can  one  write  of  the  gardens 
of  California  without  considering  the  wonder- 
ful climatic  conditions  that  make  these  gar- 
dens possible  and  the  magnificent  variety 
of  natural  scenic  effects  that  are  a  setting  for 
her  gardens,  and  fur  which  she  offers  ten 
thousand  grassy  mountain  slopes,  woodland 
hills  and  forest  plains,  the  blue  Pacific  and 
snow-crowned  mountains,  with  the  warm  sun- 
shine over  all.  In  fact,  California  without  a 
garden  would  be  as  beautiful  as  she  is  with 
gardens,  but  in  a  wild  and  willful  way  we 
could  not  love  her  without  her  gardens  as  we 


do  now,  for  the  gardens  make  their  own  pe- 
culiar imjjressions  upon  the  heart ;  they  give  to 
one  moments  of  ineffable  enjoyment,  a  pleasure 
so  i)ure  that  it  removes  us  from  the  cares  of 
this  earth  and  tills  us  with  [ieace. 

In  no  other  part  of  the  I'nited  States  have 
the  people  taken  to  the  witchery  of  gardening 
as  thev  have  in  California,  and  1  am  pleased 
to  note  that  this  evidence  of  taste  and  refine- 
ment is  not  confined  to  those  of  the  w-ealthier 
class. 

The  majority  of  the  unostentatious  homes 
of  the  middle  class  are  things  of  beauty  on 
account  of  the  taste  displayed  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  grounds.    Each  property  of  this 


HOMES  AND  GARDENS 


219 


A  vista  lending  joy  and   beauty  to  tlie  home. — Myron   Hunt  and  Elmer   Grey,   architects 


class  carries  an  impression  as  to  the  person- 
ality of  the  owner.  I  have  in  mind  two  small 
gardens  that  are  now  in  bloom,  one  made  of 
azaleas,  ferns,  and  lilies,  the  other  of  roses 
and  pansies,  both  perfect  and  both  completely 
satisfying  to  a  lover  of  the  beautiful.  No 
better  results  could  have  been  obtained  upon 
a  hundred  acres  with  unlimited  means  than 
have  been  obtained  upon  these  two  small  lots 
at  an  insignificant  outlay  of  money,  for  thev 
are  perfect.  I  have  no  doul)t  but  that  when  the 
season  of  bloom  is  over  for  the  i)lants  now 
showing  others  will  take  their  place  which 
will  reflect  the  refined  taste  of  the  owners 
quite  as  well  as  those  now  in  bloom. 

Those  who  visit  us  from  the  North  and 
East  are  apt  to  form  the  impression  that 
California  is  a  State  of  beautiful  Howers  and 
gardens  partially  for  the  reason  that  plants 
that  bear  flowers  grow  here  without  anv  spe- 
cial care.  Nothing  could  be  farther  from  the 
fact.     True,   the  soil   and  climatic   conditions 


of  California  are  such  that  plant  life  attains 
a  high  degree  of  perfection  here,  but  gardens 
here  require  as  much  and  more  constant  cul- 
tivation, more  water  and  more  intelligent  care 
than  they  do  in  a  country  where  for  part  of 
the  vear  plant  life  is  at  rest.  If  the  garden 
owner  of  California  would  have  his  garden 
prettv  the  vear  through  he  must  use  great  care 
in  the  selection  of  his  j)lants  for  a  succession 
of  bloom  in  summer,  winter,  spring,  and  fall 
for  there  is  no  season  of  the  year,  at  least 
in  Southern  California,  when  the  garden  may 
be  bare,  whereas  the  Northern  or  Eastern 
gardener  has  onlv  to  consider  the  three  seasons 
of  spring,  summer,  and  fall. 

While  California  has  no  old  gardens  as  the 
gardens  of  England  are  old  she  has  some  of 
tlie  most  notable  gardens  in  America,  among 
wliich  are  the  gardens  of  Mr.  Busch  and 
Mr.  Huntington  of  Pasadena,  several  descrip- 
tions of  which  have  been  written  by  more 
able  j)ens  than  mine.    There  are  many  other 


220 


CALIIX^KXIA'S  MAC.A/JXI". 


bcauliful  cstatfs.  perfect  in  e\cTy  dclail  of 
waterwavs.  pools,  fountains,  statuary  and  t^ar- 
deii  buildiuL^s.  hut  these  gardens  are  the  work 
of  professional  landscape  gardeners  and  no 
more  represent  the  home  life,  tastes,  and  pleas- 
ures of  the  i)eople  of  California  at  Iar;j;e  than 
the  paintings  of  Corol  represent  the  artistic 
develojjment  of  the  people  at  large  of  his  time 
and  of  his  country,  whereas  the  cottage  and 
bungalow  gardens  of  the  middle  class  of  C'ali- 
fornians  do  voice  the  state-wide  love  of  the 
beautiful. 

The  architects  of  the  State  have  done  more 
to  make  the  reallv  beautiful  gardens  of  Cali- 
fornia possible  than  anv  other  influence:  lhe\' 
seem  to  realize  to  a  high  degree  the  fact  that 
whatever  is  done  in  the  way  of  gardening  is 
helped  and  encouraged  bv  the  i)resence  of  har- 
monious architectural  lines  in  the  buildings 
and  that  no  amount  of  skill  in  LrardeniuLr  can 


soften  the  presence  of  an  uglv  building.  The 
b.'tter  class  of  landscape  gardeners  realize  this 
to  the  extent  that  thev  insist  upon  all  archi- 
tectural lines  in  pergolas,  walls,  and  garden 
buildings  being  dealt  with  by  the  architect  of 
the  building. 

(  )n  the  other  hand  some  reallv  good  possi- 
bilities ha\-e  been  spoiled  bv  the  architecture 
[iredominating  in  what  should  b^.'  the  living 
part  of  the  garden,  and  waste  and  harshness 
the  results  of  elaborate  tracerv  on  the  ground. 
1  know  of  one  garden  tlesigned  bv  a  leading 
architect  of  Southern  California,  the  lines  and 
proportions  of  which  are  perfect,  but  his  selec- 
tion of  plants  was  so  unfortunate  that  even 
now  tlie  place  begins  to  look  o\-erloaded  and 
in  a  short  time  the  planting  will  have  to  be 
done  all  over  by  one  better  versed  in  the 
science  or  art  ot  gardening.  The  best  results 
in  the  large  and  small  gardens  of  California 


Example  ol'  the   nut   dI    diiur   liviiin   rcHini    in    tlic    n 


sc-i'c)vcrc(l    poi-cli    aiicl    llciw  cr-lillcd    t^ariicii 
MijVdii    Hunt   uiul   Hliiicr   (ircii.   (trcliilccls 


HO:^IES  AXD  GARDENS  221 

have   been    attained    when    the    architect    and  with    the    subject    of    amateur    gardening    I 

landscape     gardener     have     worked     together  can   not   refrain  from  using   the  property  of 

toward  the  same  end.  Mr.   Arthur   Letts  of   Los  Angeles  as  an  ex- 

The  amateur  gardeners  of  California  have  ample  of  what  the  amateur  gardener  can  ac- 

done  a  great  deal  to  build  up  the  reputation  complish,    for   in   planning    his    gardens    Mr. 

of  the  State  in  the  matter  of  gardening.     In  Letts  has  made  no  mistakes  that  are  not  quite 

an  article  of  this  kind  one  does  not  feel  free  excusable  and  he  has  avoided  any  effect  that 

to  mention  private  places,   but   in  connection  looks  ugly  or  extravagant. 


WHEX  the  (lav's  work  is  dune,  when  the  cares  of  business  have 
l)een  i:)Ut  aside  and  the  desire  comes  to  rest  and  reflect,  to  renew 
one's  mental  i^owers  for  the  morrow — what  i)lace  so  desirable  as  home? 
And  how  essential  that  home  should  be  homelike — delio-htful  in  its  ap- 
pointments, pleasant  in  its  surroundino-s,  thoug'h  not  necessarily  ex- 
pensive. California  is  a  State  wherein  homes  mav  he  made  under  the 
most  auspicious  conditions,  where  a  man  may  suit  his  pocketbook  and 
yet  find  much  that  is  to  his  likin^s^.  There  are  advantages  and  opportu- 
nities for  picturesf|ue  homes,  simple  or  ornate,  as  the  case  may  be.  The 
environment  provides  beautiful  locations,  aft'ords  sug-o-estions  for  in- 
dividualistic, characteristic,  architectural  styles  and  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  gardens  that  delight  the  eye  and,  in  many  instances,  contribute 
to  the  income.  There  are  many  men  and  women  in  California  who  on 
small  places  are  making  comfortable  li\'ings  1)y  raising  flowers  for 
market.  Think  of  that — you  who  toil  in  some  two-by-four  ofiice  or 
noisome  factory — think  of  making  a  living  by  tending  flowers  in  a  land 
that  is  a  veritable  flower  garden  throughout  its  length  and  breadth. 
Rich  or  poor,  old  or  young,  California  is  and  should  be  the  goal  of 
those  who  seek  a  spot  wherein  to  ])itch  their  tents  and  build  their  camp 
fires ;  it  is  pre-eminently  a  homeland,  where  the  songs  of  the  birds  lull 
one  to  sleep  at  night  and  soft  airs  burdened  with  tropic  fragrance  play 
an  obligato.  It  is  a  land  of  joyful  work,  where  energy  comes  with  the 
sunshine  and  the  odor  of  the  pine  woods ;  it  is  a  place  in  which  to  labor 
and  lauG'h  and  love  and  live.   Tt  is  the  homeland  of  the  world. 


AX7"ELL  has  this  been  named  Sentinel  Rock,  for  it  stands  gTtard  over 
^^     the  enchanted  valley  of  'S'osemite — an  eternal  trust  that  it  will 
ne\-er  forsake. 


On   the    Coast    Route    south    of   Mission    San    Jose 


The  Automobile  in  California 
Life  and  Industry 

By  S.  L.  Mitchell 

Secretary   Automobile   Club   of  Soutlieni    California 


Editor's  Xofc:  The  automobile  has  exerted  irresistible  force  for 
the  improvement  of  California  roads  and  highways,  and  how  fully 
such  improvement  is  justified  by  the  place  which  automobiles,  motor 
trucks,  tractors,  etc.,  occupv  in  California  activities,  both  recreational 
and  productive,  is  impressively  presented  by  Air.  Mitchell.  He  gains 
mastery  of  his  subject  by  experience,  by  wide  acquaintance  among 
others  who  lead  in  use  and  ])romotion  of  the  interests  of  the  elegant 
and  powder ful  posterity  of  the  old  "chug  wagon,"  and  his  article  will 
interest  evervbodv. 


IF  THERE  is  anv  historical  date  of  greater 
importance  to  California  than  those  of 
1849  and  1915,  it  is  found  in  the  year  1896. 
Looking  backward  through  the  smoked  glass 
of  time,  the  eye  is  pretty  certain  to  light  upon 
the  year  1896  as  the  beginning  of  things  so 
far  as  the  "motor  vehicle  era"  is  concerned. 

It  is  true  that  the  Charlie  Rosses  of  the 
motor  world  are  continuously  turning  up  and 
crying:     "Here    I    am.      I    am  the   first  auto- 


mobile ever  built.  You  must  recognize  )ne." 
But  for  the  most  part  a  very  little  time  given 
to  investigation  generally  disproves  the  as- 
sertion and  the  investigator  reverts  to  1896 
as  the  year  in  which  the  automobile  came  into 
its  own. 

All  of  which  is  by  way  of  showing  that  the 
future  of  the  motor  car  in  California — and 
its  present,  too — had  its  beginnings  only  a 
comparatively  short  while  ago. 


224 


CALIFORX  1  A"S  Al AGA/.  1  X  1- 


Grizzly    Giant  on   Pine    Crest   Road 


After  all,  it  is  a  rcniarkahk'  thiiiLj;  that 
California  has  conic  to  asstunc  the  Icackrshii) 
in  the  advance  of  motor-car  liistorv,  ami  \ct 
it  has.  Separated  from  the  birthplace  of  the 
first  "ben/Jne  l)Ugi;y,"  as  the  in\-eiitor  chris- 
tened it,  by  chains  of  mountains,  bv  ri\ers  and 
by  generations  of  transplanted  civilization, 
California  reached  across  those  mountains  and 
plucked  the  motor  car  to  her  bosom.  1  think 
the  reason  for  the  rapid  i;ro\vth  of  the  use 
of  automobiles  on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  found 
in  the  eagerness  of  the  Calif ornian  to  adopt 
new  ideas.  The  motor-driven  \ehicle  was  a 
new  idea,  and  where  the  conservative  East 
waited,  the  imi)etuous  \\'est  seized  at  it  and 
made  it  its  own. 

IXFLLENCE   OF   THE   AUTOMOBILE 

It    was    onlv    natural    then,    that    the    auto- 


mobile should  briujj;  with  it  certain  direct  in- 
fluences upou  the  people  of  the  West,  tipon 
the  industries  and  e\'en  ujion  the  very  contour 
of  the  country  itself.  In  the  order  of  the 
regeneration,  the  buildiiuj;  of  hijj;hwa\s  must 
come  first.  It  was  early  seen  that  an  auto- 
mobile without  roads  was  as  useless  as  a  })en 
without  ink.  Perforce,  the  roads  must  be 
built.  1  think  the  awakeiiini;'  was  simulta- 
neous o\-er  the  entire  State  of  Califorin'a.  but 
in  Southern  California  the  road  building  activ- 
ities have  soared  to  their  greatest  heights. 

At  first  roads  were  built  niaiid\  for  pleasure 
pur])oses.  The  economic  significanee  of  high- 
ways was  tlie  introduction  of  another  factor 
into  the  scheme  of  things — and  that  was  the 
birth  of  the  "motor  truck."      I-'arlv  owners  of 


One  1)1'  (Uililorniji's   clioii'c  country  boulevards — 
near    .Vtascadcro 


AUTOMOBILING 


">-}-. 


^^•^ 


which  it  was  cullectcd  and  the  State  itself — 
to  re^•ert  to  the  construction  and  maintenance 
of  more  roads.  This  sum  will  be  increased 
during  the  years  to  come  and  as  the  roads  are 
fashioned  with  it,  new  territory  will  be  thrown 
open  to  homesteaders  and  agriculturists  who 
are  more  and  more  finding  their  way  about 
bv  automobile  and  subsequently  shipping  their 
produce  to  market  by  motor  truck. 

Like  an  endless  chain  the  growth  of  ^lopu- 
larity  of  the  automobile  is  coupled  with  the 
growth  and  development  of  the  country,  the 
highways,  industry,  farming  and  commerce. 
It  matters  very  little  if  more  automolnles 
mean  more  roads  or  if  more  roads  mean  more 
automobiles  ;  the  one  follows  the  other  as  the 
day  does  the  night,  and  with  the  cycle  there 
comes  the  stimulation  of  commercial  activity. 


An  ideal   stretch   of  road  three  miles   south   of 
Paso  Robles 

automobiles  were  wealthy — they  had  to  be. 
And  automobiles  were  luxuries.  So  the  fight 
for  better  roads  in  California  was  at  first  a 
bitter  one.  Then,  like  an  avalanche,  the 
demand  for  more  and  better  highways  swept 
over  California  until  today  this  State,  so  far 
as  rural  roadways  are  concerned,  leads 
America. 

AS  AID   TO   THE    FAI^iMER 

Instead  of  superseding  the  railways,  the 
motor  truck  has  allied  itself  with  them.  Out 
of  the  wav  centers  have  been  linked  to  market 
centers  first  bv  the  motor  truck  and  then  by 
the  railway,  the  latter  often  completing  the 
transportation  of  farm  products  to  the  urban 
consumption  bureaus.  The  farmer  has  long 
since  withdrawn  his  protest  against  the  "devil 
wagons"  and  has  gone  on  record  as  among 
the  foremost  of  the  road  constructionists. 

Millions  of  dollars  have  been  expended  by 
State  and  bv  counties  for  smooth,  durable  and 
cndiirablc  highways.  Millions  are  about  to  be 
s])ent.  In  a  single  year,  motorists  of  Cali- 
fornia paid  into  the  State  treasury  more  than 
$1,250,000  in  license  tax  moneys.  This  sum 
was  divided  equallv  between  the  counties   in 


White  oak,   draped    with    n  i^s.   near   Gaviota    Pass^ 
a  little   oil    the   beaten   track 


226 


CALIFURXIA'S  .MAGAZINE 


("iilifornia,  leading  the  I'liited  States  as  it 
(Iocs  in  the  number  of  automobiles,  per  capita, 
in  actual  operation,  is  at  this  time  occupying 
almost  the  entire  vision  of  many  of  the  most 
important  motor  vehicle  manufacturers. 
Branches  are  being  t)pened  throughout  the 
State  every  day.  thousands  of  men  are  given 
employment  and  almost  hundreds  of  factories 
for  tile  making  of  accessories  are  built  during 
the  year.  These  are  some,  and  only  some. 
of  the  economic  significances  of  California's 
automobile  era. 

INCREASED  EFFICIENCY 

No  longer  must  the  professional  man  waste 
hours  of  his  day  in  transit  from  one  calling 
point  to  another — his  working  time  is  doubled 
because  of  the  time-saving  motor-propelled 
vehicle.  The  efficiency  of  the  physician  is 
increased,  as  is  the  economic  value  to  the  com- 
munity of  the  lawyer  and  the  practitioner  of 
any  branch  whatsoever  in  the  scheme  of  social 
service.  It  is  not  a  hypothetical  statement,  this. 
However,  there  is  another  and  less  concrete 
phase  of  the  development  of  motor  car  activity 
which  must  at  the  same  time  be  reckoned  with 
and  perhaps  more  emphatically  in  California 
than  in  any  other  state.  That  is  the  reactional 
significance  of  the  automobile.  At  first  this 
was  a  factor  only  "among  the  classes,"  but 
that  was  true  when  gasoline  cost  almost  as 
much  as  milk  and  when  six-cvlinder  cars  were 


considered  impossible.  To  glance  along  anv 
of  the  Southern  California  l)oule\-ards  this  year 
is  to  be  reassured  inunediatelv  that  the 
"masses"  are  "getting  theirs,"  thanks  to  the 
reduced  cost  of  motor  cars  and  the  reduced 
cost  of  keeping  them  on  the  roads. 

To  the  nation  this  getting  out  of  doors  bv 
the  masses  has  a  very  real  significance,  for 
each  year  it  means  the  preservation  of  hu- 
niaiiitw  the  quickening  of  sluggish  intellects 
and  a  wide-awake  interest  in  the  land  which 
l)roduces  the  bread  of  America. 

Certain  unfortunate  circumstances  abroad 
presage  another  factor  in  California  history. 
A  general  sentiment  is  spread  over  the  country 
that  to  "go  \\'est"  is  the  domestic  ecpiivalent 
of  "crossing  over."  In  other  words,  that  Cali- 
fornia is  to  America  what  France  as  a  touring 
ground  is  to  the  continent.  So  California  is 
very  probably  about  to  enter  the  lists  as  the 
magnet  which  will  bring  out  of  Eastern  gar- 
ages the  cars  which  always  before  have  gone 
to  Europe  for  their  winter,  fall  and  summer 
touring.  It  will  rest,  in  a  large  part,  with 
California  whether  or  not  the  succeeding  years 
will  find  these  same  cars  aptly  employing  the 
new  slogan — to  "see  America  first."  If  so. 
many  millions  of  American  made  dollars  will 
be  spent  in  the  place  of  their  birth  which  here- 
tofore have  found  their  wav  into  the  coffers 
of  certain  well-known  continental  inn-keei)ers. 


7f^ 


I'ahu-Sli;i(lc(l     Drive     in     Soutlicrn     C.al  ifoiiiia 


Roads  and  Highways 
of  California 


By  George  B.  Harrison 

Chief  of  Right  of   Ways  Division, 
California  State  Highway  Commission 


Where  the  Road  licvvs  a^vay  like  a  ^vliite  river 


Editor's  Xofc:  California  is  now  spending  $40,000,000  of  State 
money  in  the  construction  of  a  rational  system  of  concrete  State  high- 
ways which  will  carry  travel  and  traffic  through  the  great  valleys 
from  end  to  end  of  the  State  and  across  these  valleys  and  their  inclos- 
ing mountains  from  side  to  side  of  the  State  on  several  points.  AMiat 
the  State  is  doing  is  being  nmltiplied  by  county  appropriations.  Mr. 
Harrison  adduces  great  facts  and  comments  to  give  the  reader  some 
idea  of  the  activity  in  this  fundamental  i^hase  of  State  development. 


CALIFORNIA  is  in  the  midst  of  a  period 
of  reconstruction, — that  is  evident  in  all 
lines  of  activity, — and  a  fundamental  phase  of 
it  is  the  work  of  rebuilding  and  modernizing 
her  principal  highways.  A  State  with  130,000 
motor  vehicles;  with  a  thousand  and  one 
remarkable  sights  for  tourists  scattered  over 
1000  miles  on  the  level  stretches  and  3000 
miles  along  the  ocean  and  over  the  mountains ; 
with  a  climate  that  makes  life  indoors  almost 
immodest  at  anv  time  of  the  vear  :    with   the 


Vosemite,  the  Lassen  volcano,  the  Big  Trees, 
the  Mission  sites  and  traditions,  the  Seventeen- 
mile  l)ri\-e,  and  one  hundred  and  one  Ra- 
mona's  marriage  places  ;  and  with  room  and 
resource  for  a  nation's  population — such  a 
state  would  not  l)e  meeting  her  twentieth 
century  responsibilities  without  a  modern  and 
adequate  system  of  highways.  And  hence, 
among  all  the  activities  recorded  by  "The  Cali- 
fornia Almanac."  not  the  least  of  the  advance- 
ment is  that  of  building  3000  miles  of  State 


228 


CALTF(  )R.\"I.\'S   MACAZIXI-: 


Here  the  roailwiiy  Iciuls  lu'twri'ii  sin'cailiiis  orchards,  rc(li)lciit  of  pcrrimic  Iroiii   myriad  blossoms, 

in    Santa    Clara    C.ouiity 


hij4li\vavs  of  tliL'  best  tvpc.  a  basic  system  for 
future  sujiplementing  by  state  and  count}- 
planning. 

The  State  highways  comiirchend  the  modern 
roadways  now  being  built  under  the  mandates 
of  the  State  highways  act  approved  bv  the 
people  of  California  in  November.  1910.  and 
providing  a  l)nnd  issue  of  $18,000,000  for  ac- 
quiring and  improving  in  a  permanent  manner. 
a  system  of  highways  by  the  State.  In  the 
wording  of  the  act  this  system  was  to  be  "so 
laid  out  and  constructed  or  accjuired  as  to  con- 
stitute a  continuous  and  connected  State  high- 
ways system  running  north  and  south  through 
the  State,  traversing  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys  and  along  the  Pacific  Coast 
by  the  most  direct  and  practicable  routes,  con- 
necting the  county  seats  of  the  several  counties 
through  which  it  passes  and  joining  the  cen- 
ters of  population,  together  with  such  branch 
roads  as  may  be  necessary  to  connect  therewith 
the  several  county  seats  lying  east  and  west 
of  such  State  highway."  The  law  also  directed 
that  construction  must  be  permanent  in  char- 
acter with  permanent  control  and  maintenance 
by  the  State. 


DIIFK  ll.rv  OF  EARLY  TOURING 

Tlie  intention  of  the  law  was  to  secure  re- 
construction of  the  State's  inadequate  high- 
ways. There  were  many  old-timers'  roads 
whicli  ran  liither  and  yonder  with  an  easy  dis- 
regard of  distances,  straddling  the  section  lines 
with  right-angled  turns  in  the  valleys  and 
climbing  the  mountains  as  al)ru])tly  as  nature 
dictated.  Pioneer  motorists  were  trying  to  '"see 
California"  over  roads  that  dragged  deep  in 
sand,  covered  tliem  with  dust  or  mud.  tested 
tlieir  cars  and  their  tempers,  and  often  pre- 
sented slopes  which  invited  the  automobile 
down  the  mountains  while  negotiating  a  grade 
of  25  or  30  per  cent.  A  few  counties,  notably 
Los  Angeles.  San  Diego.  San  Joaquin,  and 
Sacramento,  had  improved  roads  within  their 
respective  boundaries,  but  in  many  sections — 
even  out  of  San  Francisco — the  roads  were 
abominable.  Tlie  state  highways  act  en- 
deavored to  ri'spond  to  the  twentieth  century 
traflic  call  with  a  thorouglily  modern  and 
ade(]uate  highway  system. 

Administration  of  the  act  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  the  California  highway  commission, 
consisting    of    Mr.    Charles    D.    Blaney,    Mr. 


GOOD  ROADS 


229 


Newell  I).  Darlington,  and  Mr.  Charles  F. 
.Stern,  with  Mr.  Austin  B.  Fletcher,  highway 
engineer,  as  executive  officer  of  the  commission. 
The  commissioners  were  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Hiram  AW  Johnson,  who  found  the 
State  highways  act  among  the  large  responsi- 
bilities grouped  for  the  beginning  of  his  first 
term  of  office. 

The  mandates  of  the  law  and  the  obliga- 
tions to  the  bondholders  together  with  the 
pioneer  nature  of  the  work  and  the  difficult 
engineering  conditions  presented  in  California, 
offered  a  problem  of  dimensions  to  the  highway 
commissioners  when  they  assumed  office  in 
August,  1911.  At  that  time  Mr.  Burton  A. 
Towne.  who  was  later  impelled  bv  pressure  of 
his  own  business  to  resign,  was  made  a  member 
of  the  highway  commission  with  Mr.  Blaney 
and  Mr.  Darlington.  The  commissioners  found 
no  one  who  had  the  explicit  idea  of  the  manner 
of  laying  out  tlie  proposed  system  of  State 
highways.  (Governor  Johnson  himself  has  said 
that  when  the  State  highways  act  was  con- 
sidered prior  to  the  selection  of  a  commission 
there  was  no  one  in  his  official  circle  to 
suggest  a  definite  plan  for  meeting  the  in- 
structions of  the  statute.  A  general  agreement 
seemed  to  be  reached,  however,  that  the  con- 


struction of  three  thousand  miles  of  permanent 
and  adequate  types  of  modern  highways  within 
an  expenditure  of  eighteen  million  dollars  was 
an  exceedingly  difficult  project,  if  at  all 
feasible.  Experts  placed  the  probable  cost 
of  such  a  system,  according  to  their  respective 
interpretations,  at  sums  varying  from  thirty- 
five  million  to  fifty-four  million  dollars. 

A    PROBLEM   .SOLVED 

The  highway  commission  was  confronted, 
therefore,  with  this  problem :  Take  eighteen 
million  dollars,  divide  by  three  thousand  miles 
of  road  costing  probably  ten  or  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  per  mile,  and  turn  any  surplus  back 
into  the  State  treasury.  The  commissioners 
attacked  the  problem,  and  the  more  thev  saw 
of  California  the  more  they  guessed  they  had 
not  been  given  a  simple  task,  but  they  reached 
a  solution.  A  definite  plan  was  developed; 
the  best  road  builder  in  America,  from  all 
testimony,  was  made  the  commission's  execu- 
tive off'icer ;  a  businesslike  and  efficiently 
checked  organization  was  perfected,  and  the 
State  wjs  districted  and  placed  in  charge  of 
capable  engineers  subordinate  to  the  highway 
engineer;  practically  seven  thousand  miles  of 
possible  trunk  roads  were  personallv  inspected  : 


A   wDodhiiul   roati    in   the  heart   i>l    the    Ucdwocid    l<irests 


230 


CALIFORXIA'S  ^TACAZIXE 


Oil  one  siilc  :i  slopinu  lilll.  (in  the  dIIkt  ;i  licrp  ravine 
-    SalCty  lirst  is  a  r«aturc  of  tlic  State  llif^hway 

an   approximation,    roughly,   ot    tliL-    proljable 
cost  was  made  hv  rouiitifs. 

A  system  of  i)rincii)al  or  trunk  routes  was 
developed  in  accordanee  with  the  provisions 
of  the  law.  Four  such  routes  were  established. 
making  two  main  north  and  south  roadways. 
( )ne  followed  the  coast,  in  general,  starting 
in  Del  Norte  C'ountv.  passing  through  Eureka, 
I'kiah.  .Santa  Rosa.  San  Rafael  and  other 
cities  and  towns  en  route,  and  meeting  the  San 
Francisco  ferry  connection  at  Sausalito.  A 
continuing  route  began  at  the  limits  of  .San 
Francisco,  and  passed  through  Sai»  Mateo, 
Redwood  City,  San  Jose,  .Salinas,  San  Luis 
Obispo,  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles 
and  Santa  Ana  to  a  termination  at  San  Diego. 
Two  other  routes  were  comprised  in  the  valley 
or  inland  portion  of  the  main  State  highway. 
One  began  at  the  ( )reg()n  boundary,  where  it  is 
now  joined  to  the  ( )regon  section  of  the 
Pacific  highway,  and  linked  Yreka,  Redding. 
Red  P.Iuff.  \'uba  City  and  Marysville  with 
Sacramento.  The  fourth  route  was  planned 
tlirough  the  San  Joacjuin  Valley  from  Sacra- 
mento via  Stockton.  Modesto.  Merced.  Madera. 
Fresno  and  Bakersfield  to  Los  Antfeles. 


Surveys  were  directed  on  these  routes,  and 
they  are  now  within  9.^  per  cent  of  completion. 
i'he  princijial  secondary  lines  also  have  been 
surveyed,  and  several  are  under  construction. 
One  connects  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  with  the 
beach  at  Santa  Cruz  via  Oakland  and  San 
Jose.  A  route  is  under  way  between  Sacra- 
mento and  Davis  which  includes  sixteen  thou- 
sand feet  of  trestle,  and  which  will  sliorten 
materially  the  distance  between  Sacramento 
and  the  San  h'rancisco  Bay  cities.  The  county 
seats  on  the  western  side  of  the  Sacramento 
X'alley  are  being  coimected  by  a  paved  high- 
wav  through  Corning,  Orland.  Willows, 
\\'illiams  (from  which  a  short  spur  leads  to 
Colusa),  \V'oodland.  Fairfield  and  Benicia. 
Across  the  strait  from  Benicia  the  State  high- 
way follows  above  the  Contra  Costa  shore  until 


Completed  State  Highway  in  Soutlicrn  California 


Concrete   Hriiiges   sueh   as   tliis  are  often   seen  on  the 
State   Highway 


Berkeley  and  ( )akland  are  reached.  A  "cutoff" 
will  be  available  by  way  of  Napa  to  the  Sausa- 
lito ferry,  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  Visalia 
and  llanford  art-  to  be  linked  bv  an  east-and- 
west  lateral  connection  with  the  main  trunk, 
making  a  route  whicli  i^robably  will  be  ex- 
tended westward  to  the  coast  road.  In  South- 
ern California  there  are  important  laterals 
to  Pasadena,  San  Bernardino  and  Riverside, 
and  a  highway  over  the  mountains  between 
VA  Centro  and  San  Diego  for  the  "Imperial 
country. " 

ihe  foregoing  enumeration  of  routes  is  a 
list  of  those  which  \^)\S  will  see  completed  or 
well  under  way.  'i'here  are  other  laterals  of 
vast  im])ortance  to  California  which  the  high- 
way commission  is  striving  to  include  for 
early  completion.    Although  they  are  included 


GOOD  ROADS 


231 


A  bit   of  state  Highway   along  California's   Twelve  Hundred   Miles   of   Seacoast 


in  the  secondary  problem  of  State  highway 
construction  their  importance  to  the  State 
is  tremendous,  both  in  relation  to  touring  at- 
tractions and  in  adding  population  and  values 
by  developing  agriculture,  horticulture,  stock 
raising  and  mining.  These  laterals  reach,  in 
the  main,  to  the  mountain  and  trans-Sierra 
counties,  where  there  are  great  scenic  attrac- 
tions and  wonderful  opportunities,  but  a 
woeful  lack  of  good  roads.  The  population 
is  relatively  small,  and  the  necessary  road 
expense  is  large ;  the  advantages  to  the  State 
justify  fully  assumption  of  this  work  as  a 
State  undertaking.  \\'ith  good  roads  will  come 
settlement    and    a    large    addition    to   the    re- 


sources of  California.  There  will  also  be 
added  a  large  number  of  tours,  now  barred 
to  all  but  the  hardiest  motorists,  but  which 
when  modernized  will  be  advertised  far  and 
wide  as  features  of  California. 

GOOD    ROAD    STANDARDS 

Highways  improved  by  the  California  high- 
way commission  meet  the  following  general 
standards,  as  stated  by  the  highway  engineer : 
"A  right  of  way  not  less  than  sixty  feet  in 
width,  where  it  is  reasonably  possible,  and 
as  direct  between  objective  points  as  is  con- 
sistently possible ;  gradients  not  exceeding  7 
per  cent,  even  in  the  mountainous  parts  of 
the  State  ;  curves  as  open  as  possible  and  in 


Protection  for  the   autoist  on  the  graeclully  curving  State  Highway   adds   comfort   and  joy   to 
the  great  marine  drive  along  California's  ocean  shore 


232 


L'.WA  F(  )RX  1  A"S  Al  AG  AZ 1 X  R 


'>;-.-,•   yy 


r\-^ 


■  y^' 


witliciiit  the  (liscoml'Di't   of  dusty   or  miuidy    n 
down    the    I'ciiiiisula    Ironi    San    I'raiicisco 


ads  on  the  State  Hiahway 


no  case  less  than  fifty  feet  in  radius;  as  many 
culverts  of  sufficient  cajjacity  as  are  needed 
to  take  care  of  surface  and  undcrnround  water  ; 
a  traveled  way  under  ordiiiarN'  conditions  not 
less  than  twenty-one  fivt  in  widtli.  and  in 
mountains  not  less  than  sixteen  feet  wide,  with 
the  center  paved  or  surfaced  so  as  to  be  hard 
and  smooth  under  all  climatic  conditions  at 
all  times  of  the  year,  the  width  of  surfacing  to 
be  in  general  fifteen  feet;  smoothly  graded 
roadsides,  reserved  for  future  tree  planting." 
The  policy  of  jtaving  the  trunk  roads  was  early 
adopted,  but  no  rigid  standard  of  applying  the 
same   type   of    pavcmciu    to   all    localities   was 


In  the  lioUow  of  the  hills,  jet  a  level  road.  No 
grades  on  the  main  routes  of  the  State  Highway 
exceed  7  per  cent 


considered ;  the  type  of  paving  laid  in  any 
locality  dei)ends  upon  the  traffic  requirements 
peculiar  to  that  locality.  Where  the  traffic 
volume  is  great  the  paving  is  wider  and  the 
wearing  surface  thicker  than  wdiere  a  moderate 
traffic  is  found. 

Over  the  greater  part  of  the  paved  mileage, 
however,  a  tvpe  is  l)L'ing  constructed  well 
ada])ted  for  conditions  in  California,  and 
wliich  for  prai'tical  purposes  is  virtually  a  city 
street  along  the  outh'ing  highways.  A  per- 
manently hard  and  firm  subgrade  with  a 
cement  concrete  base  and  a  liituniinous  wear- 
ing surface  of  one-half  to  three-eighths  inch 
provides  a  highway  pa\Lincnt  which  has  been 
tested  severely  in  the  California  State  work, 
and  with  a  success  fully  justifying  its  adop- 
tion. Such  a  pavement  is  used  when  there 
are  ideal  subgrade  conditions  and  an  absence 
of  frost.  Under  more  adverse  conditicms  the 
base  is  thickened.  W'lien  the  traffic  demands. 
a  thick  wearing  surface  of  asphaltic  concrete 
is  used.  The  four-inch  concrete  base  with  the 
thin  bituminous  top  has  been  open  to  constant 
and  exacting  trafl^ic  on  a  portion  of  the  State 
highwav    for    more    than    two    vears    without 


GOOD  ROADS 


233 


showing  appreciable  wear,  and  it  appears  to 
be  good  for  two  years  more  without  repair. 
Materials  are  of  California  origin  throughout. 
Lateral  roads  are  paved  only  where  their 
traffic  makes  them  practically  main  roads ;  in 
general,  they  are  surfaced  with  gravels  or 
other  good  local  material. 

COUNTIES    ASSIST 

The  highway  commission  has  been  able  to 
extend  the  mileage  of  highway  improvement 
and  to  increase  the  amount  of  pavement  con- 
siderably by  economies  and  savings  put  into 
effect  at  the  beginning  of  the  work.  The 
counties  have  agreed,  almost  without  excep- 
i.ion,  to  contribute  rights  of  way  and  bridges 
for  the  State  highways.  Construction  is 
omitted  within  the  limits  of  incorporated  cities 
and  towns.  Cement  and  other  materials  are 
purchased  in  large  quantities  by  the  State  at 
extremely  low  prices,  and  the  Southern  Pacific 
and  other  railroads  have  granted  very  low 
rates  on  State  highway  materials  and  con- 
struction machinery.  The  savings  thus  ob- 
tained aggregate  several  million  dollars,  and 
permitted  an  accordingly  greater  mileage. 

Of  the  three  thousand  miles  of  modern  high- 
ways planned  for  the  California  system  loca- 
tion survevs  had  been  made  at  the  beginning 


A  perfect  stretch  of  road  in  Southern  California 

of  1915  on  2150  miles,  and  of  the  mileage 
surveyed  plans  and  estimates  with  layouts 
ready  for  construction  had  been  completed  on 
1 164  miles.  Contracts  had  been  let,  including 
a  certain  amount  of  work  undertaken  with  day 
labor,  on  897  miles,  of  which  650  miles  were 
for  the  construction  of  concrete  base  with  the 
thin  bituminous  covering  and  19  miles  were 
concrete  with  a  thick  wearing  surface.  Forty 
miles  were  macadam,  and  the  remainder  was 
practically  all  graded  road  only,  most  of 
which  must  weather  the  rains  of  one  or  two 
winters  before  the  pavement  can  be  laid. 

The  headquarters  of  the  California  highway 
commission  are  at  Sacramento,  and  division 
offices  are  also  located  at  San  Francisco.  Los 
Angeles,   Fresno.   W'illits.   Dunsmuir  and  San 


Like   a   shadcil    country    lane   is  this   beautiful    San    Mateo    roadway 


234 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Luis  Obispo,  and  at  any  of  tliese  offices  in- 
quirers interested  in  good  roads  are  welcome. 
Reports  of  j)rogress  and  other  inlornialion  re- 
lating to  the  State  highways  are  published  in 
the  highway  commission's  "Highway  Bulle- 
tin." which  is  sent  free  of  cliarge  to  any  inter- 
ested person.  Travelers  seeking  information 
about  tours  and  touring  conditions  in  Cali- 
fornia mav  obtain  suggestions  from  the  un- 
usually efficient  information  departments  of 
tlie  automobile  clubs  at  San  Francisco,  Los 
.\ngeles  and   Santa   Barbara. 

M(3UXrAIX   KOADS 

The  State  has  improved  a  number  of  roads 
in  mountainous  districts  with  funds  inde- 
pendent of  the  bond  i.ssue  provided  for  the 
State  highway.  These  State  roads  are  con- 
structed and  maintained  bv  the  State  Depart- 
ment of  Engineering,  and  are  now  under  the 
supervision  of  State  Engineer  \\'.  F.  McClure. 
They  cross  the  mountains  toward  and  serve 
Lake  Tahoe  ;  e.xtend  through  the  Sonora  pass 
to  Bridgeport,  and  are  individual  roads  in 
Lassen,  Mono  and   Trinity  counties. 

State  highwav  construction  has  been  pre- 
ceded by  county  improvement  of  roads  in  Los 
Angeles,  Sacramento,  San  Diego  and  San 
Joaquin  counties.  ( )tlier  counties,  particularly 
in  the  southern  ])art  of  the  State,  have  under- 
taken local  road  improvement  of  a  modern 
type.  Orange,  San  Mateo,  Riverside,  Kern 
and  San   Ik'rnardiiio  counties  are  in  line,  and 


Santa  Barbara,  Sonoma  and  Tulare  counties 
have  had  improvement  under  consideration. 
(  )ther  ct)unties  liave  considered  road  building 
to  a  lesser  e.xtent.  Eos  Angeles  Countv,  which 
had  several  hundred  miles  of  paved  highways, 
and  j)lans  to  extend  the  mileage  until  every 
section  of  the  county  will  have  been  served, 
finds  that  the  reconstruction  of  her  roadways 
is  worth  many  times  the  expense.  Orange 
County,  smaller  in  extent,  but  with  107  miles 
of  paved  county  roads  just  finished,  testifies 
that  the  undertaking  compensates  for  bond 
payments  and  interest  and  leaves  the  county 
richer  after  wiping  out  the  debt  incurred  for 
good   roads. 

That  the  value  of  her  highway  improve- 
ment means  more  to  California  than  a  new 
trans-continental  railroad  is  beyond  dispute. 
The  completion  of  the  State  highways  means 
that  all  parts  of  the  State  will  be  accessible, 
easily  and  safely,  for  the  motorist,  that  com- 
mercial tratfic  will  be  greatly  advanced,  that 
the  tours  into  historic  and  scenic  sections  will 
be  advertised  in  winter  and  in  summer  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  where  travelers  are  ap- 
pealed to,  that  rich  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural sections  will  be  opened  to  invite 
settlers,  that  Californians  will  form  the  habit 
of  acquaintance  with  their  great  State,  and 
that  millions  of  dollars  will  be  added  to  the 
wealtli  of  California  over  and  above  the  total 
cost  of  the  road  improvement. 


^^''  I  M  )  TMIi  motorist  with  pioneering'  instinct  who  dehg-hts  in  ex- 
-^  plorini^  the  unheaten  paths  of  the  wilds,  the  i^Teat  chain  of  the 
snow-cap])ed  Sierran  cor(hlleras  of  our  Western  Coast  offers  untold 
possibilities.  ^  .  .  Perhaps  the  most  inspiring-  feature  of  the 
beauty  of  these  mountains  is  to  be  found  in  the  granite  gorges  and 
canyons  that  cleave  the  western  slo])es  to  de])ths  of  three  and  four 
thousand  feet." — Cliai-lcs  J.  I'cldcn  in  "Scrihiicrs." 


Electric  Transportation 
in  California 

By  Paul  Shoup 

President  Pacific  Electric  Rai/icays  Company 


Editors  Note:  Mr.  Shoup,  who  had  years  of  training  in  steam  rail- 
roading, and  afterward  became  our  leading  "lightning  conductor"  in 
transportation  enterprise,  writes  a  descriptive  article  on  the  devel- 
opment of  suburban  electric  lines  in  California,  in  which  California  in 
some  respects  leads  the  world.  He  shows  how  California's  largest 
cities  are  in  a  way  the  product  of  trolley  systems.  People  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  may  read  how  fine  our  systems  and  equipments 
are,  of  the  way  they  have  been  secured,  and  what  they  are  doing  for 
the  jovs  of  California  life  and  the  advancement  of  industry. 


THE  interurban  electric  railway  systems 
of  California  are  practically  a  prod- 
uct of  the  last  fifteen  years. 

I'heir  growth,  until  recently,  has  been 
rapid,  and  nearly  every  fertile  section  of  the 
State  has  one  or  more  systems  in  the  embryo 
or  reasonably  comprehensive  as  to  the  terri- 
tory it  serves. 

The  greatest  single  development  is  that  of 
the  Pacific  Electric  Railway  Company  in  and 
around  Los  Angeles.  Its  lines  serve  a  ter- 
ritory 2500  square  miles  in  area,  with  a  pop- 
ulation of  750,000  people.  This  system  grew 
from  the  small  beginnings  of  1900  to  601 
road  miles  and  over  1000  track  miles  in  1915. 

The  first  principal  development  was  natur- 
ally in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles, 
and  it  has  made  of  that  city  the  greatest 
interurban  electric  railway  center  of  this 
country.  The  Pacific  Electric  connects  Los 
Angeles  with  more  than  forty  other  incor- 
porated cities  and  towns.  The  few  towns  in 
Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  Riverside, 
and  Orange  counties  not  served  by  the  Pa- 
cific   Electric    are    relativelv    rare    enouirh    to 


prove  the  rule  that  this  system  "reaches  all 
points." 

Its  development  in  the  last  year  or  two 
has  been  chiefly  in  building  links  connecting 
detached  sections  of  the  system.  The  local 
lines  serving  respectively  the  Riverside  and 
San  Bernardino  valleys  were  joined  a  little 
more  than  a  year  ago,  and  the  eastern  di- 
vision thus  formed  was  connected  with  the 
main  system  around  Los  Angeles  in  July  last, 
giving  a  direct  route  between  the  Los  Angeles 
section  and  San  Bernardino,  Redlands, 
Highlands,  Colton,  and  Arrowhead  Springs. 
In  Februarv  of  this  year  the  line  between 
Riverside  and  Corona  was  opened,  and  in 
March  a  direct  route  between  Los  Angeles 
and  Riverside  was  established  through  Rialto 
and   Bloomington. 

The  expanse  of  territory  now  served  may 
be  judged  from  the  distances  between  the 
points  at  extreme  ends  of  the  system,  as  fol- 
lows:  San  Fernando  and  Corona,  105  miles; 
Redlands  and  Owensmouth,  97  miles;  Bal- 
boa and  Highlands,  103.60  miles. 

The    company   operates,    as    an   adjunct    to 


ELECTRIC  TRAXSPORTATION 


237 


Alpine    Tavern,    Mt.    Lowe,    ('.!ilir( 


its  interurban  service,  city  systems  in  Pasa- 
dena, Long  Beach,  Santa  Monica.  Venice, 
Pomona,  San  Bernardino,  Redlands.  River- 
side and  Santa  Ana,  as  well  as  a  part  of 
the  Los  Angeles  citv  service. 

The  interurban  trains  number  more  than 
2000  every  day;  75.000,000  passengers  will 
be  carried  this  fiscal  year,  and  the  gross 
earnings  will  be  somewhat  in  excess  of 
$9,000,000. 

Like  nearly  all  the  interurban  svstems  of 
California,  the  lines  outside  of  business  cen- 
ters of  the  cities  are  on  private  rights  of 
way.  The  tracks  are  of  standard  construc- 
tion, built  for  safe  operation  and  speed 
ecjualing  that   of  the  steam   lines. 

VARIED    CONDIIIOXS 

The  Pacific  Electric  operates  lines  under 
most  varied  conditions :  its  mountain  division 
reaches  Mount  Lowe  5000  feet  above  the 
sea;  its  beach  section  follows  tlie  ocean 
shore  from  Port  Los  Angeles  on  tlie  north 
to  Balboa  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  55.70 
miles,  on  almost  a  contiiuious  coast  line 
touching  every  seaside  resort  tributarv  to  Los 
Angeles  and  unbroken  except  for  the  cliff 
section  between  Redondo  and  Point   Fermin  ; 


its  valley  lines  are  through  orange  groves 
and  vineyards  and  along  the  foothills,  with 
changing  panoramas  of  snow-scarfed  moun- 
tain ranges,  towns  orchard-encircled,  and  val- 
leys green  in  cultivation. 

The  Pacific  Electric  operates  railroads, 
amusement  jjarks.  wharves  and  docks,  a 
hotel,  the  largest  business  block  in  Los  An- 
geles, an  observatory,  a  light  and  power  busi- 
ness, a  burro  "short  line."  and,  on  a  limited 
scale,  joins  its  neighbors  in  ranching.  It 
carries  passengers  in  and  out  of  the  business 
center  of  Los  Angeles  in  greater  number 
e\-ery  day  than  was  the  entire  population  of 
the  city  in  1900.  If  you  were  on  a  journey 
to  encircle  Los  Angeles  from  ten  to  fifteen 
miles  from  its  center  vou  would  cross  more 
than  twenty  lines  of  this  railway.  It  gives 
frecjuent  and  rapid  express  and  frenght  ser- 
\-ice  to  each  communitv  it  reaches ;  takes  to 
tlie  suburban  resident  before  breakfast  the 
morning  newspaper  :  brings  to  town  the  milk 
from  the  dairy  for  the  city  householder  be- 
fore he  is  awake  :  returns  the  theater-goer  to 
his  home,  wherever  it  may  be.  after  the  night 
])erformance  :  ser\-es  industries  on  an  equality 
with    the    steam    lines,    both    as   to    local    and 


npHE  ascent  to  Mount  Lowe — one  of  the  many  delii^-htful  railway 
-■-      trips  in  Southern  Cahfornia.    Every  lover  of  natural  scenery  and 
altitudes  hastens  to  visit  iMount  Lowe  while  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  State. 


ELECTRIC  TRANSPORTATION 


239 


transcontinental  rates;  carries  annually  250,- 
000  tons  of  beets  to  sugar  factories ;  delivers 
to  steam  lines  for  Eastern  shipment  some 
thousands  of  cars  of  oranges  and  lemons 
from  the  twenty-five  packing  houses  it 
reaches ;  takes  the  United  States  mail  to 
every  postoffice  on  its  lines ;  operates  daily 
sight-seeing  cars  the  width  and  breadth  of 
the  territory  served,  that  the  Eastern  visitors 
may  know  of  the  Southland;  spends  $100,000 
a  year  advertising  the  attractions  along  its 
lines. 

It  has  5000  employees,  with  a  monthly 
pay-roll  of  $350,000.  During  the  last  four 
years  it  has  contributed  to  the  paving  and 
maintenance  of  streets  in  cities  it  serves  more 
than  $1,500,000.  Its  expenditures  in  its  op- 
erations and  extensions  of  its  lines  during 
each  year  for  more  than  twenty  years  have 
largely  exceeded  its  gross  revenues. 

In  the  last  decade  every  town  served  by 
the  Pacific   Electric,   with  not  more  than  one 


or  two  exceptions,  has  doubled  in  population ; 
and  the  marvelous  city  of  Los  Angeles  has, 
in  fifteen  years,  quadrupled  the  number  of 
its  inhabitants. 

AN    IDENTICAL    OUTLOOK 

The  growth  and  prosperity  of  Southern 
California  and  of  the  Pacific  Electric  are  so 
closely  interwoven  that  the  outlook  for  one 
may  well  be  said  to  be  the  outlook  for  both. 

The  relationship  between  the  country- 
served  and  its  interurban  systems  elsewhere- 
in  California  is  much  the  same  as  that  of 
the  Pacific  Electric  and  Southern  California. 
It  varies  only  in  degree. 

In  the  development  of  the  Sacramento  Val- 
ley in  the  last  decade  the  Northern  Electric 
has  been  a  great  factor ;  with  its  neighbor  ta 
the  south,  the  Central  California  Tractioni 
Company,  it  has  been  one  of  the  two  great- 
est agencies  in  the  marked  development  of 
Sacramento  as  a  city  (the  other  being  the 
monthlv  influx  of  money  which,  in  ffreat  vol- 


The  GUI  and  the  New — l-^Iecfric  line  runs  beside  the  old   San  Gabriel  Mission 


240 


CALII'ORXIA'S  MACAZIXE 


ume,  the  Southern  Pacific  distributes  thr()u,u;h 
its  shop  and  other  pay-rolls). 

The  Northern  Mlectric  operates  some  200 
miles  of  line  with  i,q-()ss  earnings  t)f  $1,000,- 
000  per  annum.  It  carries  2,500.000  jiassen- 
gers  per  annum,  wliich  is  more  than  ten  for 
cverv  resident  i>f  the  territorv  ser\'e(l.  Its 
lines  extend  northward  from  Sacramento  to 
Oroville,  Marysville,  C'hico.  and  Colusa,  and 
westward  to  Woodland.  On  its  main  lines  it 
operates  eiglit  i)r  nine  passenger  trains  eacli 
way  dailv,  serving  over  ninety  towns  and 
smaller  conmiunities.  Like  tlie  Pacific  Elec- 
tric,   its    lines    are    of    standard    construction, 


''^^-'.- 


Piotur('S(|uc  view  of  the  ascent  on  the  Mt.  I. owe  liiK 


and  it  gives  passenger,  freight,  express,  and 
mail  service.  The  ricli  agricultural  terri- 
tory it  serves  is  responding  to  its  develop- 
nu'nt.  and  with  the  carrNing  out  of  tlie  rec- 
lamation and  colonization  work  accompany- 
ing this  growth,  the  Sacramento  Valley  will 
rome    into   its   own. 

i)i:\Ki()i'i  xc,  i-Kii  r  I  xnrs  ^K^■ 
The  Central  California  Traction  Company, 
over  a  broad  i)ri\-ate  riglit  of  wav,  links  the 
cities  of  Sacramento  and  Stockton,  some  fifty 
miles  apart,  with  a  well  built  line.  Com- 
pleted within  the  last  few  years,  it  has  ser\-ed 
to  deNeloj)  one  of  the  best  fruit  territories 
in  California,  and  can  now  point  to  a  record 
of  o\-er  1000  car  loads  annually  of  fruit  for 
the  Mast  originating  along  its  rails.  With 
the  Northern  Electric  it  has  served  as  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  development  of  Sacra- 
mento City.  Both  lines  sup])lement  the  main 
cit\-  system  with  street  car  service.  The  Cen- 
tral California  Traction  Companv  is  the 
bridge  between  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys.  Its  seven  passenger  trains  a 
da\'  each  way  between  Sacramento  and 
Stockton  and  additional  service  between 
i.odi  and  Stockton  carry  in  the  course  of 
the  war  some  2,000,000  jjassengers  (these  fig- 
ures including  some  street  car  service  in 
Stockton  and  Sacramento),  and  the  seventy- 
eight  mites  of  road,  even  in  this  its  [)ioneer- 
ing  period,  arc  earning  annuall)'  a  gross  rev- 
enue of  o\-er  $350,000.  The  business  pulse 
of  Storkton,  that  substantial,  sure,  and 
steady  metropolis  of  the  rich  upper  San 
Ioa(iuin,  has  been  greatl)-  ()uickened  l)y  the 
^<ln^trul■tion  of  tlie  Central  California. 

Stockton  is  northern  terminus  of  the  new- 
est of  the  California  interurban  railways,  the 
Tidewater  and  Southern,  which  extends 
southward  through  a  rich  farming  territory 
to  Modesto.  Its  tlhrtv-six  miles  of  line  are 
\et  too  reccnth-  built  to  give  much  more  than 
promise  of  de\-elopment  to  come;  but  it  is  do- 
ing that  which  interurban  roads  find  it  often 
most  difiicult  to  do:  at  the  very  beginning 
it  is  building  up  a  freight  traffic  worth  while 
and   encouraging   intensi\-e   farm   development. 


TRANSPORTATION 


241 


Over  in  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  and  center- 
ing in  San  Jose  is  an  interurban  system  serv- 
ing that  valley  locally  as  well  as  is  served 
any  section  with  like  conditions  in  Southern 
California.  The  Peninsular  Railway  oper- 
ates nearly  100  miles  of  track,  with  some 
sixty-six  road  miles :  Stanford  University, 
Palo  Alto,  and  the  foot  hill  sections  thence 
to  Los  Gatos  are  connected  with  San  Jose 
and  with  each  other ;  while  to  the  east  and 
west  lines  run  to  the  principal  mountain  can- 
yon resorts,  Alum  Rock  Park,  and  Congress 
Springs.  The  Peninsular  Railway  operates 
a  frequent  service,  carries  annually  some 
3,000,000  passengers,  and  is  developing  a 
very  considerable  freight  traffic.  Its  gross 
revenue  this  fiscal  year  will  be  approximately 
$310,000.  Its  daily  Blossom  Route  excursions 
are  perhaps  the  best  advertising  the  valley  re- 
ceives. Several  thousand  dollars  per  annum 
are  spent  by  this  company  in  advertising  the 
attractions  of  the  beautiful  Santa  Clara  Val- 
ley as  seen  from  its  Blossom  Route  cars. 

The  Oakland,  Antioch,  and  Eastern  Rail- 
way is  yet  a  pioneer  in  its  field,  having  its 
line  open  to  Sacramento  from  Oakland  but 
little  more  than  a  year.  It  has  over  ninety 
miles  of  well  built  line,  block  signaled,  and 
operates  seven  passenger  trains  each  way 
daily  between  terminals.  It  is  making 
marked  effort  to  develop  traffic  in  its  terri- 
tory. Statistics  as  to  its  operations  in  its  de- 
velopment period  would  likely  be  old  rela- 
tively before  they  could  be  printed.  It  oc- 
cupies a  territory  between  .San  Francisco  and 
Sacramento  heretofore  largely  without  rail 
transportation. 

The  San  Francisco,  Napa,  and  Calistoga 
Railway  traverses  the  beautiful  Napa  Val- 
ley from  Vallejo  to  Calistoga.  Its  forty-five 
miles  connect  the  towns  of  Calistoga,  St. 
Helena,  Napa,  and  Vallejo,  and  at  the  latter 
point  a  connecting  steamer  line  completes 
the  route  to  San  Francisco.  This  line,  well 
established  for  many  years,  serves  principally 
the  passenger  traffic  of  the  Napa  Valley, 
which  not  only  has  a  fairlv  dense  resident 
population  but   is   a  section   of   charming   re- 


sorts attracting  a  patronage  of  wayfarers.  It 
is  also  the  route  to  lands  of  promise  beyond. 
The  Napa  Valley  line  carries  750,000  pas- 
sengers per  annum  and  earns  a  gross  revenue 
of  upwards  of  $250,000.  It  operates  seven 
passenger  trains  each  way  daily,  and  han- 
dles freight  and  express  traffic. 

IX   THE   CITRUS   .SECTION 

The  Visalia  Electric  Railroad  Company 
is  a  single  phase  alternating  current  line  op- 
erating in  the  citrus  fruit  growing  section 
in  Northern  I'ulare  County,  its  western  ter- 
minus being  Visalia.  It  serves  Visalia,  Ex- 
eter, Lemon  Cove,  Naranjo,  and  the  Wood- 
lake  section,  a  citrus  fruit  country  of  great 
productiveness  and  rapidly  increasing  acre- 
age. The  Visalia  Electric  is  one  of  the  few 
electric  lines  whose  freight  traffic  rivals  its 
passenger  revenue.  Six  passenger  trains  are 
operated  daily  between  terminals  with  addi- 
tional service  between  certain  stations.  Its 
gross  revenue  during  the  present  fiscal  year 
will  approximate  $100,000,  and  it  will  carry 
some  150,000  passengers.  It  operates  some 
fifty  miles  of  line,  of  which  sixteen  are  used 
iointlv  with  the  Southern  Pacific  Company. 

North  of  San  Francisco  the  Petaluma  and 
Santa  Rosa  Railway  operates  some  forty- 
three  miles  of  line  in  the  populous  and  pros- 
perous Sonoma  Valley,  carrying  some  800,000 
passengers  per  annum  with  service  of  a  dozen 
daily  trains  between  Petaluma  and  Santa 
Rosa.  At  the  former  point  it  has  a  steamer 
connection  for  San  Francisco.  It  is,  aside 
from  the  Riverside,  Rialto.  and  Pacific  Rail- 
road, the  only  electric  line  in  the  State  which 
has  a  freight  traffic  almost  double  its  pas- 
senger traffic  as  a  revenue  producer.  This 
railwav  has  been  of  great  aid  to  its  territory. 
It  earns  a  gross  revenue,  of  over  $300,000 
annually. 

In  some  instances  the  interurban  railways 
of  California  are  auxiliary  to  the  city  sys- 
tems. The  excellent  city  street  railway  sys- 
tem of  San  Diego  has  associated  with  it 
electric  interurban  lines  which  are  reaching 
into   suburban   territorv. 


242 


CATJFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Bath   House  and   Aiulitoriiiiii   at    Ueciondo   Beach,   (lal.,   one  of  the   watering   places   reached   by 

the   Pacific   Electric   lines 


The  San  Francisco-Oakland  Terminal 
Railways  operates  the  street  car  system  of 
Berkeley.  Oakland,  and  Alameda  in  associa- 
tion with  its  transbay  service,  and  has  lines 
extending  to  Haywards  and  Richmond.  The 
Southern  Pacific's  electrified  Alameda 
County  lines  serve  comprehensively  that  ter- 
ritory and  San  Francisco  in  connection  with 
the  transbay  service.  These  two  great  elec- 
tric systems  of  Alameda  County  this  year 
probably  will  carry  in  and  out  of  San  Fran- 
cisco with  the  aid  of  their  ferry  connections 
some  40,000,000  passengers.  They  provide 
one  of  the  best  of  suburban  services  in  the 
world.  'I'he  Key  Route  operates  256  miles 
of  line,  and  urban  passengers  included,  will 
carry  this  year  probably  90,000,000  people. 
The  Southern  Pacific  lines  operate  100  miles 
of  track ;  the  service  is  devoted  chiefly  to 
transbay  traffic  and  carries  somewhat  the 
larger  part  of  that  traffic,  while  the  Key  Sys- 
tem, in  addition  to  its  transbay  service,  pro- 
vides all  of  the  urban  service  on  the  Alameda 
side  except  that  of  one  route. 

The  Northwestern   Pacific  operates   an  ex- 


tensive electric  line  service  in  Marin  County 
in  connection  with  its  ferry  service  between 
San  Francisco  and  Sausalito.  Without  any 
question  whatever,  the  electric  lines  of  Ala- 
meda and  Marin  counties  have  had  immeas- 
urable influence  in  territorial  development. 
Were  these  systems  to  disappear  it  might  rea- 
sonably be  said  that  the  disaster  would  hardly 
be  exceeded  by  devastation  of  the  communi- 
ties by  some  widely  destructive  calamity.  So 
vitally  interknit  are  the  destinies  of  these 
communities  with  their  electric  railway  ser- 
vice that  it  would  be  hard  to  conceive  the 
existence  of  a  major  part  of  them  without 
such  service. 

Riverside,  Rialto,  and  Pacific  Railroad, 
operating  between  Rialto  and  Riverside,  a 
distance  of  some  ten  miles,  has  a  very  heavy 
freight  traffic  due  to  the  cement  works  located 
on  its  line,  and  is  prosperous  accordingly. 
Its  passenger  traffic  is  carried  on  by  the  Pa- 
cific Electric  under  contract  which  also 
grants  to  the  Pacific  Electric  trackage  rights 
for  through  service  over  this  line  as  a  bridge. 
Glendale  and  Eagle  Rock  Railway  is  a  con- 


TRANSPORTATION 


243 


nection   with   the    Pacific    Electric   extending 
northward     from     Glendale     into     the     very 
charming  Montrose-La  Canada  section  with  a 
branch  eastward  into  the  Eagle  Rock  Valley. 
Monterey  and  Pacific  Grove  Railway  has  five 
and    one-half    miles    of    line    connecting    the 
cities  of   Monterey  and  Pacific   Grove.     It   is 
an  institution  that  has  been  very  valuable  in 
the    growth    of   these    towns,    especially   in    a 
resort  way.     It  carries  nearly   1,000,000  pas- 
sengers  per   annum   and    receives    from    each 
only  a  street  car  fare.     Fresno  Traction  Com- 
pany is  operating  an  interurban  line  north  of 
Fresno  to  the  new  State  normal  school  and 
thence  through  a  very  fast  growing  section  to 
the  resorts  on  the  bank  of  the   San  Joaquin 
River,   a   total    distance  of   about   ten   miles. 
The    Bakersfield    and    Kern    Railway,    oper- 
ating  a   first   class   system   between    Kern   on 
the    Southern    Pacific    lines   and   the   city    of 
Bakersfield,   might   properly   be   classified   as 
an  interurban  line,   although  earning  an  av- 
erage of  only   5   cents  per  passenger  carried. 
The  United  Railroads  of  San  Francisco  has 
one    suburban    line    extending    fifteen    miles 
south    to    San   Mateo.     The    principal    San 
Diego  electric  suburban  line  is  a  five-mile  ex- 
tension to  National  City  and  a  line  to  Point 
Loma.     The    Los    Angeles    Railway    operates 
suburban  lines  to  Inglewood  and  Eagle  Rock. 
It    is   not    intended   in   this   paper   to    deal 
with   urban   systems,    but   nearly   every   street 
railway    system    in    the    State    has    lines    that 
might  properly  be  classified  as  suburban  lines. 
The    revenue    to    the    State   and   the    cities 
through  taxation  of  interurban  and  suburban 
earnings  of  the  electric  lines  is  probably  not 
far   short   of   $2,000,000   per   annum   and,    in 
addition,    the    interurban    lines,    where    using 
the  city   streets,   are   further   indirectly   ta.xed 
for   parts   of    the    streets   occupied   and    their 
maintenance. 

While  the  interurban  systems  have  uiu|ues- 
tionably  been  of  very  great  value  in  the  prog- 
ress of  California,  the  railways  themselves 
can  be  hopeful  only  in  feeling  that  they  are 
in  a  pioneer  period.  Practically  none  is  as 
yet  earning  adequate  interest  upon  the  money 
actually     invested     therein,     whether     it     be 


Type  of  passenger  cars  in  service  on  Peninsular  line. 
These  cars  cost  from  .$11,000  to  $12,000  to  build 


Trackage   near   Mayfield,    past    level    fields    of 
verdant  green 


Substation  at  Saratoga,  Cal. 


244 


CALII'()KX[A"S  MAOAZIXE 


through  stuck  or  bonds  or  hr  carried  as  a 
rioating  dcl)t.  Sonu-  arc  fortified  financially 
l)v  liavin<,f  the  major  jmrt  of  their  iiuest- 
nieiits  made  throu^di  stocks,  and  others  as 
best  thev  ran  must  meet  the  fixed  charLi;es 
which  come  with  large  bond  issues  and  hope 
patientlv  for  better  times.  I'he  public,  in  its 
own  interest,  not  only  with  the  hojjc  for  fu- 
ture extensions  but  the  desire  to  maintain  the 
present  high  standard  of  service  that  nearly 
all  of  these  interurban  lines  give,  should  keep 
in  mind  that  adetjuate  support  and  protec- 
tion of  these  lines  is  as  necessary  to  the  pub- 
lic interest  as  to  that  of  the  stockholder  and 
bondholder. 

The  California  interurban  railways  can 
rightly  claim  a  high  standard  of  operation. 
The  service  is  uniformlv  good.  These  com- 
panies have  not  onl\-  l)een  among  the  first  to 
adopt  imiiro\-ements  in  their  art.  but  many  of 
the  best  features  of  electrical  operations  in 
this  tountry  today  are  of  California  creation. 
\\"e  have  in  California  the  very  best  and 
latest  designs  of  interurban  cars,  the  latest 
improved  block  signal  systems,  and  road 
crossing  protective  devices.  Such  features  as 
the  third  rail,  light  signal  system,  the  panta- 
graj)h  trolley,  and  catenary  overhead  con- 
struction have  here  been  earlv  ado])ted.  Cali- 
fornia has  pioneered  in  equipment  designs. 
Its  interurban  eciuipment  was  among  the  first 
to  ha\-e  the  steel  under-frame,  and  in  the  mat- 
ter of  all-steel  cars  it  has  likewise  pioneered, 
lust  as  the  electric  railway  street  car  was  first 
practicalh'  put  into  servit'e  in  California  and 
just  as  California  was  the  place  of  develop- 
ment of  the  long-distance  electric  transmis- 
sion lines,  so  it  has  been  first  in  interurban 
railway  development.  The  ')(•()  and  i_'i)()-volt 
direct  current  lines,  and  as  well  alternating 
current  lines,  are  in  operation  in  this  State. 
The  electric  railways  have,  in  large  part,  sup- 
plied the  markets  necessary  to  make  practica- 
ble  the    great    electric    water    ])ower    develop- 


ments in  our  mountains  and  the  transnnssion 
of  such  power  followed  i)ractically  not  only 
e\erv  cit\-  but  everv  hamlet  in  the  State.  They 
have,  on  the  other  hand.  also.  pro\-ided  a 
source  of  re\-enue  to  the  oil  producers  anfl 
lia\-e  helped  to  create  that  industry.  A  very 
large  part  of  the  power  consumed  by  the 
electric  railways  is  derived  from  Califor- 
m'a  oil. 

Whether  or  no  the  growth  of  the  inter- 
urban electric  railways  shall  continue  is  at 
this  time  uncertain.  'I'hev.  and  the  street 
railways  as  well,  must  be  kept  on  an  equality 
as  to  taxation  with  their  new  comjjetitor.  the 
automobile.  The  State,  the  cities,  and  the 
towns  are  providing  free  roadbeds  for  the  au- 
tomobiles, and  at  this  writing  these  are  being 
commercially  operated  with  but  little  regula- 
tion, no  recognized  obligations  to  the  public 
and,  compared  with  the  electric  railways,  ex- 
tremely light  taxation.  Such  conditions 
might  reasonably  be  expected  to  be  attendant 
upon  such  recent  development,  but  it  is  un- 
thinkable that  the  public  should  long  permit 
transportation  systems,  upon  which  it  very 
properly  relies,  to  be  crippled  or  driven  out 
of  business  by  a  new  system  which  may  utterly 
fail  when,  having  taken  on  the  business  of  ? 
the  electric  railways,  it  has  then  to  assume 
likewise  the  burden  of  their  obligations  and 
their  taxation.  The  ])ublic  must  also  realize 
that  with  the  increasing  taxes  and  greater 
costs  of  operation  that  have  come  to  the  elec- 
tric railways  in  the  last  few  years  not  only 
can  present  fares  generally  no  longer  be  re- 
duced but  in  some  instances  may  soon  have 
to  be  raised. 

It  is  to  the  interest  of  California  that  its 
electric  railway  systems  should  be  prosperous, 
for  only  prosperous  roads  can  maintain 
really  excelleiU  service,  and  only  prosperous 
roads  can  create  those  extensions  which  are  of 
such  benefit  to  the  sections  served  and  to  the 
State  as  a  whole. 


What  Railroads  Are  Doing 
in  California 

By  E.  O.  McCormick 

Vice   President    Southern    Pacific    Company 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  McCormick  is  amply  qualified  to  discuss  the 
broad  question  of  railway  activity  in  California  in  a  fair  and  con- 
vincing- manner.  He  not  only  has  c.v  officio  the  point  of  view  of 
the  great  corporation  with  which  he  is  connected  and  of  other  rail- 
ways, but  he  has  also  thorough  acquaintance  with  California  indus- 
trial conditions  from  long-  residence  and  from  very  wide  acquaintance 
throug-hout  the  State.  Personally  he  is  known  as  a  man  of  broad 
sympathies  and  information  and  disposed  to  be  fair  in  his  judgment 
on  public  ({uestions.  The  importance  of  his  article  will  be  recognized 
by  those  who  realize  the  imi)ortance  of  the  railroads  to  the  country. 


IT  \V()ULD  be  easier  and  shorter  to  sav 
what  the  railroads  are  not  doing  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Transportation  is  the  lifeblood  of  all  human 
enterprise.  Without  transportation  things  may 
have  value  to  the  owner.  But  they  have  no 
selling  prices.  A  sea  otter's  skin  is  of  value 
to  an  Eskimo  because  it  will  keep  him  warm. 
But  a  bear  skin  is  just  as  valuable.  Trans- 
ported to  London  the  otter  skin  sells  for  as 
much  as  $1500.  the  bear  skin  for  not  over 
$50.  Transportation  added  to  both  skins  an 
increased  selling  price  and  at  the  same  time 
enormously   altered  their   relative  prices. 

What  transportation  does  to  the  Eskimo's 
pelts  it  does  in  varying  degrees  to  everything 
that  men  own,  grow,  make,  use,  trade  and  buy 
and  sell.  It  is  the  arbiter  of  all  fortune,  the 
wellspring  of  all  prosperity,  the  fundamental 
basic  factor  of  all  progress,  all  comfort,  all 
commercial  and  individual  wealth-making. 

INCREASED    PROPERUY    VALUES 

In  the  forty  years  from  1875  to  1915  the 
value  of  property  of  all  kinds  in  California  in- 


creased from  six  hundred  millions  to  six  thou- 
sand millions — 1000  per  cent,  or  25  per  cent 
per  annum.  The  railroads  caused  this  increase. 
\\'ere  there  no  railroads  in  California,  there 
would  be  no  greater  values  than  there  were 
forty  years  ago. 

The  increase  in  the  total  realty  values  in 
these  forty  years  was  almost  exactly  $4,000,- 
000.000.  Of  course,  I  speak  of  true  values, 
not  assessed  values.  So  that  the  transportation 
and  marketing  facilities  provided  by  the  rail- 
roads have  increased  the  values  of  California's 
real  estate  an  average  of  one  hundred  million 
dollars  each  year  during  forty  years. 

During  these  years  the  railroad  with  wliich 
1  have  the  honor  to  be  connected  was  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  the  Octopus  by  persons 
of  mild  disposition,  and  as  the  Sum  of  Human 
Villainy  by  gentlemen  who  nursed  aspirations 
to  certain  forms  of  popularity.  Looking  over 
the  figures  I  have  given,  it  may  possibly  occur 
to  dispassionate  persons  engaged  in  making  a 
living  in  some  kind  of  business,  that  an  annual 
visitation  of  an  Octopus  or  even  of  a  Sum 


246 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


of  Human  Villainy  could  be  welcomed  with 
considerable  satisfaction. 

What  the  Southern  Pacific  has  done  for 
years  it  is  still  doing  in  California. 

It  is  employing  thousands  of  workmen  and 
paying  them  liigher  wages  than  men  are  paid 
for  like  services  anywhere  in  the  world.  About 
one  person  in  each  fifteen  of  the  population  of 
California  is  dependent  for  his  or  her  living 
upon  the  wages  disbursed  by  our  company. 

It  is  paying  into  the  State  treasury  for  the 
support  of  public  institutions  and  the  conduct 
of  State  afl'airs  the  great  sum  of  approximately 
$,^.000,000  per  annum. 

It  is  developing  the  great  communities  about 
the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  by  a  system  of  ferries 
and  interurban  electric  roads  over  which  com- 
muters are  carried  as  high  as  twelve  miles 
by  water  and  rail  for  a  uniform  fare  of  5  cents. 
And  it  is  sustaining  the  losses  incurred  by 
giving  this  service  at  ^  cent  a  mile,  or  one- 
fifth  regular  railroad  mileage  rates,  because 
it  looks  forward  to  developing  communities  so 
l)opulous  that  even  these  low  rates  will  ulti- 
mately be  profitable. 

It  is  constantly  carrying  on  a  widespread 
and  costly  campaign  of  advertising  in  America 
and  foreign  countries  to  induce  immigration  of 
desirable  settlers  to  California — thus  adding 
to  the  volume  of  pojjulation.  business,  agricul- 
ture, wealth  and  land  values. 

It  is  stimulating  development  and  values  and 
trade  by  hauling  goods  in  and  out  of  California 
at  freight  rates  which  are  cheaper  than  those 
in  any  other  country  and  which  are  just  about 
one-half  the  rates  charged  per  ton  mile  by 
the  government  owned  railroads  of  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Austria  and  by  the  pri- 
vately owned  railroads  of  Great  Britain. 

IMPROVING    AGRICULTURAL    METHODS 

More  particularly,  the  Southern  Pacific 
Company  is  fostering  by  every  means  in  its 
power,  and  as  far  as  the  State  commission,  by 
reason  of  the  laws,  permits,  the  work  of  im- 
proving agricultural  methods  of  production 
and  the  consequent  profits  of  the  farmers. 

This  is  a  subject  in  which  our  road,  as  well, 
no  doubt,  as  other  roads,  is  deeply  and  anx- 
iously   interested.      Our    impelling   motive    is 


the  selfish  one  of  increasing  our  own  freight 
business  and  our  stockholders'  profits.  But 
this  does  not  alter  the  fact  that  it  is  a  great 
public  service  we  are  endeavoring  to  render. 
Personally  I  should  be  very  careful  not  to 
hinder  the  man  who  was  trying  to  make  money 
for  himself  which  he  could  not  make  without 
making  money  for  me  first,  and  that  is  exactly 
the  situation  the  railroad  and  the  farmers  are 
in  so  far  as  this  efi^ort  to  better  farm  produc- 
tion is  concerned. 

The  interests  of  the  railroad  and  of  the 
farmer  are  powerfully  reciprocal.  The  only 
way  the  farmer  can  make  money  is  by  getting 
his  products  to  market.  The  railroad  makes 
its  money  by  hauling  the  farmer's  products  to 
the  markets.  Evidently,  the  more  products 
the  farmer  can  raise  and  the  more  markets 
he  can  get  them  to.  the  more  hauls  the  railroad 
has  and  the  more  money  both  make.  So  we, 
on  the  railroad  end,  are  doing  our  best  to  help 
the  farmer  grow  bigger  and  better  crops  and 
to  find  more  and  better  markets  for  him  to 
sell  his  crops  in.  There  isn't  any  philanthropy 
in  this.  It  simply  appeals  to  us  as  good  busi- 
ness all  around. 

At  present,  our  activities  are  limited,  by  ex- 
ternal control  to  narrower  bounds  than  we 
should  limit  them  if  free  to  follow  our  own 
desires.  They  consist  chiefly  in  co-operating 
heartily  with  the  excellent  work  of  the  State 
Agricultural  College  ;  carrying  the  representa- 
tives and  instructors  of  that  institution 
wherever  they  care  to  go  free  of  charge ;  pro- 
viding transportation  for  exhibits  at  the  fairs 
and  persistently  spreading  bulletins  and  help- 
ful publications  on  agricultural  topics — 
scientific  lectures  and  text  books  on  horticul- 
ture, cultivation  of  olives,  of  oranges,  inten- 
sive small  farming,  poultry  raising,  hog  raising 
and  kindred  farm  industries. 

The  railroads  are  also  doing  all  they  can 
to  excite  public  interest  in  the  creation  of  a 
system  of  rural  credits — such  as  that  which 
so  admirably  meets  the  farmers'  needs  in  Ger- 
many. 

CO-OPERATIVE    MARKETING 

We  hope,  too.  to  see  some  system  of  co- 
operative   marketing    devised,    by    which    we 


RAILWAY  DEVELOPMENT 


247 


can  distribute  the  farmers'  products  more  di- 
rectly to  the  consumers,  thus  benefiting  both 
and  ourselves,  also. 

But,  first  of  all,  comes  in  importance  the 
task  of  educating  our  farmers  to  get  the  max- 
imum of  production  from  their  lands.  Acre 
for  acre,  the  California  farmer  does  not  get 
anything  like  the  crops  or  the  net  profits  from 
his  land  which  the  European  farmer  gets. 

The  advantage  of  intelligence  and  of  alert- 
ness lies  with  the  California  farmer.  So  the 
trouble  must  be  found  in  inferior  methods. 
xA.nd  to  show  the  California  farmer  how  to 
better  his  methods  and  his  results  is  the  prob- 
lem which  intensely  interests  California  rail- 
road men. 

There  is  another  service  which  we  are  trying 
our  best  to  render  to  ourselves  and  to  the  com- 
monwealth. That  is  the  cultivation  of  differ- 
ent and  better  feelings  between  the  railroads 
and  the  people. 

Evidently  it  is  not  good  for  the  roads  or 
the  people  that  the  great  basic  industry  of  the 
State  should  be  held  in  distrust  and  in  sullen 
prejudice. 

For  a  generation  the  cultivation  of  sus- 
picion and  ill-will  towards  railroads  was  the 
stock  in  trade  of  a  certain  class  of  citizens.  In 
those  days  those  who  could  not  iinimy  them- 
selves into  a  place  on  the  blackmailers'  pay- 
roll, assumed  the  equally  profitable  guise  of  de- 
fenders of  the  downtrodden  public  against 
railroad  rapacity.  It  was  a  rather  cheap  trick, 
but  it  seldom  failed.  And  it  had  the  result  of 
forcing  every  railroad  in  the  country  to  do 
more  or  less  politics  in  self  defense.      Every 


session  of  legislatures  saw  this  or  that  poll 
tician  with  a  "cinch  bill"  in  his  pocket,  ready 
to  pose  as  a  popular  defender  unless  he  could 
get  his  price.  That  it  was  a  mistake  to  yield 
to  these  hold-up  demands  I  think  we  are  all 
now  agreed.  But  it  seemed  to  the  railroad 
men  of  those  days  the  easiest  way  out  of 
trouble. 

It  is  a  hard  job  to  remove  deep-rooted  dis- 
like— some  of  it  founded  on  falsehood  and 
some  of  it  founded,  no  doubt,  on  truth.  It 
takes  time  to  make  friends  of  enemies,  even 
though  the  cause  of  enmity  is  removed  and 
the  mutual  benefit  of  friendship  is  plainly 
apparent.  Whatever  promotes  mutual  under- 
standing and  mutual  good  will  and  respect, 
promotes  the  profit  of  all  concerned. 

I  believe,  however,  that  the  policy  of  cour- 
teous treatment  of  complaints,  of  promptly 
remedying  real  grievances,  of  fair  dealing  with 
all  shippers,  big  and  little,  of  helpful  aid  will- 
ingly rendered,  of  expensive  efforts  to  adver- 
tise and  build  up  the  State,  of  doing  our  best 
to  provide  manufacturers  and  farmers  with 
new  markets — in  short,  of  railroading  alone 
and  railroading  for  all  it  is  worth  and  for 
the  benefit  of  all,  has  in  a  marked  manner 
affected  the  once  bitterly  hostile  attitude  of  the 
public  toward  the  common  carriers. 

To  change  that  attitude  entirely,  to  replace 
hearty  dislike  with  hearty  good  will,  to  bind 
the  railroads  and  the  people  together  in  mu- 
tually helpful  bonds  of  amity  and  sympathy, 
is  one  of  the  great  things  which  the  railroads 
are  trying  to  do  in  California.  In  my  opinion 
it  is  the  greatest  thing  we  are  doing. 


^^npHE  railroads  are  the  j^Teatest  employers  of  labor  in  the  United 
-■-  States.  One  million  five  hundred  thousand  people  are  here  em- 
ployed by  railroads,  while  more  than  two  million  people  are  employed 
by  industries  that  supply  railroads.  If  on  the  avera,o-e  each  employe  has 
three  persons  dependent  upon  him,  then  ten  million  five  hundred  thou- 
sand persons  are  supported  by  the  railroads,  or  about  one-eio-hth  of 
the  population." — . /.  E.  Sfilkccll. 


The  Development  of 

Transportation  in 

California 


By  Seth  Mann 


Attorncx  and  Manai^tT  oi  Traffic  lh-pari)ncnt .  San  /''ra/icisro  Chanihcr  of  Commerce 


Jidifor's  Xofc:  Mr.  Seth  Mann,  who  has  for  years  studied  the 
prohlenis  invoh'ed  in  the  efforts  to  find  sokition  for  them,  discusses 
trans|)ortation  in  its  relation  to  Cahfornia  industries  and  develop- 
ment. The  early  beg'inning's  in  transportation  are  considered,  and  in 
a  wide  sweep  from  the  pioneer  days  to  the  present  time  Mr.  Mann 
touches  on  the  varied  modes  during  the  entire  intervening  period  and 
sums  up  with  a  consideration  of  the  effects  of  the  canal  upon  com- 
mercial and  general  trans])ortation  as  related  to  this  State.  The  sub- 
ject is  handled  in  a  masterly  manner  and  in  analytical  fashion,  the 
result  of  that  quality  of  the  mind  engendered  by  the  pursuit  of  the  law 
as  a  profession. 


AN  OUTLINE  of  the  development  of 
transportation  in  California  may  well 
commence  with  tlic  landing  of  the  first  Pacific 
Mail  steamer  on  February  28,  1849.  In  these 
days  of  '49  the  only  freight  service  was  by 
means  of  the  ocean  highways.  The  fleet  of 
clipper  ships  carried  much  of  the  merchandise 
around  Cape  Horn.  They  were  of  about  1700 
tons  burden  and  required  90  to  120  days 
to  .make  the  trij).  With  the  advent  of  freight 
steamers  operating  around  the  Horn  the  clip- 
per ships  disappeared.  The  l)uilding  of  the 
railroad  across  the  Isthmus  of  'I'ehuantepec  in 
Mexico,  reaching  from  Puerto  Mexico  on  the 
Gulf  oT  Mexico  toSalina  Cr^z  on  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  opened  a  new  route  for  water 
transportation  between  the  Western  and  East- 
ern coasts  of  the  United  States.    There  were 


then  three,  or  jjerhaps  four,  water  routes,  if  the 
Straits  of  Magellan  l)e  considered  separately 
from  tlie  Cape  Horn  route;  that  is,  these  two 
routes  around  South  America,  and  the  two 
isthmian  routes  by  way  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Tehauntepec  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  over 
which  short  lines  of  railroads  ran.  Each  of 
these  two  classes  of  water  routes  had  their  rela- 
tive advantages  and  disadvantages.  For  ex- 
ample, the  steamer  coming  around  the  Horn 
or  tlirough  the  Straits  of  Magellan  would  con- 
sume twice  or  thrii'e  as  much  time  as  steamers 
operating  via  the  isthmian  routes;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  cargo  would  arrive  in  well- 
nigh  perfect  ccMidition.  while  the  cargoes  out 
of  the  steamers  on  the  isthmian  route  were 
subject  to  loss  and  damage  due  to  the  two 
transfers  from  ship  to  rail  and  rail  to  ship 
acain. 


TRANSPORTATION 


249 


The  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  last 
August  has  perfected  the  coastwise  water 
routes  by  establishing  a  substitute  by  way  of 
the  canal  which  meets  and  overcomes  the 
former  difficulties  of  time  and  disturbance  of 
cargo.  The  cargo  moving  through  the 
canal  is  loaded  at  point  of  origin  and 
is  untouched  until  the  point  of  destination 
is  reached.  The  time  consumed  between  the 
coasts  has  been  materially  lessened.  The  time 
over  the  old  isthmian  routes  was  a  minimum 
of  about  thirty  days.  The  minimum  via  the 
new  isthmian  route  should  reach  twenty  days 
when  the  canal  has  settled  and  the  handling 
of  ships  through  has  been  brought  by  expe- 
rience to  its  highest  efficiency.  This  may  take 
one  year  or  possibly  two.  The  full  effects  of 
the  canal  upon  inter-coastal  water  transporta- 
tion can  not  be  expected  to  develop  in  six 
months  nor  in  a  year.  Commercial  conditions, 
disturbed  and  complicated  by  the  present 
European  war,  must  return  to  normal  before 
canal  transportation  can  begin  to  develop  in 
any  real  sense. 

ABNORMAL     CONDITIONS 

Westbound  tonnage  increased  instantly  upon 
the  opening  of  the  canal  from  300,000  tons 
per  annum  to  900,000  tons  per  annum.  Freight 
offering  to  the  canal  lines  is  so  far  in  excess 
of  their  tonnage  capacity  that  they  recently 
decided  upon  an  advance  in  rates,  and  not- 
withstanding these  apparently  encouraging 
conditions,  some  vessels  of  these  lines  are  being 
diverted  into  the  European  trade,  so  attractive 
and  irresistible  are  oversea  rates  on  cotton, 
food  products  and  the  like,  that  have  been 
boosted  skv  high  by  the  war.  This  is  one 
instance  of  the  abnormality  of  present  con- 
ditions of  canal  transportation.  The  great 
freight  offerings  should  cause  an  increase  of 
the  number  of  vessels  engaging  in  trade,  in- 
stead of  which  their  number  is  diminishing. 
This,  however,  is  but  temporary,  and  it  is 
even  now  announced  that  five  new  modern 
freighters  are  contracted  for,  destined  for  the 
canal  trade. 

There  is  nothing  visionary  about  the  Diesel 
engine,  which  instantly  converts  crude  petro- 


leum into  power.  It  reduces  fuel  cost  nine- 
tenths,  or  putting  it  the  other  way,  the  fuel 
cost  of  a  vessel  propelled  by  a  Diesel  engine 
is  one-tenth  of  the  cost  of  the  coal  used  by  a 
steamship  of  equal  tonnage.  This  is  claimed 
and  demonstrated.  There  are  no  Diesel  engines 
driving  vessels  in  this  coastwise  trade  at  pres- 
ent. It  is  safe  to  predict,  however,  that  not 
long  after  the  close  of  the  war,  many  such 
vessels  will  enter  upon  this  traffic.  Nor  is  it 
a  misty  vision  that  sees  these  vessels  making 
tri-weekly  or  even  daily  sailings  from  San 
Francisco  and  New  York. 

The  large  and  growing  commerce  with  the 
islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  with  the 
Orient  is  effectually  handled  by  a  number  of 
well-equipped  steamer  lines  with  regular  sail- 
ings to  and  from  San  Francisco.  There  is  also 
steamship  connection  with  South  American 
ports. 

TRANSCONTINENTAL    RAILWAYS 

The  golden  spike  that  united  the  Central 
Pacific  with  the  Union  Pacific  rails  at  Promon- 
tory, Nev.,  April  28,  1869,  was  the  fulfillment 
of  a  conception  that  was  thirty  years  in  its 
realization.  It  is  said  that  the  pony  express 
which  operated  in  the  50's  and  early  60's 
between  California  and  Utah,  demonstrated 
that  a  railroad  over  the  Sierras  was  practi- 
cable. In  any  case,  the  roads  w^ere  joined  and 
a  transcontinental  rail  line  Avas  in  operation 
in  1869.  It  was  the  only  line  for  many  years. 
Later  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company 
extended  its  line  to  El  Paso,  and  the  Southern 
Pacific  company  now  operates  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  New  Orleans  and  Galveston  by  rail 
and  thence  via  the  Morgan  Steamship  Line 
to  New  York.  The  next  transcontinental  line 
to  enter  the  State  was  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
and  Santa  Fe,  which  operates  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Chicago  and  also  via  Galveston  and 
the  Mallory  line  of  steamships  to  New  York. 
The  San  Pedro.  Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake 
line,  operating  from  San  Pedro  through  Los 
Angeles  to  Salt  Lake  City,  followed,  and  then 
a  few  years  ago  the  Western  Pacific  completed 
its  line  from  San  Francisco  to  Salt  Lake. 

\\'ith  these  four  transcontinental  lines  of 
railroad.  California  is  well  served.    Rail  con- 


250 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


nections  to  and  from  all  rail  points  in  the 
United  States,  Canada  and  Mexico  are  fur- 
nished to  substantially  every  city  and  town  in 
the  State. 

California's  regulaiion  ok  public 
utilities 
Within  the  limits  of  this  sketch  the  history 
of  the  origin  and  enactment  of  the  present 
provisions  of  the  state  constitution  and  statutes 
dealing  with  the  regulation  of  public  utilities 
can  not  be  contained.  Yet  in  the  short  space 
of  three  years  one  of  the  best,  perhaps  indeed 
the  best  system  of  such  regulation  prevailing 
anywhere,  has  been  drawn  with  the  greatest 
care  and  enacted  into  the  constitution  and 
statutes  of  this  State.  The  work  of  the  Cali- 
fornia state  railroad  commission  is  widely 
known.  While  it  has  control  of  public  utilities 
generally,  much  of  its  most  important  work 
has  been  and  is  concerned  with  the  adjustment 
of  railroad  rates  and  practices. 


The  work  of  such  commissions  is  of  necessity 
continuous.  Varying  conditions  and  circum- 
stances will  always  require  the  beneficent  ac- 
tivities of  regulating  tribunals.  California, 
however,  is  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  a 
railroad  commission  composed  of  men  of  the 
highest  type  of  character,  intelligence,  knowl- 
edge, and  judicial  fairness,  as  well  as  great 
industry. 

The  result  has  been  that  in  the  few  years 
that  this  new^  commission  has  held  office  it 
has  accomplished  a  great  part  of  the  work 
of  establishing  rail  tariiTs  throughout  the 
State  that  measure  up  to  the  requirements 
of  reasonableness  and  ecjuality. 

The  transportation  facilities  and  possi- 
bilities of  California  are  unexcelled.  California 
is  well  served  by  both  rail  and  water.  The 
Panama  Canal  has  solved  the  last  remaining 
problem.  The  water  and  the  railways  are  open 
and  so  are  the  waiting  arms  of  California  to 
all  her  sister  states  and  to  the  world  at  large. 


''  I  ""HERE  was  a  time,  in  the  long'  ag-o,  when  the  ox  team  ur  the  stage 
-*■  coach  sitp])Hed  the  only  available  means  of  transportation  across 
the  great  stretches  of  country.  Henry  David  Thoreau,  viewing  the 
rumbling  iron  steed  that  supplanted  the  older  forms  of  conveyance, 
apostrophized  the  power  of  steam.  Even  in  those  early  years  he  fore- 
saw the  great  advance  that  would  be  made  through  these  newer  means 
for  transportation.  Today  steam  is  still  a  monarch,  though  sharing 
the  throne  of  power  with  another — Electricity.  And  even  gas  has 
claimed  a  position  at  least  of  henchman  to  these  two  mighty  powers. 
A  state  or  a  country  is  the  greater  for  its  railroads  and  railway  sys- 
tems. California  is  splendidly  e(iuipi)ed  in  these  respects.  There  are 
few  even  remote  corners  whereto  the  railroads  fail  to  i:)enetrate.  To  the 
farmer  the  matter  of  transportation  is  all-important.  He  may  rest  easy 
on  that  score  in  California.  His  needs  are  supi)lied.  The  city  dweller 
is  likew^ise  favored — the  street  railway  systems  of  all  the  important 
cities  of  the  State  are  adequate.  The  problem  of  transportation  is  a 
problem  no  longer. 


Light  and  Power 
of  California 

By  John  A.  Britton 

Vice  President  Pacific  Gas  and  Electric  Company;    Regent  University 
of    California.    Etc. 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Britton  sketches  pointedly  the  relation  of  elec- 
tric power  to  the  upbuilding-  of  industry  and  discusses  broadly  the 
progress  of  the  development  of  hydro-electric  power  as  the  ruling 
factor  to  the  recent  industrial  development  of  California.  He  shows 
that  California  was  the  pioneer  in  the  development  of  hydraulic 
electric  energy  for  commercial  purposes,  and  forecasts  eloquently 
the  result  of  the  full  development  of  our  resources,  which  have  as 
yet  been  only  touched  upon.  He  shows  that  though  now  the  State 
is  cobwebbed  with  electric  light  and  power  wires,  we  can  claim  a 
development  of  not  more  than  1,000,000  horse-power,  both  by  use  of 
steam  and  stream,  while  eight  or  ten  times  as  much  hydro-electric 
power  is  locked  alone  in  the  heart  of  the  Sierra,  whence  flow  our  pow- 
erful streams. 


ELECTRIC  power  is  universally  recog- 
nized as  the  great  modern  up-builder. 
It  is  used  to  develop  entire  communities  in 
every  department  of  enterprise,  commercial, 
industrial  and  agricultural.  It  is  the  trusted 
friend  of  the  miner,  the  manufacturer  and 
the  domestic  economist.  It  is  in  a  great 
measure  responsible  for  the  hum  of  industry 
that  is  heard  from  end  to  end  of  this  great 
country.  Its  relation  to  the  world's  progress 
and  development  has  been  thus  significantly 
described  by  a  Western  engineer  : 

"The  civilization  of  the  future  will  be 
measured  by  the  consumption  of  kilowatt  hours 
per  capita." 

Of  course  it  must  be  generally  understood 
that  for  electric  power  to  be  of  universal  bene- 
fit it  must  be  cheap  electric  power,  that  is  to 
say,  it  must  be  capable  of  generation  and  dis- 
tribution at  a  price  that  places  it  within  the 


reach  of  the  ordinary,  everyday  consumer. 
Early  electrical  research  did  not  develop  its 
practicability  in  this  respect,  perhaps,  but  from 
the  day  when  the  almost  illimitable  scope  of 
this  mysterious  energy's  usefulness  first,  how- 
ever dimly,  dawned  upon  the  minds  of  the 
scientists,  the  inventive  brain  of  man  has  been 
working  steadily  toward  the  practical  end. 
The  result  is  to  be  seen  today  in  city,  town, 
village,  hamlet,  every  place,  almost,  inhabited 
by  mankind  in  what  is  known  as  the  civilized 
world ;  and,  with  improvements  constantly  re- 
ducing cost  of  production,  the  use  of  electric 
power  is  spreading  in  every  direction. 

QUESTION  OF  COST 

It  becomes,  then,  a  question  of  how  this 
electricity  can  be  generated  and  distributed 
at  least  cost  to  the  producer,  that  he,  in  turn, 
may  dispose  of  his  output  at  the  most  reason- 
able price  to  the  consumer.     The  answer  to 


252 


CALII'OKXIA'S  MACAZINE 


A   steam   electric    plant — Three    turbines    (two   of  20,000,    one   of    15,000    horse-power    capacity)    in 
the  foreground.    Pacific   (las  and  Electric  Company's  station  at  the   Potrero,   San  Francisco 

this  (]uestiuii  is  found  in  the  headwaters  of  In  this  golden  State  of  ours  the  hydro- 
tlie  mountain  streams,  in  canyons  and  gorges  electric  development  of  electricity  is  growing 
where  the  snow-waters  precipitate  themselves  by  rapid  stages  and  to  it  already  the  miner, 
down  steep  hillsides  to  turn  wheels  in  the  the  farmer  and  the  manufacturer  owe  a  bound- 
power  hoiises  below.  Cheap  electric  power,  in  less  debt  of  gratitude.  It  was  not  until  the 
this  section  of  the  world  at  least,  for  the  most  men  of  resource  and  daring  invaded  the  fast- 
part  means  power  developed  by  hydraulic  ness  of  the  mountains  and  compelled  the  snow- 
process  and  sent  on  its  mission  of  usefulness  A-aters  to  do  their  bidding  that  the  industry 
along  high  tension  wires  across  country  to  the  of  mining,  wliich  since  the  ])assing  of  the 
marts  of  trade  many  miles  awav.  In  some  "flush"  times  had  been  steadily  languishing  for 
communities  hydro-electric  power  is  unknown.  want  of  available  power,  sprang  into  renewed 
as  yet,  and  in  all  big  cities  steam  electric  plants  activity  ;  that  the  agriculturist,  who  since  the 
are  almost  a  necessity  to  absolutely  insure  the  davs  of  first  occupation  had  toiled  from  dawn 
quality  of  service  indispensable  to  great  centers  to  dusk  for  but  a  scant  return  while  waging 
of  population  as  well  as  to  reinforce  that  incessant  warfare  against  flood  at  one  season 
which  the  mountain  streams  provide:  but  of  the  year  and  drought  at  another,  found 
though — taking  California  as  an  example — the  himself  suddenly  lifted  into  a  state  of  ease 
development  of  the  oil  industry  in  recent  years  and  plenty  ;  that  the  manufacturer,  whose 
has  provided  a  fuel  less  costly  than  coal,  it  presence  on  the  Pacific  Coast  has  been  as 
can  not  be  said  that  in  the  matter  of  economy  scarce,  almost,  as  that  of  the  snow-ball  in  a 
the  steam  engine  can  successfully  compete  with  place  it  is  not  always  considered  polite  to 
the  waterfall.  mention,  began  to  dot  the  landscape  with  his 


LIGHT   AND   POWER 


253 


factories.  And  what  electricity  has  done  and 
is  doing  to  lighten  the  household  burden  is 
too  well  recognized  to  need  dwelling  upon 
here. 

Hydro-electric  development  in  California. 
too,  goes  hand  in  hand  with  conservation,  in 
the  most  liberal  and  best  accepted  interpreta- 
tion of  that  term,  and  not,  as  the  political  ex- 
tremist would  have  the  people  believe,  in  oj^po- 
sition  to  it.  The  vast  storage  reservoirs  that 
form  part  of  this  system  of  development  are 
priceless  benefactors  to  whole  communities  in 
a  section  of  the  country  where  there  is  a  total 
absence  of  rainfall  for  many  long  months. 
During  that  period,  when  the  snow-waters  have 
poured  oceanward  and  rivers  are  low.  vast 
tracts  of  fertile  lands  would  prove  barren  and 
unprofitable  for  want  of  sustenance  were  it 
not  for  the  irrigation  ditches 
that  are  fed  by  the  stored 
waters.  Few  power  companies 
there  are  that  do  not,  in  addi- 
tion to  supplying  the  electrir 
energy  that  feeds  mine,  factory. 
farm,  and  home,  furnish  the 
water  that  means  life  to  those 
sorely  in  need  of  it.  This  is  an 
appreciable  item  in  the  reckon- 
ing on  the  side  of  electric  de- 
velopment bv  hvdraulic  means. 

Of  course,  it  must  not  be 
thought  for  one  moment  that 
the  electric  industry  is  fully  de- 
veloped in  California  as  yet. 
any  more  than  it  is  anywhere 
else  in  the  world.  \\'e  can  claim, 
however,  for  our  ( lolden  State 
that  she  was  the  pioneer  in  the 
development  of  hydraulic  elec- 
tric energy  for  commercial  pur- 
poses. Not  so  long  ago.  either, 
for  it  was  in  1895  that  the  com- 
pletion of  a  small  i)ower  plant 
on  the  American  River  near 
Folsom  enabled  the  transmis- 
sion of  electric  energv  along 
high-tension  wires  from  that 
town  to  the  city  of  Sacramento, 
twentv-two  miles  distant.    This, 


though  not  quite  the  first  successful  demon- 
stration of  electric  transmission,  afforded  the 
first  instance  of  its  practicability  for  com- 
mercial purposes.  Since  that  time  develop- 
ments have  followed  one  another  in  quick  suc- 
cession and  today  the  State  of  California  is 
cobwebbed  from  end  to  end  by  a  network  of 
wires  along  w'hich  the  mysterious  "juice"  hums 
on  its  errand  of  usefulness. 

And  yet,  the  natural  resources  of  our  \\'on- 
derland  of  the  West  have  not  been  drawn  upon 
to  anything  approaching  the  limit  of  their 
capacity.  There  is  electric  power  locked  up 
in  the  snows  amid  the  peaks  of  our  long  moun- 
tain ranges  capable  of  development  to  the 
extent  of  between  8,000,000  and  10,000,000 
horse-power,  according  to  the  percentage  in 
efficiencv  which  is  the  basis  of  calculation,  and 


A    power    lumsc    in    the    mountains — De    Salihi. 
Butte    County,    California 


)n    Butte    Creek, 


254 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


against  these  stupendous  figures,  given  us  by 
the  forest  service  branch  of  the  I'nited  States 
Department  of  Agriculture',  all  we  have  to 
record,  so  far,  for  the  progress  of  hydro- 
electric development  in  California  is  a  string 
of  \vater-i)o\ver  systems  aggregating  in  capacity 
less  than  600. OOO  horse-jjower.  To  this  total 
must  be  added  that  of  the  steam-electric  i)lants 
above  referred  to  and  which  are  capable  of  de- 
veloping, in  the  aggregate,  355,525  horse- 
power. So  then,  counting  hydro-electric  and 
steam-electric  developments  together,  we  have 
an  aggregate  of  less  than  1,000,000  horse- 
power of  electricity  developed  for  commercial 
purposes  in  the  State  today. 

That  these  figures  will  l)e  materially  in- 
creased in  the  near  future  goes  without  saying. 
The  day  of  California's  opportunity  is  dawn- 
ing. Out  here  in  the  \\'est  the  sun  shines 
upon  peace  and  prosperity,  and  the  omens  are 
for  a  great  awakening  to  the  enormous  advan- 
tages whicli  this  section  of  the  country  offers  to 
the  settler  over  and  above  any  other  section. 
New  industries  are  springing  up  every  day, 
and  there  is  no  limit  to  the  productive  capacity 
of  the  soil.  This  is  an  age  of  development ; 
development  means  investment,  and  investment 
means  the  stability  that  spells  prosperity. 

I>et  the  reader  look  for  himself  and  see  con- 
ditions as  they  are  developing  today  in  our 
Golden  State.  As  he  journeys  through  its 
great  valleys  he  may  see  on  all  sides  of  him 
large  farms  being  cut  into  smaller  tracts  and 
each  tract  farmed  more  or  less  intensively  and 
planted  to  trees,  vines,  alfalfa,  garden  truck 
or  some  other  crops  that  bring  immediate  and 
large  returns  to  the  farmer.  As  he  looks 
farther  he  will  find  that  a  most  important 
thing  in  connection  with  this  intensified  farm- 
ing is  the  application  of  water  to  the  land. 
Recent  developments  in  the  rice  industry  in 
the  Sacramento  Valley  are  in  attestation  of 
that  fact.  If  he  goes  yet  one  step  farther  in 
his  investigation  he  will  find  that  in  the  great 
majority  of  instances,  the  percentage  increas- 
ing daily,  the  water  is  being  pumped  from 
wells  and  the  pumping  plants  driven  by  elec- 
tric power. 


Irrigation  is  not  a  new  thing;  neither  is 
reclamation ;  but  both  sources  of  prosperity 
to  the  tiller  of  the  soil  in  California  were,  to 
all  practical  purposes,  uncertain  quantities 
until  that  great  up-builder,  that  greatest  of  all 
developers,  cheap  electric  power,  was  made 
available,  and  the  legend,  "Electricity  on  the 
farm,"  came  to  be  generally  inscribed  upon 
the  banner  of  interior  development. 

KLECTRICITY    AXD     PROGRESS    H.\ND     IN     HAND 

The  farming  industry  is  particularly  in  our 
minds  just  now,  for  from  end  to  end  of  our 
Golden  State  there  are  long,  sweeping  valleys 
of  astonishing  fertility  that  call  for  but  in- 
telligent cultivation  to  yield  returns  in  bound- 
less abundance.  The  finger  of  opportunity 
points  to  those  valleys.  The  legend,  "Cali- 
fornia invites  the  world  in  1915,"  meets  the 
eye  of  the  traveler  East  and  West,  North  and 
South,  in  every  section  of  the  civilized  world. 
The  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  and  the 
great  universal  exposition  that  is  being  held 
here  in  celebration  of  that  greatest  of  great 
engineering  achievements  must  bring  thousands 
from  the  East  and  abroad  to  take  this  chance 
afforded  of  settling  in  a  land  so  favored  as 
ours.  The  enormous  boundless  natural  re- 
sources of  our  State  will  be  drawn  upo!i  more 
and  more  and  electricity,  electric  power,  will 
be  the  chief  aid  to  this  process  of  development 
of  our  natural  resources.  The  power  com- 
panies throughout  the  State  know  this  and 
are  preparing  to  meet  the  demand.  They,  like 
the  farmer,  like  the  miner,  like  the  manu- 
facturer, like  the  merchant,  like  the  house- 
holder, have  their  investments  to  protect  and 
to  realize  upon.  The  aggregate  investment  of 
the  power  companies  operating  in  California 
today  reaches  nearly  $325,000,000  and  their 
securities  are  in  the  hands  of  the  public  both 
at  home  and  abroad.  It  is  to  their  interest  that 
this  State  of  ours  shall  develop  in  every  direc- 
tion of  industry.  To  the  common  benefit,  then, 
shall  electricity  and  progress  walk  hand  in 
hand  through  the  ages  to  come. 

"Do  it  electrically,"  is  the  adopted  slogan 
of  a  great  Eastern  appliance  house.  It  speaks 
for  California  just  now^ 


California  as  a  Field  for 

Farm  Mortgage 

Investment 

By  Norman  Lombard,  S.B.,  LL.B. 

Manager  Agricultural  Credit  Corporation  of  California ;  also  Member  Committee  on 
Rural  Credits  Commonwealth  Club  of  California 


Editor  s  Note:  Credit  based  upon  agricultural  security  is  a  phase 
of  finance  today  that  is  becoming  more  and  more  important  to  both 
the  producer  and  the  investor.  Mr.  Lombard  has  made  this  a  study 
and  his  present  knowledge  of  the  subject  may  be  said  to  be  authori- 
tative. The  principle  of  the  rural  credit  system  involves  the  pro- 
motion of  prosperity  among  food  producers  as  well  as  the  supplying 
of  a  means  of  employment  for  capital  seeking  safe  and  long-term 
investment.  California  laws  now  favor  organization  for  rendering 
good  agricultural  security  more  efifective  in  securing  the  capital  which 
is  needed  for  the  promotion  of  the  industry  and  the  advancement  of 
the  State.  Mr.  Lombard  discusses  California  as  a  field  for  farm 
mortgage  investment  with  attention  to  detail. 


IN   explaining  just  exactly  why  I  con-  Almanac"  will  assist  the  reader  in  under- 

sider  California  to  be  the  ideal  farm  standing  some  of  the   statements  which 

mortgage  investment  field,   I   will  divide  follow.     It  will  be  noticed  that  along  the 

the  subject  into  the  following  divisions:  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  there  is  a  range 

A— The  Topography  and  Geography  of  ^f    mountains— again    along    the    eastern 

California.  boundary    there    is    another    range,    the 

B— California  Climate.  Sierra   Nevadas,   containing  the    highest 

C— The  Nature  of  the  Products.  peaks  in  the  United  States.     These  two 

D— The  Character  of  the  Land.  mountain  ranges  form  the  natural  bound- 

E— The  High  Class  of  Agriculture.  ''^"es  of  the  tremendous  bowl  which  ex- 

F — The  Water  Supply.  tends    throughout     the     interior    of    the 

G — Land  Values.  State,  and  it  is   within  this  district  that 

H — California  Laws.  the    great    agricultural    industry    of     the 

Subdivision  A :  Topography  and  Geog-  State  finds  its  home. 

raphy: — A  glance  at  one  of  the  pictorial  This  great  interior  valley  of  California 

relief  maps  contained  in  "The  California  has   ])een   divided   in   local   parlance   into 


256 


CALTFORXTA'S  ^lAC.AZINE 


two  ])arts.  the  northern  end  called  the 
Sacramento  \'alley  and  the  southern  end 
the  San  Joaquin  (pronounced  San  W  ah- 
keen )  \'alley.  the  respective  parts  bein,^ 
named  after  the  rivers  which  drain  them, 
'ilirous^hout  the  i^reat  extent  of  this 
magnificent  valley,  ai;riculture  is  practiced 
in  its  most  highly  develo])ed  and  most 
intensive  forms.  The  land  has  a  slope  of 
about  one  foot  to  the  mile,  affording  ex- 
cellent drainage  and  it  is  abundantl}- 
watered  from  the  melting  snows  from  the 
Sierra  X'exada  mountains  to  the  eastward, 
as  will  be  more  fully  explained  under  the 
heading  "Water  Supi:)ly." 

Of  course,  it  must  l)e  understood  that 
there  are  other  splendid  agricultural  dis- 
tricts but  space  cannot  be  taken  to  de- 
scribe them  all  in  detail  in  this  article 
as  they  have  been  fully  covered  in  other 
parts  of  this  book.  A\'e  will  mention  how- 
ever, the  wonderful  orange  growing  dis- 
tricts in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles ;  the 
great  Imperial  Valley  in  the  sotitheastern 
corner  of  the  State  ;  the  Inyo  \^alley  in 
the  east-central  ])ortion  of  the  State, 
(where  Los  Angeles  obtains  its  water 
supply)  ;  and  the  coastal  country,  extend- 
ing from  Eureka  on  the  north  to  San 
Diego  on  the  south,  comprising  the  nar- 
row strip  of  country  between  the  ocean 
and  the  Coast  Range  mountains  through- 
out practically  the  entire  extent  of  the 
sea  coast  of  the  State. 

Subdivision  B  :  California  Climate : — 
Throughout  most  of  the  agricultural  dis- 
tricts of  California  snow  is  hardly  ever 
seen,  the  winters  are  just  sufficiently  cold 
to  make  a  light  overcoat  comfortable  and 
the  summers  have  sufficient  temj^erature 
to  ])ut  the  "sugar  in  the  raisin  and  the 
bloom  upon  the  i)eacli."  hAen  though 
the  mercury  may  run  high  in  interior 
situations,  the  dry  air  prexents  the  heat 
from  being  oppressive. 

The  rainfall  is  confined  almost  entirely 
to  what  are  known  as  the  winter  months, 
so  that  from  say  April  to  September,  the 


farmer  can  count  upon  clear  days  in 
which  to  mature  and  harvest  his  crop,  and 
it  is  this  condition  also  which  makes  pos- 
sil)le  the  dried  fruit  industry  of  the  State, 
the  fruit  being  cured  and  dried  in  the 
open  sunshine.  The  splendid  climatic 
conditions  also  make  for  long-growing 
seasons  for  crops  and  inexpensive  winters 
for  stock  and  people,  factors  which  con- 
tribute \ery  largely  to  the  prosperity  of 
our  California  farmers. 

Subdivision  C :  The  Nature  of  the 
Products: — The  ecpiablc  climate,  the  loiig- 
growing  seasons,  the  freedom  from  early 
fall  rains,  the  lightness  or  practical  ab- 
sence of  frost,  the  fact  that  water  can  be 
had  where  and  when  needed  and  the  soil 
conditions  existing  in  California,  all  make 
possible  the  production  of  unusual  crops 
which  command  the  best  markets  and  the 
best  prices ;  for  example :  oranges  and 
lemons,  prunes,  grapes,  pears,  peaches, 
figs,  olives,  dates,  almonds,  apricots,  etc. 

These  crops  are  all  grown  in  consider- 
able quantity  in  California  and  each  forms 
the  nucleus  of  a  very  profitable  and  suc- 
cessful industry.  It  must  not  be  stip- 
posed,  however,  that  these  are  the  only 
crops  produced  in  California :  they  are, 
perhaps,  more  written  and  talked  about 
by  tourists  and  visitors  than  other  crops, 
but  that  is  only  because  they  lend  them- 
selves better  to  descriptive  literary  ef- 
forts. California  also  produces  its  crops 
of  wheat,  barley,  beans,  alfalfa,  potatoes, 
cotton,  corn,  rice,  etc..  not  forgetting  com- 
mercial vegetables  in  large  amoiuits.  as 
will  be  understood  by  any  one  glancing 
through  "The  California  Almanac."  The 
live  stock,  dairy  and  poultry  interests  are 
also  very  large. 

As  to  those  croi)s  which  reputation  has 
designated  as  peculiarly  Californian.  it 
should  be  noticed  that  they  are  staple  and 
easily  marketed,  being  shipped  to  all 
corners  of  the  globe  and  to  every  state  in 
the  Union,  dried,  canned,  preserved  or 
fresh.      Thev   furnish    during   the   winter 


AGRICULTURAL    CREDIT 


257 


lonths  the  supply  of  fruit  which  is  neces- 
<iry  to  the  continued  health  of  humanity. 
liO  that  the  demand  is  constantly  increas- 
ing. These  crops  are  handled  by  our  Cali- 
fornia farmers  in  bulk  by  the  ton  and 
wagonload,  just  as  corn  and  wheat  are 
handled  in  the  Middle  A\^est.  The  farmer's 
dried  fruit  and  nuts  may  be  stored  without 
impairment  until  prices  favor  selling. 

Consider  the  great  diversification  which 
exists  in  our  California  agricultural  in- 
dustry and  note  that  this  diversification 
is  an  element  of  the  greatest  strength 
when  considering  California  as  a  farm 
mortgage  investment  field.  A  total  fail- 
ure of  all  the  crops  is  impossible  in  Cali- 
fornia owing  to  the  fact  that  these  crops 
are  grown  under  such  varying  conditions 
that  it  would  not  be  possible  for  nature 
to  be  adverse  to  all  of  them.  Again,  a 
failure  of  markets  is  impossible  in  Cali- 
fornia, because  of  the  great  variety  of 
crops ;  it  might  be  possible  to  conceive  the 
failure  of  the  market  for  one  particular 
crop,  but  when  it  is  considered  that 
almost  every  crop  which  is  grown  in  the 
temperate  zone  is  produced  on  a  com- 
mercial scale  in  California,  it  will  be  seen 
that  in  order  to  have  a  total  failure  of 
markets  in  California,  it  would  be  neces- 
sary for  the  farmers  in  the  entire  country 
to  fail,  an  economic  condition  which 
history  has  never  recorded,  and  which  is 
outside  the  realm  of  practical  possibility. 
California,  therefore,  being  assured  of  a 
market  for  its  crops,  has  that  certainty  of 
income  which  makes  for  uniform  land 
values  and  hence  for  few  foreclosures. 

Subdivision  D :  The  Character  of  the 
Land: — It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  the 
soil  in  countries  of  small  rainfall  is  much 
richer  in  plant  food  and  much  more  pro- 
ductive than  the  soil  in  the  humid  dis- 
tricts. This  is  because  many  of  the  plant 
foods  in  the  soil  are  soluble.  In  those 
parts  of  the  country  where  the  rainfall 
is  heavy  the  plant  foods  are,  therefore, 
washed  out  as  fast  as  they  are  produced, 


while  in  the  arid  districts  the  processes  of 
nature  create  these  plant  foods  faster  than 
the  scant  rainfall  is  able  to  carry  them 
away.  All  of  our  California  soil  is  abund- 
antly supplied  with  essential  plant  foods 
and  in  only  a  few  of  the  districts,  dis- 
tricts where  only  the  top  few  inches  of 
soil  has  been  scratched  and  where  the 
same  crop  has  been  growm  continuously 
for  years,  or  where  heavy  feeding  crops 
are  grown,  are  our  farmers  required  to 
use  commercial  fertilizers. 

Subdivision  E :  The  High  Class  of 
Agriculture: — It  may  naturally  be  su])- 
posed  that  the  combination  of  great  soil 
fertility  and  splendid  chmate  with  water, 
when  and  where  needed,  in  a  country 
where  the  greater  part  of  the  farming 
region  is  free  from  drought  and  also  from 
flood,  would  cause  a  high  class  of  agri- 
culture to  maintain,  and  it  is  a  fact  that 
the  class  of  men  engaged  in  the  agri- 
cultural industry  of  California  is  abso- 
lutely unique,  containing  as  it  does,  men 
from  almost  every  profession,  including 
lawyers,  doctors,  retired  business  men. 
etc..  men  who  have  been  students  all  their 
lives  and  who  find  in  the  California  type 
of  agriculture  an  opportunity  for  the 
profitable  emi^loyment  of  all  of  the  brains 
they  possess. 

The  University  of  California  is  a  most 
active  agent  in  promoting  intelligent 
farming  in  California.  Several  experi- 
ment farms  are  maintained  and  special 
schools  are  operated  upon  several  of  these 
farms  for  the  purpose  of  training  and  in- 
structing farmers  in  the  proper  methods 
of  conducting  their  work. 

Again,  the  university  assists  with  ex- 
pert advice  when  such  may  be  needed ; 
as,  for  example,  in  the  study  of  soils  to 
determine  their  particular  adaptability  for 
special  crops  ;  in  the  study  of  insects,  in 
assisting  to  combat  those  which  may  be 
harmful  and  in  various  other  ways. 

Subdivision  F :  The  Water  Supply : — 
As  a  tool  in  the  hands  of  our  California 


258 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


farmers,  however,  nothing  transcends  or 
even  closely  approximates  irrigation  in 
value.  The  California  farmer  has  water 
just  when  he  needs  it  and  just  where  he 
needs  it,  and  controls  his  supply  as  com- 
pletely as  does  the  city  man  when  he 
sprinkles  his  front  yard.  By  the  skillful 
ai)i)lication  of  water  or  the  equally  skill- 
ful withholding  of  the  same,  he  can  in- 
fluence the  maturity  and  character  of  his 
crops  so  as  to  make  the  most  profitable 
market,  and  he  is  also  enabled  to  grow^ 
special  crops  which  it  would  not  be  pos- 
sible to  produce  under  conditions  where 
the  water  supply  is  not  under  absolute 
control. 

Irrigation  water  is  derived  from  the 
melting  of  the  snows  and  from  the  natural 
seepage  of  water  which  has  been  stored 
up  in  the  higher  lying  lands  during  the 
winter  rains.  During  the  winter  months 
a  steady,  never-failing  current  of  warm, 
moist  air  drifts  eastward  off  the  Pacific 
Ocean  across  the  State  of  California. 
When  this  air  strikes  the  cold  altitudes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  it  is 
chilled  and  the  moisture  precipitated  in 
the  form  of  rain  and  snow  upon  the  foot- 
hills and  mountains ;  the  canyons  and 
passes  of  the  mountains  furnish  reservoirs 
for  the  storage  of  the  snow  and  ice,  which 
gradually  melts  during  the  succeeding 
summer  and  is  taken  out  of  the  rivers  at 
the  lower  levels,  and  by  means  of  ditches, 
led  on  to  the  land  where  it  is  used  by 
the  farmers. 

Some  people  look  upon  irrigation  as  an 
uncertain  thing.  This  has  come  about  be- 
cause of  the  failure  of  certain  bond  issues 
upon  irrigation  systems.  It  should  be 
noted,  however,  that  these  failures  have 
resulted,  in  almost  every  case,  from  the 
incorrect  estimates  of  engineers  as  to  the 
cost  of  installing  the  necessary  engineer- 
ing works.  There  is  no  element  of  doubt 
on  the  irrigation  question  after  the  plant 
is  once  installed  and  in  working  order.  A 
little  consideration  will  convince  the  most 


skeptical  of  the  truth  of  this.  Irrigation 
removes  one  of  the  greatest  hazards  to 
agriculture  as  practiced  in  other  parts  of 
the  world  and  the  California  farmer  en- 
joys the  natural  benefit  in  increased  crop 
yield,  in  the  security  of  his  crop,  and  the 
greater  profit  to  be  derived  from  agri- 
culture under  such  conditions. 

Subdivision  G :  Land  Values :  —  Un- 
fortunately, upon  this  subject  of  land 
values  there  is  considerable  misinforma- 
tion due  to  the  tendency  of  tourists  and 
visitors  to  write  to  their  friends  about 
anything  unusual  which  may  come  to 
their  notice.  Thus  the  fact  that  Southern 
California  orange  groves  have  brought 
from  $1,500  to  $2,500  an  acre  has  created 
an  impression  that  all  of  our  California 
land  values  are  upon  a  similar  level.  This 
is  far  from  the  truth.  The  selling  prices 
of  our  California  agricultural  lands  which 
are  devoted  to  grain,  alfalfa,  and  ordinary 
fruits,  are  not  as  high  as  similar  land  in 
other  parts  of  the  country,  and  when  one 
considers  the  great  productiveness  of 
these  lands,  it  can  easily  be  seen  that  there 
is  still  room  for  increase  before  our  Cali- 
fornia lands  will  be  upon  the  same  basis 
as  land  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  in- 
come considered. 

The  best  evidence  that  California  lands 
are  reasona])le  in  price  is  the  eagerness 
with  which  they  are  purchased  when 
thrown  on  the  market.  If  the  population 
of  California  was  stationary,  if  no  new- 
comers were  arriving  to  fill  its  lands,  and 
if  farm  land  did  not  always  command  such 
a  ready  market  that  the  average  owner  is 
afraid  to  put  a  price  upon  his  home,  then 
there  might  l^e  some  excuse  for  thinking 
that  our  values  were  excessive,  or  at  least 
on  such  a  basis  that  there  remained  but 
liulc  profit  in  farming  them.  When  it  is 
noted,  however,  that  our  population  in- 
creased over  60  per  cent  during  the  de- 
cennial census  period,  1900  to  1910,  it  will 
be  seen  that  there  is  a  very  active  demand 
for  California  land. 


AGRICULTURAL    CREDIT 


259 


Subdivision  H  :  California  Laws : — The 

laws  of  California  are  most  favorable  for 
the  investor  in  farm  mortgages.  Loans 
are  generally  secured  by  deed  of  trust, 
providing  that  in  the  event  of  failure  to 
pay  the  interest,  taxes,  or  other  items, 
the  loan  can  be  foreclosed  inside  of  thirty 
days,  the  procedure  being  to  merely  insert 
an  advertisement  in  the  paper  and  at  the 
appointed  time  to  offer  the  property  for 
sale  to  the  highest  bidder.  No  court 
action  is  necessary  and  the  borrower  has 
no  right  of  redemption :  absolute  settle- 
ment of  the  whole  matter  is  had  inside  of 
thirty  days,  without  trouble  or  incon- 
venience. 

This  makes  for  prompt  interest  pay- 
ments, as  the  farmers  realize  that  unless 
they  are  prompt  they  will  have  to  make 
way  for  those  who  can  pay  the  interest 
when  it  is  due. 

There  are  no  homestead  exemptions 
such  as  exist  in  other  states  and  the  ordi- 
nary exemptions  from  debt  are  reasonable 
and  do  not  apply  to  land  which  is  held  as 
security  for  a  loan.  The  holder  of  a  mort- 
gage after  exhausting  the  security  of  the 
land  may  proceed  against  the  farmer's 
live  stock  and  other  personal  property 
until  his  debt  is  fully  satisfied  and  dis- 
charged. 


All  things  considered,  it  will  be  ad- 
mitted by  any  person  who  has  investi- 
gated the  subject,  that  California  is  the 
ideal  loan  field.  It  is  not  necessary  for 
the  prospective  investor  to  take  the  opin- 
ion of  an  individual  upon  this  subject, 
even  though  the  individual  may  have  had 
considerable  experience  and  may  be  famil- 
iar with  most  of  the  loan  fields  of  the 
country.  The  opinion  is  borne  out  by  the 
successes  of  the  large  life  insurance  com- 
panies which  are  operating  in  this  terri- 
tory, the  experience  of  these  companies 
having  been  uniformly  successful  and 
almost  altogether  free  from  foreclosures 
and  loss.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  during 
the  past  twenty  years  no  investment  has 
shown  such  a  record  for  freedom  from  loss 
and  for  stability  as  the  farm  mortgage 
upon  improved  farm  land,  and  the  farm 
mortgage  investor  who  entrusts  his  funds 
to  California,  may  feel  that  he  has  done 
the  wise  and  sensible  thing. 

If  ordinary  business-like  precautions 
are  taken  in  selecting  the  agent  through 
whom  he  deals,  the  investor  in  California 
farm  mortgages  should  experience  the 
greatest  satisfaction  with  his  investments, 
and  he  may  also  feel  assured  that  his 
participation  in  the  development  of  a  great 
state  will  be  "ratefullv  w^elcomed. 


CAFE  and  sane  irACstnient  is  the  secret  of  fortune  building.  It  is 
^  more  certain  than  any  other  method  of  leg-itimate  finance.  Cali- 
fornia is  the  ideal  loan  field.  The  farm  mortgao-e  investor  who  entrusts 
his  funds  to  California  may  feel  he  has  done  the  wise  and  the  sensible 
thing.  Here  success  is  the  rule  and  failure  the  exception  that  proves  it. 
Prospective  investors  are  invited  to  write  the  Service  Department  of 
California's  Magazine  for  information  as  to  farm  loans  in  this  State. 


260  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition — 
^^ University  of  the  World" 

By  Hon.  Thomas  R.  Marshall 

Vice  Prrsidrnt  of  the  Uniteii  Stales  of  Aiiierica 

'  I  ""HE  stages  of  my  life  seem  to  have  been  marked  by  national  ex- 
^  positions.  My  young  manhood  1)egan  with  the  Centennial.  Ma- 
turity was  marked  by  the  Columbian  and  tlie  Louisiana  Purchase. 
And  now  the  sunset  years  bring  me  to  tliis  marvel  of  the  repuljlic 
upon  the  shores  of  the  sunset  seas. 

So  often  have  I  thought  I  saw  the  Pillars  of  Hercules  inscri])ed 
with  their  "ne  plus  ultra,"  that  I  hesitate  to  say  that  1  have  reached 
tliem.  lUit  thev  who  builded  this  Panama-Pacific  exposition  were  so 
wise  in  adopting  all  the  good  features  and  avoiding  those  which 
marred  the  preceding  ones  that  to  me  it  seems  as  near  perfection  as 
the  mind  and  hand  of  man  have  ever  wrought. 

Whoever  can,  even  at  a  sacrifice  of  something  which  for  the  mo- 
ment appears  necessary,  should  come  to  see  a  real  work  of  art  never 
equaled  even  by  a  mirage. 

If  there  be  any  one  in  America  wdth  a  thirst  for  knowledge  and 
I'or  beauty  and  a  longing  for  a  liberal  education  such  an  one  can  here 
obtain  it. 

This  is  the  university  of  the  world.  It  has  a  chair  fully  endowed 
to  meet  the  wants  and  needs  of  each.  The  eye,  the  ear,  the  mind,  the 
heart,  the  soul  each  mav  have  its  horizon  here  enlarged. 

r  came  to  bear  a  message.  I  remained  to  become  a  student.  I  leave 
the  feet  of  this  Gamaliel  of  all  expositions  with  regret. 

California  is  a  State  of  mystery,  of  seeming  madness  and  method, 
a  State  replete  with  art,  science,  literature,  law,  order,  and  material 
])rosperity,  of  mar\'elous  accomplishment.  What  others  took  to  be 
the  mutterings  of  a  mighty  man  in  sleep  she  has  made  the  all- 
compelling  language  of  her  people.  This  exi)osition  has  to  be  to 
justify  in  the  mind  of  man  the  potency  of  dreams  and  visions  over 
mere  material  things.  It  is  in  consonance  with  the  record  of  this  peo- 
])le.  Some  time  in  the  hurrying  rush  of  restless  men  it  had  to  be,  ])ut 
it  came  sooner  than  it  otherwise  would  have  come  because  some  one 
dreamed  that  here  in  this  sun-kissed  clime  there  lay  the  seven  cities 
of  Cibola. 

Surely  he  should  not  be  charged  with  being  merely  poetic  in  mind 
who  on  this  occasion  boldly  declares  that  California  is  the  product  of 
a  dream  and  that  this  exposition  is  the  composite  photograph  of 
dreamers. 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  273 


A  Splendid  Use /(?r  Cannon 

By  Hon.  John  Barrett 

Dii't'ctor   General  Pan-American    Union 

WHEREVER  I  go  I  find  the  business  men  of  today  have  senti- 
ment in  their  hearts  and  they  want  to  so  do  and  so  hve  that, 
when  they  are  through  with  the  day's  work,  they  shall  have 
the  honest  feeling  that  they  have  done  something  for  the  good  of 
their  city,  and  the  good  of  their  section,  and  the  good  of  their  country. 
So  I  appeal  to  you  to  look  beyond  the  material  side  and  think  of  the 
sentimental  side  of  this  great  question.  Remember  we  are  all  in  the 
same  family  of  nations  in  this  great  Western  hemisphere  and  should 
each  have  the  kindliest  feelings  toward  the  other.  Let  us  rememl^er 
that  each  one  of  these  twenty  countries  ( Latin- American)  is  inde- 
pendent of  Europe — and  how?  By  the  leadership  and  example  of  the 
patriots  who  were  inspired  to  make  the  fight  for  liberty — by  the 
example  of  our  own  immortal  George  Washington.  And  now,  if 
we  want  to  have  our  flag  loved  and  cherished  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Amazon  and  on  the  plateau  of  the  Andes  as  we  would  have  it 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  upon  the  plateau  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Madre,  let  us  bear  this  thought  in  mind — this  contrast 
of  civilization  in  mind:  Across  the  Atlantic  Ocean  the  greatest 
nations  of  the  world  are  engaged  in  destroying  the  greatest 
monuments  and  buildings  that  stand  for  peace  and  good  will 
and  happiness  among  men.  That  is  Europe  today — that  is  one 
picture.  Now  here  is  the  other:  Journey  with  me  as  Pan- 
Americans  down  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Madre  to  Mex- 
ico; down  along  the  Andes  until  we  come  to  the  boundary  line 
between  Chile  and  Argentine.  Stand  with  me  there — 15,000  feet 
above  the  sea,  looking  down  over  the  stretches  of  Chile,  towards  the 
Pacific  on  the  one  hand,  and  upon  the  other,  on  the  Pampas  of  Argen- 
tine. Those  two  great  countries  are  amply  typical  of  the  lands  of 
\merica — and  there  I  will  show  you,  standing  in  magnificent  solitude 
and  in  mighty  power,  grandeur,  and  loveliness,  the  statue  of  Christ, 
the  Saviour,  made  of  the  melted  cannon  of  Argentine  and  Chile  when, 
twenty-five  years  ago,  with  greater  cause  for  war  than  had  these  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  they  decided  in  the  interest  of  civilization  and  of 
progress  to  settle  their  dispute  by  arbitration.  There  they  built  this 
statue  and  upon  its  1)ase  are  inscribed  these  immortal  words:  "Sooner 
shall  these  mountains  crumble  to  dust  than  shall  Argentine  and  Chile 
go  to  war." — Froui  address  at  Commercial  Club  luncheon  in  San 
Francisco,  January  8,  ipifj. 


A  Forecast /^r  California  and 

the  True  Significance  of 

the  Panama  Canal 

By  Dr.  Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler 

President  of  the   University   of   California 


Editor's  Xotc:  Coupled  with  his  force  as  a  writer  Doctor  \Mieeler 
possesses  a  knowledge  of  his  subject  that  is  broad  and  comprehen- 
sive, reaching  at  times  an  almost  prophetic  vision  in  the  contempla- 
tion of  the  future  development  of  California  as  a  result  of  certain 
epoch-marking-  events  of  which  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal 
is,  of  course,  the  culmination.  Also  the  great  possibilities  of  rural 
California  for  the  settler  have  been  indicated  by  Doctor  Wheeler, 
with  particular  stress  upon  the  great  amount  of  room  the  State 
offers  for  a  largely  increased  population.  Present  European  condi- 
tions naturally  render  an  article  of  this  character  difficult,  and  Doctor 
Wheeler  has  met  the  difficultv  admirablv. 


EVERV  ONE  who  has  looked  out  upon 
the  Pacific  from  the  beaches  and  bluffs 
of  California  must  have  felt  it  a  lonesome 
ocean.  And  California,  with  its  vast  plains  and 
scant  population  often  seems  a  lonesome  land. 
Though  evidently  created  for  the  special  use 
of  humans  it  has  had  to  wait  long  for  humans 
to  come  and  find  it.  It  lies  far  off  under  the 
sunset,  a  blessed  island,  pent  uj)  between  1200 
miles  of  mountains  and  desert  on  the  one  side 
and  5000  miles  of  barren  sea  on  the  other. 

The  narrow  Pacific  Coast  strip  of  North 
America  which  California's  position  represents 
has  been  hitherto  about  the  most  isolated  part 
of  the  usable  world.  Cliile  was  much  more 
accessible  to  ships  from  Europe.  Ships  which 
continued  their  voyage  to  San  Francisco  had 
not  only  to  cover  seventy  degrees  of  latitude, 
but  must  traverse  westward  the  equivalent  of 
the  width  of  the  United  States  ;    for  Valparaiso 


is  in  the  longitude  of  New  York,  not  that  of 
San  Francisco. 

Practical  proof  that  California's  isolation, 
for  whatever  reasons,  was  actual,  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  the  white  man  was  so  slow  in 
finding  it  despite  its  charms.  Two  hundred 
years  after  the  settlement  of  Boston  it  was 
still  a  mythical  land,  and  as  late  as  184S 
its  population  included  less  than  100 
"Americans." 

Though  it  burst  into  a  population  of  a 
quarter  million  with  the  goldseekers'  rush  of 
1849  and  1850,  its  isolation  reasserted  itself 
in  the  following  years  with  a  steadily  dimin- 
ishing rate  of  increase  in  population — 54  per 
cent,  1870-80;  40  per  cent,  1880-90;  22  per 
cent  1890-1900.  In  1900  it  had  less  than  a 
million  and  a  half,  only  nine  to  the  square 
mile.  (The  density  of  population  in  Califor- 
nia todav  is  fifteen.)     Prior  to  the  awakening 


276 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


which  came  to  California  in  the  year  1898, 
its  people  bore  the  evident  marks  of  settling 
down  into  distinct  ways  and  interests  of  their 
own.  California  was  acquiring  a  character, 
and  a  very  interesting  one,  which  God  grant 
it  may  never  quite  lose — but  it  was  acquiring 
it  at  the  cost  of  becoming  provincial.  It  had 
entered  the  I'nion  in  1850,  but  forthwith 
proceeded  with  unerring  footsteps  to  march 
straight  out  into  a  social  union  of  its  own 
and  with  itself.  It  could  not  help  it — it  was 
an  area  so  vast,  and  its  life  was  so  separate, 
and  so  separately  conditioned  by  sun  and  soil, 
by  the  tasks  of  the  day,  and  by  the  temper  and 
minds  of  men. 

Hut  be  this  as  it  may,  California  and  Cali- 
fornia life  in  tiie  last  decades  of  the  century 
were  evidently  settling  down  into  a  certain 
half  stagnation.  The  first  impulses  had  spent 
their  force;  new  activities  did  not  develop; 
new  resources  did  not  for  the  moment  appear ; 
fuel  oil  and  water  power,  which  during  the 
last  few  years  have  had  much  to  do  with 
awakening  the  industries,  had  not  then  come 
into  play ;  wheat  raising  still  dominated  agri- 
culture, with  declining  product;  irrigation, 
which  has  turned  miles  of  desert  into  garden, 
was  yet  only  in  crude  beginnings.  A  torpor 
lay  upon  the  land.  It  might  almost  seem  that 
life  was  slowly  reverting  to  the  "lotus-land 
society"  of  the  dreamy  old  Spanish  days.  But 
with  the  close  of  the  decade  there  came  a  sud- 
den awakening. 

THE  AWAKENING 

Foremost  among  the  causes  was  the  opening 
of  relations  with  the  Philippines.  The  (juick- 
ening  of  life  in  the  Pacific  called  attention  to 
a  new  factor  involved  in  the  position  of  the 
State.  California  had  begun  with  the  gold 
quest  in  the  mountains ;  then  it  descended  into 
the  plain  for  agriculture  and  fruit  raising; 
last  of  all  it  discovered  the  ocean  spreading  be- 
fore its  doors.    Put  the  last  shall  be  first. 

All  through  the  ages  of  man  on  the  globe 
the  Pacific  had  been  a  w^aste  and  neglected 
area.  In  our  geographies  the  globe  maps 
always  begin  and  end  with  it ;  the  Pacific  is 
as  good  as  never  in  the  middle  of  the  map. 
It  is  so  with  the  days ;    they  end  somewdiere 


in  the  Pacific,  and  then  begin  all  over  again 
before  they  land  in  Asia. 

■"rilK    ROOF    OF    THE    WORLD'^ 

The  Old  World  was  occupied  by  civilized 
man,  stretched  westward  across  Asia  and  Eu- 
rope to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.  Sharp 
athwart  it,  north  and  south,  ran  a  frontier 
which  divided  the  historic  life  of  man  in 
twain.  It  follows  the  Indus,  or  the  western 
boundary  of  India,  and  passes  over  the  "roof 
of  the  world,"  the  Hindu  Rush  Mountains 
and  the  Pamir  highlands,  into  Turkestan.  This 
frontier,  which  sharply  sunders  the  social  his- 
tory of  man  on  the  globe  and  makes  of  one 
world  two  world  halves,  was  the  result  of  Al- 
exander's conquests.  Those  conquests  united 
the  fundamental  materials  of  the  Western 
world,  but  neglected  the  Eastern  world.  When 
he  halted  his  victorious  march  at  the  Hyphasis, 
and  turned  back  to  the  A\'est,  he  left  the 
East  of  India  and  China  to  go  their  own  w-ay, 
and  the  materials  of  their  thought  and  habits 
never  came  through  the  hopper  into  the  world 
grist.  If  he  had  pushed  on,  there  might  have 
been  no  East  nor  West.  As  it  is,  the  historic 
life  of  that  ^^'est  to  which  we  belong  combines 
materials  representing  all  the  lands  and  peo- 
i;)les  from  Persia  to  Ireland;  but  when  we 
study  history  we  pay  no  heed  to  India  or 
China,  though  they  are  half  the  world  in  num- 
bers, and  mightily  more  tlian  half  in  human 
experience. 

So  the  Old  East  and  the  Old  West  stood 
all  the  long  years  back  to  back  at  tlie  "roof 
of  the  world,"  and  it  was  not  until  the  West 
had  pushed  on  westward  half  way  around  the 
world,  and,  after  tramping  the  Western  con- 
tinent, had  thoroughly  wetted  its  feet  in  the 
waters  of  the  Pacific,  that  it  came  to  stand 
face  to  face  with  the  East.  Columbus  was  the 
forerunner,  for  he  sought  India,  not  America, 
riie  heart  of  men  had  always  yearned  unto  the 
I^ast  and  its  riches.  There  w^as  nothing  new 
in  Columbus'  search.  All  that  was  new  was 
the  direction.  Columbus  went  west.  Judged 
in  terms  of  its  original  purpose  his  voyage 
was  a  total  failure.  He  started  straight  for 
.\sia.  but  ran  upon  the  long,  broad  dyke  of 
land  we  now  call  the  Americas.    It  has  cost 


WATERWAY   BY   PANAMA 


277 


more  than  four  centuries  for  him  and  tliose 
who  swarmed  after  him  to  traverse  and  con- 
quer the  hindering  dyke  which  rose  in  his 
path  and  forbade  him  Asia.  The  opening  of 
the  Panama  Canal  is  the  first  cutting  of  the 
dyke,  the  avenging  of  Columbus,  the  end  of 
the  four-century  half,  the  resumption  of  the 
a,dvance  toward  the  Orient. 

The  first  settlers  along  the  Atlantic  Coast, 
however,  were  seeking,  not  India,  but  fortune 
and  refuge  in  an  annex  of  Europe.  Their 
faces  remained  set  toward  Europe,  and  even 
when  they  occupied  the  interior,  they  backed 
into  the  country,  eyes  to  the  East.  Even  when 
they  reached  the  farther  coast,  it  was  still  the 
contents  of  the  land,  not  the  meaning  of  the 
sea,  which  interested  them.  America  still 
looked  eastward;  California  was  the  farthest 
hinterland.  With  the  year  1898  there  suddenly 
awoke  in  the  minds  of  the  people  the  conscious- 
ness of  the  Western  sea  and  its  meaning  for 
the  nation.  Under  the  old  arrangement  of 
the  world  the  Occident  sought  the  Orient  by 
going  eastward,  first  by  the  old  caravan  routes, 
then  by  the  Persian  Gulf  or  the  Red  Sea, 
then  by  the  route  around  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  then  by  the  Suez  Canal.  America  was 
an  annex  of  Europe  bordering  on  the  Atlantic, 
and  California  was  its  farthest  back  country. 
Under  a  new  arrangement,  for  which  the 
events  of  1898  and  1914  bear  typical  signifi- 
cance, the  two  world  halves,  long  back  to  back 
at  the  frontier  of  India,  are  face  to  face  on  the 
Pacific. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  ocean  which 
awakened  California  and  that  1898  is  the  year 
of  the  awakening.  California  as  things  were 
before  1898,  stood  at  the  end  of  a  cul  de  sac, 
a  fine,  decorative  end — but  the  road  went  no 
further.  People  came  out  from  the  East,  few, 
very  few,  and  mostly  in  winter ;  swung  around 
the  circle,  and  mostly  went  back.  Today,  San 
Francisco  is  a  station  on  a  main  highway 
around  the  globe.  The  East  and  Far  West 
are  blending  just  now  with  astonishing  rapid- 
ity. The  large  proportion  of  fresh  blood 
brought  in  from  the  East  in  the  last  sixteen 
years   is  making  itself  most  potently   felt   in 


every  activity.  The  new  population  consists 
largely  of  home  makers. 

This  California  which  is  just  bursting  forth 
into  a  new  life  is  richer  in  resources  and  oppor- 
tunities than  any  gold  seekers  ever  dreamed. 
Despite  all  the  great  stories  that  have  been 
told  of  its  riches  and  its  charms,  great  stories 
that  have  given  so  many  Californians  in  the 
outer  world  the  repute  of  braggarts  and  florid 
deceivers,  really  the  half  has  never  been  told. 
California  is  really  still  an  undiscovered  land 
for  most  of  the  world,  as  it  certainly  is  an  un- 
occupied land.  Otherwise  the  fairest  land  pro- 
vided for  the  residence  of  men  would  have 
more  than  fifteen  residents  to  the  square  mile, 
and  farms  of  ten  thousand  acres,  any  ten  of 
which  would  support  a  thrifty  family,  would 
not  be  so  common  as  they  are.  The  average 
acreage  of  a  California  farm  is  318  against 
an  average  in  the  nation  at  large  of  137,  and 
the  consideration  of  higher  fertility  and  adapt- 
ability of  climate  emphasizes  this  discrepancy. 

It  must  be  doubted  whether  many  Ameri- 
cans, even,  to  say  nothing  of  the  rest  of  the 
world,  realize  how  vast  a  domain  passes  under 
this  single  familiar  name,  California.  The  ten 
states,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Ohio,  could 
be  set  down  within  its  borders,  and  if  it  were 
transferred  to  the  same  latitude  on  the  At- 
lantic Coast  and  laid  down  there,  it  would 
stretch  about  from  Boston  to  Charleston, 
South  Carolina.  The  State  population  on 
January  1,  1914,  was  3,155,656.  The  area  is 
158,297  square  miles.  Japan,  coupled  with 
Formosa,  is  considerably  smaller  than  Cali- 
fornia, but  it  supports  a  population  far  beyond 
50,000,000.  Italy,  with  two-thirds  the  area  of 
California,  has  about  35,000,000.  Such  dis- 
crepancies can  not  long  maintain  themselves 
in  the  face  of  modern  transportation  and  dis- 
tribution of  intelligence.  The  opening  of  the 
Panama  Canal  creates  entirely  new  conditions 
regarding  immigration.  Immigrants  from  Eu- 
rope, who  formerly  had  to  add  a  long  and 
uncomfortable  transcontinental  journey  to 
their  sea  journey,  will  now  be  set  down  directly 


278 


CALIFORNIA'S  .MAGAZIXI', 


upon  the  pier  at  San  Francisco,  and  at  a  cost, 
including  food,  not  more  than  $8  greater  than 
the  fare  to  New  \i)vk. 

If  we  allow  one-half  of  California's  area 
for  mountains  and  give  the  remainder  a 
density  ecjual  to  that  of  Rhode  Island  the 
population  of  the  State  would  be  40,000,000. 
There  is  evidently  some  colossal  level ing-up 
to  be  done.  If  ever  there  has  been  a  danger 
of  the  Orientalizing  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
twenty-five  years  of  free  influx  from  Europe 
will  abate  the  j^eril.  at  least  for  the  present. 

At  any  rate,  a  proper  labor  supply  will 
enornK)Usly  cjuicken  the  industrial  life  of  the 
State.  It  is  needed  for  agriculture  and  fruit 
culture  and,  coupled  with  the  oil  supply,  com- 
parativelv  newly  found,  and  the  newly  ap- 
preciated water  power  and  its  electrical 
transmission,  it  will  set  in  motion  the  wheels 
of  manufactures  which  have  been  thus  far  the 
State's  sorest  lack.  Living  is  commonly  re- 
ported to  be  dearer  in  California  than  in  the 
East.  This  is  not  true,  except  for  domestic 
service  and  for  manufactured  got)ds,  which 
have  mostly  to  be  brought  from  the  East. 
Food  is  distinctly  cheaper  than  in  the  cities 
of  the  North  Atlantic  Coast.  People  live  more 
freely,  devote  more  attention  and  ])robably 
more  money  to  the  joy  of  life,  but  they  choose 
to  do  it,  when  they  have  the  means,  as  they 
most  always  some  way  seem  to  have,  and  in 
this  sense  living  may  be  more  expensive.  The 
abundant  life  is  more  the  manner  of  the  land 
than  the  i)atient  thrift  of  old  New  England. 
Grinding  poverty  is  seldom  in  evidence.  The 
masses  of  the  people  bear  in  their  dress  as  well 
as  in  the  skin  of  their  faces,  the  marks  of 
prosperity  and  well  being.  The  per  cajjita 
wealth  of  California  is  $2800,  as  against  $1125 
for  the  United  States,  $751  for  Germany. 
$1145  for  Cireat  Britain,  $1228  for  France. 

The  chief  sources  of  this  widespread,  almost 
universal,  prosperity  are  found  in  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  hills,  but  much  more  in  the 
richness  of  the  soil  and  the  benignity  of  the 
climate,  which  admit  of  the  production  of 
every  plant  and  fruit  of  the  temperate  zones, 
and  in  nearly  every  case  to  a  somewhat  greater 
advantage  than  anvwhere  else. 


And  yet  the  yield  of  the  land  is  only  a  be- 
ginning of  what  it  will  be  when  a  dense  popu- 
lation with  more  hands  and  the  application  of 
more  immediate  personal  interest  constrains  to 
intensive  farming  under  the  guidance  of  sci- 
entific methods. 

now    IHK  CANAL  WILL  MAKE  ITSELF  FELT 

It  is  evident  that  the  canal  will  have — must 
have — with  the  process  of  the  years,  an  over- 
whelming influence  in  readjusting  the  condi- 
tions of  human  life  upon  the  globe.  There  are 
four  cormections  in  which  the  canal  opening 
will  be  immediately  felt: 

1 .  The  Eastern  and  ^\'estern  coasts  of  the 
Lnited  States  will  be  drawn  closer  together. 
I'hev  have  been  wide  apart.  Their  interests 
have  been  dift'erent.  They  do  not  understand 
each  other.  Closer  relations  will,  however, 
show  how  admirably  they  supplement  each 
other.  The  \\'est  yields  the  raw  materials  of 
industry  and  foodstuff's.  The  East  is  indus- 
trial. Interchange  with  the  development  of 
interdependence  will  make  their  very  diflfer- 
ences  a  source  of  union. 

2.  The  West  Coast  of  North  America  will 
be  made  accessible  to  the  world. 

3.  The  states  and  peoples  of  South  America 
are  to  be  drawn  decisively  nearer  to  us. 

4.  Japan  and  our  Pacific  Coast  are  drawn 
more  closely  together  into  a  common  area  of 
trade  and  intercourse.  Each  will  have  to  know 
what  is  going  on  with  the  other.  We  must 
make  up  our  minds  to  settle  down  and  live 
in  the  same  world,  if  not  in  the  same  country, 
with  the  Japanese.  \\'e  can  not  ignore  them; 
they  are  in  our  world,  and  very  much  in  it. 
We  have  no  hope  in  violence.  Wars  settle 
nothing — not  even  who  is  strongest. 

When  all  the  means  of  wealth  in  California 
shall  be  develoi)ed.  the  State  can  promise  to 
maintain  a  population  of  20.000.000  souls  in 
an  abundance  equal  to  that  which  blesses  its 
l)eo]ik-  today. 

That  this  is  no  vague  dream  may  be  in- 
ferred from  one  single  instance  of  fact.  Pro- 
fessor Samuel  Fortier.  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  states  that  there 
are  about  1,375.000  acres  of  rich  valley  land 
Alow  "under  ditch."  /.  (•.,  readv  for  irrigation, 


WATERWAY   BV   PAXAAIA 


279 


but  which  are  not  irrigated  on  account  of  lack 
of  settlers.  These  acres  alone  would  furnish 
home  and  support  for  60,000  farmers'  families. 

The  old  idea  that  the  California  valleys 
w'ere  a  desert  in  summer  gave  over  to  the 
slender  earning  power  of  winter  wheat  vast 
tracts  of  land  which  now,  under  the  magic 
of  an  irrigation  which  makes  the  rains  descend 
at  will,  can  be  divided  into  gardens  and  or- 
chards where  one  acre  is  as  good  as  five 
were  once. 

The  profitable  industry  of  lemon  and  orange 
raising  seems  capable  of  being  extended  far 
beyond  the  southern  area  to  which  until  re- 
cently it  was  supposed  perforce  to  be  limited. 
It  is  creeping  steadily  now  along  the  foothills 
which  invest  the  great  central  valleys,  where 
it  finds  freedom  from  killing  frosts  and  a  much 
earlier  ripening  period.  A  thriving  orange 
orchard  frequently  earns  a  net  income  on  a 
capitalized  value  of  $5000  or  $6000  per  acre. 
A  good  orange  tree  is  likely  to  earn  $5  net 
per  year,  besides  being  good  to  look  at  all 
the  time. 

And  then  there  are  the  rich  products  of 
dried  fruits,  canned  fruits,  asparagus,  wine, 
dairying,  cereals,  hay,  vegetables,  hops,  beet 
sugar,  cotton,  timber,  olive  oil,  olives,  fish, 
cement,  petroleum,  minerals,  and  so  on. 

( )ne  of  the  chiefest  resources  of  California 
is  its  climate.  Not  only  does  it  have  a  funda- 
mental value  for  crops  and  plants  and  fruits 
as  to  their  \-ariety,  quality,  cjuantity,  and  ease 
of  production,  but  it  is  supremely  good  for 
animals — both  live  stock  and  the  human  ani- 
mals. The  human  animal  revels  and  flourishes 
in  it.  It  makes  the  great  outdoors  available 
all  the  time  in  luscious  abundance  to  ordinarv 
men.  It  cancels  the  jjcrpetual  struggle  of 
life  against  weather.  It  is  an  economic  factor 
and  cancels  the  waste  time  spent  in  shivering 
and  wiping  perspiration.  It  gives  the  oppor- 
tunity of  full  days  and  full  years  of  eft'ective 
living.  Old  age  will  be  prolonged  five  years 
or  more  by  coming  here,  through  the  lessening 
of  strain  and  the  avoidance  of  crises,  and  it 
will  be  prolonged  in  the  higher  enjoyment  of 
life.  Youth  will  grow  up  into  fresher  health 
and   strength   through   the   inevitable  practice 


of  outdoor  life.  There  are  many  kinds  of  cli- 
mate within  the  State,  mountain  air  and  sea- 
shore air.  Every  valley  has  its  own  peculiar 
blend,  but  all  contain  the  standard  ingredients 
of  sunshine  and  air,  and  all  are  good. 

NATION  'S    PLAVCROUXD 

It  is  a  good  place  to  work  in.  but  it  is  also 
the  natural  playground  of  the  nation.  Its 
mountain  streams  are  the  fisherman's  delight ; 
game  abounds  and  ducks  from  evervwhere  as- 
semble in  the  marshes  at  the  appointed  season 
to  be  shot ;  golf  and  tennis  have  open  season 
all  the  year  ;  there  are  no  finer  seashore  re- 
sorts in  any  land  than  Del  Monte,  Santa 
Barbara,  Coronado,  and  the  beaches  of  Los 
Angeles,  and  nothing  finer  in  anv  mountains 
than  Lake  Tahoe ;  the  Vosemite  Valley  is 
the  most  gracefully  charming  of  the  great 
wonders  of  the  land,  and  mountain  climbing 
in  the  high  Sierras  is  a  high  and  unicjue  sport 
with  rules  and  regulations  all  its  own.  In  all 
there  is  amazing  elbow  room,  but  in  the  Sierras 
most  of  all.  California  of  all  the  places  in 
the  world  was  evidently  made  especially  for 
human  beings  to  live  in.  but  strange  enough, 
they  found  it  last  of  all. 

As  the  land  was  made  for  men.  it  constitutes 
no  wonder  that  the  people  who  dwell  in  it, 
unerringly  as  unconsciously,  turn  with  their 
chief  interests  toward  humanism.  Their  in- 
stinctive fondness  for  music,  the  drama,  color, 
and  all  beauty,  as  well  as  their  preference  for 
literature,  philosophy,  art,  and  history  among 
the  higher  pursuits,  testifies  to  the  bent  which 
the  land  has  given  them.  All  their  doings,  in 
society  and  politics,  in  clash  and  concord, 
abound  in  freedom  of  the  spirit,  sparkle  and 
snap  with  the  human  and  the  personal. 

Their  peculiar  zeal  in  building  schools  and 
universities  speaks  for  their  desire  to  make 
their  children  free,  and  to  give  the  human 
which  is  in  them  freest  and  fullest  scope. 

The  society  which  they  are  building  from 
the  resources  of  the  fairest  land  of  the  \\'est, 
with  human  materials  gathered  from  all  the 
bloods  and  experiences  of  Europe,  is  set  at  the 
f()refrt)nt  of  the  Occident  to  face  the  awaken- 
ing East  in  this  final  meeting  of  the  world 
halves.    This  is  the  mission  of  California. 


280  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

The  Psychological  Hour  for 
Logical  Commerce 

By  John  Hays  Hammond 

('/   Cii/i for/lid :     .1  )iii-rica's  Most   Eminent    Mii/i/n;   I'liii^iiu'cr 

EDITOR'S  NOTE:  Mr.  John  Hays  Hammond  is  a  native  Calit ornian,  San 
Francisco  being  his  birthplace.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Sheffield  Scientific  School  (Yale) 
Ph.  B.  i8y6,  A.  M.,  i8g8 ;  also  Royal  School  of  Mines,  Frieberg,  Saxony,  1880.  In 
that  year  he  was  special  expert  to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  examifiing 
California's  gold  mines.  He  has  been  a  consulting  engineer  for  many  large  concerns. 
Mr.  Flammond  teas  president  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  igo'j-8, 
represented  the  United  States  at  the  coronation  of  King  George  of  England. 
June  24,  igii ,  and  as  a  member  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau  in  the  latter 
eighties  contributed  valuable  papers  to  the  reports. 

WHILE  Europe  is  at  war  destroying,  America,  at  peace,  should 
be  constructing  as  she  has  never  done  before.  For  me  to 
say  that  this  especially  is  our  opportunity  to  expand  our  for- 
eign commerce  sounds  trite,  but  the  oftener  it  is  said  the  better.  Here, 
however,  we  must  go  beneath  the  surface  and  consider  of  just  what 
the  opportunity  consists.  ...  It  will  demand  a  great  construc- 
tive programme  first,  and  after  that  the  energy,  the  common  sense, 
and  above  all,  the  persistence  necessary  to  its  execution. 
Eventually  we  shall  become  the  dominating  factor  in  the  world's 
export  trade.  Therefore,  why  not  now  ?  .  .  .  That  market  which 
is  most  logically  ours,  one  which  we  have  most  neglected,  lies  to 
southward  of  us,  and  it  is  more  than  ever  logically  ours  now  that 
we  have  completed  the  Panama  Canal.  .  .  .  Now,  undoubtedly, 
the  psychological  hour  has  struck  in  which  the  leaders  of  American 
commerce  must  act.  .  .  .  If  we  definitely  intend  to  go  into  South 
America  after  trade,  we  must  do  much  constructive  work  there,  help- 
ing to  finance  South  American  enterprises  and  even  South  American 
governments.  .  .  .  Co-operation  from  South  America  is  an  essen- 
tial, and  I  believe  the  time  has  come  when  this  may  be  obtained  if  a 
plan  is  suggested  which  gives  any  reasonable  promise  of  efifectiveness. 
I  believe  such  a  plan  may  wisely  include  the  creation  of  what  w^e 
may  designate,  for  the  time  being,  a  Pan-American  supreme  court, 
the  specific  purpose  of  this  tribunal  being  to  investigate  and  decide 
disputes  as  to  foreign  investments  in  Latin-American  states.  .  .  . 
It  is  my  belief  that  each  interested  nation  should  be  represented 
in  the  member shij)  of  the  court,  while  the  chief  justice  should  be 
chosen  by  a  vote  of  all  the  members.  .  .  . — Excerpts  from  inter- 
z'iezv  in  Nezv  York  Times. 


The  Panama  Canal  and  What 

It  Has  Demonstrated  Since 

Opened  to  Traffic 

By  Hon.  Joseph  R.  Knowland 

Member  of  Congress  from  California  igo^-igi^  and  Member  of  House  Committee 
on  Interstate  and  Foreign  Relations 


Editor's  Note:  Few  men  in  this  country  have  had  a  more  intimate 
connection  with  the  legislative  features  of  the  Panama  Canal  matter 
than  Honorable  Joseph  R.  Knowland.  He,  by  reason  of  his  capacity, 
was  personally  in  touch  with  many  measures  of  importance  in  the 
matter  of  tolls,  etc.  Congressman  Knowland  is  a  resident  of  Alameda 
County  and  prominent  in  state  and  national  politics.  Matters  of  com- 
merce, interstate  and  foreign,  have  engrossed  his  attention  to  a  large 
extent,  and  he  is  a  recognized  authority  upon  the  subject.  His  article 
gives  succintly  some  of  the  history  of  the  canal  in  its  passage  through 
the  congressional  halls. 


DURING  the  four  centuries  that  the 
world  has  been  considering  the  construc- 
tion of  an  isthmian  canal  to  unite  the  two 
great  oceans,  the  effect  of  such  a  waterway 
upon  the  commerce  of  the  world  has  been  an 
interesting  topic  of  discussion. 

Since  August  15,  1914,  the  date  of  the  in- 
formal opening,  the  question  of  the  influence 
of  the  Panama  Canal  upon  domestic  commerce 
has  been  largely  removed  from  the  realm  of 
speculation.  Due  to  the  European  war  the 
movement  of  ships  of  foreign  register  through 
the  canal  has  necessarily  fallen  far  below  esti- 
mates, upsetting  all  calculations. 

The  coastwise  traffic  is  greatly  exceeding  the 
estimates  made  by  Professor  Emory  R.  John- 
son, special  commissioner  on  Panama  Canal 
traffic  and  tolls.  Up  to  February  1,  1915,  this 
traffic,  covering  a  period  of  five  and  a  half 
months,  has  totaled  916,158  net  register  tons. 
The  same  average  would  bring  the  total  coast- 
wise   business    for    the    first    vear    to    over 


2,000,890  net  register  tons.  Doctor  Johnson 
estimated  but  1,160,000  tons.  The  actual 
coastwise  tonnage  is  exceeding  by  72^  per 
cent  the  estimate.  The  foreign  traffic  for  the 
five  and  a  half  months  has  aggregated  only 
1,276,698  net  register  tons,  and  with  this  as 
a  basis  would  total  for  the  year  2,785,522  tons, 
6,554.478  tons  below  the  government  expert's 
figures.  In  other  words,  as  a  result  of  the  war, 
foreign  traffic  is  falling  234  per  cent  below 
the  most  conservative  estimates.  The  Royal 
Mail,  Hamburg-American,  North  German 
Lloyd,  and  various  French  lines,  had  arranged 
to  utilize  the  canal. 

When  the  was  is  over  no  doubt  the  esti- 
mates in  foreign  business  will  be  exceeded  as 
they  have  in  coastwise,  which  will  mean  that 
the  foreign  revenues  alone  will  pay  more  than 
double  the  cost  of  operation  and  maintenance. 

During  my  eleven  years'  service  in  Con- 
gress all  the  most  important  canal  legislation 
has  been  enacted.    As  a  member  of  the  House 


282 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


committL'e  on  interstate  anil  foreign  eoninicrce, 
which  (.omniittcc  exercises  jurisdiction  over 
general  canal  legislation,  it  has  been  my  i>ri\i- 
lege  to  take  an  active  part  in  framing  the 
various  acts. 

It  was  not  until  l'M)6  that  Congress  finally 
determined  upon  the  lock  type  of  canal.  In 
1912  legislation  was  reported  from  the  com- 
mittee on  interstate  and  foreign  commerce 
providing  for  the  opening,  maintenance.  i)ro- 
tet'tion  and  operation  of  tlie  canal.  This  legis- 
lation involved  manv  intricate  jiroblems.  not 
tlie  least  important  being  our  rights  under  the 
various  treaties,  and  the  question  of  the  effect 
of  toll  rates  uptui  prospective  foreign  and 
domestic  commerce. 

An  exhaustive  and  painstaking  study  of  the 
numerous  treaties  convinced  me  that  the  United 
States  clearlv  had  the  right  to  exempt  Ameri- 
can coastwise  ships  from  the  payment  of  tolls. 
I  submitted  the  minority  report  from  the  com- 
mittee advocating  exemption  and  was  sus- 
tained in  my  views  by  Congress  and  the  Presi- 
dent. Two  years  later  a  bill  was  reported 
repealing  the  free  toll  jirovision.  I  again  sub- 
mitted minority  views,  but  the  legislation  was 
carried  through  Congress.  With  many  others 
I  felt  that  if  repeal  was  forced  through  that 
it  should  be  accompanied,  and  I  so  declared 
on  the  floor  of  the  House,  bv  some  declaration, 
unec|uivocal  and  unmistakable  as  to  its  mean- 
ing, that  would  make  it  clear  that  we  did  not 
accept  the  foreign  ])owers'  interpretation  of  the 
treaty  which  would  clearly  mean  the  sacrifice 
of  important  and  vital  American  rights  af- 
fecting this  nation,  commercially,  politically, 
and  strategically,  now  and  for  all  future  time. 

The  Senate  inserted  an  amendment  which 
is  a  part  of  the  repeal  act  and  reads  as  fol- 
lows : 

"Provided,  that  the  passage  of  this  act  shall 
not  be  construed  or  held  as  a  waiver  or  re- 
lin(|uishment  of  any  right  the  United  States 
may  have  under  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
to  lUscrijiiiiiati-  in  icT-i'or  of  its  7'cxsris  bv 
exempting  the  vessels  of  the  United  States 
or  its  citizens  from  the  payment  of  tolls  for 
passage  through  said  canal,  or  as  in  any  way 
waiving,  impairing,  or  affecting  any  right  of 


the  United  States  under  said  treaties,  or  other- 
wise, with  respect  to  the  sovereigntv  over  or 
the  ownership,  control,  management  of  said 
canal  and  the  regulation  of  the  conditions  or 
charges  of  traffic  through  the  same.'" 

This  leaves  the  entire  cpiestion  open  for 
future  consideration,  but  repeal  unquestion- 
ably and  necessarily  weakened  the  case  of  the 
United  States,  the  Senate  proviso  notwith- 
standing. 

Convinced,  as  1  h.ave  already  slated,  that 
the  United  States  had  the  absolute  right  to  ex- 
empt American  coastwise  shijts.  I  advocated 
this  policy  upon  the  theory  that  it  would  result 
in  a  direct  benefit  to  the  shipper  and  consumer 
of  the  United  States.  1  felt  that  the  Ameri- 
can people,  having  constructed  this  waterway 
unaided,  at  an  expenditure  of  nearly  $400,- 
000,000,  were  entitled  to  the  fullest  benefits. 

I  have  always  frankly  admitted  that  even 
with  a  toll  of  $1.20  ])er  net  register  ton  upon 
coastwise  traffic  that  all  Atlantic  and  I'acific 
ports  could  shij)  through  the  canal  in  com- 
petition with  the  transcontinental  railroads, 
and  at  reduced  rates,  particularly  if  we  barred, 
as  the  canal  act  does,  transcontinental  railroad- 
owned  and  controlled  steamships,  and  further 
provided,  which  Congress  likewise  did,  that 
no  coastwise  ship,  trust-owned  or  controlled, 
or  which  entered  into  rate  fixing  agreements, 
could  have  access  to  the  waterway. 

My  contention  was,  as  a  reference  to  the 
minoritv  reports  and  to  mv  speeches  ujion  the 
floor  of  the  House  will  disclose,  that  the  lower 
the  toll  the  greater  competitor  the  canal  would 
become  of  the  transcontinental  railroads,  and. 
what  was  of  even  greater  importance,  the  far- 
ther inland  would  reduced  rates  be  reflected, 
and  the  wider  the  markets  opened  up  to  the 
products  of  California  and  other  states. 

In  the  minority  report  which  I  submitted 
to  the  House  of  Representati\-es  on  the  canal 
bill  on  March  20.  1912.  I  said  among  other 
things : 

"Any  reduction  in  rail  freight  rates  forced 
by  sea  competition  between,  say  New  York  and 
San  Francisco,  is  contemporaneously  applied 
between  Chicago,  St.  Paul.  St.  Uouis.  Kansas 
Citv.   and,   in  fact,   every  city  of  the   Middle 


WATER\\'AY   BY   PANAMA 


283 


West  on  the  one  hand  and  every  Pacific  Coast 
city  or  town  on  the  other.  This  always  has 
been  so — it  always  will  be  so." 

Continuing  in  the  advocacy  of  this  policy, 
calling  for  the  fullest  utilization  of  the  canal, 
I  declared : 

"It  can  not  but  minimize  rail  freight  rates 
on  all  the  manufactures  of  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board and  the  Middle  West,  the  products  of 
the  great  Mississippi  Valley  and  those  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  to  the  ultimate  advantage  of 
the  producer  and  consumer  throughout  the  en- 
tire country." 

On  January  29  of  this  year  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  rendered  a  most  im- 
portant and  far-reaching  decision  bearing  di- 
rectly upon  the  broad  question  of  the  value 
of  the  canal  as  a  regulator  of  freight  rates, 
and  sustaining  the  argument  that  any  reduc- 
tion in  freight  rates  forced  by  sea  competition 
between  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  would  be 
applied  between  other  points.  The  application 
before  the  commission  was  for  relief  from  the 
provisions  of  the  fourth  section  of  the  inter- 
state commerce  act,  known  as  the  long  and 
short  haul  provision,  from  the  operation  of 
which  section  the  commission  has  authority  to 
relieve  carriers. 

The  railroads  desired  to  meet,  at  least  in 
part,  the  competition  of  the  canal.  The  record 
shows  that  the  application  was  supported — 
and  this  is  most  significant — by  shipping  in- 
terests in  Chicago,  Duluth,  Minneapolis.  St. 
Paul,  St.  Louis  and  the  Missouri  River  cities 
upon  the  ground,  and  1  cjuote  from  the  com- 
mission : 

"That  if  further  relief  be  not  afforded  to 
the  carriers  upon  this  traffic,  the  present  policy 
of  the  carriers  of  ifiaintainiiit^  rates  from  in- 
termediate territory  to  the  Pacific  Coast  no 
higher  than  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  will 
be  defeated." 

These  localities  all  feared  the  effect  of  the 
canal.  It  has  already  brought  them  reduced 
rates,  for  the  commission  authorized  the  trans- 
continental railroads  to  reduce  certain  rates 
between  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coast  terminals, 
which  rates  might  be  lower  than  to  interme- 
diate  points.      Reductions   were   also    author- 


ized, lower  than  to  intermediate  points,  from 
the  Missouri  River  territory  to  Pacific  ter- 
minals. 

The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  in 
its  decision  made  some  general  observations 
concerning  the  influence  of  the  canal  on  freight 
rates  of  great  interest  to  the  people  of  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

"Since  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal," 
states  the  commission,  "the  water  carriers  have 
materially  reduced  their  rates,  shortened  the 
time  of  transportation,  increased  the  frequency 
of  sailings,  added  to  their  tonnage  capacity, 
and  greatly  added  to  the  tonnage  secured  of 
this  coast  to  coast  freight." 

Here  is  another  most  significant  passage : 

"We  are  witnessing  the  beginning  of  a  new 
era  in  transportation  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  coasts.  To  secure  any  considerable 
percentage  of  this  coast-to-coast  traffic  rates 
on  many  commodities  must  be  established  by 
the  rail  lines  materiallv  lower  than  those  now 
existing." 

That  the  commission  is  desirous  of  extend- 
ing to  all  the  people  the  benefits  of  reduced 
rates  is  evidenced  from  the  following  passage : 

"In  so  far  as  any  reasonable  and  lawful 
reduction  of  rates  will  permit,  the  benefits 
of  this  increased  service  should  be  extended 
to  all  of  the  people." 

"It  may  be  said  also,"  declares  the  com- 
mission, possibly  in  the  way  of  a  suggestion 
or  proffer  of  advice  to  the  railroads,  "that  a 
policy  of  greater  liberality  on  the  part  of  the 
rail  carrier  to  these  interior  towns  will  result 
in  benefit  to  themselves." 

Over  fifty  ships  are  in  regular  service  be- 
tween Atlantic,  Gulf,  and  Pacific  coasts. 
There  are  half  a  dozen  lines,  with  more  in 
prospect,  the  largest  operating  twenty-six  ships 
with  sailings  every  five  days,  and  the  smallest 
at  least  two  ships,  with  thirty-day  sailings. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  recall 
that  when  the  legislation  was  pending  pro- 
hibiting railroad-owned  ships  from  operating 
through  the  canal  in  competition  with  their 
rail  lines,  it  was  freely  predicted  in  committee 
and  on  the  floor  of  Congress  by  the  railroad 
interests  opposed  to  this  legislation  that  such 


284 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


an  inhibition  would  mean  that  few  if  any 
other  ships  would  be  built,  purchased  or  leased 
for  the  service. 

It  was  generally  believed  that  sailing  vessels 
would  not  use  the  new  route.  Up  to  the  first 
of  the  year  four  sailing  vessels  have  passed 
through  the  waterway.  One  of  the  vessels  was 
an  old  prison  ship  on  its  w-ay  to  the  San  Fran- 
cisco exposition,  and  another  a  pleasure  yacht. 
The  tw'o  remaining  vessels  carried  freight.  It 
will  be  interesting  to  learn  if  the  experiment 
proves  profitable. 

The  second  minority  report  which  I  pre- 
sented to  Congress  upon  this  subject,  sub- 
mitted on  March  14,  1914,  in  opposition  to 
repeal  and  in  favor  of  maintaining  our  his- 
toric policy  of  free  commercial  intercourse  be- 
tween the  states,  contained  these  words : 

"Nor  are  reductions  in  rail  rates  the  only 
advantage  which  the  people  from  the  great 
interior  of  our  country  are  to  reap.  Much 
of  the  commerce  of  the  great  Mississippi  Val- 
ley will  How  down  the  rivers  which  drain  it 
to  the  (iulf  and  thence  through  the  canal  to 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Likewise  Pacific  Coast 
products  will  to  a  large  extent  eventually  be 
distributed  through  the  Middle  West  via  her 
waterways.  Every  burden  placed  upon  traffic 
through  the  canal  impairs  its  usefulness  as  a 
competitive  route." 

Under  a  free  toll  policy  a  greater  volume  of 
canal  traffic  would  unquestionably  have  moved 
to  and  from  interior  points.  I  have  made  care- 
ful iiujuiry  from  official  and  other  sources 
to  ascertain  the  extent  of  interior  shipments 
since  the  canal  opened.  The  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  directs  attention  to  move- 
ments of  cast  iron  pipe  from  Birmingham, 
Ala.,  by  rail  to  New  Orleans  and  then  through 
the  canal  to  the  Pacific  Coast ;  also  structural 
iron  originating  at  various  points  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  a  number  of 
Ohio  points  have  utilized  the  waterway.  There 
have  also  been  instances  of  small  quantities  of 
freight  being  carried  between  Chicago,  St. 
Louis,  Kansas  City,  Detroit  and  St.  Paul 
through  the  canal  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  character  of 
freight   carried.      In    the    December   monthly 


summary  of  foreign  commerce  issued  by  the 
Department  of  Commerce  a  partial  list  is  given 
of  the  domestic  nicrchandise  sliipi)ed  through 
the  canal  in  the  coastwise  trade.  Between  the 
Atlantic  and  Oulf  ports  to  the  Pacific  Coast 
we  find  the  largest  shipments  to  be  of  iron  and 
steel  manufactures.  Cotton  goods  were  well 
up  on  the  list.  Boots  and  shoes  are  being 
shipped  in  large  quantities.  Among  othei 
articles  are  printing  paper,  tinware  and  to- 
bacco. From  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  we  find  in  the  lead  canned  salmon,  fruits 
(mostly  dried),  nuts,  hops,  beans,  wines,  lum- 
ber and  wool. 

Except  as  to  foreign  business,  the  Panama 
Canal  is  meeting  expectations  regardless  of 
general  business  depression.  With  the  war 
settled  there  is  every  reason  to  predict  that 
the  estimates  touching  foreign  traffic  v/ill  be 
exceeded.  This  great  artificial  waterway,  the 
most  stupendous  enterprise  of  the  age,  is 
cheapening  freight  rates.  Already  the  rail- 
roads are  taking  notice.  I  do  not  believe  these 
land  carriers  are  going  to  seriously  suiTer.  I 
Iiope  not.  There  will  be  an  adjustment  of 
rates.  Certain  commodities  will  move  by  water 
and  others  by  rail.  There  will  be  a  larger 
volume  of  freight  moving  because  of  cheap 
water  rates,  resulting  in  a  large  share  of  the 
new  business  going  to  the  railroads  through 
back  hauls. 

After  all,  however,  does  not  the  military  im- 
portance of  the  canal  overshadow  all  commer- 
cial considerations?  This  has  always  been 
the  view  of  Colonel  Goethals.  It  is  a  satis- 
faction to  Pacific  Coast  residents  to  know  that 
the  Atlantic  fleet  is  now  available  in  case  of 
emergency. 

To  those  of  us  who  fought  successfully  for 
the  fortification  of  the  Panama  Canal,  events 
growing  out  of  the  European  war  have  fur- 
nished ample  vindication.  We  were  urged 
to  neutralize  the  waterway — to  erect  no  forti- 
fications !  Belgium  was  neutral.  We  have 
heard  much  of  the  freedom  of  the  seas.  There 
is  no  freedom  apparently  while  war  exists. 
But  the  canal  is  fortified,  and  this  knowledge 
is  more  reassuring  to  the  American  people 
todav  than  ever  before. 


California's  Possibilities 

for  Pan-American 

Commerce 


By  Hon.  John  Barrett 

Director  General  Pan-American   Union 


Editors  Xofc:  Though  a  New  Englander  by  birth  and  education, 
Honorable  John  Barrett  when  he  started  West,  as  he  expresses  it, 
''did  not  stop"  until  he  arrived  at  the  Golden  Gate.  He  taught  school 
in  this  State,  became  a  newspaper  man,  and  finally  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  as  minister  to  various  countries  and  later  became  direc- 
tor general  of  the  Pan-American  Union.  Mr.  Barrett  is  an  enthusiast 
as  to  Latin-American  possibilities  for  increasing  trade  wnth  this  coun- 
try, and  in  his  article  he  has  pointed  out  briefly  but  forcefully  just 
what  we  must  do  to  develop  that  commerce.  A  fluent  speaker  and 
o-raceful  writer,  Mr.  Barrett  is  dailv  arousinsr  in  others  the  enthusi- 
asm  that  actuates  his  own  purpose. 


FEBRUARY  20,  1915.  marked  the  begin-  sition  be  made  the  actual  celebration  of  the 
ning  of  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  newly  created  possibilities  for  the  development 
California.  It  was  the  birthday  of  San  Fran-  of  Pan-American  and  Pacific  commerce  which 
Cisco's  coming  of  age  as  a  world  city.  Above  must  follow  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal, 
all  things,  it  signalized  her  prominence  and  Let  San  Francisco  be  inspired  by  the  expo- 
emphasized  her  possibilities  as  a  great  Pan-  sition  to  take  action  in  the  form  of  both  indi- 
American  center  of  commercial  activity  and  vidual  and  organized  movement  by  its  own 
international  influence.  citizens  and  in  co-operation  with  those  of  other 
The  people  of  California  want  to  achieve  coast  cities,  to  extend  its  present  worthy  efforts 
some  great  tangible  result  from  the  Panama-  and  inaugurate  new  plans  to  build  up  its  ex- 
Pacific  International  Exposition.  Speaking  change  of  products,  raw  and  manufactured, 
from  my  standpoint,  as  the  executive  officer  with  the  twenty  countries  of  Latin  America, 
of  the  Pan-American  Union,  the  official  or-  all  of  which  are  either  directly  or  indirectly 
ganization  devoted  to  the  development  of  com-  dependent  upon  the  Panama  Canal  or  tribu- 
merce,  friendship  and  peace  among  the  twenty-  tary  to  the  trade  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  American  republics — the  United  States  and  I  can  not  therefore  urge  too  strongly  that 
her  twenty  sister  nations — and  hence  from  the  now  is  a  most  propitious  time  to  get  into  the 
unique  position  of  being  the  only  international  closest  touch  with  all  Latin  America.  A  new 
officer  in  America,  let  me  urge  that  the  expo-  spirit  and  conception  of  Pan-Americanism  is 


286 


CALTFORXIA'S  AIAGAZIXE 


T\[\i  work  (the  I'anania  Canal)  stands  as  a  Irinniph  of  Ameri- 
can accomplishment  ;  hnilded  into  it  are  American  imai;"ination, 
American  creative  i^enins.  American  hrains,  courage,  perseverance, 
and  a  tithe  of  the  wist  resources  of  our  poej)le;  a  work  not  for  our- 
selves alone,  hut  for  all  the  ])eople  of  all  the  climes  'Avho  go  down  t(^ 
the  sea  in  ships  and  do  husiness  in  great  waters." — Isliain  Raudolpli, 
C.  E.,  D.  /:..  ///  "The  licoiiouiisf." 


abroad  from  Canada  south  to  Chile.  Pan- 
American  solidarity  of  interest  is  being  splen- 
didly emphasized  and  strengthened  by  the 
l-:uropean  war.  I'an-American  inter-depend- 
ence in  both  trade  and  diplomacy  is  being 
proved  beyond  a  ciuestion  by  the  struggle  of 
the  European  nations.  Possibly  the  silver  lining 
to  the  dark  war  cloud  is  the  spontaneous 
present  evolution  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  into 
a  Pan-American  policy — into  a  new  relation- 
ship wdiere  the  Monroe  Doctrine  belongs  as 
nnich  to  Argentina,  Brazil  and  Chile,  as  it 
does  to  the  Cnited  States. 

Possiblv  still  more,  let  us  hope  that  Pan- 
American  co-operation  as  exemplified  in  the 
present  practical  action  of  the  Pan-American 
Union  for  the  protection  of  the  interests  of 
the  neutral  American  nations  may  yet  develop 
into  a  ])owerful  and  well  meaning  intiuence 
to  bring  peace  to  i-Airope  through  the  impartial 
mediation  of  the  united  nations  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere. 

Just  as  Pan-American  mediation  saved  the 
United  States  from  war  with  Mexico,  it  may 
yet,  in  the  form  of  the  mediation  of  the 
United  States,  backed  by  the  unbroken  align- 
ment of  its  sister  American  nations  be  al)le 
to  prepare  the  way  for  jjeace  in  I^Airojje  and 
the  restoration,  therefore,  of  peace  everywhere 
on  earth  and  good  will  to  men  in  every  clime. 

CALIFORNLA.   SHOULD   LK.M)   IN    PAK- 
AMERICANISM 

Pan-Americanism  is  the  slogan  of  the  hour 
and  California  must  become  a  mighty  factor 
in  building  u\>  the  two  great  essentials  of 
lasting  Pan-Americanism — namely.  recij)rocal 
commerce  and  mutual  confidence. 


Studying  the  jiractical  side,  let  me  con- 
gratulate California  on  what  it  has  already 
done  and  is  doing,  both  in  individual  and 
organized  or  united  effort,  to  build  up  its 
Pan-American  commerce  and  relatit)nship. 
Let  me  urge  further  practical  effort  along  the 
following  lines : 

First,  the  ac(iuiring  of  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  field  in  the  form  of  data  that  can  be 
obtained  from  the  reports  and  publications  of 
the  Pan-American  Union,  and  the  Bureau  of 
Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  in  ^^'ash- 
ington ; 

Second,  the  extension  of  the  work  and  re- 
sponsibility of  the  foreign  trade  sections  of 
the  chaml)ers  of  commerce  of  the  state ; 

'Fhird,  the  sending  to  Latin  America  of 
tiualified  representatives  either  by  individual 
firms  or  bv  firms  acting  together; 

Fourth,  the  utilization  of  the  opportunities 
and  facilities  afforded  by  reasonable  commis- 
sion houses  and  manufacturers'  agents; 

Fifth,  advertising  in  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese languages,  instead  of  l'>nglish.  in  papers 
and  magazines  sent  to  or  published  in  Latin 
America,  and  the  distribution  of  catalogues 
prepared  in  accurate  and  idiomatic  Si)anish 
and  Portuguese  ; 

Sixth,  the  manufacture  or  preparation  of 
just  what  the  Latin-American  market  wants 
and  then  the  proper  ])acking  thereof  for  the 
peculiar  conditions  of  transportation  and 
climate ; 

Seventh,  the  organization  and  development 
of  banking,  credit  and  exchange  relations  and 
facilities  suited  to  the  peculiar  demands  of 
Latin-American  commerce,  including  the 
establishment    of    branch   banks   on    the   west 


WAtERWAY   BY   PANA^IA 


287 


coast  of  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America, 
controlled  by  California  capital; 

Eighth,  the  possible  organization  of  a  large 
trading  company  with  ample  capital  for  the 
purpose  not  only  of  building  up  its  own  trade 
but  helping  the  small  coast  manufacturer,  ex- 
porter, and  importer  to  enter  the  field ; 

Ninth,  the  development  of  import  as  well 
as  export  trade,  to  provide  return  cargoes  for 
vessels  and  bring  raw  products  for  new  in- 
dustrial plants  which  will  employ  California 
labor  and  capital  in  converting  such  raw 
products  into  salable  articles ; 

Tenth,  the  extension  of  first-class  freight. 
passenger,  and  mail  steamship  service  under 
the  United  States  flag  between  California 
ports  and  the  principal  ports  of  Latin 
America ; 

Eleventh,  the  study  of  the  Spanish  language 
and  the  geography,  resources,  commerce,  and 
history  of  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America 
in  the  practical  courses  of  the  universities, 
public  and  private  educational  institutions,  and 
especially  in  the  commercial  courses  of  high 
schools,  in  order  to  properly  prepare  young 
men  and  women  for  the  Pan-American  field 
of  trade  and  activity  ; 

Twelfth,  the  making  of  the  great  cities  of 
the  State  centers  of  attraction  for  the  travel 
as  well  as  the  trade  of  the  people  of  Latin 
America ; 

Thirteenth,  the  showing  during  both  exposi- 
tions of  special  hospitality  to  the  visitors  from 
Latin  America,  who  I  believe  will  come  here 


in  large  numbers  this  year  because  they  can 
not  go  to  Europe  and  because  they  want  to 
see  the  greatest  and  most  beautiful  expositions 
which  the  world  has  ever  known ; 

Fourteenth,  the  inauguration  and  fostering 
here  of  a  general  Pan-American  movement 
in  the  knowledge  and  appreciation,  on  the 
part  of  our  people,  of  the  peoples  and  progress 
of  Latin  America  which  will  awaken  in  re- 
turn the  responsive  sympathy,  knowledge  and 
appreciation  on  the  part  of  the  Latin 
Americans,  of  the  peoples  and  purposes  of  the 
L^nited  States. 

LEADERSHIP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

In  conclusion,  let  me  give  a  few  figures 
which  will  encourage  the  ojjtimist  and  dis- 
courage the  pessimist  on  Pan-American  com- 
merce :  In  1913,  according  to  the  latest  figures 
of  the  Pan-American  Union,  the  twenty  coun- 
tries of  Latin  America  conducted  a  foreign 
trade  valued  at  the  immense  total  of  $.3,000,- 
000,000,  which  represents  an  increase  of  nearly 
one  hundred  per  cent  in  the  last  fifteen  years. 
In  this  commerce,  contrarv  to  usual  belief, 
the  United  States  stands  far  ahead  of  Great 
Britain  and  Germany.  In  1913.  the  figures 
for  the  L'nited  States,  counting  both  exports 
and  imports,  the  only  true  measure  of  trade, 
were  approximately  $804,000,000;  of  Great 
Britain,  $640.000.000 :  of  Germany.  $408.- 
000.000.  The  actual  exports  alone  of  the 
United  States  were  slightly  ahead  of  Great 
Britain,  being  $325,000,000  to  Great  Britain's 
$322,000,000. 


''  I  ""HE  chief  single  fact  cil)oiit  the  canal  is  its  aptitude  for  beconiino- 
-*-  a  vital  world  asset,  from  the  use  of  which  under  a  far-seeing- 
policy,  our  land  and  all  lands  will  thrive.  It  should  he  no  cause  of 
contention,  hut  a  hond  of  fraternitv  and  assured  peace. — JoJiu  Bates 
Clark,  Ph. P..  [J. .P.,  in  "The  Ecohoiiiist." 


288  C    \l.ll'(  )1<.\"IA"S   MACA/IXK 


The  Western  Hemisphere 
Coming  Into  Its  Own 

By  the  Late  Hon.  Duncan  E.  McKinlay 

W'Jw  as  a  Member  of  Congress  from  California  Visited  the  Canal  with  the  Interstate 

Committee  of  the  House.    Formerly   United  States  Surveyor 

of  Customs,  San   Francisco 

I'V  WOULD  seem  as  if  the  Western  hemisphere  was  at  last  coming  into  its  own 
in  dignity  and  progress,  in  its  relation  to  the  world.  Certainly  the  tides  of  people 
of  enterprise  and  of  business  have  been  steadily  pressing  westward  since  long  before 
Bishop  Berkeley  declared  that  "Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way,"  and 
that  Western  wave  is  rushing  onward  today  more  strongly  and  steadily  than  ever 
before  in  the  world's  history.  Men  of  even  middle  age  today  will  probably  live  to 
see  the  fulfillment  of  the  dreams  and  prophecies  of  the  olden  time  in  the  opening  up 
of  our  coasts  and  land  to  ship  commerce  with  every  country  on  the  globe. 

In  ancient  days  it  was  the  fact  that  seas  divided  nations  because  of  the  difficulty 
of  ocean  travel.  In  those  days  the  only  safe  routes  were  those  over  land,  but  in  this 
modern  time  of  gigantic  ocean-going  vessels,  capable  of  carrying  thousands  of  pas- 
sengers and  many  thousands  of  tons  of  freight,  water  travel  and  transportation  is  the 
cheapest  and  most  agreeable  of  all  forms.  And  therefore,  today  it  is  a  fact  that  the 
seas  unite  the  countries  of  the  world  instead  of  dividing  them. 

The  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  will  be  only  the  completion  of  one  link 
in  the  chain  of  three  great  improvements  that  are  in  contemplation  by  the  statesmen 
of  America.    .    .    . 

The  improvement  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  then,  is  one  of  the  links 
of  the  chain.  The  Panama  Canal  is  the  central  link.  The  third  link  must  be  and  will 
be,    .    .    .    the  re-establishment  of  the  American  merchant  marine.    .    .    . 

I  believe  that  it  has  been  a  well  recognized  policy  of  all  the  Presidents  and 
statesmen  of  our  country  for  the  last  twenty  years  to  urge  the  accomplishment  of 
these  improvements.  They  come  slowly,  of  course,  but  all  large  projects  take  time  in 
their  development,  and  those  of  us  who  today  are  so  fortunate  as  to  live  in  California, 
or  anywhere  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  may  easily  look  forward  to  the  time,  not  far  distant, 
when  California  will  be  at  least  the  second  state  of  the  American  republic  in  wealth, 
and  industrial  and  commercial  power,  and  San  Francisco  the  second  city  in  importance 
under  the  American  flag. 

*This  publication  had  secured  from  the  late  Honorable  Duncan  E.  McKinlay  the  as- 
surance that  he  would  prepare  a  paper  on  the  Panama  Canal  especiall}-  for  this  publication. 
But  Providence  decreed  otherwise  and  Mr.  McKinlay  passed  away  ere  accomplishing  his 
purpose.  Tlie  editor  and  publishers  of  this  edition  unite  with  the  family  and  many  friends 
of  the  late  congressman  in  sorrow  at  his  untimely  demise.  The  above  excerpt  from  a  book 
by  Mr.  McKinkiy  seems  particularly  apropos.  It  reflects  the  l^readth  of  view  and  patriotic 
spirit  which  characterized  his  public  services. 


The  Shipping  Industry  of 
the  Pacific  Coast 

By  Capt.  Robert  Dollar 

President  Robert  Dollar  Company  of  San  Francisco 


Editor's  A^ote:  Captain  Dollar,  who  is  prominent  not  only  in  ma- 
rine circles  but  in  the  public  affairs  of  San  Francisco,  has  prepared 
a  very  interesting-  statement  showing  the  conditions  under  which 
ships  are  handled  from  this  port.  He  discusses  the  three  main  di- 
visions of  our  shipping — coastw^ise,  intercoast  via  Panama,  and  for- 
eign— and  cites  figures  of  traffic  and  conditions  affecting  it  which 
should  be  w^idely  known  and  considered.  Captain  Dollar  looks  for- 
ward to  a  time  when  the  commerce  of  San  Francisco  will  exceed  that 
of  New^  York  of  today.  What  is  necessary  to  bring  the  maritime 
commerce  between  this  Coast  and  other  ports  to  its  proper  magnitude 
is  suggested  in  his  article. 


THROUGH  the  foreign  trade  we  antici- 
pate a  very  great  advancement  and 
development  of  the  shipping  industry  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  This  will  be  brought  about  by 
the  great  increase  of  trade  that  we  will  get 
from  the  opening  up  and  development  of 
China.  If  it  only  keeps  on  increasing  as  in 
the  past  thirty-five  years,  when  the  Pacific 
Mail  were  the  only  company  operating  steam- 
ers, and  their  combined  cargo  capacity,  of  all 
their  steamers  at  that  time,  was  not  as  great 
as  one  of  their  large,  modern,  up-to-date 
steamers  of  today ;  if  the  increase  keeps  up 
in  the  same  ratio,  long  before  this  century 
closes,  the  center  of  the  world's  commercial 
activity  will  be  transferred  from  the  Atlantic  ' 
to  the  Pacific. 

It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  the 
opening  of  the  canal  would  take  away  a  great 
deal  of  freight  from  our  ports,  but  from  the 
line  of  the  great  northern  circle  from  Panama 
to  Japan,  San  Diego  is  only  225  miles,  Los 
Angeles  245.  San  Francisco  325,  Eureka  430, 
Astoria  670.   entrance  to  the  Straits  of   Juan 


de    Fuca   800 ;     so   it   will   be   seen   that   the 
deviation  will  be  very  slight. 

The  Pacific  Coast  is  favored  with  many 
good  and  commodious  harbors.  Commencing 
in  the  extreme  south  is  San  Diego,  having 
ample  accommodations  for  all  the  rec^uire- 
ments ;  next,  Los  Angeles  with  more  than 
they  require  and  by  dredging  they  can  extend 
indefinitely ;  then  comes  San  Francisco  with 
sufficient  anchorage  for  all  the  navies  of  the 
world.  Eureka  has  plenty  of  room  for  her 
rapidly  growing  trade.  Then  in  Oregon  is 
Coos  Bay.  As  soon  as  contemplated  improve- 
ments are  completed,  they  will  be  able  to  berth 
the  largest  tramp  steamers  afloat.  Then  comes 
the  Columbia  River,  when  the  jetties  and 
dredging  they  contemplate  are  completed, 
they  can  receive  vessels  drawing  thirty  feet  of 
water.  Willapa  and  Grays  Harbor  are  rapidly 
increasing  their  facilities  to  receive  large  ves- 
sels. At  present  steamers  400  feet  long  and 
drawing  twenty  feet  have  no  trouble  going  in 
and  out.  Then  Puget  Sound,  unsurpassed  for 
its  land  locked  bavs.  sufficient  to  take  at  one 


290 


CALIi-URXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


time  all  the  ships  of  the  world.  Seattle  and 
Tacoma  are  rapidly  building  wharves  to  ac- 
coininodate  the  great  increase  expected  after 
the  canal  has  been  in  operation.  So  from  the 
foregoing,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  we  have 
a  combination  of  the  best  seaports  in  the 
workl. 

( )ur  shipping  may  be  divided  into  three 
parts,  namely,  first,  coastwise ;  second,  inter- 
coast  via  Panama,  and  third,  foreign. 

The  bulk  of  the  cargoes  carried  is  from 
north  to  south  :  lumber  furnisliing  more  than 
MS  per  cent  of  the  whole.  Tliose  vessels  carry 
norlli  bulk  cargoes,  but  not  to  exceed  10  per 
cent  of  their  capacity.  The  steamers  engaged 
in  carrying  lumber  on  this  coast  are  con- 
structed specially  for  this  trade,  and  are  en- 
tirely different  than  those  seen  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world.  The  machinery  is  placed 
aft.  and  from  30  to  50  per  cent  of  the 
cargo  is  carried  on  deck  and  with  perfect 
safety  to  both  the  vessel  and  cargo.  The 
ordinary  height  of  these  deckloads  is  from 
twelve  to  eighteen  feet.  To  those  interested 
in  shipping  who  visit  our  exposition,  this  will 
be  one  of  the  most  interesting  sights. 

Then  the  trade  that  will  go  from  one  sea- 
board  of   the    United   States   to   the  other   is 
problenialical.    The  value  of  commodities  car- 
ried in    1913   was  $80,026,517.    This  was  an 
increase  from   1900  of  $73,208,737,  although 
handicapiK'd   l)y  having  to  trans-ship  by  rail 
either  via  Tehuantepec  or  Panama,  this  was  a 
good    showing,   but    as   to    what   the    increase 
will  be  we  must  wait  a  year  or  two  and  see 
how   the    trade   will    develop,   before    we   can 
even  make  any  calculations.   That  the  increase 
will  be  gradual,  we  are  sure  of,  although  some 
expect  a  boom  all  at  once.    In  tliis  they  will 
be  disappointed,  but  that  there  will  be  a  tre- 
mendous expansion   of  this  trade,   admits   no 
argument.    The  great  differenc-e  between  rail 
and  all  water  rates  will  be  sufficient  to  war- 
rant this  prediction,   for  with  the  opening  t)f 
the  canal  the  rate  of  freight  has  been  reduced 
about  30  per  cent. 

Foreign  trade  has  not  been  pushed  as  it 
should.  The  local  or  domestic  demand  has 
satisfied    all    producers,    therefore    there    was 


little   incentive  to  go  further   afield  as   long 
as  the  home  consumption  kept  up.    Now  we 
see  tliat  we  must  reach  out  for  foreign  mar- 
kets.   So  far  we  have  only  exported  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  forest,  fields  and  fisheries,  now  we 
must  reach  out   for  manufactures.      Up  to  the 
present  time  labor  conditions  have  been  such 
that    efl"ectually    precluded    the   possibility   of 
manufac-turing  on  this  coast  for  export.    Now 
we  feel  that  with  the  opening  of  the  canal,  a 
great    number    of    emigrants    will    reach    our 
shores.     l'lmplo\'ment  must  be  found  for  them 
either   in  the  cultivation   of   our   fields   or   in 
manufacturing  as  very   few   will   have  money 
enough    to   take    n\)    land   although    there   are 
millions  of  acres  lying  idle,  waiting  for  people 
to  cultivate  it.    We  can  expect  factories  to  be 
built    because    raw    material    can    be    got    as 
cheaply  as  in  any  part  of  the  United  States. 
Iron  ore  of  a  better  quality  can  be  laid  down 
on  these  Pacific  Coast  ports  at  a  lower  price 
than   the    supply   is    delivered    at    Pittsburgh. 
Coking  coal  can  be  delivered  here  at  a  price 
that  will  produce  coke  at  competitive  prices  if 
produced    in    the    most    modern    by-product 
ovens,  so  there  is  no  reason  why  we  can  not 
produce  iron  and  steel,  not  only  for  our  own 
requirements,  but  for  export  also.    Then  raw 
cotton  and  wool  can  be  delivered  at  our  sea- 
board as  cheap  as  anywhere  else,  as  both  are 
grown  near  by. 

The  opening  of  markets  of  China  ah)ne 
warrants  the  prediction  of  an  enormous  com- 
merce between  that  country  and  ours.  Tlien 
there  is  the  Philippine  trade  that  has  in- 
creased by  leaps  and  bounds  and  a  great  trade 
will  result.  Japan,  India,  and  the  P'ast  Indies 
will  all  increase  their  trade  with  us.  If  we 
look  at  the  custom  house  statistics  they  are 
extremely  encouraging.  In  1856  our  total  ex- 
ports from  this  entire  coast  were  $3,460,448: 
in  18S0,  $38,888,418:  in  1914.  $112,146,011. 
So  if  this  same  ratio  of  increase  continues  for 
the  next  sixty  years,  it  can  easily  be  seen  that 
tlie  fulfdlment  of  my  i)rediction  will  be  ac- 
complished, that  the  Atlantic  trade  will  be 
superseded  by  the  Pacific,  and  that  the  com- 
merce of  San  Francisco  will  exceed  that  of 
New  York  of  todav. 


Looking  East  From 
the  West 

By  Robert  Newton  Lynch 

P^we  President  ami  Manager  San  Francisco   Chamber  of  Commerce  and  of  the 
California  Development  Board 


Editor's  Xofc:  The  enlarged  vision  of  the  Westerner  who  regards 
the  East  in  the  hght  of  commercial  possibilities  and  the  results  of 
present  day  tendencies  is  comprehended  by  Mr.  Lynch  in  his  article. 
He  sees  the  inevitable  expansion,  the  drawing  together  of  the  cen- 
ters of  trade,  the  development  of  latent  or  under-developed  resources, 
the  certainty  of  increased  manufactures,  the  potentialities  of  the 
extension  of  maritime  commerce  between  the  cities  of  California  and 
the  Orient  as  w^ell  as  the  Occident.  Mr.  Lynch  is  a  keen  observer 
and  a  student  of  commercial  interests  and  relations.  His  article  is 
edifvino'  and  instructive. 


A  REVOLUTION  in  the  trade  and  indus- 
trial conditions  of  the  Paciiic  Coast  so 
profound  as  to  defy  accurate  estimates  of  its 
extent  or  prophecy  as  to  its  future  develop- 
ment has  been  created  by  the  opening  of  the 
Panama  Canal.  The  man  who  lives  and  works 
upon  the  Pacific  Coast,  turning  his  back  upon 
the  setting  sun  and  facing  eastward,  finds 
spread  before  him  a  vast  field  of  operation 
that  had  not  before  been  apparent,  for  it  was 
inaccessible  in  a  degree  rendering  worse  than 
useless  any  effort  at  successful  competition 
with  Eastern  enterprise. 

Heretofore  the  great  pressure  of  Eastern 
business  has  forced  the  Western  manufacturer 
and  jobber  to  the  verv  rim  of  the  continent. 
The  business  area  on  this  coast  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  goods  was  of  the  smallest,  while 
the  Eastern  jobbing  houses  or  manufacturers' 
agents  extended  their  operations  to  much  of 
the  territory  rightfully  belonging  to  Pacific 
Coast  trade  centers.  Now  all  this  is  rapidly 
being  changed  and  a  new  era  in  the  develop- 


ment of  business  upon  the  Pacific  Coast  is 
inaugurated. 

It  was  generally  conceded  that  the  opening 
of  the  canal  would  affect  the  condition,  but 
there  was  no  little  anxiety  over  the  matter  of 
tolls.  A\'hen,  however,  the  rates  were  an- 
nounced, it  was  found  that  the  cost  of  carrying 
goods  through  the  canal  with  tolls  was  40 
per  cent  below  what  had  been  expected,  rcith- 
oitt  tolls.  This  was  the  sole  remaining  barrier 
to  future  success  for  Western  business  through 
the  canal  removed.  It  was  now  certain  that 
the  great  bulk  of  produce  destined  for  Pacific 
Coast  points  must  come  by  water  to  these  ports 
for  distribution  to  local  centers  of  consump- 
tion. 

Not  to  be  outdone  in  generosity  to  the  West, 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  in  the 
now  famous  long  and  short  haul  case  and  that 
of  the  intermountain  rates,  gave  decisions  that 
were  of  the  greatest  possible  value.  As  a  re- 
sult of  these  new  decisions,  the  railroads  may 
compete    with     the     water     rate     established 


292 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


through  the  canal  only  at  the  expense  of  de- 
moralization of  much  of  their  intermediate 
business.  It  is  to  be  assumed  that  the  rail- 
roads will  prefer  to  liandle  business  from  San 
Francisco,  for  example,  to  interior  points  at 
a  profit,  rather  than  from  I\astern  points  to 
these  same  places  by  rail  at  a  loss.  The  effect 
of  this  new  order  will  undoubtedly  be  felt  as 
far  east  as  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the 
Western  business  man  may  now  look  confi- 
dently for  resuUs  in  the  territory  naturally 
tributary  to  \\'estern  points.  Pacific  Coast 
cities  that  were  the  termini  for  perhaps  two 
or  three  railroads  now  have  become  the  begin- 
nings of  great  railroad  systems. 

It  may  now  be  assumed  as  a  natural  con- 
sequence that  Middle  Western  manufacturers 
will  establish  factories  on  the  Pacific  Coast  to 
provide  for  Pacific  Coast  business.  The  rapid 
increase  in  population  of  the  districts  included 
presents  an  attractive  aspect  to  the  man  who 
contemplates  such  a  move.  There  are  now  six 
million  persons  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  half  of  this  number  are  in  California.  It 
is  admitted  that  the  West  is  growing  more 
rapidly  than  any  other  section  of  the  United 
States,  and  California,  with  its  innumerable 
opportunities,  its  inexhaustible  resources,  its 
ability  to  sustain  a  great  population,  will  con- 
tinue to  increase  and  become  with  each  pass- 
ing year  a  greater  factor  in  trade,  a  greater 
market  for  commercial  and  industrial  activity. 

Another  perfectly  natural  outcome  of  the 
opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  has  been  a  stim- 
ulation of  interest  in  the  development  of 
natural  resources  in  California.  It  has  be- 
come apparent  to  every  thinking  individual 
that  if  ships  are  to  come  in  large  numbers  to 
this  coast  laden  with  raw  material  as  well 
as  finished  product  for  distribution  in  the 
Western  arena  of  trade,  they  must  not  go 
away  empty.  Thus  new  impetus  is  given  to 
manufacture  from  locally  produced  material ; 
from  the  abundant  natural  resources  of  the 
State  will  be  drawn  supplies  with  which  to 
manufacture  vast  quantities  of  desirable  goods 
for  which  there  is  a  waiting  market  in  the 
Orient,   in   the   southern   portion   of  our   own 


continent,  and  elsewhere.  This  means  a  mar- 
velous growth  for  California;  its  products  will 
move  at  practically  half  the  freight  cost  under 
the  new  order. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  note  the  rapid  de- 
velopment of  coast-to-coast  traffic  across  the 
Isthmus  even  before  the  opening  of  the  canal. 
For  example :  Coast-to-coast  tonnage  via  the 
Isthmuses  of  Panama  and  Tcliauntepec  has 
increased  446  per  cent  in  the  last  six  years. 
According  to  figures  of  the  Department  of 
Commerce  and  Lal)or  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1913,  the  total  value  of  all  goods 
shipped  via  both  isthmuses  amounted  to  $131,- 
556,285,  of  which  $87,564,507  was  westbound 
and  $34,991,778  was  eastbound.  The  leading 
articles  of  shipment  ranked  as  follows :  West- 
bound— Manufactures  of  iron  and  steel, 
$18,755,779;  manufactures  of  cotton,  $11,- 
067,774;  manufactures  of  paper,  $6,467,- 
774.  Eastbound— Wines,  $4,044,320;  fruits, 
$3,708,094;  wool,  $33,469,21 7  ;  canned  sal- 
mon, $2,129,703.  The  largest  eastbound  item 
was  sugar  from  Hawaii  to  the  Delaware 
Breakwater,  amounting  to  $19,309,351. 

The  first  year's  tonnage  through  the  canal 
should  easily  reach  the  million  mark,  with  a 
valuation  of  $150,000,000. 

Figures  thus  far  compiled  regarding  move- 
ments through  the  canal  show  the  following 
interesting  facts : 

Two  hundred  and  fifty-seven  vessels  used 
the  Panama  Canal  before  December  1,  1914. 
Two  hundred  and  twenty-seven  were  laden. 

By  principal  routes,  and  with  an  indication 

of  the  tonnage  on  which  tolls  are  assessed,  this 

traffic  mav  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Vessels  Tonnaije 

Coastwise,    eastbound 54  ,320,155 

Coastwise,  westbound 61  282,020 

U.  S.  Pacific  Coast  to  Europe 34  248,020 

Europe  to  U.  S.  Pacific  Coast 8  38,318 

South  America  to  U.  S.  and  Europe.   24  166,917 

U.  S.  and  Europe  to  South  America.   15  74,644 

U.  S.  Atlantic  Coast  to  Far  East. ...  24  148,207 

Miscellaneous  routings 7  19,203 

Vessels  witliout  cargoes 30         

Total  257     1.297.484 

Tlie  tolls  collected  on  this  traffic  aggregated 
$1,135,205.  Collections  of  tolls  began  May,  1914, 
when  barges  were  first  permitted  to  use  the  canal 
and  assumed  considerable  volume  with  the  opening 
of  the  canal  on  August  15  to  ocean-going  vessels. 


WATERWAY   BY   PANAMA 


293 


As  may  be  supposed,  the  harbors  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  in  anticipation  of  the  immediate 
business  and  the  future  volume  certain  to  result 
from  the  new  order  of  things,  have  made  or 
are  making  provision  for  adequately  handling 
the  situation.  San  Francisco  harbor  front, 
for  example,  which  is  owned  by  the  State  of 
California,  is  now  being  fitted  with  new  docks 
and  wharves  under  a  State  bond  issue  of  ten 
million  dollars.  The  interest  on  same,  and 
all  sinking  and  redemption  funds,  are  paid 
out  of  the  revenues  derived  from  the  harbor. 

The  Bay  of  San  Francisco  covers  an  area 
of  over  420  square  miles  and  has  a  shore  line 
exclusive  of  navigable  inlets,  of  100  miles. 
The  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  con- 
solidated, has  a  water  frontage  on  the  bay  of 
ten  miles.  The  pierhead  line  is  800  feet  from 
the  bulkhead  line  and  is  fixed  bv  the  United 
States  government. 

On  January  1  of  this  year  there  was  a  total 
completed  seawall  18,690  feet  in  length;  34 
completed  piers  and  three  planned,  from  600 
to  1000  feet  in  length  and  from  100  to  200 
feet  in  width.  The  total  berth  space  of  all 
piers  is  48,728  lineal  feet.  The  dock  area  of 
all  piers  is  3,471,697  square  feet. 

The  Embarcadero.  the  street  fronting  the 
harbor,  is  also  owned  by  the  State,  wdiich 
operates  a  belt  line  railroad  over  its  entire 
length.  On  January  1,  1915,  the  belt  line 
was    20,600    feet    long.      Freight   can   be   un- 


loaded directly  on  the  freight  cars  on  the  belt 
line  from  the  freighter  alongside  the  dock  (the 
belt  line  being  connected  with  the  main  lines 
of  all  transcontinental  railroads,  and  the  spur 
tracks  serving  San  Francisco's  industrial  area) , 
so  that  freight  can  be  transferred  direct  from 
steamer  to  warehouse  or  factory. 

Deep  water  is  found  at  all  docks  and 
wharves  on  the  San  Francisco  water  front. 
Typhoons  and  hurricaiies  are  unknown,  and 
the  greatest  liners  dock  without  difficulty  in 
any  weather  and  at  all  stages  of  tide.  Ten 
fathoms  is  the  average  depth  in  the  bay,  afford- 
ing safe  anchorage  at  all  times.  A  depth  of 
six  and  seven  fathoms  is  reached  at  the  ends 
of  all  piers.  The  only  transport  docks  owned 
by  the  United  States  are  at  San  Francisco. 

Nor  is  San  Francisco  the  only  California 
harbor  to  directly  benefit  by  the  opening  of 
the  canal,  or  that  is  prepared  to  handle  the 
increased  business.  San  Pedro,  San  Diego, 
Oakland — all  have  havens  for  shipping,  all 
are  planning  for  great  future  development, 
and  are  already  feeling  the  eft'ect  of  the  open- 
ing of  the  great  world  waterway. 

So  the  Westerner,  when  he  has  the  time  to 
spare  from  his  work,  may  turn  his  gaze  east- 
ward, envisioning  new  horizons,  glimpsing  in 
his  mind's  eye  the  shores  of  distant  lands,  with 
which  he  may  now  have  traffic  under  condi- 
tions profitable  and  otherwise  satisfactory  to 
all  parties  concerned. 


THERE  has  never  been  a  time  in  the  history  of  Cahfornia  when 
greater  opportunities  existed  for  manufacturino-  enterprise  than 
today.  The  opening-  of  the  canal  is  creating  a  veritable  revolution  in 
trade  and  industrial  conditions.  New  fields  are  spread  before  the 
Western  manufacturer  and  business  man.  There  are  sites  for  factories, 
opportunities  for  investment,  that  will  be  unavailable  unless  taken  ad- 
vantage of  almost  immediately.  Our  Service  Department  is  in  a  position 
to  supply  information  on  this  subject  and  to  obtain  options  for  those 
who  are  ready  to  take  advantage  of  the  great  chances  that  exist  today 
in  California.  Nothing  is  ever  gained  l)y  procrastination  except  cause 
for  lasting  regret.  The  man  who  succeeds  is  the  one  who  continually 
seeks  means  of  advancing  his  facilities.  The  California  manufacturer 
or  business  man  works  amid  conditions  that  are  ideal  and  with  trans- 
portation facilities  tremendously  enhanced  by  the  opening  of  the  world's 
greatest  waterway. 


WluTo    the    stiriiiit;    song   el' 


till'.   m;i    s 


unuls    clcriially    and   tlic    suif    is    whipped    to    loam    npon    tlie 
eks  of  Midway    Point,   Monterey 


The  Panama  Canal  in  Its 
Higher  Meaning 


By  Adam  Hull  Shirk 


Editor  s  Note:  By  reason  of  the  fact  that  Air.  Shirk,  through  wide 
reading  and  study  as  well  as  much  personal  experience,  has  acquired 
a  grasp  of  the  meaning  of  the  greatest  achievement  of  modern  times 
in  the  higher  sense,  he  has  been  called  upon  to  write  of  the  Panama 
Canal  from  that  viewpoint.  His  article  leaves  a  clear  impression  of 
greatness  upon  the  reader.  Mr.  Shirk  has  become  identified  with 
the  California  Publishers'  Co-operative  Association  permanently  and 
is  expected,  as  a  result  of  his  humanitarian  principles  and  sympa- 
thetic appreciation  of  the  requirements  of  the  people,  as  w^ell  as  of 
the  indubitable  greatness  of  this  State,  to  accomplish  much  for  the 
organization  in  aiding  in  the  attainment  of  its  highest  ideals. 


IN  SO  FAR  as  any  work  of  man  may  attain 
to  a  semblance  of  deific  proportions,  the 
construction  of  the  Panama  Canal  represents 
the  apotheosis  of  human  labor.  The  greatest 
workers  in  every  age  have  also  been  its  greatest 
poets,  for  Calliope  has  not  withheld  her  gifts 
from  those  whose  epics  have  been  written  in 
stone  rather  than  upon  parchment.  The  Pan- 
ama Canal  is  an  epic,  and  every  drop  of  water 
that  courses  through  it,  mingling  the  Pacific 
and  Atlantic,  will  sing  the  song  that  was  writ- 
ten to  the  mighty  tune  of  steel  upon  steel  and 
steel  upon  stone;  written  with  earth-rending 
blasts  upon  the  very  breast  of  Mother  Nature. 
All  the  labor  that  makes  for  progress,  all 
the  work  of  man  that  is  worth  the  while,  all 
the  dreams  that  reach  a  practical  solution,  all 
the  ambitions  that  deserve  to  be  realized,  all 
the  thoughts  that  partake  of  eternal  quality, 
are  founded  upon  constructive  principles.  The 
history  of  the  universe,  and  of  this  terrestrial 
ball  whirling  in  the  uncharted  reaches  of  space, 
is  constructive.    Destruction  has  no  part  in  the 


plan  of  Him  who  looked  upon  his  finished 
labor  and  saw  that  it  was  "very  good."  What 
may  have  seemed  afterward  to  have  been  born 
of  some  cataclysmic  thought  was  never  such 
in  the  mind  of  the  Creator.  Otherwise  there 
would  have  been  no  reason  in  the  eternal 
scheme  of  things.  One  does  not  build  up  in 
order  to  tear  down  unless  there  is  a  mental 
unbalance  upon  which  such  a  paradoxical  state 
of  thought  may  be  blamed.  And  surely  no  man 
dare  say  that  the  Mind  which  has  held  the 
stars,  the  planets,  the  constellations  in  their 
courses,  has  ever  been  less  than  perfect. 

Such  wrong  mental  attitudes  can  be  at- 
tributed to  men,  and  their  outcome  is  war  and 
waste,  hatred  and  want,  fire  and  sword  and 
pillage  and  rapine  and  destruction.  In  an  age 
when  the  thoughts  of  a  certain  percentage  of 
humankind  run  along  such  destructive  chan- 
nels, it  is  cause  for  rejoicing,  a  mental  weapon 
wherewith  to  combat  the  whisper  of  supreme 
evil  that  would  have  us  believe  that  all  things 
are  for  nausrht  and  that  existence  itself  is  a 


296 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


mistake,  to  realize  that  such  a  titanic  whjfI: 
as  the  Panama  Canal,  such  a  constructive  ac- 
complishment, a  labor  which  will  bcneiit  the 
world's  people  as  a  whole,  should  be  brought 
to  a  triumphant  conclusion.  To  know  that  t)nly 
great  and  good  ends  have  been  served,  that 
men  have  been  brought  closer  to  one  another, 
that  in  a  spirit  of  profitable  and  honorable 
trade  they  may  yet  learn  the  advantages  of 
peace — to  know  that  such  is  the  meaning  of  the 
Panama  Canal  is  most  satisfying  and  reas- 
suring to  those  who  find  it  hard  in  times  like 
these  to  preserve  a  spirit  of  optimism,  to  pre- 
vent themselves  being  drawn  under  by  the 
maelstrom  of  the  black  waters  of  selfishness, 
rapacity,  and  hatred. 

Is  it  not,  as  yet.  too  early  to  say  what  the 
Panama  Canal  really  signifies  to  the  w^orld? 
At  best  we  can  only  surmise  and  doubtless  the 
passing  years  will  discover  new  ends  that  will 
be  served  by  this  gigantic  waterway,  new  bene- 
fits to  be  derived  that  can  not  even  be  con- 
ceived of  now. 

PRIMARY    PURPOSE 

Priniarilv  the  purpose  of  the  canal  is,  speak- 
ing commercially,  the  shortening  of  distances 
for  oversea  traffic.  To  even  the  lay  mind  it 
will  be  patent  that,  given  a  line  of  steamships 
running  between  two  ports,  great  benefit  is 
certain  to  accrue  from  a  considerable  reduction 
of  the  distance  to  be  covered. 

It  is  scarcely  within  the  province  of  this 
paper,  however,  to  enter  exhaustively  into  the 
commercial  aspects  of  the  canal,  however  much 
this  may  be  said  to  be  the  fundamental  object 
of  the  great  work.  This  feature  has  already 
been  handled  in  a  comprehensive  manner  in 
this  volume  by  men  who  are  familiar  with  the 
subject  from  every  angle.  Nor  is  it  possible 
for  any  one,  no  matter  how  well  informed, 
to  treat  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  its  entire 
scope.  It  touches  so  many  phases  of  life,  will 
have  a  reorganizing  influence  upon  so  many 
lines  of  endeavor;  in  its  potentialities  offers 
so  extensive  a  vista  for  the  prospective  vision, 
that  the  mind  halts,  is  staggered,  by  the  cumu- 
lative facts  and  possibilities,  actualities,  and 
speculations.    It  is  then  that  the  great  fact  is 


brought  home  in  all  its  intensity — the  fact  that 
a  work  of  such  magnitude  holds  more  than 
e\-en  a  generation  of  men  can  conceive,  that 
it  is.  in  more  than  the  literal  sense,  created  for 
all  time.  In  short,  it  is  something  greater  than 
a  work  of  mere  human  ingenuity;  it  includes 
ins})irational  qualities  of  the  highest  order.  In 
its  inception,  and  throughout  the  multitude  of 
vicissitudes  down  to  its  actual  completion,  the 
building  of  this  great  waterway  required  the 
accumulated  brain  force  of  many  master 
minds,  and  it  is  therefore  reasonable  to  infer 
that  no  one  man  can  hope  to  gauge  its  great- 
ness, reckon  its  future  effect  upon  the  world, 
or  even  detail,  save  in  the  most  sketchy  manner, 
the  true  history  of  its  construction.  How  many 
defeats,  how  many  failures,  how  many  tri- 
umphs went  to  the  making  of  this  canal !  How 
many  men  have  lived  and  died  since  it  was 
first  begun !  What  changes  will  it  bring  about 
in  our  civilization,  what  blending  of  nations, 
what  resultant  effect  upon  the  characters  and 
the  development  of  future  generations !  This 
may  seem  an  extravagant  view  of  the  matter, 
but  when  any  one  will  stop  to  consider  what 
it  really  signifies,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  entire 
gamut  of  emotions  is  run  in  the  contemplation 
and  execution  of  the  work.  Tragedy  to 
comedy ;  shattered  dreams,  realized  ideals ; 
Napoleonic  ambitions,  humanitarian  visions — 
all  have  been  experienced  in  this  vast  feat  of 
engineering,  indissolubly  linking  the  poet  in 
stone  with  the  poet  in  parchment,  as  I  said  in 
the  beginning,  proving  the  inevitableness  of 
the  assertion  that  all  men  partake  of  the  same 
characteristics,  and,  in  greater  or  lesser  de- 
gree, dream  the  same  dreams,  are  influenced 
by  the  same  ultimate  desires,  and  that  all  these 
ultimate  dreams  and  desires  are  fine  and  big 
and  beautiful.  It  is  only  the  elemental  in  us 
that  inclines  to  destruction,  for  man,  like  the 
Creator,  is  a  constructionist  by  disposition.  He 
finds  no  real  pleasure  in  tearing  down ;  he 
does  gain  a  real  joy  in  building  up.  This  is 
seen  in  the  fact  that  no  sooner  has  the  nation 
which  has  been  at  war  returned  to  the  ways 
of  peace,  than  it  straightway  sets  about  re- 
building.   This  is  not  only  for  economic  rea- 


WATERWAY   BY   PANAMA 


297 


sons.  If  man  were  really  the  savage  beast  he 
seems  to  be  when  at  war,  in  peace  he  would 
be  no  less  so,  and  might  dwell  contentedly 
amid  the  ruins  of  his  own  making,  satisfied  to 
live  as  his  primitive  forebears.  Education, 
civilization,  you  say?  Then  why  have  not  edu- 
cation and  civilization  saved  him  from  war 
and  waste?  The  truth  is  he  fights  because  he 
allows  the  spirit  of  the  wild  beast  to  enter  his 
mind  and  take  possession  of  his  citadel  of 
reason.  When  he  becomes  himself  again,  he 
realizes  his  error,  sees  about  him  the  horrible 
reminders  of  his  colossal  mistake,  and  sets 
about  repairing  the  damage.  His  sense  of  the 
beautiful,  his  sense  of  fitness,  both  are  offended 
by  the  chaos.  He  is  a  constructionist.  He 
would  put  his  house  in  order. 

And  so  we  are  led  by  tenable  lines  of  rea- 
soning to  the  assumption  that  the  Panama 
Canal,  built  if  you  will  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, is  in  its  ethical  qualities,  a  monument  to 
the  constructive  nature  of  mankind.  It  is  a 
lasting  temple  to  the  glory  of  labor,  to  the 
everlasting  honor  of  the  builder. 

PERSONALITY  IN    THE   WORK 

If,  in  the  latter  days  of  the  construction  of 
the  canal,  one  man's  personality  stands  out  in 
bold  relief  more  than  another's,  it  is  that  of 
Colonel  George  W.  Goethals,  chief  engineer 
and  chairman  of  the  canal  commission,  under 
President  Roosevelt's  appointment  in  1903, 
and  first  governor  of  the  Panama  Canal  by 
appointment  of  President  Wilson  in  1914. 
Coming  of  sturdy  Dutch  stock,  he  retained 
pre-eminently  the  characteristic  of  rigid  ad- 
herence to  his  line  of  duty  which  was  typical 
of  his  ancestry.  He  also  displayed  rare  judg- 
ment and  foresight,  great  engineering  and  ex- 
ecutive ability  in  his  administration  of  the  dif- 
ficult problems  set  before  him  in  the  so-called 
"thirteenth  labor  of  Hercules."  A  graduate 
of  West  Point,  Colonel  Goethals  had  the  good 
sense  and  rare  judgment,  nevertheless,  to  re- 
frain from  any  exhibition  of  militarism  in 
his  direction  of  the  affairs  on  the  isthmus.  Had 
he  been  a  soldier  of  the  martinet  type  he 
would  have  seen  a  complete  demoralization 
of  affairs,  for  much  uneasiness  had  been  occa- 


sioned by  the  change  from  civil  to  military 
direction.  But  Colonel  Goethals  never  wore  a 
uniform,  and  declared  that,  to  quote  from  an 
article  by  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Bishop,  former  secre- 
tary of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  in 
Scribner's  Magazine,  "there  would  be  no  more 
militarism  in  the  future  than  there  had  been  in 
the  past,  and  that  no  man  who  did  his  duty 
would  have  cause  to  complain  because  of  it." 

To  quote  further  from  the  same  source : 
"He  (Colonel  Goethals),  is  one  of  those  rare 
persons  whose  mental  vision  is  not  hampered 
by  full  knowledge  of  details.  He  uses  that 
knowledge  as  the  foundation  for  a  broad,  gen- 
eral view  of  the  field  of  action,  with  every 
portion  of  which  he  is  familiar.  He  is  not  only 
able  to  see  all  phases  of  the  problem  as  it 
exists  today,  but  to  foresee  the  questions  that 
will  arise  in  the  future  and  prepare  to  meet 
them.  He  has  in  rare  degree  the  gift  of  sa- 
gacity, without  which  there  can  be  no  success- 
ful leadership." 

And  this,  I  think,  sums  up  admirably  the 
qualities  that  have  made  Colonel  Goethals, 
in  the  very  general,  if  not  entire,  consensus  of 
opinion,  the  ideal  man  for  the  work. 

NOT    A    NEW    PROBLEM 

Prior  to  as  well  as  contemporary  with 
Colonel  Goethals  in  the  history  of  the  canal 
have  been  many  notable  personalities,  which 
have  represented  presidents,  statesmen,  engi- 
neers, legislators,  discoverers,  navigators,  sol- 
diers. For  the  first  actual  consideration  of  the 
great  undertaking  was  394  years  before  it  be- 
came an  actuality  and  it  has  been  a  perennial 
subject  of  contemplation  during  the  interim. 
After  Balboa  entered  what  he  termed  the 
"South  Sea"  and  claimed  it  by  right  of  dis- 
covery for  his  royal  master,  the  King  of  Spain, 
Pedro  Arias  de  Avila,  who  was  responsible  for 
Balboa's  execution,  appears  as  the  next  in  line 
of  those  connected  directly  or  indirectly  with 
the  canal,  and  during  his  regime,  the  city  of 
Panama  was  built  and  constituted  a  city  by 
royal  decree.  In  the  report  of  the  Isthmian 
Canal  Commission,  1899-1901,  it  is  recited 
that  "the  importance  of  a  maritime  connection 
and  the  discouraging  results  of  the  efforts  to 


298 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


discover  a  natural  channel  between  the  two 
oceans  suggested  to  many  minds  the  idea  oL 
a  shi[)  canal."  This  was  in  1520  or  thereabouts 
and  it  is  recorded  that  Charles  V  directed 
that  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  be  surveyed  with 
this  purjiose  in  view  at  that  time.  Hut  the  re- 
ports of  eiigineers  were  discouraging  and  the 
work  was  not  then  undertaken.  Cne  can  only 
conjecture  what  might  haw  been  tlie  resultant 
effects  upon  history,  what  the  changes  in  our 
maps,  had  the  project  been  successfully  carried 
out  in  those  early  years. 

PROGRESS  SLOW 

Perhaps  it  was  the  characteristics  which 
have  been  often  attributed  to  the  Castilian  race 
that  were  responsible  for  the  fact  that,  during 
the  300  years  of  Spanish  occupation,  no  actual 
progress  was  made  in  the  way  of  establishing 
a  maritime  connection  between  the  two  oceans. 
Baron  von  Humboldt  here  appears  upon  the 
scene,  displaying  a  decided  and  intelligent  in- 
terest in  the  problem.  His  writings  were  read 
with  interest  and  sufficient  credence  to  induce 


the  Spanish  Cortes,  in  1814,  to  pass  a  decree 
for  the  construction  of  the  canal  through  the 
l^eninsula  for  vessels  of  the  largest  size  and 
which  pro\'ide(l  for  the  formation  of  a  com- 
pany to  carr\-  out  the  project.  But  it  led  to 
nothing  as  usual  and  Spain  lost  all  chance  of 
obtaining  the  glory  that  might  have  accrued 
from  the  successful  completion  of  such  an 
undertaking,  when,  in  1823  the  last  of  her 
South  and  Central  American  provinces  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  their  independence. 

From  1814  to  1869  onlv  similar  abortive 
attemjjts  were  made.  During  that  period  rail- 
road enterprises  providing  for  transportation 
facilities  across  the  isthmus  were  fostered,  and 
the  Panama  Railroad  Company  succeeded  in 
establishing  a  line  which  was  built  at  great 
expense  in  money  and  human  lives,  though  in 
extent  it  was  but  a  trifle  over  forty-seven  miles. 
It  was  opened  to  traffic  in  1855. 

AMERICA    LARES  A  HAND 

In  1869  President  Grant  in  his  first  mes- 
sage to  Congress  advocated  an  American  canal. 


np'HERE'S  the  man  on  the  steam  drill.  His  dentistry  of  the  earth's 
-*■  crust  is  to  be  observed  whenever  an  excavation  for  l^uilding' 
foundations  is  torn  out  of  the  solid  rock.  Without  his  preliminary 
labor  neither  dynamite  nor  derricks  avail.  His  weighted  tripod  is 
set  up.  The  long  drill  rod  is  fixed  in  place.  The  steam  is  coupled  on. 
Then  begins  the  ceaseless  pfuff — pfuff — pfitff — in  explosive  snorting. 
A  helper,  with  a  tin  can  attached  to  a  stick,  pours  drink  after  drink 
into  the  drill  hole.  Unconcerned  the  man  ])erches  on  the  drill.  He 
balances  himself  erect  on  the  l^ucking  tripod  or  sits  gracefully  on  a 
projecting  seat  like  the  outrigger  of  a  sailing  canoe.  The  pulsation 
and  din  of  his  machine  do  not  move  him.  The  spurting  ])lume  of 
steam  sometimes  half  conceals  him;  he  sits  reposeful  but  alert.  Der- 
ricks carry  their  loads  over  his  head.  Huge  bowlders  and  barrows 
full  of  splintered  rock  swing  by,  lurching  and  oscillating  just  above 
him.  He  does  not  heed  them,  rarely  even  looks  up.  The  thunder 
of  a  blast  not  far  away  hardl}-  makes  him  turn  bis  head.  The  thrill 
and  panoply  of  the  battle  field  are  not  for  him.  He  makes  no  gallery 
play  for  the  l)enefit  of  the  onlookers  who  all  day  long  line  the  brink 
of  the  yawning  excavation.  His  attention  is  given  to  the  quivering 
machine  beneath  him.  Without  him  and  his  brothers  the  Panama 
Canal  could  never  have  come.  Here  is  a  hero  of  peace — steadfast, 
unassuming,  and  masterful. — Editorial  in  "Collier's." 


WATER\\'AY   BY   PANAMA 


299 


and  Congress  responded  by  adopting  a  joint 
resolution  providing  for  further  exploration  of 
the  isthmus.  In  1872  a  second  resolution  au- 
thorized the  appointment  of  a  commission  to 
study  the  results  of  the  explorations,  and  to 
obtain  information  relative  to  the  feasibility 
of  a  canal.  This  commission  reported  in  1876 
advocating  what  it  termed  the  "Nicaragua 
Route,"  as  offering  fewer  obstacles  and  pre- 
senting greater  advantages  for  the  construction 
of  a  canal,  than  any  other.  The  report  was  not 
transmitted  to  Congress  till  three  years  later. 

FRANCE    ENTERS    FIELD 

About  this  time,  in  1876.  to  be  exact,  France 
entered  the  field  as  a  supporter  of  Lieutenant 
T>.  N.  B.  Wyse.  who  made  a  contract  with  the 
Colombian  government  to  build  a  canal  across 
the  territory  of  the  republic.  Later  the  con- 
tract was  modified  so  as  to  give  to  the  pro- 
moters the  exclusive  right  for  ninety-nine  years 
of  constructing  a  canal  as  covered  by  the  orig- 
inal contract.  The  general  route  was  to  be  de- 
termined by  an  international  congress  of  en- 
gineers to  be  assembled  not  later  than  1881. 
So  the  International  Scientific  Congress  con- 
vened in  Paris  in  1879  and  decided  in  favor  of 
the  route  from  Colon  (Aspinwall)  tt)  Pan- 
ama. The  concession  held  by  Wyse  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Panama  Canal  Company,  known 
officially  as  "La  Compagnie  Universelle  du 
Canal  Interoceanique  de  Panama."  Why 
record  in  detail  this  "grande  fiasco"  ?  Suffice  to 
say  that  in  1889  the  bankrupt  company  was 
dissolved  by  a  judgment  of  the  "Tribunal 
Ci\-il  de  la  Seine"  and  work  finally  suspended 
on  May  15  of  the  above  mentioned  year.  The 
notorious  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  was  president 
of  the  ill-fated  "compagnie." 

The  liquidator  appointed  a  "commission 
d'etudes"  to  study  the  project  which  later  sub- 
mitted an  estimate  of  the  expense  wliirh  would 
be  attendant  upon  the  construction  of  a  lock 
canal.  In  1894  the  New  Panama  Canal  ( "oni- 
pany  was  organized  and  took  on'lt  all  of  the 
canal  property  except  the  Panama  railroad 
shares,  ^^'ork  was  resumed  in  a  small  way 
and  continued  until  1899,  at  which  time  the  ex- 
cavation had  been  enlarged  to  some  extent  and 


several  millions  of  additional  dollars  buried  in 
the  sands  of  the  isthmus. 

Here  the  alien  element  in  the  until  then 
ill-starred  enterprise  virtually  bade  farewell  to 
the  work. 

COMMISSIOX   APPOIXTEU 

President  McKinley.  authorized  by  an  act 
of  Congress  approved  March  3.  1899,  ap- 
pointed a  commission  to  investigate  the  Nica- 
ragua and  Panama  routes,  as  well  as  any 
other  possible  routes,  the  value  of  a  canal  from 
all  angles,  and  the  rights  and  privileges.  The 
members  of  the  commission  convened  in  June 
of  the  same  year  and  began  their  labors.  They 
visited  Paris  and  examined  the  plans,  maps, 
and  data  of  the  New  Panama  Canal  Company, 
now  exceedingly  anxious  to  dispose  of  its  hold- 
ings, and  exceptionally  courteous  to  the  com- 
missioners from  the  United  States. 

After  a  trip  to  Nicaragua  and  exhaustive 
investigations  the  commission  submitted  its  re- 
port to  the  President  toward  the  end  of  the 
year  1901.  The  work  was  concentrated  upon 
the  Nicaragua  and  Panama  routes,  though 
four  others  were  considered  and  estimates  were 
furnished  therefor.  The  report  was  compre- 
hensive, going  into  minutiae  of  costs ;  routes 
were  compared,  and  endless  correspondence  and 
negotiations  resulted,  the  final  conclusion  and 
recommendation  transmitted  to  Congress  in 
December,   1901,  being  as  follows: 

"After  considering  all  of  the  facts  developed 
by  the  investigations  made  by  the  commission 
and  the  actual  situation  as  it  now  stands,  and 
having  in  view  the  terms  oft'ered  by  the  New 
Panama  Canal  Company,  this  commission  is  of 
the  unanimous  opim'on  that  the  most  'practi- 
cable and  feasible  route'  for  an  isthmian  canal 
to  be  'under  the  control,  management,  and 
ownership  of  the  United  States'  is  known  as 
the  Nicaragua  route." 

This,  however,  was  not  the  end,  and  the 
Nicaragua  project  went  a-glimmering.  desj^ite 
the  recommendation,  when  the  commission  later 
addressed  a  further  communication  to  the 
President,  submitting  the  proposition  of  the 
New  Panama  Canal  Company  to  sell  and  dis- 
pose of  all  its  rights,  property  and  unfinished 


300 


CALII"X)RXIA'S  A1.\{;AZINE 


work  to  the  Inited  States  for  $40,000,000. 
The  report  went  to  the  Senate.  Congress  em- 
powered the  President  to  make  the  purchase 
and  to  acquire  a  strip  of  land  across  the  isth- 
mus from  Colombia.  A  treaty  was  negotiated 
by  Secretary  of  State  John  Hay.  with  a 
Mr.  Herran  representing  Ct)lonibia.  i'he 
United  States  ratified  this  treaty  in  1903.  but 
the  Colombian  Congress  rejected  it.  Then  fol- 
lowed the  throwing  off  of  the  voke  of  Co- 
lombia by  the  state  of  Panama.  This  occurred 
Novembers,  1903. 

A    WONDERFUL    RECORD 

The  history  of  the  subsequent  negotiations 
with  the  new  state  of  Panama,  the  transfer  of 
the  property  and  rights  of  the  canal  company 
to  the  United  States,  the  continuation  of 
the  work  at  first  along  the  lines  of  the 
former  concern,  the  appointment  of  new  com- 
missions, officials,  and  others,  down  to  the 
actual  completion  of  the  great  waterway  and 
its  opening,  forms  a  record  of  tremendous  ac- 
tivity, painstaking  effort,  precautions  of  the 
most  elaborate  sort  in  the  matter  of  sanitation, 
which  have  resulted  in  a  great  reduction  of  the 
mortality  in  the  Zone,  and  has  culminated  in  a 
triumph  of  administrative  and  executive  ability 
and  of  engineering  skill  that  has  brought  lau- 
rels to  many  men  and  given  finally  to  the 
United  States  of  America,  the  honor  of  accom- 
plishing the  greatest  feat  of  modern  or  ancient 
times,  beside  which  the  building  of  the  Pyra- 
mids  and  the  construction  of  the  Assouan  dam 
sink  to  comparative  insignificance.  Particu- 
larly is  this  true  when  w^e  consider  the  advan- 
tages to  the  world  and  its  peoples  accruing 
from   this  uniting  of   tlie   waters  of   the  two 


oceans  and  the  resultant  decrease  in  distance 
between  the  most  important  points  of  commer- 
cial intercourse. 

In  a  recently  published  article  Mr.  Isham 
Randolph,  C.  K.,  D.  E.,  a  member  of  the 
board  of  consulting  engineers  for  the  Panama 
Canal,  of  the  advisory  board  of  engineers, 
1909,  etc.,  says: 

"All  American  engineers  glory,  with  the 
American  people,  in  the  achievements  in  Pan- 
ama of  the  men  of  the  corps  of  engineers  of 
the  United  States  Army.  In  many  fields  that 
corps  has  built  up  and  sustained  a  reputation 
for  ability,  honor,  and  integrity,  which  is  a 
glory  to  the  service;  but  we  civilian  engineers 
would  not  have  our  countrymen  forget  the  part 
that  our  unbrevetted  fellows  bore  in  the  build- 
ing of  the  Panama  Canal.  Goethals,  Hodges, 
Sibert,  Gaillard  will  always  be  foremost  in 
the  thought  when  the  building  of  the  great 
canal  is  under  discussion ;  but  I  do  not  believe 
that  they  forget,  or  for  one  moment  under- 
rate, the  support  they  had  from  Williamson, 
Goldmark,  Schildhauer,  Zinn,  Saville,  Nichols, 
Cornish,  and  others  who  supplemented  their 
efforts  from  start  to  finish." 

This  graceful  acknowledgment  fittingly 
sums  up  the  work  that  has  been  nearly  four 
centuries  in  the  making. 

VARIED  PHASES 

There  are  innumerable  phases  of  the  com- 
mercial importance  of  the  canal  to  which, 
despite  my  initial  reservation,  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  avoid  referring  at  least  briefly. 
Some  of  these  are  summarized  succinctly  by 
Mr.  A.  C.  Laut  in  a  recent  periodical  con- 
tril)ution  : 


'^TATURAL  conditions  on  the  Pacific  Coast  have  made  possible  a 
^  ^  remarkably  rapid  development  of  that  territory  in  the  last  sixty 
years.  Its  future  development,  to  which  the  Panama  Canal  will  con- 
trilnite,  will  be  even  more  rapid.  The  present  tendency  is  toward  de- 
velopment of  a  constantly  more  intensive  character.  This,  together 
wnth  an  ever  broadening-  market  for  its  products,  will  result  in  greater 
prosperitv. — Tlwinas  H.  Means  in  "Commercial  and  Financial  Chron- 
icle." 


WATERWAY   BY   PANAMA 


301 


"New  fleets  under  the  American  flag.  Pa- 
cific Coast  products  on  Eastern  markets  at  low- 
freight.  Middle  West  exports  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  by  water.  A  new  era  in  Asiatic  com- 
merce through  American  channels.  American 
ships  picking  up  South  American  commerce, 
abandoned  by  German  and  British  lines." 

The  meaning  of  the  canal  to  Latin-America 
is  of  tremendous  significance,  implying  that 
those  countries  known  commonly  as  South  and 
Central  America,  will  now  be  developed  along 
the  lines  of  trade  wherein  they  have  hitherto 
been  decidedly  backward — particularly  Central 
America.  The  possibilities  for  import  and  ex- 
port, with  the  opportunities  to  be  derived  from 
the  canal,  admit  of  much  speculation,  the  least 
sanguine  of  which  assures  a  great  increase  in 
both  respects. 

HARBOR   DEVELOPMENT 

The  completion  of  the  canal  has  also  meant 
much  to  California  in  the  impetus  it  has  given 
to  the  development  of  the  harbor  of  the  coast. 
The  opening  of  the  waterway  has  meant  the 
avoidance  of  the  mountain  barriers  which  in 
the  past  have  separated  the  Pacific  Coast  from 
its  true  source  of  sustenance.  Therefore  the 
improvement  of  harbor  facilities  in  all  Pacific 
Coast  ports  has  become  absolutely  necessary 
and  not  merely  a  pleasing  subject  for  spec- 
ulation. It  is  a  pressing  need,  a  thing  of 
today,  not  tomorrow.  And  generally,  when  a 
matter  becomes  vital,  ways  and  means  are 
found  to  accomplish  what  is  needful,  despite 
the  obstacles,  real  or  fancied,  that  have  here- 
tofore blocked  progress. 

Along  some  1500  miles  of  coast,  extending 
from  the  Mexican  border  northward,  there  are 
eight  major  port  developments  in  progress. 
aside  from  numerous  minor  projects.  Each 
one  possesses  problems  that  are  peculiar  to 
itself.  It  is  the  opinion  of  harbor  experts,  in 
a  nutshell,  that  a  port  should  hj  considered 
as  the  connecting  link  between  the  highways 
of  the  land  and  those  of  the  sea,  and  this  has 
been  borne  in  mind  by  those  in  whose  hands 
rests  the  work  of  developing  the  harbors  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Thus,  San  Diego,  actively  em- 
ployed in  making  her  harbor  readv  for  the  big 


ships  that  will  reach  her  port  first  on  their 
journey  up  the  coast,  is  to  have  a  railroad, 
now  building,  to  open  up  the  hinterland.  This 
line  will  in  time,  it  is  confidently  believed, 
reach  back  to  Grand  Junction,  Colo.  Through 
this  port  undoubtedly  much  freight  will  move 
to  and  fro,  serving  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
further  Eastern  points.  San  Diego  has  thrown 
off  any  apparent  lethargy,  a  legacy  (little  to  be 
desired  in  these  modern  days  of  hustle,  how- 
ever romantic  its  tendency),  from  the  old  days 
of  the  padres,  and  has  awakened  to  the  im- 
portance of  its  position  in  the  scheme  of  mari- 
time commerce.  Its  present  day  activities  in 
harbor  development,  its  exposition,  its  railroad 
work — all  evidence  that  the  days  of  do/ce 
far  nientc  are  gone  forever. 

LOS   ANGELES    HARBORS 

Something  less  than  a  hundred  miles  north 
of  San  Diego  is  Los  Angeles,  which  has  by  the 
absorption  of  Wilmington  and  San  Pedro,  on 
the  coast,  provided  itself  with  a  means  to  an 
end,  that  end  being  a  harbor.  In  this  respect 
she  was  face  to  face  with  large  obstacles,  since 
protection  from  the  drive  of  the  ocean  was 
essential  to  the  formation  of  any  sort  of  suc- 
cessful port.  With  government  aid  a  break- 
water was  built,  which  embraces  within  the 
curve  of  its  protecting  arm  960  acres  of  outer 
harbor.  The  inner  harbor  is  being  constructed 
in  what  was  once  a  slough  and  delta  of  the 
San  Gabriel  and  Los  Angeles  rivers,  at  the 
entrance  of  which  a  splendid  concrete  pier  is 
being  built. 

It  is  an  admitted  fact  that  San  Francisco 
Bay  is  the  most  important  port  on  the  coast. 
How  important  it  is  can  best  be  gathered  from 
the  following  tribute  paid  it  recently  by  Gen- 
eral Chittenden  of  the  Seattle  Port  Commis- 
sion.   Lie  said : 

A  TRIBUTE 

"^^llate\  cr  changes  the  future  may  have  in 
store,  it  is  now  true,  and  for  a  long  time  will 
so  remain,  that  San  Francisco  Bay  is  far  and 
away  the  most  important  port  on  the  coast.  It 
is  a  wonderful  port — wonderful  in  the  strategic 
relation  to  its  California  hinterland  and  the 
great  interior  of  the  country  ;    wonderful  in  its 


302 


CAT.I !•( )RXIA'S  M AGAZ I X E 


physical  conformation  as  a  vast  sheltered  har- 
bor opening  in.  through  a  narrow  and  easily 
defended  eiitraiu'e.  from  a  coast  line  almost 
devoid  of  harbors  in  either  direction  for  hnn- 
dreds  of  miles ;  wonderful  in  its  romantic  his- 
tnr\-  :  and  wonderful  in  its  relation  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  world.  Nature  wrought  a  master- 
piece when  she  made  San  Francisco  Bay.  Its 
great  exjianse  and  its  navigable  coimections 
north  and  south,  through  the  rich  valleys  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento,  fit  it  per- 
fectlv  for  the  great  c-ntr<'pol  of  a  vast  em])ire. 
The  work  of  nature  was  supplemented  by  the 
good  offices  of  fortune,  which  early  turned  the 
attention  of  the  world  to  this  port  and  laid  the 
foundation  t)f  its  future  greatness  so  deep  that 
neither  earthtpiake  nor  the  growth  of  rivals 
can  shake  it.  The  (iolden  (late — named  three 
centuries  before,  in  beautiful  prophecy  of  the 
Argonauts  of  '49.  whose  anchors  drt)pped 
into  vellow  sands  brought  down  l)y  the 
slickens-laden  streams  of  the  Sierra — was  the 
scene  of  a  mighty  commerce  while  yet  only 
random  traders  sought  the  furry  wealth  of  the 
harbors  farther  north.  The  first  transconti- 
nental railway  had  its  traffic  into  the  Sacra- 
mento for  twenty  years  before  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  coast  was  similarly  favored.  San 
Francisco  has  written  the  most  important  chap- 


ter of  lu'r  history  while  her  sister  ports  are 
still  almost  unknown  to  the  world.  Congress 
did  well  when  it  selected  the  California  me- 
tropolis as  the  site  for  the  celebration  of  the 
opening  of  the  canal.  What  a  contrast  it  will 
be — the  struggling  mass  of  humanity  and 
freight  on  its  way  across  the  fever-stricken 
isthmus  to  the  land  of  golden  promise  in  '49, 
and  the  floating  palaces  which  will  then  ]iass 
safely  through  Culebra  Hill  to  a  scene  of  re- 
splendent riches  undreamed  of  by  even  the 
wildest  imagination  of  sixty-six  years  before!" 

K.\Sr    SHORE    IMPROVEMEX  IS 

I'he  east  shores  of  this  wonderful  bay  af- 
ford remarkable  evidences  of  develo|)ment  ex- 
tending southward  from  San  Pablo  and  Suisun 
bays.  The  greater  part  of  this  is  included  in 
that  section  lying  between  Oakland  and  Ala- 
meda on  the  San  Antonio  estuary,  which  has 
received  government  aid  and  is  known  offi- 
cially as  ( )akland's  Inner  Harbor.  In  all  there 
is  here  afforded  some  fourteen  miles  of  shore 
line.  The  harbor  has  become  a  really  great  in- 
dustrial center,  possessing  docking  space  for 
large  and  small  ships,  dry  docks,  etc.  Colonel 
Thomas,  U.  S.  A.,  in  a  general  plan  for  future 
development  of  this  side  of  the  bay,  treats  the 
water  fronts  of  Richmond.  Berkeley,  and  Oak- 
land as  one  unit.     If  carried  out   as  planned 


IN  GENERAL  it  is  the  common  interests  of  mankind  that  will  l)e 
promoted  bv  the  use  of  the  F^anama  Canal,  and  the  gains  will  be 
those  in  which  all  nations  will  ])articipate.  If  we  divide  the  world  into 
two  hemispheres  by  a  meridian  rnnnini^-  throui.ih  the  Pacific  and  the 
Atlantic,  the  commercial  center  of  one  hemisphere  will  be  at  Panama 
and  that  of  the  other  at  Suez.  At  these  points  routes  innumerable 
intersect,  and  through  each  of  the  artificial  straits  will  pass  an 
ever-increasing-  volume  of  commerce.  Relatively  the  increase  of  the 
traffic  through  the  Panama  Canal  will  be  the  greater,  and  long  before 
the  time  when  the  full  economic  transformation  of  the  Pacific  coun- 
tries will  have  been  established  it  will  take  more  than  one  channel 
across  the  American  isthmus  to  accommodate  it.  No  traffic  which 
the  ])resent  generation  will  witness  will  constitute  a  tithe  of  that 
which  wall  be  seen  in  the  future,  and  no  figures  that  any  one  would 
now  dare  to  make  will  measure  the  wealth  that  will  ultimately  flow 
from  it. — "Couiuicrcial  and  Fiiinncial  CJiroiiicIc." 


WATERWAY   BY   PANAAIA 


303 


some  ten  miles  of  shore  line  for  pier  construc- 
tion would  be  provided.  Concerted  action  is  at 
present  a  matter  of  speculation,  however. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific  is  well  provided  with  harbors 
and  it  need  only  be  added  that  in  every  case 
the  development  of  these  natural  advantages  is 
being  pushed  to  the  extreme  limit,  in  contem- 
plation of  a  demand  for  every  facility  as  the 
result  of  the  canal  opening.  Even  the  tempo- 
rary unsettling  of  trade  conditions  as  the  re- 
sult of  the  European  struggle  has  not  deterred 
or  discouraged  this  activity  noticeably. 

IXLAXD    WATERWAYS 

Inland  waterways  are  not  being  overlooked 
in  the  general  scheme  of  aquatic  develojjment 
and  the  government  has  not  been  backward  in 
providing  funds  for  the  improvement  of  navi- 
gable channels  connecting  with  the  bays  just 
described,  and  the  State  has  co-operated  so  that 
a  large  amount  of  work  is  in  progress  which 
was  recently  summarized  by  Mr.  Paul  M. 
Norboe,  assistant  state  engineer,  as  follows : 

WORK    XOW    IN   PROGRESS 

The  work  now  in  progress  under  the  current 
federal  and  state  appropriations  for  the  benefit 
of  navigation  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

By  the  United  States  war  department : 

Cut-offs  on  San  Joaquin  River,  snagging  and 
jetties  on  Sacramento. 

By  the  war  department  in  co-operation  with 
the  State  :  Widening  the  mouth  of  Sacramento 
River,  debris  control,  survey  of  San  Joaquin 
River  to  Tulare  Lake. 

By  the  state  dejjartment  of  engineering : 
Bank  i)rotection  at  Collins  Eddy,  Sacramento, 
$8000 ;  bank  protection,  Riverside,  Sacra- 
mento River,  $75,000;  snagging.  Feather 
River.  $300 ;  bank  protection.  San  Joa(]uin 
below  Stockton,  $1136;  bank  protection.  San 
Joaquin  above  Stockton,  $40,200. 

^^'ork  now  in  progress  the  results  of  wliich 
are  collaterally  in  the  interests  of  navigation : 

By  the  United  States  reclamation  service  in 
co-operation  with  the  State  :  Surveys  for  reser- 
voir sites  in  headwaters  of  Sacramento  River. 
By  the  United  States  geological  survev  in  co- 


operation with  the  State :  Stream  measure- 
ments on  all  important  tributaries  of  naviga- 
ble streams.  Topographic  survey  of  the  great 
valley  from  Red  Bluff  to  Bakersfield.  By  the 
state  department  of  engineering :  Survevs  for 
flood  control.  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
rivers.  By  the  reclamation  board :  The  direc- 
tion of  all  private  reclamation  projects  so  as  to 
conform  to  the  plans  for  the  ultimate  complete 
reclamation  and  flood  control  projects  in  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 

CANAL    STATISTICS 

Reverting  to  the  primal  cause  for  the  major 
portion  of  the  activity  that  is  today  apparent 
upon  the  entire  Western  hemisphere,  the  Pan- 
ama Canal — it  may  not  be  amiss  to  append  a 
few  statistics  regarding  the  cost  and  size  of  the 
great  waterway,  and  of  the  advantages  in  dis- 
tance gained  by  its  existence  : 

Figures  as  to  the  length  of  the  Panama 
Canal,  its  various  sections  and  cost  of  con- 
struction : 

Length  from  deep  water  to  deep  water 

(  miles  )    50 

Length    from    shore   line   to    shore   line 

(  miles)    40 

Bottom    width    of    channel,    maximum 

(feet) 1,000 

Bottom   width   of  channel,   minimum   9 

miles,  Culebra  Cut   (  feet) 300 

Locks,  in  pairs 12 

Locks,  usable  length   (  feet ) 1,000 

Locks,  usable  width   (feet) 110 

Gatun  Lake,  area   (  sciuare  miles) 164 

Gatun  Lake,  channel  depth   (feet) 85  to  45 

Culebra  Cut,  channel  depth   (  feet ) 45 

Excavation,     estimated     total     (  c  u  1)  i  c 

yards)   182,537,766 

Concrete,     total     estimated     for     canal- 

( cubic  yards) 5.000,000 

Time     of     transit     through     completed 

canal     (hours) 10  to  12 

Time  of  passage  through  locks  (hours)  3 

Relocated   Panama   Railroad,   estimated 

cost    $9,000,000 

Relocated      Panama      Railroad,     lengtl: 

(miles)    '.  .  .  47.1 

Canal  Zone,  area   ( square  miles) 448 

Canal     and     Panama     Railroad     force 

actually  at  work  ( about ) 35,000 

Canal     and     Panama     Railroad     force. 

Americans    (  about ) 5.000 

Cost  of  canal,  estimated  total $375,000,000 

DISTANCE    ADVANTAGES    OF    THE    CANAI. 

How  much  closer  the  Panama  Canal  will 
bring  California  ports  to  the  great  harbors  of 
the  East  coast  and  of  Europe  can  be  imder- 
stood  from  the  following  table.    In  it  the  dis- 


304 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


FC)RA1ERJ>\'  Pacitic  Coast  products  for  luiropean  markets  were 
trans-shipped  at  Atlantic  harbors  from  rail  to  sea.  What  is  to 
hinder  these  products  going  direct  to  Europe  without  breaking  bulk 
at  Atlantic  ports? — .1.  C.  Laut  in  "RcriciK'  of  Rcricws." 


tancc  from  Los  Angeles  is  coin})Uled,  showing 
the  saving  by  passage  through  the  canal  in- 
stead of  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan  or  going 
round  the  Horn.    The  table  follows : 

Jla  Via  Gain 

From  Panama      Magellan     Panama 

New  York 4.799  13.214  8415 

Norfolk   4597  13,140  8.543 

Charleston    4398  13,149  8,751 

Port  Tampa 4,033  13,313  9,281 

New  Orleans 4198  13,614  9,416 

Galveston    4,299  13,796  9,487 

Liverpool    7.538  13.584  6.046 

Hamburg    7,967  14.034  6.067 

Antwerp    7,688  13.755  6.067 

Bordeaux    7,438  13,271  5.833 

Gibraltar   7,472  12,653  5,191 

ECONOMIC  CHANGES 

That  the  Panama  Canal  is  already  causing 
and  is  destined  to  cause  far  greater  economic 
changes,  goes  without  saying.  Vexed  ques- 
tions of  rates  are  being  settled  ;  immigration, 
for  the  time  being  sadly  affected  by  the  Euro- 
pean war,  will  present  an  entirely  different 
aspect ;  the  competition  between  rail  and 
water  for  transportation  will  naturally  become 
a  source  of  considerable  activity,  though  even- 
tually destined  to  result  in  co-operation  rather 
than  competition.  There  must  and  will  be  re- 
adjustments all  along  the  line,  but  when  things 
have  settled  into  an  equable  form,  it  will  be 
found  that  the  alterations  in  systems  have  re- 
sulted in  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  num- 
ber, at  least.  The  canal  is  another  link  in  the 
chain  of  world  transportation  and,  thus  far, 
the  greatest. 

In  another  section  of  this  volume  the  Pan- 


ama-Pacific International  Exposition,  com- 
memorating the  completion  of  the  great  canal, 
is  described  graphically  by  those  who  have 
been  instrumental  in  its  inception  as  well  as 
personally  in  charge  of  its  construction.  So 
that  there  is  no  necessity  for  my  adding  any- 
thing to  what  they  have  written  other  than  to 
sul)mit  that  the  exposition,  in  its  poetic  beauty, 
fittingly  symbolizes  the  work  whicli  1  have 
chosen  to  regard  as  an  epic  of  labor. 

A  WONDER  FOR  CENTURIES  TO  COME 

In  a  general  way  it  has  become  almost  a 
truism  that  the  wonder  of  today  is  the  com- 
monplace of  tomorrow.  In  an  age  when  prog- 
ress in  every  line  of  invention  and  discovery 
has  become  so  rapid  as  to  cease  to  be  a  subject 
of  surprise  or  even  comment  in  many  instances, 
it  takes  a  great  deal  to  stir  the  average  man 
or  woman  out  of  his  or  her  aplomb.  Particu- 
larly is  this  true  in  America  of  Americans. 
But  the  Panama  Canal  is  almost  beyond  mere 
wonderment.  If,  through  the  fact  that  it  has 
been  long  in  the  making,  it  has  become  so  fa- 
miliar to  the  minds  of  the  people  as  to  almost 
lose  its  true  significance,  then  it  is  time  that 
all  should  realize  the  stupendous  nature  of  the 
work.  It  is  greater  than  we  can  know  ;  those 
who  builded,  "builded  better  than  they  knew." 
And  neither  tomorrow,  nor  ten  centuries  hence, 
unless  Iw  some  cataclysm  of  nature,  shall  it 
cease  to  be  a  lasting  triumph  of  human 
enterprise,  a  glorification  of  the  spirit  of 
achievement. 


44 


THE  CANAL  will  unciuestionably  make  the  Pacific  Fisheries  a 
bigger  figure  in  the  export  trade  than  ever  before. 


-Miller 


Freeman  in  "Coniniercial  and  Finaneial  CJironiele." 


The  Color  of  the  Panama-Pacific 
International  Exposition 

IN  THE  following  pages  some  of  the  most  charming  scenes  at  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  are  shown  in  natural 
colors,  thereby  affording  a  clear  idea  of  the  true  wonder  of  the  great 
fair.  It  is  admitted  by  all  who  have  visited  the  Exposition,  including 
some  of  the  most  noted  artists,  that  the  coloring  far  surpasses  that 
achieved  in  any  similar  eft'ort  in  the  past.  The  delicate  pastel  eft'ects  of 
the  buildings,  melting  into  the  blue  of  sky  and  water,  blending  with  the 
soft  greens  of  lawns  and  foliage,  are  a  delight  to  the  eye  and  convey  a 
subtle  suggestion  of  restfulness  and  peace  that  is  one  of  the  greatest 
charms  of  the  Exposition. 


A  portion  of  the  "Arch  of  the  Setting  Sun,"  at  the  Western  end  of  "Court  of  the  Universe."    On  the 
right   is  shown  one   of  the  Du  Monti  mural    paintings 


Like  a  painting  bv  :siaxficUl  Parish,  or  a  restoration  of  some  classic  temple,  is  the  Fine  Arts  Palace, 
o/ which  the  colonnade  is  here  shown  reflected  in  the  limpid  waters  ol   I'lne  Arts  Lagoon 


Two  splendid  It;il  Kill  lM\\.l^  maik   ilu    .  iiir:iii< .    t.  Ill,    (iiirt  of  Palms.    In  the  foreground  the  South 
(.■ntiiiiiif  Ic)   tile   I'alaic  ni    l^ihcral  Arts  is  seen 


This  nanoramic  view  of  a  portion  of  the  Exposition  was  taken  N<)\(iii1mi    Lin.    in  I.   ii.in    tin 

Tlic  ishuul  ol   Ali-;itr; 


^ 


A  uait  of  the  Northern  l-;icade  of  the  i:xhiljition  Palaces  frunting  on  the  liny  of  San   Irancisco 

enhances  the  Expos 


ti  irrui  ^ 


leights  of  the  "Presidio."    The  big  eucalyptus  trees  at  the  left  obscure  tlie  Palace  of  Fine  Arts, 
seen  to  the  right  center 


I 
iJiJ/- 


in  this  view.    The  proximity  of  the   Pacific  waters  is  one  of  the  natui 
;he  eyes  of  visitors 


..rnrnii 


'Half  Dome  of  Philosophy" — Western   entrance   to    Palace    of   Education.    The   niil)l(    sti  ucture   is 
reflected  in  tlie  pellucid  waters  of  "ine  Arts  Lagoon 


The  Western  entrance  to  Palace  of  Lilx'ral  Arts  is  particularly  effective.    This  gives 
also  a  partial  view  of  the  Court  of  Palms 


Perhaps   the  nio.st  Ijcaiitil'iil    structiii'c  at   the   1  Exposition    is  the    I'alacr   'il    Ih  rl 
(It'ilul   tilass   dome,   risiiiii  to  a  liciiiht  o(    iu'arl\    2(10   l\tl 


ith  its  ^\  on- 


typifying  tl 


I  m!    I  lie  I'our  Seasons" 


Panama- Pacific  International 

Exposition 

A  Perspective  as  It  Is  Today  and  a 

Retrospect 

By  Charles  C.  Moore 

President  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  Those  who  have  contributed  in  an  artistic  or  me- 
chanical capacity  to  the  building  of  this  great  exposition  have  told 
of  their  part  in  the  work.  Others  have  recounted  the  possibilities 
and  significance  of  the  undertaking.  But  Mr.  Moore,  holding  the 
highest  office  in  the  gift  of  the  exposition  stockholders,  in  a  broad 
general  view  shows  how  the  exposition  was  made  possible  and  what 
its  effect  upon  the  world  is  likely  to  be. 


THE  Panama- Pacific  International  Expo- 
sition stands  today  completed.  View- 
ing the  vast  exposition  area,  with  its  domes 
and  spires  and  minarets,  its  lofty  towers  and 
massive  buildings  and  garden  spaces  it  is  as 
though  some  genii  had  rubbed  an  Aladdin's 
lamp  and  brought  forth  the  miracle.  Two  and 
one-half  miles  in  length  along  the  southern 
shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  averaging, 
perhaps,  one-half  mile  in  width,  with  250 
buildings  of  varying  sizes  embraced  in  the 
ground  plan,  the  spectacle,  unique  in  its  ar- 
chitecture, its  color,  its  sculpture,  and  the 
prodigality  of  its  arboreal  and  floral  life, 
stands  as  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world. 
In  its  field  it  is,  indeed,  an  accomplishment 
as  monumental  as  the  event  it  commemorates 
— the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal,  not 
only  man's  greatest  engineering  achievement, 
but  the  most  helpful  single  accomplishment 
of  its  kind  in  the  world's  history. 

The  exposition  as  it  stands  today  comes  as 


the  culmination  of  many  years  of  effort.  It  is 
an  expression  not  only  of  the  enthusiasm  of 
California  and  of  the  patriotic  spirit  in  which 
the  American  people  accept  this  achievement 
of  their  national  government,  but  it  involves 
a  recognition  on  the  part  of  the  nations  as  to 
the  enduring  character  of  the  Panama  Canal ; 
of  the  lasting  effect  the  canal  will  exert  upon 
the  civilization  of  the  world  and,  at  this  time 
particularly,  the  exposition  affords  a  striking 
testimonial  of  the  high  regard  with  which  the 
United  States  is  held  by  her  sister  nations. 

The  inception  of  a  world's  exposition  to 
celebrate  the  opening  of  the  canal  was  ad- 
vanced for  the  first  time  in  San  Francisco  on 
January  12,  1904,  when  Mr.  R.  B.  Hale  of 
San  Francisco,  now  vice  president  of  the  ex- 
position and  at  that  time  a  director  of  the 
Merchants'  Association  of  San  Francisco,  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  his  fellow  members  of  the 
board  inquiring  if  it  would  not  be  well  to 
observe  the  opening  of  the  canal  by  a  universal 


306 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Under  Main  Archwav,  Tower  of  Jewels 


exposition  and  outlining  a  plan  of  procedure. 
The  propriety  of  such  a  celebration  was  widely 
recognized.  In  Europe  the  press  and  men 
prominent  in  public  life  had  for  some  time 
anticipated  that  an  event  of  such  lasting  com- 
mercial importance  should  be  fittingly  recog- 
nized. Many  cities  in  the  United  States  sought 
the  honor  of  holding  the  international  cele- 
bration, but  Congress  finally  decided  that  by 
virtue  of  her  position  and  of  the  steps  that  had 
been  taken,  the  honor  should  be  awarded  to 
San  Francisco. 

Mr.  Hale's  suggestion  was  almost  jjrophetic 
and  it  is  a  wonderful  commentary  upon  his 
great  abilities  and  foresight  that  the  plans  of 
financing  the  exposition  which  he  j)resented 
in  his  first  letter  have  been  followed  so  closely 
amid  the  unforeseen  conditions  that  have  trans- 
pired in  a  momentous  decade  in  San  Francisco. 

In  this  letter  Mr.  Hale  said:  "Is  the  time 
not  ripe  for  us  to  consider  a  world's  exposi- 
tion in  1915?  Five  years  of  active  preparation 
would  leave  us  six  years  to  develop  the  in- 
terest in  a  proposition  of  immense  magnitude. 
St.    Louis   raised  $5,000,000  by   private   sub- 


scription, $5,000,000  by  municipal  bonds,  and 
received  $5,000,000  from  the  government  of 
the  United  States.  San  Francisco  could  do  the 
same  thing  and  it  might  be  possible  that 
the  State  of  California  would  appropriate 
$5,000,000.  This  money  could  be  raised  easily, 
provided  it  seemed  practicable  to  divide  the 
subscription  into  a  ten  year's  proposition  in- 
stead of  raising  it  all  at  once." 

No  definite  action  was  taken  at  tliat  lime 
but  the  project  awakened  widespread  interest. 
Many  conferences  were  held,  public  sentiment 
was  sounded  and  finally  it  was  deemed  that 
there  was  sufficient  strength  back  of  the  ex- 
position idea  to  warrant  going  to  Congress 
with  a  bill. 

Accordingly,  early  in  1906,  a  bill  was  in- 
troduced in  Congress  on  behalf  of  a  world's 
exposition  at  San  Francisco  in  honor  of  the 
completion  of  the  Panama  Canal.  In  effect  the 
bill  gave  notice  to  the  world  that  San  Fran- 
cisco sought  the  honor  of  the  next  interna- 
tional exposition.  Then  came  the  earthquake 
and  fire  of  April,  1906,  and  in  the  diversion 
of  the  energies  of  the  men  backing  the  move- 


EXPOSITIONS 


307 


ment  of  the  rehabilitation  of  their  own  de- 
stroyed places  of  business  the  active  propa- 
ganda was  suspended,  but  later  in  the  year 
the  project  was  revived  with  energy.  Later, 
in  the  fall,  there  was  introduced  in  the  legis- 
lature of  California  a  proposition  to  amend  the 
constitution  of  the  State  so  that  stockholders 
in  the  exposition  company  should  be  exempted 
from  the  usual  stockholders'  liability. 

The  initial  step  in  forming  the  working  or- 
ganization now  known  as  the  Panama-Pacific 
International  Exposition  was  taken  on  De- 
cember 10,  1906,  when  articles  were  filed  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  "Pacific  Ocean  Expo- 
sition Company."  Three  days  later  the 
directors  organized  and  Mr.  Homer  S.  King 
was  elected  president. 

Activity  continued  during  December  and 
early  in  January  a  bill  was  introduced  into  the 
legislature  by  Senator  Edward  I.  Wolfe  carry- 
ing an  appropriation  of  $1,000,000  from  State 
funds  "to  pay  expenses  necessary  for  the  proper 
representation  of  the  State  of  California  and 
of  an  exhibit  of  the  products  thereof,  at  the 
proposed  international  or  world's  exposition, 
to  be  held  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1913,  commemorative  of  the  four  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  by  Vasco  Nunez  Balboa,  and 
to  provide  commissioners  thereof." 

But  this  bill,  while  a  record  of  activity  for 
State  support,  died  by  pocket  veto. 

The  enthusiasm  of  the  proponents  of  the 
exposition  did  not  die.  It  became  strengthened. 
In  November,  1909,  it  was  determined  to  in- 
terrogate representative  men  and  2500  queries 
were  sent  out  to  members  of  commercial  bodies 
asking  whether  they  favored  a  world's  expo- 
sition to  be  held  at  San  Francisco  to  commemo- 
rate the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal.  The 
replies  came  back  with  such  a  unanimity  of  ap- 
proval for  the  idea  that  a  mass  meeting  was 
called  on  the  floor  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange 
on  December  7,  1909.  This  initial  mass  meet- 
ing— one  of  many,  all  marked  by  high  enthu- 
siasm and  heartiness — determined  that  a  com- 
mittee of  six  be  appointed  to  name  a  ways  and 
means   committee   of    100   members,    or   more 


if  necessary.  Meantime,  Washington  had  been 
made  acquainted  with  the  ardent  spirit  of 
the  exposition  enthusiasts  for  on  December  6, 
the  day  before  the  first  mass  meeting.  Rep- 
resentative Julius  Kahn  introduced  a  new 
bill  in  Congress  carrying  a  $5,000,000  ap- 
propriation. 

December  was  a  big  month  for  the  exposi- 
tion idea,  for  on  the  26th  the  committee 
of  six  returned  two  hundred  names  which  be- 
came the  ways  and  means  committee.  This 
committee  met  on  December  29  and  a  com- 
mittee of  three  was  appointed  to  name  a 
directing  committee  of  thirty,  this  latter  com- 
mittee afterwards  becoming  the  board  of  di- 
rectors of  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  Company. 

It  was  at  this  meeting,  on  the  day  after 
Christmas,  that  Mr.  F.  W.  Dohrmann  sug- 
gested the  slogan :  "San  Francisco  Invites  the 
World."  This  remained  the  slogan  for  some 
time,  later  "California"  being  substituted  for 
San  Francisco  w'hen  the  exposition  idea  swept 
the  State  and  all  the  counties  of  the  State 
sought  representation. 

It  began  to  appear,  as  the  exposition  idea 
communicated  to  other  states  and  nations,  that 
the  original  title  for  the  corporation  was  not 
broad  enough.  Consequently  it  was  decided 
to  change  the  name  and  this  was  done  on 
March  22,  1910,  when  the  present  company 
was  incorporated.  By  this  time  the  fever  fov 
the  exposition  was  general  and  San  Francisco 
was  beginning  to  solidify  in  sentiment  to  win 
it,  as  it  appeared  that  other  cities  would  con- 
test before  Congress  for  the  honor. 

A  mass  meeting  was  called  for  the  floor  of 
the  Merchants'  Exchange  for  April  28,  1910. 
To  those  who  were  present  at  that  meeting  it 
must  remain  a  lifetime  memory.  It  will  surely 
go  down  in  the  annals  of  California  as  a  day 
throbbing  with  the  fire,  the  State  pride,  the 
spirit  of  the  pioneer  to  do  things,  that  have 
made  this  great  State  what  it  is.  Some  had 
breathed  a  fear  that  the  time  was  too  short, 
forgetting  that  to  the  people  who  had  re- 
builded  their  city  almost  over  night  when  a 
holocaust  of  fire  had  laid  it  low,  nothing  was 


308 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


impossible ;  forgetting  the  blood  of  the  pio- 
neers tliat  runs  through  the  veins  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, forgetting  the  pride  of  San  Francisco 
to  do  and  do  in  a  big  and  epoclial  way,  any- 
thing she  undertakes.  Public  subscriptions  were 
called  for  and  tlien  began  tliat  tlirilling  two 
hours  that  still  brings  the  tingle  of  excitement 
to  one  in  memory,  when  the  unprecedented  sum 
of  $4,098,000  was  pledged  dollar  by  dollar  by 
citizen  after  citizen,  organization  after  organi- 
sation as  the  hard  cash  and  final  argument  of 
San  Francisco's  ability  to  swing  the  exposition. 

New  Orleans  was  now  actively  in  the  fight 
and  the  wires  carried  across  the  continent  to 
Washington  the  news  of  San  Francisco's  sen- 
sational pledge  of  earnestness.  It  had  its  due 
eflfect. 

On  May  9,  1910,  Congressman  Kahn  intro- 
duced the  resolution  on  which  the  issue  was 
joined  with  New  Orleans.  It  said  nothing  of 
an  appropriation  because  the  fact  had  devel- 
oped that  Congress  would  not  favor  an  appro- 
priation. It  simply  designated  San  Francisco 
as  the  place  where  the  canal  and  the  discovery 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean  celebration  was  to  be  held. 

It  was  thought  desirable  to  raise  more  funds 
and  another  mass  meeting  w-as  held  on  June  16 
of  the  same  year,  at  which  time  it  was  guaran- 
teed tliat  San  Francisco's  subscription  would 
total  $7,500,000.  At  this  time  Gavin  McNab 
suggested  the  bonding  of  San  Francisco  for 
$5,000,000. 

It  was  now  time  fur  tlie  legislature  to  take 
action,  and  it  met  in  special  session  on  Sep- 


tember 26,  1910,  and  proposed  for  the  ap- 
proval of  the  public  two  constitutional  amend- 
ments; one  to  raise  $5,000,000  by  state  tax 
and  the  other  to  permit  San  Francisco  to  bond 
itself  for  the  same  amount.  The  State  voted 
the  tax  amendment  and  on  November  15  San 
Francisco  passed  the  charter  amendment  bond- 
ing the  city  for  $5,000,000. 

On  January  31,  1911,  the  Kahn  joint  reso- 
lution, recognizing  San  Francisco  as  the  place 
to  hold  the  fair,  won  in  the  House  by  188  to 
159  votes  and  on  February  11  the  bill  finally 
passed  the  Senate.  How  San  Francisco  made 
of  that  night  another  New  Year's  eve  is  a 
feature  of  the  entire  history  of  the  progress 
of  the  exposition  still  fresh  in  the  memory. 
The  carnival  spirit  that  only  awaits  expression 
here  found  its  full  expression  that  night  in 
the  greatest  spontaneous  outpouring  in  all  the 
long  history  of  the  city's  festival  times. 

The  site  was  selected  in  July,  1911.  Ground 
was  broken  by  President  William  Howard 
Taft  for  the  exposition  October  14,  1911,  and 
from  that  time  on  the  history  of  the  exposi- 
tion became  the  history  of  a  great  business  en- 
terprise, constructed  on  a  colossal  scale,  blend- 
ing art  wdth  utility  and  keeping  ever  in  view 
the  dominant  thing  that  the  purpose  of  the 
great  exhibit  palaces  was  after  all  education : 
To  bring  to  the  world  a  review  of  the  world 
in  brief ;  an  epitome  of  progress.  We  are 
confident  we  have  succeeded  and  we  await 
the  approval  of  the   world. 


Editor's  Note :  In  preparing  tlie  Exposition  section  of  the  Cornerstone  number  of 
California's  Magazine  the  thanks  of  the  publishers  are  especially  due  Messrs.  Ham- 
ilton Wright  and  Nolan  Davis,  editor-in-chief  and  chief,  respectively,  of  the  Bureau 
of  Publication,  Panania-Pacific  International  Exposition.  Both  these  gentlemen  have 
lent  valuable  aid  in  obtaining  the  articles  and  illustrations  for  this  section  and  this 
while  engaged  with  the  tremendous  amount  of  work  which  devolved  upon  them  prior 
to  and  during  the  opening  days  of  the  great  fair.  Mr.  George  Hough  Perry  is  to  be 
congratulated  upon  having  secured  the  services  of  Messrs.  Wright  and  Davis  in  the 
department  of  which  he  is  director — that  of  Exploitation — a  department  the  import- 
ance of  which  can  scarcely  be  over-estimated.  Both  have  proved  their  ability  to  emu- 
late the  dynamo  in  their  labors  to  place  the  Exposition  before  the  world,  the  one 
through  newspaper  and  periodical  articles,  the  other  in  the  preparation  of  special  liter- 
ature, and  supervising  printing,  engraving,  lecturing,  and  other  departments  of  the  or- 
ganization. California's  Magazine  is  delighted  at  this  opportunity  to  testify  to  their 
kindlv  and  able  assistance  in  its  behalf. 


The  Exposition  as  an  Expression 

of  the  Spirit  of 

Co-operation 


By  R.  B.  Hale 


Vice  President  of  the  Panama-Pacific   International   Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  The  spirit  of  co-operation,  so  essential  to  progress, 
is  credited  by  Mr.  Hale  as  being-  the  underlying  factor  of  the  exposi- 
tion, of  which  spirit  the  exposition  is,  therefore,  the  expression. 
Mr.  Hale  is  a  business  man  with  wide  experience  and  this  fact  enables 
him  to  include  in  his  view  of  the  great  undertaking  a  practical  consid- 
eration of  its  merits  and  possibilities,  not,  however,  to  the  exclusion 
of  a  thorough  appreciation  of  its  spiritual  significance  and  beauty. 


THE  Panama- Pacific  International  Ex- 
position is  an  expression  of  the  spirit 
of  co-operation.  It  represents  the  united 
efforts  of  many  men ;  the  genius  of  great 
architects ;  the  scientific  planning  of  able 
engineers ;  the  careful  workmanship  of  thou- 
sands of  artisans ;  the  direction  of  experienced 
exposition  authorities ;  the  financial  aid  of 
California's  citizenship ;  the  assistance  of  the 
states  forming  our  great  country ;  the  sympa- 
thetic support  of  people  of  every  clime ;  the 
productivity  of  the  world  in  art,  in  science 
and  invention.  It  is  a  compendium  of  the 
world's  progress,  an  encyclopedia  of  learning, 
a  reflection  of  the  past,  an  expression  of  the 
present,  and  a  promise  of  the  future. 

Only  one  preceding  international  exposition 
has  made  a  distinct  contribution  to  exposition 
architecture  in  this  country.  The  World's 
Columbian  in  Chicago,  which  introduced  the 
Roman  type  in  plaster,  creating  the  "Great 
White  City,"  and  left  its  impression  upon  the 
people  of  this  nation,  as  is  now  evidenced  by 
the    Pennsylvania    and    New    York    Central 


depots  in  New  York,  and  the  Grand  Central 
station  in  Washington.  The  Panama- Pacific 
International  Exposition  has  introduced  a 
number  of  innovations  which  promise  to 
change  the  character  of  our  building  in  a  very 
marked  degree  in  this  country.  Not  only  is  the 
old  Roman  typified  in  that  matchless  colon- 
nade of  the  Fine  Arts  Palace,  but  at  least 
six  other  periods  have  contributed  to  produce 
the  various  courts  and  facades  of  the  main 
group  of  palaces,  and  the  architectural  effects 
in  the  Machinery  and  Horticultural  palaces, 
Festival  Hall,  and  the  South  Gardens. 

Transforming  barren  lands  and  swamps 
into  courts  of  palms  and  flowers  in  the  short 
space  of  two  years,  is  the  work  of  genius  in 
landscape  gardening;  the  Tower  of  Jewels, 
the  dominating  architectural  note  by  day,  a 
veritable  vision  of  sparkling  jeweled  beauty 
by  night — the  whole  ensemble  a  magic  city  of 
brilliancy  and  perfection,  which  exalts,  but 
leaves  us  powerless  to  describe. 

For  the  first  time  mural  paintings  have  been 
used  in  exterior  decorations.    Never  before  has 


310 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


such  an  elaborate  and  artistic  color  scheme 
been  attempted,  and  the  wonderfully  beautiful 
effect  obtained  by  the  scientific  use  of  indirect 
lighting  has  been  so  sensationally  impressive 
that  it  has  become  the  wonder  and  admiration 
of  those  world  visitors  whose  stamp  of  un- 
qualified approval  is  now  spreading  its  influ- 
ence around  the  globe. 

The  picture  has  surpassed  the  dreams  of  our 
dreamers.  It  is  world-wide  in  its  significance; 
it  is  destined  to  leave  its  impress  on  the  people 


of  all  lands.  The  exhibits  will  record  the 
history  of  the  arts  of  peace  in  a  world  at 
war.  It  is  our  fervent  prayer  that  the  year 
1915  may  be  glorified  by  celebrating  a  world 
at  i)eace,  and  that  war  will  never  again  dis- 
turb the  friendly  intercourse  and  the  lasting 
comity  of  mankind.  Then  will  the  spirit  of 
co-operation  and  the  beneficent  influence  of 
brotherly  love  come  into  its  full  fruition, 
to  the  everlasting  benefit  of  all  people  in 
all  lands. 


Educational  Aspects  of 
the  Exposition 

By  George  Hough  Perry 

Director  of  Division  of  Exf'Ioitation.  Panaiiia-Pacific  DUcrnational  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  A  comprehensive  survey  of  the  exposition,  with  an 
indication  of  its  educational  value  to  the  world,  is  included  in  this  ar- 
ticle by  Mr.  George  Hough  Perry,  director  of  the  division  of  exploita- 
tion of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition.  The  contribution 
is  not  onlv  interesting  but  highly  edifying  as  well. 


THIS  great  exposition  is  fundamentally 
educational  in  its  scope  and  character. 
What  was  before  the  selection  of  the  expo- 
sition site  a  barren  waste  of  sand  dunes. 
sloughs,  and  Chinese  gardens  has  become, 
under  the  landscape  gardener,  Mr.  John 
McLaren,  and  the  genial  California  climate. 
a  veritable  Garden  of  Allah.  Experienced 
gardeners  were  sent  by  the  exposition  to  the 
four  corners  of  the  world  in  search  of  rare 
plants,  shrubs,  and  trees.  The  result  is  the 
wonderful  transformation  of  this  barren  waste 
into  a  landscape  of  unprecedented  beauty  and 
charm. 

One  thousand  year  old  dwarf  trees  from 
Japan,  millions  of  tulips  and  hyacinths  from 
the  Philippines  and  Holland,  beautiful  euca- 
lyptus, cedar  trees  and  palms  may  be  seen 
everywhere  about  the  grounds,  and  give  an 
appearance  of  permanence  and  age  in  no  way 
in  keeping  with  the  less  than  three  years  it 
has  taken  to  accomplish  the  results. 

Such  is  the  genius  of  the  landscape  engi- 
neer and  the  soil  and  climate  of  California. 

By  a  system  of  plant  rotation,  the  flower 
beds  of  the  grounds  are  in  constant  l)loom. 
As  you  go  along  the  Avenue  of  Palms  today 
you  will   see  beds   of   daffodils,   tulips,    hya- 


cinths, and  pansies  ablaze  with  beauty,  and 
the  air  fragrant  with  their  perfume,  while  en- 
circling the  grounds  is  a  unique  wall  appearing 
now  as  a  closely  cropped  vertical  lawn,  and 
at  other  times  aflame  with  delicate  pink  flow- 
ers. This  is  the  Mcsembr\antheuitim  spcctablis 
used  at  this  exposition  in  this  manner  for  the 
first  time. 

Under  the  great  dome  of  the  Horticultural 
Palace  are  gathered  the  rarest  flowers,  plants, 
and  shrubs  of  the  tropics,  growing  in  all  the 
profusion  and  vigor  that  they  do  in  their  na- 
tive land.  At  night,  under  the  play  of  colored 
lights,  this  palace  is  a  bewitching  fairyland 
of  color. 

The  landscaping  elTects  at  the  approach  to 
the  Palace  of  Fine  Arts,  with  the  walls  of 
green  lawns,  the  beautiful  lake,  reflecting  the 
wonderful  columns  of  the  building  itself,  im- 
press every  visitor  as  few  beauty  spots  in  the 
world  do.  Without  doubt,  the  landscaping 
effects  at  this  exposition  surpass  anything  ever 
seen  at  any  other  exposition. 

St.  Louis,  in  a  far  less  hospitable  climate, 
spent  $3000  per  acre  for  landscaping,  while 
California  lavished  the  magnificent  sum  of 
$14,000  per  acre  for  this  purpose. 

In  architecture  this  exposition  is  in  a  class 


312 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


of  its  own.  No  other  exposition  has  even  at- 
tempted an  approach  to  it  in  this  respect.  The 
student  of  architecture  would  not  find  in  his 
travel  around  the  world  such  examples  as  may 
be  seen  here. 

The  seven  great  epochs  of  architecture  are 
here  unfolded  in  historic  sequence,  from  the 
ancient  schools  to  the  very  latest  types.  Egyp- 
tian, Grecian,  Roman,  Moorish,  Gothic, 
French  Renaissance,  and  even  the  Aztec  may 
all  be  seen  here  at  their  best,  in  the  exhibit 
palaces,  the  colonnades,  and  the  courts. 

Dr.  Gonsaulus,  of  the  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology,  was  so  impressed  with  the  edu- 
cational value  of  the  architecture  of  this  ex- 
position that  he  said  he  would  select  a  trip 
to  San  Francisco  for  his  classes  in  architec- 
ture in  preference  to  any  amount  of  world 
travel. 

The  American  Institute  of  Architecture  de- 
cided that  the  best  possible  exhibit  they  could 
make  was  the  architecture  of  the  exposition 
itself.  They  will  therefore  make  no  other 
exhibit,  but  report  back  to  their  body  the 
architecture  of  the  exposition. 

The  exposition  does  not  merely  exemplify 
the  world's  great  schools  of  architecture,  but 


the  arrangement  of  the  exhibit  palaces,  their 
courts,  and  the  general  use  of  these  architec- 
tural forms,  present  to  the  world  the  highest 
possible  example  of  all  that  is  best  in  the 
history  of  the  art. 

A  visit  to  the  grounds  is  an  education  in 
architecture  of  the  highest  sort. 

A  STUDY   IN   COLOR 

For  the  first  time  in  exposition  history  one 
great  artist  has  painted  the  whole  exposition 
city.  One  beautiful,  harmonious  color  scheme 
dominates  everything  within  the  grounds.  Ab- 
solute conformity  to  this  color  scheme,  from 
the  tiniest  blade  of  grass  to  the  flag  poles, 
candy  booths,  flower  beds,  lawns,  and  lights 
has  been  insisted  upon.  This  exposition  pre- 
sents a  study  in  color  of  surpassing  beauty. 
Not  since  the  days  of  the  ancients  has  there 
been  any  such  attempt  to  co-ordinate  color, 
architecture,  and  statuary. 

By  having  a  colored  background,  colon- 
nades and  statuary  stand  out  in  all  their  ma- 
jestic beauty.  It  was  a  daring  thing  that 
Jules  Guerin  conceived  and  executed,  but  the 
results  fascinate  and  delight  every  visitor. 

Secretary  McAdoo,  when  he  visited  the  ex- 
position recently,  said  that  one  of  the  results 


EXPOSITIONS 


313 


of  this  exposition  color  scheme  would,  in  his 
judgment,  be  the  employment  of  color  com- 
missions by  the  various  states. 

So  great  Avas  the  impression  made  upon  one 
of  the  chief  officials  of  the  exposition  that  in 
building  his  country  home  he  said  he  would 
not  now  think  of  building  his  residence  wath- 
out  working  into  it  a  color  scheme. 

One  of  the  remarkable  results  of  this  color 
scheme,  together  with  the  material  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  exhibit  palaces,  is  to 
give  to  everything  the  appearance  of  age.  This 
is  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  external 
appearance  of  all  the  buildings. 

The  material  out  of  which  all  exhibit  pal- 
aces and  all  other  structures  upon  the  expo- 
sition grounds  are  built  is  made  to  imitate  the 
Travertine  marble,  of  which  ancient  Rome 
was  built.  The  creamy,  slightly  broken  effect 
of  this  material  is  most  restful  to  the  eye. 

SCULPTURE 

Sixty  of  America's  best  sculptors,  under  the 
direction  of  Karl  Bitter,  produced  more  than 
200  groups  and  pieces  of  commanding  beauty 
and  interest.  One  dominant  theme  has  been 
developed  throughout — the  conception  and 
completion  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

Although  each  man  worked  along  his  own 
lines,  and  developed  his  own  theme,  he  did  so 
with  one  big  thought  in  mind,  and  the  result 
is  a  relationship  between  all  of  these  works 
which  adds  tremendously  to  their  significance 
and  attractive  force. 

Heroic  statues  of  discoverers  and  conquer- 
ors ;  massive  symbolical  groups,  such  as  the 
"Nations  of  the  East"  and  the  "Nations  of 
the  West" ;  beautiful  fountains,  water- 
nymphs,  and  sprites  fascinate  and  hold  every 
visitor  to  the  exposition  grounds.  One  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  this  exposition  is  the 
amount  and  character  of  its  sculpture. 

MURAL    PAINTINGS 

Heretofore,  mural  paintings  at  expositions 
have  been  of  a  temporary  character.  Here, 
however,  these  are  done  on  canvas,  and  are 
permanent.  Their  life  is  not  limited  to  the 
brief  period  of  the  exposition.  Init  will  be 
lasting.     This   has   resulted   in   the   very   best 


eft'orts  on  the  part  of  the  artists,  and  a  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  mural  paintings  never  wit- 
nessed at  any  other  exposition. 

EXHIBITS    ■ 

No  less  remarkable  than  the  exterior  deco- 
ration of  the  buildings  and  grounds  is  the 
extent  and  character  of  the  exhibits. 

In  the  selection  of  exhibits  for  this  exposi- 
tion one  principle  has  been  adhered  to 
throughout — the  selection  of  those  things 
which  would  show  processes ;  the  securing  of 
such  a  collection  as  would  present  a  cross- 
section,  as  it  were,  of  the  world's  activities. 
The  more  than  60,000  exhibits,  housed  in 
eleven  magnificent  exhibit  palaces,  along  forty- 
two  miles  of  exhibit  aisles,  present  a  live, 
working,  bustling  world  in  miniature.  The 
field  of  human  achievement  has  been  divided 
into  the  following  classifications :  Live  Stock, 
Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Mining  and  Metal- 
lurgy, Manufactures,  Transportation,  Varied 
Industries,  Liberal  Arts,  Education,  Social 
Economy,  Fine  Arts. 

Nearly  every  exhibit  palace  is  equipped 
with  moving  picture  theaters,  which  greatly 
facilitate  the  showing  of  manufacturing  proc- 
esses, educational  methods,  scenic  attractions, 
and  the  life  and  activities  of  the  world  as  it 
is  today. 

It  is  impossible  to  more  than  suggest  the 
wealth  of  information,  education  and  enjoy- 
ment to  be  derived  from  a  visit  to  the  exhibit 
palaces  of  the  Panama- Pacific  International 
Exposition.  For  example,  in  the  Palace  of 
Food  Products  may  be  seen  a  flour  mill  in 
actual  operation,  turning  out  and  sacking 
flour.  In  the  same  palace  may  be  seen  a  huge 
oven,  in  which  the  bread  of  all  the  nations 
is  baked  and  distributed  by  natives  in  costume 
on  fete  days.  Here,  also,  is  a  pure  food  labo- 
ratory, where  the  nutritive  value  of  any  food 
may  be  determined  "while  you  wait."  The 
government  has  on  exhibition  a  model  kitchen, 
showing  what  can  be  done  to  make  the  work 
in  the  kitchen  pleasant,  efficient,  and  healthful. 
To  the  baker,  the  housewife,  the  teacher  of 
domestic  science,  and  the  farmer  the  exhibits 
of  this  palace  present  a  mine  of  most  valuable 


314 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZ I X  K 


information.  The  farmer  will  find  in  his 
visit  to  the  fifteen-acre  Palace  of  Agriculture 
every  kind  of  plow,  cultivator,  harvesting  ma- 
chine, traction  engine,  windmill — everything 
that  makes  for  efficiency  and  conven- 
ience on  the  farm,  in  working  form, 
with  expert  demonstrators  to  inform  him 
upon  every  question  pertaining  to  them  that 
he  can  raise. 

In  connection  with  these  exhibits  short  lec- 
tures are  given  daily  by  experts  on  every  phase 
of  agricultural  activity. 

In  the  Palace  of  Horticulture  the  visitor 
will  find  a  section  of  the  tropics  transplanted, 
in  which  may  be  found  every  variety  of  fern, 
palm,  bamboo,  cane,  shrub,  and  flower,  grow- 
ing in  all  the  vigor  and  profusion  they  do  in 
their  native  land.  Here  are  royal  palms  from 
Cuba,  orchids  from  the  Philippines,  and 
almost  daily  flower  shows.  Here  has  been 
gathered  exhibits  of  every  sort  of  fruit,  as 
well  as  horticultural  implements,  and  a  can- 
ning factory  in  full  blast.  Here  also  are  seed 
and  orange  packing  machines,  raisin  seeding 
apparatus,  spraying  machinery,  etc.  A  $1000 
trophy  cup  has  been  offered  for  the  finest  new 
seedling  rose. 


Every  lover  of  domestic  animals  will  find 
endless  pleasure  and  information  in  the  little 
world  that  centers  around  the  sixty-five-acre 
live  stock  pavilion.  It  is  the  most  elaborate, 
comprehensive,  and  important  live  stock  ex- 
hibit ever  seen. 

Here  will  be  found  twenty-five  varieties  of 
prize  horses,  seventeen  varieties  of  dairy  cattle, 
nineteen  varieties  of  sheep,  thirteen  varieties 
of  goats,  fourteen  varieties  of  swine,  220  va- 
rieties of  poultry,  twenty-five  varieties  of 
calves,  six  varieties  of  rats,  195  varieties  of 
pigeons,  220  varieties  of  dogs,  thirty  varieties 
of  cats,  eighteen  varieties  of  hares  and  rabbits, 
six  varieties  of  mice.  There  will  be  bench 
shows,  fancy  stock  shows,  pure  bred  stock 
shows,  cat  shows,  horse  shows,  poultry  shows, 
horse  racing,  sledge-huskie  contests,  etc. 

Here  will  be  found  the  best  mile  track  in 
America,  a  live  stock  arena  which  seats  6000 
people.  It  will  take  three  miles  of  silk  ribbon 
to  decorate  the  winners. 

The  mining  engineer,  as  well  as  the  man 
who  actually  with  pick  and  pan  coaxes  from 
Mother  Nature  her  golden  treasure,  will  find 
in  the  Palace  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy  sam- 
ples   of    the   mineral    wealth    of    the    world; 


EXPOSITIONS 


315 


processes  showing  how  this  wealth  is  taken 
from  the  earth  and  transformed  into  useful 
articles  of  commerce;  a  working  mine,  with 
a  miniature  mountain,  showing  placer,  quartz, 
and  coal  mining;  mining  machinery,  safety 
devices,  and  moving  pictures  of  mining  proc- 
esses and  operation. 

A  house  operated  throughout  entirely  by 
electricity  is  seen  in  the  Palace  of  Manu- 
factures. 

In  the  Palace  of  Transportation  one  may 
enier  a  railway  train,  and  by  means  of  moving 
pictures,  take  a  trip  over  an  entire  railway 
system.  In  this  palace  may  also  be  seen  the 
huge  Mallet  type  of  locomotive,  a  portion  of 
its  side  removed  to  show  how  it  is  made  and 
operated.  Freight  cars,  trolley  cars,  steam 
railways,  automobiles,  motorcycles,  aeroplanes, 
models  of  the  latest  steamships,  with  a  cross 
section  showing  how  they  are  made — indeed, 
the  whole  story  of  transportation  is  here 
told  in  working  models,  moving  pictures,  and 
trains. 

The  famous  Roman  Baths  of  Caracalla 
have  been  reproduced  in  the  Palace  of  Ma- 
chinery. It  is  the  largest  building  in  the 
world,  covering  nine  acres  of  ground,  and  the 
250  exhibitors  have  placed  more  than  2000 
separate  exhibits  within  its  spacious  enclosure. 
In  this  palace  may  be  seen  the  wonderful 
Diesel  engine,  the  revolutionary  Neuland  gen- 
erator, a  model  of  the  Woolworth  Building 
of  New  York,  a  submarine  engine,  workman's 
safety  devices,  a  printing  press  actually  print- 
ing and  turning  out  papers,  a  most  complete 
government  exhibit  of  every  form  of  activity 
in  her  Navy  Department,  coast  defense  guns, 
models  of  vessels,  torpedoes,  shells,  and  a 
model   of   the   Luzon  floating   dry   dock. 

A  visit  to  the  Palace  of  Varied  Industries 
will  be  a  source  of  much  pleasure  and  profit. 
Here  may  be  seen  silk  thread  machinery  ac- 
tually making  thread ;  machines  weaving  silk 
pillow  covers ;  towels  and  counterpanes  being 
made  by  the  latest  weaving  machinery ;  shoe 
machinery  in  full  operation. 

The  Palace  of  Liberal  Arts  is  full  of  ex- 
hibits of  a  most  interesting  character  and  of 


high  educational  value.  In  this  palace  may  be 
seen  models  of  villages,  illustrating  the  home 
life  of  various  races ;  theaters  and  music  halls 
in  which  the  finest  music  may  be  heard.  One 
of  the  most  interesting  exhibits  on  the  grounds 
is  to  be  found  in  the  building.  It  consists  of 
a  large  lecture  room,  in  which  the  wonderful 
development  of  the  Bell  Telephone  System  is 
explained  by  lectures  and  moving  pictures,  and 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  programme  the  visitor 
is  permitted  to  listen  to  a  telephone  conversa- 
tion from  New  York  City  over  the  3400  miles 
of  wire  constituting  the  direct  trunk  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  San  Francisco. 

No  educational  conference  has  presented 
such  a  wealth  of  information  upon  every  phase 
of  educational  activity  and  social  welfare  as 
the  Palace  of  Education  and  Social  Economy 
presents.  In  this  palace  moving  pictures  show 
how  industrial  classes  are  taught  in  such  great 
working  men's  centers  as  Garey ;  playground 
activities,  and  other  forms  of  recreation. 

Here  will  be  found  industrial  classes  of 
Philippine  children,  seven  years  of  age,  weav- 
ing rugs,  and  a  model  kindergarten  with 
classes  being  taught  daily;  schools  for  the 
deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  and  the  sub-normal. 
Here  the  government  has  detailed  skilled  phy- 
sicians to  make  examinations  of  children  and 
recommend  to  the  parents  those  things  which 
are  necessary  for  the  correction  of  any  physical 
defects. 

The  Palace  of  Fine  Arts  and  its  wonderful 
setting  is  one  of  the  most  striking  features  of 
the  whole  exposition.  No  less  remarkable  than 
the  beautiful  exterior  are  the  extent  and 
quality  of  its  exhibits.  Paintings  from  the 
time  of  West,  Copley,  and  Stuart  to  the 
present  day  are  to  be  found  here ;  canvases 
from  many  of  the  warring  nations  and  their 
dependencies — harbingers  of  the  peace  which 
it  is  hoped  will  soon  come — statuary,  bronzes, 
etchings — a  museum  of  art  of  the  most  fas- 
cinating interest  and  educational  value. 

On  the  "Zone"  $10,000,000  has  been  spent 
to  furnish  entertainment  to  the  exposition 
visitor.  Concessions  on  the  "Zone" — a  mile 
long — do  not  merely  furnish  amusement,  but 


316 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Main  Entrance   of  the   California   Building,   Panama-Pacific   International   Exposition 


they  are  also  distinctly  educational  in  their 
character.  The  exposition  management  has 
maintained  the  same  care  in  their  selection  as 
in  that  of  the  exhibits.  Young  and  old  may 
find  on  the  "Zone"  relaxation  and  entertain- 
ment of  the  very  highest  kind. 

More  than  half  a  million  dollars  has  been 
spent  for  the  musical  programme  of  the  expo- 
sition. At  an  enormous  expense  the  Boston 
Symphony  Orchestra  has  been  secured  and  will 
cross  the  continent  and  give  a  series  of  concerts 
within  the  exposition  grounds.  Such  musical 
directors  as  Max  Bendix  with  his  eighty  per- 
formers ;  Gabrielle  Pares  with  his  orchestra 
of  seventy  men ;  Casassa's  band ;  the  organ- 
ists, Clarence  Eddy  and  Edward  Lamare,  are 


all  under  contract  to  give  concerts  during  the 
exposition. 

More  than  800  local,  national,  and  inter- 
national conventions  and  congresses  will  take 
place  here  during  the  exposition.  They  rep- 
resent every  line  of  organized  activity  today. 
No  such  number  of  conventions  has  been  ob- 
tained for  any  other  exposition. 

These  are  only  a  few  of  the  striking  edu- 
cational features  of  the  exposition. 

A  great  international  exposition  has  always 
been  regarded  as  a  powerful  educational 
factor,  but  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  will  go  down  in  history  as  one  of 
the  most  potent  educational  influences  of  the 
centurv. 


u 


T  IFE  is  progress — perpetual  adaptation  to  new  conditions.  The  ap- 
•*-^  parent  excellence  of  a  result  actually  attained,  the  mistakes  and 
errors  involved  in  imperfect  efforts  to  advance  to  better  results,  must 
not  be  allowed  to  obscure  our  view  of  this  truth." — Artliiir  T.  Hadley. 


Illumination  of  the 
Exposition 

By  W.  D'Arcy  Ryan 

Chief  of  Illuiuiuation  at  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Ryan,  famous  for  his  work  in  the  illumina- 
tion of  the  Hudson-Fulton  celebration  of  the  Hudson  River,  in  the 
lighting  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  in  the  lighting  of  the  locks  of  the 
Panama  Canal,  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  world's  foremost  ex- 
ponents of  the  new  art  in  scientific  illumination.  Under  Mr.  Ryan's 
skillful  direction  the  exposition  grounds  become  a  magic  fairyland  at 
night,  glowing  with  vast  numbers  of  jewels,  and  every  detail  of 
sculpture,  of  tow^er,  and  minaret  stands  forth  in  startling  brilliancy 
against  the  background  of  the  night.  Mr.  Ryan  describes  some  of 
the  principal  features  of  the  lighting  of  the  exposition  in  the  follow^- 
ing  article. 


THE  illumination  of  the  Panama- Pacific 
International  Exposition  marks  an 
epoch  in  the  science  of  lighting  and  the  art 
of  illumination.  Like  many  other  features  of 
the  exposition  the  illumination  is  highly  edu- 
cational in  character  and  emphasizes,  more 
than  anything  that  has  gone  before,  the  result 
of  concentrated  study  in  the  best  uses  and 
application  of  artificial  lights. 

Previous  exposition  buildings  have,  in  the 
main,  been  used  as  backgrounds  upon  which 
to  display  lamps.  The  art  of  outlining  notably 
the  effects  obtained  at  the  Pan-American  Ex- 
position at  Bufi^alo  could  probably  not  be  sur- 
passed. This  method  of  illumination,  how- 
ever, has  been  extended  to  amusement  parks 
throughout  the  world  and  is  now  common- 
place. Its  particular  disadvantage  is  the  fact 
that  it  is  practically  impossible  to  obtain  a 
variety  of  effects  so  that  the  exposition  from 
every  point  of  view  presents  more  or  less  simi- 
larity.   Furthermore,  the  glare  from  so  many 


exposed  sources,  particularly  when  assembled 
on  white  buildings,  causes  severe  retinal  fa- 
tigue. There  are  some  who  still  maintain  that 
the  public  will  not  be  attracted  except  by 
glare  of  exposed  sources  and  great  brilliancy. 
This  is  analogous  to  saying  that  the  masses 
can  be  attracted  only  by  one  form  of  lighting 
and  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposi- 
tion overwhelmingly  disproves  this  theory. 

The  lighting  effects  are  radical,  daring,  and 
in  every  sense  new.  the  fundamental  features 
consisting  primarily  of  masked  light  upon 
softly  illuminated  facades,  emphasized  by 
strongly  illuminated  towers  and  minarets  in 
beautiful  colored  tones.  The  direct  source  is 
completely  screened  in  the  main  vistas.  At 
all  other  points  the  screening  is  at  a  maximum. 
The  "behind  the  scenes"  effects  are  minim- 
ized to  few  locations  and  direct  sources  are 
permitted  only  at  points  of  emphasis  such  as 
gates,  where  for  utilitarian  purposes  and  also 
to   act   as  markers,   exposed  sources  of   rela- 


318 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


tively  high   intrinsic  brilliancy  arc  ahsolulcly 
necessary. 

WONDERFUL  CONTRASTS 

Furnishing  wonderful  contrasts  to  the  sott 
illumination  of  the  palaces  with  their  high 
lights  and  shadows  there  is  "The  Zone"  or 
amusement  section,  with  all  the  glare  of  the 
bizarre,  giving  the  visitor  an  opj)ortunity  \o 
contrast  the  light  of  the  present  with  the 
illumination  of  the  future. 

Passing  from  The  Zone  with  its  blaze  of 
lights,  one  enters  a  pleasing  field  of  mystery. 
The  visitor  is  at  first  impressed  by  the  beauti- 
ful colors  of  the  heraldic  shields  in  which  are 
written  the  early  history  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  California.  Looking  from  the  semi-shad- 
ows upon  beautiful  facades,  the  Guerin  colors 
which  fascinate  in  the  day  time  are  even  more 
entrancing  by  night.  The  lawns  and  shrub- 
bery surrounding  the  buildings  and  the  trees 
with  their  wonderful  shadows  appear  in  mag- 
nificent relief  against  the  soft  background  of 
the  palaces,  and  the  Tower  of  Jewels,  stand- 
ing mysteriously  against  the  starry  blue-black 
canopy,  surpasses  the  fairy  dreams  of  Aladdin. 

Entering  the  Court  of  Abundance  from  the 
east,  with  its  masked  shell  standards  strongly 
illuminating  the  cornice  lines  and  gradually 
fading  to  twilight  in  the  foreground,  a  sensa- 
tion of  mystery  analogous  to  the  prime  con- 
ception of  the  architect's  wonderful  creation 
is  felt.  Soft  radiant  energy  is  everywhere. 
Lights  and  sliadows  abound.  Fire  spits  from 
the  mouths  of  serpents  and  sends  its  flickering 
rays  over  the  composite  Spanish-Gothic- 
Oriental  grandeur.  Mysterious  vapors  rise 
from  caldrons  and  the  beautiful  central  group 
symbolizing   the   earth    in   formation. 

Passing  through  a  \'enetian  court  the  visitor 
emerges  into  the  Court  of  the  Universe  where 
the  illumination  reaches  its  climax  in  dignity, 
thorouglily  in  kee])ing  with  the  grandeur  of 
the  court  where  an  area  of  approximately 
450,000  square  feet  is  illuminated  by  two 
fountains  rising  ninety-five  feet.  The  primary 
source  installed  in  these  fountains  gives  a  com- 
bined spherical  candle  power  of  about  500,000, 
and  vet  tlie  intrinsic  brilliancv  is  relativelv  so 


low  that  these  great  sources  are  free  from  dis- 
agreeable glare. 

PE.\CE    SUGGESTED 

Passing  through  a  second  Venetian  court 
to  the  west,  the  classical  grand  Court  of 
Four  Seasons  is  discovered.  This  field  of  illu- 
mination is  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  sur- 
roundings, suggesting  peace  and  quiet.  The 
columns  stand  out  in  semi-silhouette  against 
the  warmly  illuminated  niches  with  their  cas- 
cades of  falling  water.  The  placid  central 
pool  reflects,  in  marvelous  beauty,  scenes  of 
enchantment. 

Having  reviewed  in  order  illuminations 
mysterious,  grand,  and  peaceful,  the  spectator 
emerges  from  the  West  Court  upon  lighting 
classical  and  sublime,  the  magnificent  Palace 
of  Fine  Arts  bathed  in  triple  moonlight  and 
casting  reflections  in  the  lagoon  impossible  to 
describe. 

Thus  far  the  visitor  has  only  passed  through 
the  central,  east,  and  west  axes  of  the  exposi- 
tion. There  are  many  more  marvels  in  illu- 
mination to  be  seen.  If  one  wished  to  study 
the  art  of  illumination  he  could  visit  the  ex- 
position every  evening  throughout  the  year  and 
still  find  detail  studies  of  interest. 

For  instance,  artificial  illumination  in  com- 
petition with  daylight  is  a  feature  worth  one's 
attention.  Two  or  three  nights  a  week  the 
searchlights  are  turned  upon  the  towers  as  the 
sun  goes  down.  If  the  spectator  would  view 
this  from  a  vantage  point  he  should  take  up 
a  position  in  the  northwe.st  section  of  the 
Court  of  the  Universe  and  watch  the  marvel- 
ous eft'ect  of  the  Tower  of  Jewels  as  the  day- 
light vanishes  and  the  artificial  illumination 
rises  above  the  deepening  shadows  of  the  night, 
i'lic  prismatic  colors  of  the  jewels  intensify 
and  the  tower  itself  becomes  a  vision  of  beauty 
never  to  be  forgotten.  With  the  approaching 
darkness  the  moscjuito  fleet  of  searchlights 
sends  forth  200  tiny  rays  bringing  the  seraphic 
or  star  figures  surrounding  the  Court  of 
Honor  out  of  darkness  and  the  jeweled  heads 
send  forth  all  the  pure  colors  of  nature,  from 
the  i)alest  violet  to  the  deepest  red.  Without 
revealing,  a  trace  of  the  origin  of  the  source. 


EXPOSITIONS 


319 


the  Pompeiian  red  walls  surmounted  by  a 
cerulean  blue  canopy  studded  with  golden 
stars  spring  into  existence  revealing  in  silhou- 
ette a  colonnade  magnificent. 

Another  master  switch  closes  and  the  two 
great  fountains  in  the  Sunken  Gardens  shed 
their  radiance  over  the  scene,  completing  the 
most  wonderful  night  picture  ever  beheld,  the 
illumination  of  the  Court  of  the  Universe 
of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Ex- 
position. 

AN    ENCHANTING   VIEW 

Another  evening  one  may  stand  at  the  main 
entrance  of  the  tropical  or  South  ( iardens.  As 
the  first  switch  is  closed,  soft  radiant  sources 
spring  into  existence  in  the  line  of  vision  re- 
vealing the  palms  and  tropical  foliage  in  sil- 
houette. As  if  by  magic  the  towers,  minarets, 
and  pylon-lanterns  of  the  exposition  become 
visible,  bathed  in  ruby  tones  appearing  with 
the  iridescence  of  red  hot  metal,  gradually 
fading  to  delicate  pink  in  the  flood  of  more 
than  100  searchlights  which  convert  the  ex- 
terior of  the  towers  into  soft  Italian  marble. 
Another  switch  is  closed  and  the  flags  sur- 
rounding the  parapet  walls  burst  into  flames. 
In  rapid  succession  the  facades  spring  out  of 
the  darkness  as  the  banner  standards  cast 
fairy-like  radiance  over  the  scene,  wdiich  is  en- 
hanced by  the  colors  of  the  heraldic  shields. 
This  transition  is  rapidly  followed  by  a  burst 
of  orange  and  red  lights  from  the  windows  of 
the  exposition,  including  the  clerestories, 
domes,  and  minarets,  giving  the  exposition  the 
effect  of  life  within  and  thereby  adding  joy 
and  happiness  to   the  picture. 

Glancing  to  the  west  one  beholds  the  enor- 
mous dome  of  the  Palace  of  Horticulture  con- 
verted into  an  astronomical  sphere  with  its 
revolving  spots,  rings,  and  comets  appearing 
and  disappearing  above  and  below  the  hori- 
zon, vanishing  and  reappearing  in  the  field 
of  vision  and  changing  colors  as  they  swing 
through  their  orbits.  The  action  is  not  me- 
chanical, but  purely  astronomical,  suggesting 
the  formation  of  the  universe,  the  "Nebular 
Hypothesis." 

If  an  entire  evenin";  were  devoted  to  watch- 


ing this  dome  similar  effects  would  be  noticed, 
but  an  exact  duplicate  of  color,  formation,  and 
position  would  probably  never  appear. 

If  one  has  caught  the  inspiration  from  the 
sublime  and  beautiful  in  illumination,  another 
evening  will  be  spent  in  enjoyment  of  the  re- 
fined spectacular  features  of  the  art.  It  is 
merely  necessary  to  take  up  a  position  any- 
where on  the  "Marina"  or  North  Gardens  and 
wait  for  the  signal  gun.  Over  2,600,000,000 
projected  candle  power  will  simultaneously 
burst  forth  from  the  great  scintillator  located 
on  the  miniature  Morro  Castle  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Yacht  Harbor,  forming  an  Aurora 
Borealis  which  reaches  from  the  Golden  Gate 
to  Sausalito  and  extends  for  miles  in  every 
direction.  Wonderful  Scotch  plaids  appear  in 
the  sky  and  one  is  sure  to  be  impressed  by  the 
wierd  "Ghost  Dance"  or  the  "Spook's  Parade" 
of  the  beams. 

The  north  facades  of  the  exposition  are 
illuminated  in  ever-changing  colors.  Alcatraz 
and  the  Marin  hills  come  in  for  their  share 
of  attention. 

Fireless  fireworks,  mammoth  steam  effects, 
some  rising  to  a  height  of  over  100  feet,  in- 
cluding the  "Devil's  Fan,"  "Plume  of  Para- 
dise," "Fairy  Feathers,"  "Sunburst,"  and 
"Chromatic  Wheels"  are  novel  features.  Ex- 
plosions of  mines  produce  great  banks  of 
smoke  giving  forth  radiations  of  every  known 
tint  and  shade.  Sunset  clouds  burst  forth  in 
the  night,  strange  and  grotesque  figures  move 
across  the  sky  illuminated  by  the  concentrated 
rays  of  the  searchlights. 

Flags  of  all  nations  float  through  the  air. 
Artillery  thunders,  driving  belching  smoke 
into  the  blaze  of  artificial  glory.  Steam  ser- 
pents spit  and  hiss  as  they  execute  fantastic 
gyrations. 

A  modern  200-ton  express  locomotive  with 
eighty-one-inch  driving  wheels  is  shown  speed- 
ing at  a  mile  a  minute  on  water  brakes,  the 
smoke  and  steam  producing  one  of  the  most 
gorgeous  and  impressive  spectacles  in  color 
ever  created. 

From  time  to  time  during  the  year  special 
features  will  be  announced.    On  certain  nights 


320  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

li<^hts  are  turned  on  before  dark  to  produce  the  Festival  Hall  from  their  respective  lagoons  in 

effects  previously  mentioned  and  on  other  eve-  the    South     Gardens ;      the    colonnades    and 

nings  do  not  appear  until  after  darkness.  "Novagems"    on    the    heads    of    the    seraphic 

The  scintillator  programme  is  also  subject  figures  and  Tower  of  Jewels,  as  seen  in  the 

to  considerable  variation,  as  there  are  over  300  water  mirror  in  the  north  arm  of  the  Court 

effects   worked   out.    which    it    would    be    im-  of  the  Universe. 

possible  to  produce  in  a  single  evening.  On  windy  nights  the  flags  are  at  their  best ; 

ATMOSPHERIC   coxDiTiONS  on  foggy  nights  wonderful  glows  are  produced 

Atmospheric  conditions  have  great  influence  over  the  exposition  impossible  at  other  times. 

upon  the  effects;    for  instance,  on  still  nights  When  the  wind  is  blowing  over  the  land,  the 

the    water  reflections   in   the   lagoons   deserve  scintillator    display    is    different    from    nights 

stuilv  :    particularly  the   Palace  of  Fine  Arts  when  the  wind  is  blowing  across  the  bay,  and 

as   viewed   from   Administration  Avenue,    the  a  further  variety  is  introduced  in  the  action 

facades    of    Education    and    Food    Products  of  the  smoke  and  steam  on  calm  nights.    The 

palaces  through  the  colonnade  of  the  Palace  exposition  visitors  therefore  have  at  their  dis- 

of  Fine  Arts :    the  palaces  of  Horticulture  and  posal  an   ever-changing  spectacle. 


California  in  1915 

By  THE  Late  Elbert  Hubbard   (From  "The  Fra") 

T 

with  one  another  as  we  never  have  been  before. 


44^T^HIS  IS  A  GENUINE  NEW  YEAR.    It  is  the  newest  New 
Year  that  the  world  has  ever  seen.    Americans  are  at  peace 


"We  have  gotten  rid  of  many  of  our  whims,  prejudices,  supersti- 
tions. 

"In  degree  we  have  ehminated  hate  and  fear  and  doubt,  and  tlie 
truth  stands  out  limned  against  the  sky. 

"Happily,  this  is  the  year  of  two  great  expositions,  both  held  in 
California. 

"The  time  could  not  have  been  more  fortunate — aye,  nor  the  locali- 
ties. For  once  our  attention  is  taken  from  the  East  and  is  directed  to 
the  West. 

"The  tide  of  travel  which  has  usually  set  toward  Europe  will  be 
directed  to  California.  The  poetry,  the  science,  the  oratory,  the  litera- 
ture, and  the  reason  of  the  w^orld  will  be  assembled  there.  And  as 
Eighteen  Hundred  Seventy-Six  was  a  pivotal  point  in  the  career  of 
America,  so  will  be  Nineteen  Hundred  Fifteen.  This  year  for  us  is 
big  w^ith  promise — a  promise  which  will  find  fulfillment  in  a  larger 
manhood. 

"It  is  a  wonderful  time  in  which  to  live." 


Sculpture 

By  A.  Sterling  Calder 

Arfing  Chief  of  Sciilptwi'  at  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


The  sculpture  at  the  Exposition  is  undoubtedly  the  finest  showing- 
of  works  of  contemporary  sculptures  that  has  been  executed  any- 
where in  the  world  in  recent  years.  Mr.  Calder  is  not  only  one  of  the 
foremost  sculptors  of  the  day,  but  he  has  taken  upon  himself  a  great 
executive  work  and  performed  it  with  an  ability  as  an  executive  that 
is  only  equaled  by  his  genius  as  a  sculptor.  Among  Mr.  Calder's 
finest  productions  are  the  great  Fountain  of  Energy  in  the  South 
Gardens.  With  Messrs.  Frederick  G.  R.  Roth  and  Leo  Lentelli,  Mr. 
Calder  collaborated  in  the  two  famous  groups,  the  Nations  of  the 
East  and  the  Nations  of  the  West,  crowning  the  arches  of  the  Rising 
and  the  Setting  Sun  in  the  Court  of  the  Universe. 


THE  sculpture  of  the  Panama-Pacific  In- 
ternational Exposition  expresses  the 
note  of  the  exposition  in  its  celebration  of  the 
completion  of  the  Panama  Canal,  a  task  that 
culminated  the  effort  of  centuries  to  get  a 
passageway  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  the  sculpture  that  interprets  the 
meaning  of  the  exposition,  that  symbolizes  the 
spirit  of  conquest  and  of  adventure,  and  lends 
imagery  to  all  the  elements  that  have  resulted 
in  the  union  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  seas. 
Divest  the  exposition  of  its  sculpture  and  you 
would  have  no  visible  symbols  to  characterize 
or  interpret  its  purpose  and  its  accom- 
plishment. 

At  the  exposition  today  there  is  given  very 
remarkable  evidence  of  the  spirit  of  the  Ameri- 
can sculpture  of  the  present  time.  It  reveals 
the  ideals  of  the  sculptors  and  what  they  stand 
for  in  American  art.  The  works  are  remark- 
able for  their  originality  and  qualities  of 
design. 

Of  those  who  contributed  the  product  of 
their  creative  talent  to  the  full  display  men- 
tion is  deserved  by  Messrs.  Albert  Jaegers, 
Furio      Piccirilli,      Evelvn      Beatrice      Long- 


man, Messrs.  H.  A.  MacNeil,  A.  H.  Wein- 
man, Robert  Aitken,  Paul  Manship,  D.  C. 
French,  F.  G.  R.  Roth,  Leo  Lentelli,  John 
Flanagan,  Mrs.  Edith  Woodman  Burroughs, 
Mrs.  Harry  Payne  Whitney,  Messrs.  Isidore 
Konti,  Haig  Patigian,  Sherry  Fry,  Chester 
Beach,  Albert  Weinert,  Ulric  Ellerhusen, 
B.  L.  Zimm,  Douglas  Tilden,  Herbert  Adams, 
Allen  Newman,  Charles  R.  Harley,  Ralph 
Stackpole,  Mahonri  Young,  James  Earle- 
Eraser,  G.  Gurlach,  L.  Borglum,  C.  C.  Ram- 
sey, Albert  Laessle,  Edgar  Walter,  John  Bate- 
man,  and  Kark  Gruppe.  Mr.  Karl  Bitter, 
chief  of  the  department,  is  not  represented  bv 
personal  work,  but  his  intelligence  and  ex- 
perience in  former  enterprises  made  the  suc- 
cessful  accomplishment  of  this  possible. 

To  an  extraordinary  degree  this  exposition 
shows  the  growing  intimacy  between  sculp- 
ture and  architecture,  and,  in  its  complete- 
ness, stands  as  a  monumental  example  of  the 
resultant  beauty  in  total  effects  due  to  this 
happier  union  of  the  arts  for  the  fulfillment 
of  a  mutual  ultimate  purpose. 

From  the  beginning  the  general  architec- 
tural scheme  to  be  carried  out  by  the  struc- 


322 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Arch  ol'  the  Rising  Sun,  Across  Court  of  the  Universe 


tural  exterior  of  this  exposition  was  that  of  a 
cohesive  series  of  Oriental  palaces ;  in  reality, 
a  group  of  buildings  and  gardens,  yet  convey- 
ing a  sense  of  one  structure  in  design  and 
effect.  It  is  in  connection  with  this  group  of 
buildings  that  sculpture  has  been  principally 
applied  at  this  exposition,  and  just  as  these 
buildings  are  unique  in  their  escape  from  iso- 
lation, so  is  the  sculpture  unicjue  in  the  co- 
hesive design  which  it  governs  as  a  whole. 
The  general  plan  of  the  sculpture  has  been  to 
form  a  sequence  from  the  first  piece  that 
greets  the  visitor  on  his  entrance  from  the  city 
on  the  south  throughout  the  five  courts  and 
the  circuit  of  the  enclosing  walls.  Here  then 
the  exposition  presents  sculpture  of  a  closely 
applied  architectural  kind  decorating  the  great 
.arches,  towers,  and  facades,  supplementing  the 
free  standing  monuments,  fountains,  groups, 
and  statues.  The  sculptor  has  sympathetically 
composed  his  statues,  spandrels,  medallions, 
and  friezes  with  the  supporting  structures  of 
the  architect,  and  the  combined  work  is 
stamped  with  character,  beauty,  and  thought. 


Never  before,  perhaps,  have  sculptors  any- 
where, since  sculpture  and  architecture  worked 
hand  in  hand,  so  completely  played  their  most 
important  roles  in  the  ensemble  setting  that 
constitutes  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  visually.  On  arches  and  columns, 
in  niches,  fountains,  and  free  standing  groups 
they  sing  of  many  themes  and  always  in  har- 
mony, but  with  no  loss  of  character  or  indi- 
viduality. 

CONTRASTING  EXAMPLES 

Consider,  for  example,  the  contrast  in  con- 
ception and  modeling  in  the  work  of  such 
masters  as  Isidore  Konti,  who  designed  the 
high  relief  encircling  the  pedestal  of  the 
"Column  of  Progress" — a  very  serious  work, 
and  Mrs.  Burroughs  with  her  naive  concep- 
tion of  the  "Fountain  of  Youth,"  the  charming 
formalization  of  Manship's  groups  in  the 
Court  of  the  Universe,  the  swinging  bravura 
of  Aitken's  Elements  in  the  same  location,  the 
broad  classic  treatment  of  Zimm's  and  Eller- 
husen's  work  on  the  Palace  of  Fine  Arts,  the 
poetic    naturalism    of    Eraser's    "End   of    the 


EXPOSITIONS 


323 


Trail"  and  Borglum's  "Pioneer,"  and  the 
statuesque  vigor  and  well  observed  horseman- 
ship of  Rumsye's  "Pizarro"  and  Niehaus's 
"Cortez,"  the  gracious  supple  loveliness  of 
Frye's  girls  on  Festival  Hall,  Lentelli's  facile 
renderings  of  architectural  themes,  Weinert's 
charmingly  quaint  linials,  Mahonri  Young's 
and  Stackpole's  sturdy  naturalism  and 
Harley's  richly  designed  archaeological 
groups  teeming  with  Piranesi  reminiscence — - 
MacNeil's  fine  group  of  the  "Adventurous 
Archer,"  capping  the  "Column  of  Progress," 
Beach's  colorful  compositions  for  the  tower  of 
the  Court  of  Ages,  Jaeger's  dignified  groups 
in  the  Court  of  Seasons,  Piccirilli's  thoughtful 
niche  fountains  in  the  same  court,  and  Miss 
Evelyn  B.  Longman's  classic  fountain  of 
Ceres. 

SYMBOLISM    IN    MOTIFS 

The  heart  of  the  symbolic  significance  of 
the  sculpture  is  centered  in  the  motifs  that 
have  been  treated  in  the  central  axis  of  the 
plan  of  the  exposition  from  south  to  north, 
from  the  main  Scott  Street  entrance  to  the 
bay.  Here  the  "Fountain  of  Energy,"  a  joyous 
aquatic  triumph  celebrating  the  completion  of 
the  Panama  Canal,  first  greets  the  visitor  in 
the  center  of  the  South  Gardens.  Passing  this, 
on  each  side  of  the  great  archway  of  the 
tower,  are  stationed  the  equestrian  statues  of 
"Pizarro"  and  "Cortez."  Within  the  colon- 
nade at  each  end,  west  and  east,  are  the  mural 
fountains  of  "Youth"  and  "El  Dorado."  Ar- 
riving within  the  Court  of  the  Universe,  which 
is  the  one  best  place  to  obtain  a  general  con- 
ception of  the  scope  of  the  sculpture,  we 
realize  that  here,  enclosed  by  the  sweeping 
star-capped  colonnade,  is  the  arena  of  uni- 
versal themes.  The  titanic  elements  slumber 
on  the  terrace  wall,  while  the  lighter  themes 
of  music  and  dance  decorate  positions  in  front 
of  the  triumphal  arches  of  the  "Rising  Sun" 
and  the  "Setting  Sun."  Richly  laden  with 
delicate  relief  sculpture  of  great  beautv.  these 
form  magnificent  piles  crowned  bv  the  distin- 
guished groups  of  the  "Nations  of  the  East" 
and  the  "Nations  of  the  West,"  here  brought 
face   to    face.      Before    them,    in    the    sunken 


gardens,  the  handsome  architectural  fountains 
of  the  two  "suns"  play. 

At  the  north  entrance  to  the  court  stands 
a  colossal  sentinel — the  "Column  of  Progress" 
symbolizing  progressive  hmiian  effort,  balanced 
at  the  end  of  the  south  vista  by  the  "Fountain 
of  Energy"  joyously  proclaiming  the  triumph 
of  the  moment — the  achievement  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal. 

The  "Column  of  Progress"  is  the  first  great 
column  in  the  world  whose  design  was  inspired 
by  a  purely  imaginative  motif,  and  the  first 
sculptured  column  erected  at  any  exposition. 
"The  unconquerable  impulse  that  forever  im- 
pels man  to  strive  onw-ard,  assailing  in  endless 
generations,  the  impeding  barriers  of  igno- 
rance, his  eternal  otpimism  and  stern  joy  in 
effort";  these  are  the  thoughts  that  have  in- 
spired the  conception  of  the  "Column  of 
Progress"  and  that  are  embodied  in  its  sculp- 
tured friezes  and  crowning  group.  The  column 
itself  is  a  symbol  of  achievement,  and  the  pro- 
cession of  figures  forming  the  frieze  of  the 
pedestal  embodies,  in  high  relief  sculpture, 
the  successive  generations  born  teeming  from 
the  earth,  irresistibly  pressing  onward,  seeking 
by  devious  ways  the  golden  dreams  of  life. 
This  is  the  work  of  Isidore  Konti. 

TARGET  OF   TRUTH 

Above  the  capital  of  the  column,  crouching 
figures  of  toilers  form  the  circular  frieze, 
which  in  turn  supports  the  crowning  group, 
representing  the  supreme  moment  of  man's 
prime.  This  group,  as  well  as  the  frieze  of  the 
toilers,  is  the  work  of  Herman  A.  MacNeil. 
It  is  composed  of  three  figures :  A  kneeling 
woman  in  fearful  expectation,  eager  to  ap- 
plaud success ;  a  guarding  male  supporting 
the  central  figure  of  the  "Man  of  Purpose," 
who  launches  his  shaft  to  the  obscure  target 
of  "Truth,"  unseen  but  to  himself  and  those 
of  his  kin,  who,  yet  to  come,  shall  speed  the 
world  to  progress. 

Crowning  the  arch  of  the  "Rising  Sun"  is 
tlie  monumental  group — the  "Nations  of  the 
East."  This  grou])  is  one  of  colossal  size  and 
is  sumptuous  in  its  number  of  Oriental  figures 
including  mounted  horsemen,  camels,  a  huge 


324 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


elephant  as  the  central  figure,  an  Arab  war- 
rior, a  negro  servitor,  bearing  baskets  of  fruit, 
an  Egyptian  falconer,  the  Buddhist  lama 
bearing  the  emblem  of  authority,  Alohamme- 
dan  camel  riders,  and  the  spirit  of  the  East, 
attended  by  Oriental  mystics  representing 
India.  Inscribed  beneath  the  arch  are  the  fol- 
lowing lines  from  "The  Light  of  Asia,"  epit- 
omizing the  spirit  of  the  East :  "Unto 
Nirvana,  He  is  one  with  Life,  yet  lives  not — 
He  is  blest  ceasing  to  be — Om  Mani  Padmi 
om — The  Dewdrop  slips  into  the  Shining  Sea." 
Similarly  the  "Arch  of  the  Setting  Sun"  is 
surmounted  by  a  group  representing  the  "Na- 
tions of  the  West."  Like  the  group  described 
above,  this  work  is  characterized  as  both  vital 
and  imaginative,  and  is  conceived  in  the  same 
large  monumental  style.  The  types  of  those 
colonizing  nations  which  have  some  time  in 
history  left  their  permanent  imprint  on  our 
country  have  been  selected  to  form  it.  In  the 
group  are  the  "Mother  of  Tomorrow,"  "Enter- 
prise," and  the  "Hopes  of  the  Future,"  and 
horsemen,  pedestrians,  and  oxen  drawing  a 
huge  prairie  wagon.  The  following  lines  from 
Emerson's  "The  Young  American"  have  been 
inscribed  on  the  arch  beneath  this  group : 
"There  is  a  sublime  and  friendly  destiny  by 
which   the   human   race   is   guided — the   race 


never  dying — the  individual  never  spared — to 
results  affecting  masses  and  ages." 

Like  music,  sculpture  embodies  a  mood. 
This  is  delightfully  apparent  in  the  twelve 
fountains  which  constitute  an  interesting 
group  of  widely  different  conception  designed 
for  as  different  conditions  and  positions.  The 
"Fountain  of  Energy"  may  be  characterized 
as  joyous  in  mood;  the  "Fountain  of  Life" — 
dramatic;  the  "Fountain  of  the  Rising  Sun" 
and  the  "Fountain  of  the  Setting  Sun" — ar- 
chitectonic ;  the  "Fountain  of  Youth" — naive ; 
the  "Fountain  of  El  Dorado" — literal ;  the 
"Fountain  of  Ceres" — classic;  the  four 
"Fountains  of  the  Seasons"- — pastoral ;  the 
"Fountain  of  Beauty  and  the  Beast" — playful. 

Sculpture  is  the  most  important  of  all  arts 
to  an  exposition,  because  it  is  the  most  human. 
Architecture  without  it  would  be  cold  and 
without  appeal ;  color  have  no  lovely  shapes 
on  which  to  rest.  It  is  the  essence  of  form,  the 
crown  to  architecture,  the  "Song  to  the  Eye." 

I  foresee  a  great  future  for  sculpture  in 
America,  where  our  temperament  demands  it. 
The  educational  value  of  this  display  is  in- 
calculable. It  is  at  once  a  school  for  sculpture 
and  for  the  public.  In  a  word,  our  sculpture 
is  a  triumph  of  unified  conception  and  exe- 
cution in  imaginative  and  inventive  originality. 


Texture  of  Buildings 
at  the  Exposition 

By  George  W.  Kelham 

Chief  of  Architecture,  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  The  difficulties  of  obtaining  just  the  proper  texture 
of  material  for  the  exposition  buildings,  the  right  shades  of  coloring, 
and  the  necessary  durability  are  told  by  Mr.  Kelham  in  this  inter- 
esting paper.  As  is  widely  known,  the  architecture  of  the  exposition 
is  a  result  of  the  co-operative  work  of  a  number  of  the  most  famous 
architects  in  America  and  the  result  has  been  all  that  even  the  most 
sanguine  could  have  anticipated.  Mr.  Kelham's  article  is  a  valuable 
record  of  the  accomplishment. 


IN  THE  science  of  exposition  engineering, 
now  recognized  as  being  as  distinct  a 
branch  of  engineering  as  railroad,  structural, 
or  electrical,  many  perplexing  problems  arise 
that  are  little  dreamed  of  by  the  layman.  Mat- 
ters that  may  seem  to  be  mere  details  of  com- 
paratively little  importance  turn  out  to  be 
things  of  vital  moment. 

One  of  these  problems  appeared  early  in 
the  preparation  for  the  Panama- Pacific  Inter- 
national Exposition,  to  be  held  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1915.  It  was  the  question  of  the  tex- 
ture of  the  outer  walls,  or  covering,  of  the 
great  exhibit  palaces.  The  way  the  problem 
was  solved  makes  an  interesting  and  instruct- 
ive story. 

At  the  end  of  a  long  day's  work,  in  fact  of 
several  such  days,  a  group  of  architects  gath- 
ered around  a  table  in  San  Francisco.  Nearly 
all  the  preliminary  architectural  work  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  had 
been  gone  over,  threshed  out,  criticism  freely 
offered  and  as  freely  accepted,  and  these  men 
were  sitting  back  with  the  feeling  of  a  good 
dav's  work  done  and  with  a  well  defined  in- 


tention of  doing  no  more.  I  remember 
going  over  in  my  mind  whether  I  had 
better  say  what  I  wanted  to  then,  or  let 
it  go  over  until  the  next  day  and  then,  re- 
membering that  one,  if  not  two,  of  our  most 
important  members  were  to  leave  that  night, 
I  brought  out  the  subject  of  my  thoughts. 

What  about  texture?  A  very  innocent  ques- 
tion in  itself,  and  one  that  to  the  lay  mind 
means  nothing.  But  this,  I  believe,  was  the 
beginning  of  the  most  important  single 
achievement  of  this  exposition  of  1915.  What 
about  texture?  There  is  nothing  in  the  whole 
range  of  architecture  and  building  more  im- 
portant and  at  the  same  time  more  illusive ; 
nothing  that  produces  greater  charm,  without 
which  and  its  inevitable  close  relationship  to 
color,  no  great  architectural  effect  has  been 
produced. 

Now,  it  is  perhaps  a  far  cry  from  the  really 
great  terminal  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad 
in  New  York,  all  the  way  to  San  Francisco 
Bay  and  this  exposition.  Nevertheless  the 
trail  is  perfectly  clear  and  when  the  discussion 
of  this  question  of  texture  had  got  well  under 


326 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


way,  it  was  Mr.  Richardson,  of  the  firm  of 
McKim,   Mead  &  White,  who  suggested: 

"Why  not  have  Mr.  Paul  E.  Dennivelle 
come  out  and  see  what  he  can  do?"  It  was  this 
same  Dennivelle  who  had  schemed  a  way  to 
produce  the  very  beautiful  imitation  stone  used 
in  the  large  waiting  room  of  the  Pennsylvania 
station  in  New  York,  which  is  simply  a  faith- 
ful reproduction  of  Roman  Travertine  rock. 
A  telegram  was  sent  to  him  that  night. 

On  his  arrival  in  San  Francisco,  after  con- 
sultation with  the  different  architects  inter- 
ested, and  with  Jules  Guerin.  chief  of  color 
of  the  exposition,  we  decided  to  attempt  to 
make  the  entire  exterior  of  the  exposition 
buildings  and  courts  as  nearly  like  Travertine 
rock  as  tlie  conditions  would  permit,  and,  most 
important  of  all,  to  get  what  color  we  used 
into  the  material  itself  and  so  avoid  entirely 
the  use  of  paint. 

This  was  the  beginning  of  a  long  series  of 
experiments   and   disappointments,    but    it    re- 


sulted in  overcoming  difficulties  which  at  times 
seemed  insurmountable  and  produced  a  ma- 
terial which  not  only  gives  a  delightful  tex- 
ture and  surface,  but  also  does  away  with  the 
disagreeable  glare  always  found  in  buildings 
of  white  stucco,  and  doubly  unpleasant  in  a 
climate  with  the  intense  sunlight  of  California. 

To  a  person  interested  at  all  in  material  of 
this  kind,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  hear  a 
little  of  the  troubles  we  encountered.  First  we 
were  confronted  with  the  question  of  cost,  next 
with  the  appearance  of  the  surface  and  then 
with  the  necessity  for  using  a  material  that 
would  be  sufficiently  durable  to  last  through 
the  period  of  the  exposition  ;  in  some  build- 
ings more  than  two  years. 

For  a  long  time  it  looked  as  if  the  whole 
affair  would  end  at  the  first  problem.  It  did 
not  seem  possible  to  produce  such  a  surface 
as  we  wanted  at  approximately  the  same  price 
as  ordinary  plaster,  and  right  here  was  where 
Mr.  Dennivelle  proved  himself. 


EXPOSITIONS 


327 


Of  course,  he  had  to  make  the  scale  of  the 
stone  texture  much  greater  for  the  exteriors 
than  would  be  the  case  in  actual  Travertine 
and  in  order  to  do  this  he  used  every  sort  of 
tool,  from  an  ordinary  plastering  trowel  to  a 
whisk  broom. 

First,  all  kinds  of  markings  were  made  in 
the  plaster  to  give  it  the  lines  and  pit  marks 
of  the  stone,  and  then,  just  before  it  set.  a 
trowel  was  passed  lightly  over  the  surface, 
bringing  it  to  a  wonderfully  close  imitation. 

All  this  at  first  cost  a  good  deal  more  than 
could  be  afforded,  but  by  changes  in  methods, 
suggestions  to  the  workmen,  and  constant  ex- 
periment, Dennivelle  succeeded  in  arriving  at 
a  satisfactory  cost  basis  and  we  were  over 
hurdle  number  one. 

The  next  step  was  to  get  the  right  color 
value  and  to  keep  it  reasonably  uniform.  This 
sounds  simple  enough,  and  it  would  be  for 
work  of  ordinary  size,  but  when  it  is  realized 
that  our  problem  involved  buildings  covering 
acres  in  extent,   designed  in  all  parts  of   the 


world  and  built  by  nobody  knew  how  many 
different  contractors,  it  becomes  evident  that 
any  scheme  by  which  each  contractor  should 
try  and  make  his  work  like  the  others  would 
result  in  chaos. 

We  were  told  it  was  not  practicable ;  that 
we  would  never  be  able  to  hold  the  different 
men  in  line  and  that  we  would  have  as  many 
different  color  effects  as  there  were  buildings. 
For  a  time  it  looked  as  if  this  were  true,  for 
plaster,  sand,  and  coloring  matter  must  neces- 
sarily be  the  same  in  each  piece  of  work. 

Nobody  but  the  director  of  works  of  the 
exposition  knows  how  many  schemes  were  ex- 
amined to  solve  this  problem.  The  final  solu- 
tion was  simple  enough,  but  after  what  a 
struggle  !    It  was  this  : 

We  got  the  plaster  mills  to  agree  to  furnish 
all  the  material  to  be  used  with  the  color 
already  mixed  as  it  came  from  the  mill,  so 
that  every  plasterer  perforce  had  the  same 
color,  and  the  exposition  company  furnished 
all  sand  of  a  uniform  color.    Thus  we  sue- 


328 


CALI I-X")R.\ I A'S  MAGAZI NE 


Palace  of  Horticulture  andTcwers  entrance  (Sourt  of  Palms 


ceeded  in  disposing  of  problem  number  two. 
The  third  problem  did  not  offer  any  great 
dilTicuIty.  A  coat  of  lime  plaster  was  put 
on  the  wood  lath,  followed  by  a  finished  coat 
of  "hard-wall,"  with  some  additional  mixture 
in  the  latter,  giving  a  very  hard  surface,  far 
more  durable  than  the  ordinary  stucco  finish. 
It  took  a  long  time  to  arrive  at  the  right  color 
value  to  .satisfy  the  color  sense  of  Mr.  Guerin, 
but  witli  that  accomplished  our  troubles  were 
over  and  a  long  step  had  been  taken  in  expo- 
sition work. 

It  is  difficult  indeed  to  describe  the  effect 
of  the  material  w-e  had  produced.  It  is  like 
stone  and  at  the  same  time  it  is  not  like  it. 
All  the  expositions  of  the  past  either  have 
been  whitened  or  paint  has  been  used  on  the 
exterior  surfaces,  and  there  can  be  little  dif- 
ference of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  lack  of 
satisfaction  with  both  methods.  We  who  have 
been  connected  with  this  work  felt  from  the 
beginning  that  some  means  had  to  be  found 
to  improve  on  past  conditions;  just  what,  we 
did  not  know,  but  our  faith  in  the  possibility 
never  wavered,  and  that  it  was  well  justified  I 
believe  will  be  the  opinion  of  every  visitor  to 


the  exposition  in  1915.  Many  visitors  may 
not  realize  or  appreciate  the  effort  that  has 
been  made  along  these  lines,  but  each  and 
every  one  will  realize  that  the  effect  is  har- 
monious and  agreeable,  that  there  is  a  gen- 
eral color  tone  that  glows  with  the  softness 
of  a  piece  of  antique  marble,  and  that  the 
mural  paintings  and  flat  colors  are  an  actual 
part  of  the  walls  and  not,  as  so  often  has  been 
the  case,  an  individual  spot. 

This  idea  has  been  carried  into  everything. 
The  roofs,  the  flags,  even  the  planting,  are 
made  to  take  proper  place  in  the  color  scheme 
adopted,  the  backbone  of  which  is  our  Tra- 
vertine rock,  imitation,  if  you  will,  but  Tra- 
vertine just  the  same,  a  stone  to  which  nature 
has  given  the  loveliest  of  colors. 

To  produce  this  general  effect  of  one  great 
color  scheme  has  been  the  constant  effort  of 
those  having  it  in  charge,  and  it  is  their  belief 
that  the  result  measures  up  to  what  had  been 
hoped  for.  Thus  the  exposition  celebration 
of  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  proves 
that,  even  in  this  day  and  this  generation, 
different  arts  can  and  have  been  made  to  work 
in  real  harmony. 


Liberal  Arts 

By  Theodore  Hardee 

Chief  of  Liberal  Arts.  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editors  Note:  Mr.  Hardee  tells  of  the  many  wonderful  exhibits 
that  may  be  seen  in  the  giant  Palace  of  Liberal  Arts  and  also  in 
that  portion  of  the  Palace  of  Machinery  which  is  devoted  to  machines 
given  to  the  manufacture  of  the  products  of  the  graphic  arts.  Through 
the  liberal  arts  man  has  attained  his  present  stage  of  cultivation,  and 
Mr.  Hardee's  article  is  an  exposition  of  the  displays  in  his  depart- 
ment. 


LIBERAL  ARTS  rank  high  in  the  expo- 
sition's classification  of  exhibits,  em- 
bracing, as  they  do,  the  applied  sciences  which 
indicate  the  result  of  man's  education  and 
culture,  illustrate  his  tastes,  demonstrate  his 
inventive  genius  and  scientific  attainment  and 
express  his  artistic  nature.  Thus  they  include 
electrical  methods  of  communication,  musical 
instruments,  theatrical  appliances  and  equip- 
ment, instruments  of  precision,  medicine  and 
surgery,  chemistry  and  pharmacy,  photog- 
raphy, civil  engineering,  typography  and  pub- 
lications, architecture,  map  and  model  making 
— in  brief,  nearly  everything  pertaining  to 
the  higher  branches  of  human  progress.  The 
fact  that  the  world-total  of  exports  of  the 
products  of  liberal  arts  is  about  8  per  cent 
of  all  export  trade  is  indicative  of  the  impor- 
tance played  by  the  liberal  arts  in  the  indus- 
trial world. 

The  liberal  arts  display  presented  in  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  con- 
sits  of  interesting  processes  and  products  rep- 
resentative of  the  highest  types  in  all  parts 
of  the  world.  The  six-acre  floor  area  of  the 
Palace  of  Liberal  Arts  and  30,000  square  feet 
of  floor  space  in  the  Palace  of  Machinery,  for 
some  of  the  heavier  exhibits,  are  devoted  to 
their  exhibition.  The  exhibits  from  the  United 
States  are  classified  in  industrial  groups,  while 


foreign  displays  are  grouped  in  accordance 
with  nationality.  Everything  is  entered  in 
competition  by  the  international  jury  on 
awards. 

GOVERNMENTAL  EXHIBIT 

The  most  extensive  exhibit  in  this  depart- 
ment of  the  exposition  is  the  display  entered  by 
the  United  States  government,  occupying 
66,000  square  feet  and  inclusive  enough  to 
illustrate  comprehensively  the  workings  of  the 
governmental  machinery  of  the  greatest  repub- 
lic on  earth.  Included  are  a  miniature  model 
of  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  dis- 
plays from  the  printing  office,  the  isthmian 
canal  commission,  the  reclamation  service,  the 
bureau  of  standards,  the  Smithsonian  Institute, 
the  National  Red  Cross  Society,  the  civil  ser- 
vice commission,  the  supervising  architect's 
office,  the  census  bureau,  the  educational  and 
medical  bureaus  of  the  War  and  Navy  depart- 
ments, the  Library  of  Congress,  the  labor  bu- 
reau, the  Indian  office,  the  bureau  of  parks 
and  reservations,  the  public  health  service,  and 
other  important  agencies  of  the  government. 

The  great  strides  made  in  the  development 
of  wireless  telegraphy,  as  well  as  the  still 
later  eft'orts  in  the  development  of  wireless 
telephony,  since  the  last  great  international  ex- 
position, are  exhaustively  demonstrated  here 
amonfr  other  American  exhibits. 


330 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


In  a  booth  erected  at  a  cost  of  over  $30,000 
the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Com- 
pany has  prepared  a  remarkable  display.  The 
exterior  of  the  booth  is  at  once  unique,  beau- 
tiful and  patriotic,  being  a  huge  curved  map 
of  the  United  States,  showing  the  development 
of  telephone  and  telegraph  service.  The  map 
is  illuminated  from  the  back  and  the  principal 
rivers,  lakes,  mountains,  valleys,  plains  and 
cities  are  picked  out  with  jeweled  lights.  Be- 
hind it  are  several  enclosures,  one  of  them 
a  theatre  for  moving  pictures  and  practical 
demonstrations  of  long  distance  telephony  by 
which  the  audience  is  able  to  hear  speech  from 
distant  points.  Other  services  of  wire  and 
cable  are  also  practically  demonstrated  in  this 
structure  and  there  are  displays  of  historical 
significance  showing  the  development  of  early 
forms  of  instruments  into  modern  appliances. 

The  General  Acoustic  Company's  exhibit 
of  dictagraphs  and  instruments  employed  in 
the  "Turner  system"  of  inter-office  communica- 
tion demonstrates  how  business  transaction  is 
expedited  through  this  remarkable  invention, 
and  how  the  little  instruments  are  adapted  to 
the  detection  of  crime. 


Here,  also,  occupying  600  square  feet,  is 
shown  the  De  Forest  Radio  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  system,  a  simple  looking  apparatus 
by  which  wireless  telephony  is  conducted.  By 
means  of  this  wonderful  system  the  exposition 
management  intends  keeping  constantly  in 
touch  with  the  great  fleet  of  warships  com- 
posing the  international  naval  pageant  while 
en  route  to  San  Francisco  from  Hampton 
Roads  via  the  Panama  Canal  this  spring,  with 
President  Wilson  at  its  head. 

A  "working  exhibit,"  installed  by  the  Star 
Electric  Company,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Aero  Fire  Alarm  Company,  consists  of  a  cen- 
tral fire  alarm  station  for  the  102  boxes  scat- 
tered throughout  the  exposition  grounds  and 
buildings.  These  boxes  are  absolutely  non- 
interfering  and  successive,  so  that  nine  alarms 
may  be  sounded  simultaneously  and  all  register 
in  rapid  succession — just  three  times  the  num- 
ber that  could  be  so  registered  with  surety 
before  the  advent  of  this  type  of  box.  The 
central  station  equipment  includes  a  twelve- 
circuit  switchboard,  an  eight-circuit  automatic 
repeater,  four  local  engine  house  circuits,  a 
signal  wheel  for  transmitting  still  and  special 


EXPOSITIONS 


331 


alarms,  a  punching  register  and  an  automatic 
time  stamp  that  is  controlled  by  a  self-winding 
electric  clock.  In  the  same  booth  is  located 
the  exposition's  central  police  station,  with 
facilities  for  telephonic  communication  with 
the  headquarters  of  the  military  guards.  Here 
also  the  Star  Electric  Company  exhibits  its 
various  styles  of  apparatus. 

In  a  magnificent  booth,  covering  2000  square 
feet,  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Coaipany 
demonstrates  for  the  visiting  world's  instruc- 
tion how  its  system  is  operated.  Mural  illus- 
trations show  such  particulars  of  its  mysteries 
as  could  not  be  demonstrated  comprehensively 
in  more  practical  form.  How  messages  are 
relayed  around  the  world  is  one  of  the  matters 
made  clear  to  the  "uninitiated"  by  this  exhibit. 

There  are  also  many  other  interesting  ex- 
hibits in  the  group  devoted  to  electrical 
methods  of  communication. 

The  wonderful  exhibit  in  the  field  of  har- 
monics runs  practically  the  whole  gamut  of 
musical  instruments  from  the  latest  in  great 
pipe  organs  to  the  lesser  instruments  of  more 
common  usage.  Where  processes  of  manufac- 
ture can  conveniently  be  shown  they  are  util- 
ized, especially  in  the  ingenious  devices  for 
automatically  reproducing  vocal  and  instru- 
mental music,  including  phonographs,  grapho- 
phones  and  talking  machines,  self-playing  or- 
chestrions, electric  pianos  and  other  mechan- 
ically operated  musical  instruments. 

GREAT  PIPE  ORGAN 

Installed  as  a  working  exhibit  in  Festival 
Hall  is  a  $50,000  pipe  organ  which  was  built 
by  the  Austin  Organ  Company  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  in  accordance  with  plans  drawn  by  a 
committee  of  the  i\merican  Guild  of  Organ- 
ists. It  is  71  feet  high,  40  feet  wide  and  20 
feet  deep,  with  113  speaking  stops,  five  key- 
boards and  an  auxiliary  echo  organ  in  the 
crystal  dome  of  the  building.  For  its  opera- 
tion a  35  horse-power  electric  motor  is  required 
and,  during  the  exposition,  it  will  be  played 
by  the  most  celebrated  organists  available, 
among  them  Mr.  Edwin  H.  Lemaire  of  Lon- 
don, who  has  been  engaged  to  give  more  than 
one   hundred   recitals.      At   the   close   of   the 


exposition  this  magnificent  instrument  will  be 
presented  by  the  exposition  management  to  the 
municipality  of  San  Francisco  and  placed  in 
the  million  dollar  auditorium  which  is  an 
adjunct  of  the  exposition  proper.  In  this 
organ's  construction  all  "freak"  attachments 
have  been  omitted,  the  purpose  of  its  designers 
being  to  maintain  the  sentiment  of  grandeur 
and  nobleness  which  essentially  pertains  to 
such  an  instrument. 

A  feature  of  the  Victor  Talking  Machine 
Company's  extensive  exhibit  is  a  demonstra- 
tion of  the  Victrola's  utility  as  a  teacher  of 
singing.  Considerable  floor  space  is  given  over 
to  the  display  of  the  Columbia  Graphophone 
Company,  a  detail  of  which  is  a  demonstra- 
tion of  how  records  are  made. 

INSTRUMENTS   OF   PRECISION 

Most  prominent  among  the  exhibits  of  "in- 
struments of  precision"  and  symbolizing  the 
applied  sciences  represented  by  the  liberal  arts 
is  the  great  telescope  which  stands  under  the 
dome,  weighs  ten  tons,  measures  forty  feet 
long,  has  a  20-inch  lens  and  was  made  ex- 
pressly for  the  Chabot  Observatory  at  Oak- 
land, Cal.,  by  the  Warner  &  Swasey  Co., 
makers  of  the  famous  Lick  and  Yerkes  tele- 
scopes. When  directed  at  its  zenith  the  object 
glass  of  this  telescope  is  thirty-eight  feet  above 
the  floor.  All  of  its  optical  parts,  including 
the  lens,  are  the  product  of  the  John  A. 
Brashear  Company.  As  its  magnifying  power 
ranges  from  100  to  1000  diameters,  its  size 
is  not  exceeded  by  more  than  three  telescopes 
on  earth. 

The  National  Cash  Register  Company,  in  an 
exhibit  covering  2600  square  feet,  shows  cash 
registers  of  its  manufacture  in  all  established 
shapes  and  sizes,  together  with  processes  of 
their  making  either  demonstrated  or  depicted. 
For  the  latter  purpose  a  motion  picture  theatre 
is  utilized. 

There  are  also  numerous  displays  of  adding 
and  calculating  machines,  among  the  principal 
exhibitors  being  the  Burroughs,  the  Dalton, 
the  New  Standard,  the  Felt  and  Tarrant  and 
the  Marchant.  Gate  registers  are  shown  by  the 
Coin  Machine  Manufacturing  Company. 


332 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


The  Toledo  Scale  Company  takes  up  1000 
square  feet  and  similar  space  is  occupied  by 
the  KeufFel  cSc  Esser  Co.'s  display  of  laboratory 
apparatus,  nautical,  surveying  and  other  deli- 
cate instruments.  Comprehensive  optical  ex- 
hibits are  placed  by  the  Bausch  &  Lomb  Co. 
and  the  A.  Lietz  Company. 

Related  to  the  exhibits  classified  as  "medi- 
cine and  surgery"  is  the  Exposition  Hospital, 
a  "working  exhibit"  established  under  the 
auspices  of  the  United  States  Health  Service. 
Its  equipment  is  largely  furnished  by  various 
exhibitors  and  it  is  maintained  for  first  aid 
treatment  of  bodily  injuries  received  by  persons 
within  the  exposition  enclosure.  It  is  fully 
equipped  with  all  necessary  appliances,  and 
has  a  library  of  the  most  up-to-date  medical 
and  surgical  literature,  as  well  as  a  corps  of 
competent  doctors  and  surgeons.  Its  X-ray 
apparatus  is  pronounced  the  finest  and  most 
complete  ever  manufactured. 

Johnson  &  Johnson  have  an  extensive  display 
of  dressings.  The  Chicago  Company  has  an 
exhibit  of  artificial  limbs,  and  other  exhibitors 
in  this  group  are  the  Carnes  Company,  the 
Chicago  Company,  the  Aunger  Company,  and 
A.  A.  Marks.  Similarly  the  Columbus  Dental 
Company,  the  Harvard  Company,  and  the 
Dentists'  Supply  Company  have  interesting 
exhibits  in  their  line. 

Chemistry  and  pharmacy  are  extensively  rep- 
resented. The  group  covering  twenty-four 
classes — all  of  vast  interest  even  to  the  layman. 
The  Radium  Therapy  Corporation  of  New 
\'()rk  has  an  exhibit  showing  the  utility  of 
radium  as  a  healer,  and  also  a  demonstration 
of  the  process  of  preparing  radio-active  water 
at  home. 

Other  attractive  exhibits  are  of  perfumes 
by  Paul  Rieger  &  Co.  of  San  Francisco  and 
the  California  Perfume  Company  of  New 
York ;  dentifrices  by  the  Sanitol  Company ; 
alkalis  by  the  Solvey  Process  Company ;  face 
creams  and  lotions  by  the  Laughlin  Fruit  Re- 
fining Company,  Walter  H.  Willet  and  Chan- 
nell  Chemical  Company ;  biological  products 
by  the  Cutter  Laboratory  and  various  products 
by  the  Western  Carbonic  Gas  Company,  the 


Ohio  Chemical  and  Manufacturing  Company, 
the  West  Disinfecting  Company,  the  Emerson 
Drug  Company,  and  the  American  Druggists' 
Syndicate. 

Photography,  in  the  particulars  of  its  equip- 
ment, processes  and  products  is  exhibited  in  the 
Palace  of  Liberal  Arts.  The  Eastman  Kodak 
Company  and  the  Ansco  Company  each  shows 
how  its  cameras  are  made  and  how  its  cameras 
make  pictures.  Moving  picture  machinery  is 
displayed  by  the  Nichols  Power  Company,  and 
the  Vanoscope  demonstrates  how'  "movies" 
may  be  operated  in  tlie  home.  Specimens  of 
fine  portraiture  are  contributed  by  the  Sprague- 
Hathaway  Company  and  by  Kathryn  Hop- 
kins, and  scenic  and  commercial  views  by  Mr. 
H.  C.  Tibbitts.  A  pictorial  booth  especially 
devoted  to  artistic  photography  shows  a  splen- 
did collection  of  about  five  hundred  carefully 
selected  pictures  of  the  highest  merit.  Pho- 
tographers' and  cinematographic  supplies  are 
shown  by  the  Simplex  Photo  Products  Com- 
pany. 

In  the  field  of  graphic  arts,  printing  and 
bookmaking  are  practically  demonstrated  on  a 
large  scale.  The  San  Francisco  Chronicle 
shows  how  a  metropolitan  daily  is  turned  out, 
and  the  Hearst  publications,  in  the  Palace  of 
Machinery,  have  a  continuous  demonstration 
of  the  latest  Hoe  press,  printing  three  sections 
of  a  Sunday  newspaper  at  one  time.  Other 
exhibitors  in  this  group  are  numerous,  covering 
presses  and  other  machinery,  typewriters,  en- 
graving equipment,  bookbinding  machinery, 
books  and   publishers'  displays. 

A  working  model  of  the  New  York  State 
barge  canal  system  covers  2000  feet  in  the 
space  allotted  to  civil  engineering,  showing 
how  its  $150,000,000  network  of  waterways  is 
operated.  Road  building  is  demonstrated  by 
the  highly  interesting  displays  made  by  the 
Austin  Western  Road  Machinery  Company 
and  the  Graves-Spears  Road  Machinery  Com- 
pany, which  includes  exhibits  from  the  Ohio 
Road  Machinery  Company,  the  Buffalo  Steam 
Roller,  Powder  and  Mining  Machinery  Com- 
pany, and  the  Smith  and  Sons  Manufacturing 
Company. 


EXPOSITIONS 


333 


The  architectural  group  shows  a  20-foot 
high  model  of  the  new  Woolworth  Building  in 
New  York  city — the  tallest  building  in  the 
world. 

Among  the  "working  exhibits"  elsewhere  on 
the  exposition  grounds,  in  addition  to  those 
already  mentioned,  are  the  garbage  and  refuse 
disposal  plant ;  a  reproduction  of  the  Panama 
Canal,  which  is  a  big  feature  in  the  Zone  (this 
exposition's  street  of  carnival  fun)  ;  the  opera 
chairs  in  Festival  Hall,  and  the  Remington 
typewriters  and  Columbia  dictaphones  used  ex- 
clusively in  all  the  offices  of  the  exposition 
management. 

Twelve  hundred  square  feet  of  the  Palace 
of  Liberal  Arts  contain  a  display  of  theatre 
chairs  by  the  Wisconsin  Seating  Company. 


The  American  Map  Makers'  Company  has 
800  square  feet  covered  by  its  exhibit,  and 
B.  J.  S.  Cahill's  modern  map  of  the  "earth 
cut  in  two"  is  also  on  exhibition. 

In  the  foreign  section  of  the  Pala.ce  of  Lib- 
eral Arts  elaborate  exhibits  touching  the 
numerous  branches  of  the  liberal  arts  are  made 
by  the  following  countries :  Japan,  China, 
Netherlands,  Uruguay,  Great  Britain.  Ger- 
many, Italy  and  Argentina. 

While  the  various  exhibits  given  specific 
mention  in  this  article  by  no  means  exhaust  the 
list  of  attractions  housed  in  the  colossal  Palace 
of  Liberal  Arts,  they  are,  however,  compre- 
hensive and  representative,  illustrating  the  gen- 
eral scope  of  the  exhibit  of  this  highly  interest- 
ing department  of  the  exposition. 


The  Courts  of  the 
Exposition  are  un- 
questionably among 
the  most  attractive 
features  of  the  great 
enterprise.  In  these 
courts  there  is  to  be 
found  a  spirit  of 
beauty  and  brooding 
peace  that  has  never 
before  been  reached 
in  any  work  that  has 
not  been  hallowed  by 
age.  It  is  the  dignity 
and  peace  of  some 
ancient  city,  sancti- 
fied by  time. 


ntranee  to  (?oart  of  The  Tour  Seascns  from  eourt  of  Palms 


-sr^-uTiajaga^sgr^v 


Live  Stock 

By  I.  D.  Graham 

Associate  Chief  of  Live  Stock  at  Paiiaina-Facific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  A^ofc:  The  live  stock  exhibit  at  the  exposition  is  the  most 
extensive  and  comprehensive  of  any  exhibition  of  hve  stock  in  the 
world.  More  has  been  offered  for  premiums  and  prizes  for  live  stock 
than  has  ever  before  been  offered,  the  total  aggregating  almost  $500,- 
000.  Mr.  Graham's  article  deals  comprehensively  with  these  inter- 
esting topics.  He  is  a  widely  known  authority,  and  his  declarations 
will  be  treasured  for  many  years. 


THOUGHT  is  the  deed  in  the  gristle. 
To  conceive  of  a  wonder  work  and  to 
carry  the  conception  through  to  fruition  under 
adverse  circumstances  stamp  the  caliber  of 
the  people  who  do  great  things  and  of  the  men 
who  are  their  leaders  in  thought  and  action. 

The  Panama  Canal  is  justly  ranked  as 
one  of  the  greatest  engineering  feats  of  all 
history,  and  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition,  which  celebrates  this  achievement, 
is  another  wonder  work  and  tlie  greatest  of 
its  kind.  To  have  executed  the  one  within 
tlie  time  and  money  limits  only  adds  to  the 
virtue  of  the  accomplishment,  and  to  have 
duplicated  this  record  in  the  building  of  the 
other  and  the  throwing  open  of  its  gates  on 
the  date  announced  was  no  less  a  creditable 
performance. 

As  it  is  true  that  live  animals  and  birds 
hold  an  interest  for  every  human  being,  and 
as  it  is  true  that  the  most  successful  expo- 
sitions that  have  ever  been  held  in  any  part 
of  the  world  are  those  in  which  live  stock 
■constitutes  an  important  feature,  and  as  it  is 
further  true  that  the  dominant  motif  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  is 
education,  and  that  there  can  l)e  no  adequate 
exhibit  of  the  resources  of  any  country  which 
does  not  include  its  live  stock,  it  is  only  fitting 
that  the  department  of  live  stock  should  have 


been  given  a  large  place  not  only  in  the  expo- 
sition but  in  the  special  activities  which  serve 
to  distinguish  this  exposition  from  previous 
ones. 

That  the  interest  in  the  live  stock  exhibits 
is  general  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  there  are 
more  than  forty  pure  bred  record  associations 
which  have  appropriated  money  for  supple- 
mental premiums  to  be  awarded  to  their  sev- 
eral breeds,  and  that  the  amount  so  appro- 
priated is  larger  than  that  given  by  such 
associations  to  any  previous  exposition.  It 
is  further  shown  by  the  fact  that  more  states 
in  the  Union  have  appropriated  money  for 
live  stock  in  this  exposition  than  ever  before, 
aiul  these  appropriations  together  with  that 
which  has  been  set  aside  by  the  exposition  for 
the  payment  of  premiums  aggregate  approxi- 
mately $500,000. 

Every  phase  of  the  live  stock  industry  that 
can  be  handled  within  the  limitations  existing 
has  been  provided  for  by  the  department  of 
live  stock.  The  displays  in  this  department 
arc  made  in  two  grand  divisions.  First,  the 
view  herds  and  flocks  which  are  to  be  main- 
tained throughout  the  period  of  the  exposition 
from  tlie  opening  to  September  20  as  non- 
competitive, educational  exhibits  supplied  and 
maintained  by  the  breed  record  associations ; 
and    second,    the   competitions    for    premiums 


EXPOSITIONS 


335 


which  will  take  place  from  October  1  to  the 
close  of  the  exposition. 

This  maintenance  of  view  herds  affords  the 
visitors  an  opportunity  to  see  the  animals  in 
wdiich  all  are  so  greatly  interested,  regardless 
of  the  time  of  their  visit  to  the  exposition,  and 
in  this  respect  this  department  is  unique. 

The  buildings  contain  more  room  in  fewer 
structures  than  was  provided  for  in  the  last 
great  exposition,  and  were  erected  at  a  total 
cost  of  $150,000.  The  barns  provided  for  the 
larger  animals  are  eight  in  number  and  contain 
1124  stalls.  These  barns  are  grouped  about 
the  forum  or  show  ring,  which  is  provided 
with  ample  seating  capacity,  and  the  arrange- 
ment is  such  that  all  animals  are  led  directly 
from  their  stalls  into  the  show  ring,  thus 
facilitating  the  judging. 

It  has  been  the  purpose  of  the  department 
of  live  stock  as  planned  by  Chief  D.  O.  Lively 
and  executed  under  his  direction,  to  make 
every  activity  of  educational  value.  Not  only 
are  the  animals  shown  in  the  competition  for 
premiums  and  in  the  view  herds,  but  special 
events  are  provided  for,  many  of  which  show 
their  characteristics  and  their  value  to  man- 
kind. 

In  spite  of  the  prediction  that  the  motor 
vehicle  would  supplant  the  horse,  it  is  true 
that  there  never  was  a  greater  demand  for 
horses  of  quality  or  at  a  better  price  than  now 
exists,  and  the  horse  has  a  very  prominent 
place  in  the  activities  of  this  department.  Not 
only  did  he  appear  in  the  universal  polo  tour- 
nament in  March,  but  is  the  principal  feature 
of  other  events  as  well.  In  June  and  October 
will  be  held  two  light  harness  race  meetings 
in  which  a  total  of  $227,000  in  purses  and 
stakes  will  be  hung  up.  In  each  of  these 
periods  of  racing  there  will  be  one  race  for 
trotters  and  one  for  pacers  for  a  purse  of 
$20,000  each,  making  four  different  r;^ces  for 
this  amount. 

Then  there  will  be  the  special  horse  show, 
which  is  of  great  utilitv  and  high  social  im- 
portance, in  which  provision  is  made  for  show- 
ing the  best  qualities  of  horses  of  all  breeds. 
In   connection   with    this   will    be   the   special 


cavalry  events  provided  for  the  commissioned 
olificers  of  both  the  regular  armies  and  the 
national  guards  of  all  countries,  to  which 
has  been  added  a  series  of  events  for  the  en- 
listed men  as  well. 

Problems  of  importance  to  the  dairy  in- 
dustry and  which  have  not  yet  been  solved 
by  the  practical  dairyman  are  being  taken  up 
for  solution.  The  feeding  of  cows  for  the 
best  results;  the  balancing  of  dairy  rations 
from  among  the  available  feedstufifs  in  differ- 
ent sections ;  the  sanitary  care  of  both  animals 
and  stables ;  the  sanitation  and  care  of  milk 
for  use  in  ordinary  commerce,  for  the  supply 
of  the  hotel  and  restaurant  trade,  for  infants 
and  hospital  use  as  well  as  for  the  manufacture 
of  butter,  cheese,  ice  cream  and  other  products 
is  being  undertaken ;  the  reduction  of  the 
bacterial  count ;  the  methods  of  the  medical 
milk  commission  and  the  boards  of  health ; 
the  bacteriological  examination  of  milk  to- 
gether with  its  chemical  tests,  and  other  prob- 
lems which  may  suggest  themselves  form  a 
part  of  this  programme. 

Thousands  of  dollars  are  lost  each  year  by 
the  flock  masters  and  farmers  of  America  be- 
cause of  lack  of  care  and  method  in  the 
sorting  and  grading  of  their  wool  clip.  In 
other  countries  where  wool  production  is  a 
prominent  industry  great  care  is  exercised  in 
sorting  and  grading  the  clip  so  that  the  fleeces 
from  the  lambs  will  be  baled  together  and 
those  from  the  rams  in  a  separate  receptacle, 
while  the  tag  ends  of  all  fleeces  are  sorted  and 
separated  for  their  own  market.  It  follows, 
as  a  desirable  feature  that  in  this  connection, 
will  be  ^^eld  a  sheep  shearing  contest  in  which 
practical  men  and  women  from  all  countries 
will  compete  for  the  premiums  in  the  use  of 
both  hand  and  power  shearing  machines.  Also 
there  will  be  held  a  series  of  old-fashioned, 
sheep  dog  trials,  serving  to  demonstrate  the 
remarkable  intelligence  and  training  of  this, 
most  useful  helper  to  the  flock-master  and 
shepherd. 

In  addition  to  the  individual  fat  classes 
provided  in  the  diff^erent  classifications,  there 
will  be  a  competition  provided  for  car  lots  of~ 


336 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


fat  animals  in  order  to  demonstrate  just  what 
are  the  market  requirements  for  beef,  pork 
and  mutton.  In  this  there  is  a  separate  classi- 
fication made  for  swine  of  the  lard  type  and 
another  for  swine  of  the  bacon  type,  for  the 
first  time  in  tlie  history  of  expositions. 

There  is  ni)w  being  conducted  an  egg-laying 
contest  in  wliich  birds  from  foreign  countries 
are  competing  witli  those  from  many  diiferent 
states  in  the  Union,  and  which  is  provided 
for  the  special  benefit  of  the  utility  poultry- 
man.  The  poultry  show  which  will  be  held 
late  in  November  is  provided  more  especially 
for  the  fancy  in  breeding,  and  this  now  prom- 
ises to  be  one  of  the  greatest  exhibits  of  poultry 
.and  pigeons  that  has  ever  been  conducted. 

There  will  l)e  a  universal  kennel  show  under 
tlie  rules  of  tlie  department  of  live  stock  of 
the  Panama- Pacific  International  Exposition, 
in  which  dogs  of  all  nations  and  breeds,  with 
due  recognition  of  equal  privileges  for  each, 
will  be  shown.  The  same  will  apply  to  the 
universal  cat  show  which  will  also  be  con- 
ducted under  the  department  rules  and  in 
which  classification  is  made  for  all  recognized 
varieties  of  both  long-hair  and  short-hair  cats. 
This  Avill  be  followed  immediately  by  the  pet 
stock  show,  for  which  full  classification  is 
provided. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  special 
activities  of  the  department  of  live  stock  and 
■one  of  more  than  ordinary  significance  will 
be  the  show  of  children's  pets,  with  which  the 
activities  of  this  department  will  culminate. 
It  is  contended  that  no  child  can  attain  to  that 
•development  of  mind  and  heart  which  makes 
for  the  good  of  humanity  and  civilization  so 
readily  or  at  such  an  early  period  as  when 
-provided  with  animal  pets.  Consideration  for 
•others,  affection,  self-confidence  and  self- 
reliance,  with  many  another  good  quality  is 
thus  developed  which  can  not  come  to  him  so 
■  early  or  so  well  in  any  other  w-ay.  For  this 
reason  it  is  planned  to  invite  the  children  to 
"bring  their  pets  and  enter  them  for  exhibition 
in  competition  for  the  prizes  offered  and  to 
liave  these  pets  judged,  not  as  breeding  animals 
.or  birds,  and  not  as  utilitv  animals  or  birds. 


but  simply  and  solely  for  their  adaptability 
and  usefulness  as  pets  for  children. 

In  carrying  out  the  educational  features  of 
this  department  a  large  assembly  hall  has  been 
built  on  its  grounds  for  the  accommodation  of 
numerous  live  stock  organizations  which  will 
hold  their  annual  meetings  in  San  Francisco 
in  1915.  This  hall  is  provided  with  moving 
picture  and  magic  lantern  apparatus  and 
means  of  demonstration  for  the  public  instruc- 
tion   and    entertainment. 

Feed  is  provided  by  the  department  of  live 
stock  for  all  animals  and  birds  and  is  sold  to 
the  exhibitors  without  profit.  This  is  done  to 
accommodate  the  exhibitors,  who  are  thereby 
spared  the  necessity  of  searching  for  their  feed 
supplies  after  arrival  here,  and  it  is  also  in- 
tended to  protect  them  against  extortionate 
charges. 

There  is  no  charge  for  stall  rent,  exhibit 
space,  entry  fees,  or  water  in  the  department 
of  live  stock,  though  a  nominal  charge  is 
made  for  cooping  and  feeding  the  poultry, 
pigeons,  pet  stock,  dogs,  and  cats. 

The  exhibition  dates  for  the  different  classes 
and  groups  of  domestic  animals  in  competition 
for  [premiums  will  be  as  follows : 

Horses,  mules,  asses — September  30  to 
October  13,  1915. 

Cattle,  beef  and  dairy — October  18  to 
November   1,    1915. 

Sheep  and  swine — November  3  to  Novem- 
ber 16,  1915. 

Car  lots  of  fat  stock — November  1  I  to 
November   14,    1915. 

Poultry  and  jngeons — November  18  to 
November  28,  1915. 

Dogs  and  cats,  pet  stock  and  children's  pets 
will  occupy  the  time  between  November  28 
and  the  close  of  the  exposition. 

The  purpose  of  the  department  of  live  stock 
is  not  only  to  give  a  great  exposition  of  the 
results  of  the  breeders'  art,  but  to  leave  a  large 
and  permanent  influence  for  good  upon  the 
breeding  industry  of  the  world  as  well  as  upon 
the  live  stock  industry  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
regions,  and  the  already  assured  success  of 
Chief  Lively's  plans  will  do  all  this  and  more. 


Horticulture 

Bj;  George  A.  Dennison 

Chief  of  Horticulture  of  the  PaiuiDia-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  The  horticultural  exhibit  at  the  exposition  is  the 
most  wonderful  ever  shown.  Alany  interesting  displays  are  pre- 
sented from  China,  Japan,  England,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Cuba, 
Canada,  the  Philippines,  The  Netherlands,  France,  and  other  lands. 
The  vast  Palace  of  Horticulture  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings 
on  the  exposition  grounds,  and  Mr.  Dennison  describes  what  is  to  be 
seen  in  this  building,  as  well  as  the  out-of-door  floral  displays. 


IN  MAGNITUDE  and  general  character, 
the  horticultural  exhibit  at  the  Panama- 
Pacific  International  Exposition  far  surpasses 
all  previous  exhibitions  of  the  kind  held  any- 
where. It  is,  also,  distinguished  as  the  first 
ever  to  be  presented  in  a  distinct  department 
of  its  own  bv  any  international  fair  in  the 
world's  entire  series.  The  comprehensive  scope 
of  this  exhibit,  the  magnificence,  wonder  and 
novel  beauty  of  its  displays,  the  unique  plan 
underlying  it  all  and  the  wonderfully  artistic 
presentation  of  the  "best  of  the  best"  from  the 
horticulture  of  the  many  nations  participating, 
render  it  historical  in  importance,  as  well  as 
vastly  entertaining  and  instructive  to  all  who 
join  the  exposition's  throng  of  guests. 

The  horticultural  exhibit  includes  represen- 
tative displays  touching  practically  every  im- 
portant phase  of  horticulture  as  it  is  carried 
on  in  China,  Japan.  England,  Scotland.  Ire- 
land, Australia,  New  Zealand,  Canada,  The 
Netherlands,  France,  Italy,  Argentina,  Cuba, 
the  Philippines,  Hawaii  and  the  following 
states  of  this  continent :  Oregon,  ^^'ashington, 
L'tah,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  California, 
Colorado,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Louisiana.  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  Florida,  and  Maryland. 


The  general  plan  of  this  great  exhibit  is 
based  on  three  divisions :  The  outdoor,  the 
conservatory  and  the  economic  display. 

MAMMOTH   GARDEN 

A  mammoth  garden  of  nine  acres  lying  to 
the  north  of  the  great  Palace  of  Horticulture 
and  in  front  of  the  Inside  Inn  has  been  set 
aside  for  the  outdoor  exhibits.  Every  partici- 
pating state  and  nation  has  a  part  of  its  hor- 
ticultural display  in  this  Brobdingnagian  gar- 
den. The  Netherlands  and  the  .State  of  Massa- 
chusetts exhibit  out  of  doors  exclusively. 

Holland's  unified  exhibits  in  this  garden 
are  presented  under  the  auspices  of  the  Na- 
tional Board  of  Horticulture  of  the  Nether- 
lands and  are  of  such  character  as  to 
represent  the  quintessence  of  the  floral  culture 
industry  as  it  is  famously  carried  on  in  that 
country.  A  flowering  mass  of  sixty  thousand 
bulbs  is  but  an  item  in  this  gorgeous  feature 
of  the  exposition.  Trees  that  have  attained 
the  growth  of  years  in  their  native  Dutch  soil 
are  seen  here  large,  beautiful,  and  flourishing 
in  their  new  environment,  by  the  side  of  rho- 
dodendrons, trained  conifers  and  numerous 
other  botanical  specimens  all  set  out  in  relation 
to  a  definite  landscape  garden  effect,  as  de- 
signed by  Mr.  D.  T.  Tersteeg  of  Maarden, 
Holland — the  most  noted  among  the  many 
famous  landscape  architects  of  his  country. 


338 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


A    COLONIAL    VLSTA 

The  displays  of  Massachusetts,  representing 
the  combined  offerings  of  her  best-known 
growers,  constitute  a  colonial  garden  in  which 
a  fountain  and  sun-dial  are  quaint  ornamental 
features.  The  landscape  treatment  here,  which 
was  planned  by  Mr.  Stephen  Child,  one  of 
the  foremost  representatives  of  his  profession 
in  the  United  States,  has  a  thoroughly  prac- 
tical side,  while  being  also  a  masterpiece  of 
beauty,  as  it  is  designed  as  an  object  lesson 
showing  liow  to  make  the  most  effective  use 
of  the  trees  and  other  forms  of  plant  life  rep- 
resented. Notable  features  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts floral  displays  are  some  wonderful 
gladioli  exhibits  by  Mr.  Arthur  Cowes.  Mr. 
John  Lewis  Child  and  Mr.  B.  flaniin(md 
Tracy,  the  most  noted  gladioli  growers  in 
America.  There  is  also  a  splendid  assemblage 
of  stately  carnations  consisting  chiefly  of  va- 
rieties developed  by  the  exhibiting  growers. 
These  include  the  "Princess  Dagmar"  by  Mr. 
\y.  D.  Patten,  and  the  "Bcnora,"  the  "Gor- 
geous" and  the  "Alice"  by  Mr.  Peter  P'isher. 
Here  is  illustrated  one  of  the  basic  plans  un- 
derlying the  whole  great  horticultural  exhibit 
— to  induce  each  exhibitor  to  present  for  uni- 


versal inspection  and  enjoyment  whatever  is 
his  own  original  and  greatest  contribution  to 
the  botanical  world,  whether  it  be  a  variety 
distinguishable  for  early  maturity,  rapid 
growth,  sizable  proportions,  extreme  produc- 
tiveness, commercial  superiority;  depth  of, 
delicacy  or  novelty  of  color ;  distinctiveness  of 
aroma  or  flavor,  or  any  other  characteristic. 
This  individualizes  the  displays,  attaching  to 
each  an  element  of  personal  interest  apart  from 
other  significances. 

One  of  the  greatest  and  most  interesting  di- 
visions of  the  outdoor  horticultural  display  is 
the  California  Garden.  This  was  laid  out  by 
Mr.  Carl  Purdy,  best  known  for  his  original 
botanical  work  which  made  possible  the  do- 
mestication of  California  wild  flowers.  Among 
tlie  features  included  here  is  an  extensive  show- 
ing of  Luther  Burbank's  famous  creations; 
also  wonderful  displays  of  California  roses 
and  palms  and  a  great  exhibit  by  C.  C.  Morse 
i.\:  Co.,  the  famous  seed  growers. 

FROM   CHRYSANTHEMUM   LAND 

The  Japanese  display  in  this  glorious  garden 
is  made  under  the  direction  of  the  govern- 
ment bureau  of  forestry.  The  landscape  treat- 
ment, a  rare  work  of  art,  is  the  design  of  Han- 


EXPOSITIONS 


339 


nosuke  Izawa,  the  greatest  of  Japan's  land- 
scape architects,  and  it  holds  many  a  surprise 
for  the  exhibition  visitor. 

In  that  portion  of  the  outdoor  exhibit  known 
as  the  "Eastern  Garden"  is  a  general  area  for 
the  miscellaneous  exhibits  not  grouped  with 
the  bulk  of  growers'  displays.  Here  is  to  be 
found  a  magnificent  exhibition  of  roses  from 
Rhode  Island  and  Maryland;  wonderful  new 
heliotropes  of  exquisite  color  and  rich  fra- 
grance from  New  Jersey;  iris  and  peonies 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  countless  other  deli- 
cate beauties  from  the  many  flowering  zones 
of  the  world. 

Great  interest  has  been  excited  among  the 
rose  growers  of  all  nations  by  the  international 
rose  contest  in  which  the  exposition  offers  a 
$1000  trophy  for  the  finest  rose,  unnamed  and 
heretofore  unexhibited,  but  which  is  to  be 
developed  for  the  admiration  of  the  world  for 
the  first  time  at  this  exposition.  A  spacious 
rose  bed  which  was  set  apart  for  these  lovely 
flowering  competitors  is  in  itself  a  spot  of  novel 
beauty  and  is  surrounded  by  the  choicest  prod- 
ucts of  such  famous  English  growers  as 
Kellogg  &  Co.  and  Sutton  and  Sons.  -  The 
prize  is  to  be  awarded  by  an  international 
board  of  judges  composed  of  botanical  experts. 
Whatever  rose  receives  the  vote  of  honor  will 
be  given  a  name  commemorative  of  the  great 
exposition  wherein  it  grew  and  blossomed  to 
a  world-wide  fame.  Among  the  renowned  rose 
growers  who  have  entries  in  this  contest  are 
Mr.  Hugh  Dickson,  Belfast,  Ireland;  Samuel 
McGredy  &  Co.,  Potsdown,  Ireland ;  Mr.  E. 
Pernet-Ducher,  Venissieu-Lyon,  France;  Dob- 
die  &  Son,  Edinburgh,  Scotland ;  S.  Bide  & 
Son.  Farnham,  Surrey,  England;  Mr.  E.  G. 
Hill,  Indiana;  Brant-Hentz  Flower  Company, 
New  Jersey. 

WONDERFUL    STRUCTURE 

The  conservatory  displays  of  the  horticul- 
tural exhibit  are  held  in  the  Palace  of  Horti- 
culture. Considered  apart  from  its  relation 
to  the  wonderful  exhibits  it  domiciles,  this 
structure  is  in  itself  a  feature  attraction.  It  is 
colossal  in  size,  672  by  320  feet,  made  almost 
entirely  of  glass,  surmounted  bv  a  huge  glass 


dome  1 853/2  feet  high  and  152  feet  in  diameter, 
larger  than  that  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  This 
structure  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $341,000. 
Here  the  different  parts  of  the  world  that  are 
horticulturally  famous  present  the  choicest  and 
most  magnificent  collection  of  specimens  ever 
assembled  in  a  mammoth  hothouse. 

Under  the  great  dome  the  visitor  finds  a 
tropical  garden — the  exhibit  of  Cuba.  Grow- 
ing herein  is  an  elaborate  and  representative 
collection  of  trees  and  other  plant  forms  which 
made  fourteen  carloads  when  brought  from 
tropical  Cuba.  There  is  mycrocycus  1000 
years  old,  royal  palms,  giant  tree  ferns,  trop- 
ical lilies,  bamboo  palms,  bread  fruit,  banana 
trees,  mangoes,  guanabano,  cocoanut  trees  and 
date  palms  in  actual  bearing,  and  the  finest 
specimens  of  crotons  ever  shown  in  this 
country. 

The  Hawaiian  exhibit  in  the  Palace  of 
Horticulture  is  given  under  the  direction  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  xAgriculture. 
Hibiscus,  one  of  the  many  forms  of  vegetable 
life  native  in  Hawaii,  is  displayed  by  the  side 
of  other  famed  and  representative  plants. 

Australia  exhibits  giant  tree  ferns  whose 
size  eclipses  by  far  that  of  any  heretofore 
shown  in  America. 

From  the  Philippines  is  a  great  floral 
treasure  bed  rich  with  the  blooming  exhibit 
of  more  than  four  hundred  varieties  of  dainty 
orchids,  all  different  but  blending  their  wealth 
of  colors  in  one  indescribable,  picturesque 
expanse. 

A  feature  of  Japan's  conservatory  display 
is  an  aquarium  of  gold  fish  which  gives  the 
typical  Oriental  flavor  to  the  plant  and  floral 
displays  of  that  country,  besides  being  an 
object  of  rare  interest  and  wonder  in  itself. 

ECONOMIC    FEATURES 

The  economic  section  of  the  horticultural 
exhibit  is  also  housed  in  the  Palace  of  Horti- 
culture. The  dominant  idea  in  the  displays 
here  presented  has  been  to  show  plant  life  and 
its  products  in  relation  to  actual  use — rather 
than  to  mass  mere  objects  of  curiosity  and 
rarity  for  idle  sightseeing  purposes.  Herein 
the    horticultural    exhibit    at    this    exposition 


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CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


marks  another  distinct  departure  from  prece- 
dent and  places  itself  on  a  uniciue  and  practical 
basis.  As  a  wliole,  this  part  of  the  exhibit 
is  a  great  industrial  demonstration,  of  in- 
struttive  \alue  and  interest,  showing  processes 
as  well  as  products. 

A  model  cannery,  the  combined  exhibit  of 
the  National  Canners'  Association,  is  shown  in 
operation,  conducted  under  the  direction  of 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  A.  W.  l^itting,  the  most  noted 
food  technologists  in  America.  Doctor  Bitting 
excels  as  a  chemist  while  Mrs.  Bitting  is  an 
expert  microscopist.  This  cannery  exhibit 
demonstrates  the  various  processes  involved  in 
fruit  canning  from  the  moment  the  fruit  is 
received  in  lug-boxes  to  the  final  matter  of 
being  crated  for  delivery  to  the  grocer.  No 
detail  has  been  omitted  and  everything  is  done 
in  public  view.  As  the  canning  industry  is 
one  in  which  horticulture  reaches  its  fullest 
and  most  practical  commercial  expression,  this 
feature  of  the  great  exhibit  is  proving  one  of 
overwhelming  popularity. 

Similarly,  there  is  an  orange  packing  house 
showing  every  process  involved  in  this  industry 
— receiving,  brushing,  grading,  wrapping,  box- 
ing and  mailing.  A  raisin  seeding  exhibit  in- 
structs the  world  graphically  as  to  the  labor 
and  methods  required  in  preparing  this  com- 
modity for  market. 

Another  intensely  interesting  feature  is  pre- 
sented by  C.  C.  Morse  &  Co.,  whose  demon- 
stration is  of  packing  flower  seeds  for  retail 
distribution.  Each  variety  of  seed  thus  fea- 
tured is  shown  in  the  fulness  of  its  final  flower- 
ing glory  by  an  extensive  exhibit  of  blooming 
pot  plants. 

A  comprehensive  exhibit  of  dried  fruits  in 
air-tight,  sanitary  packages  of  various  pojailar 


sizes  illustrates  the  modern  tendency  (brought 
about  by  the  encouragement  of  Wells.  Fargo 
(^  Co.)  of  doing  away  with  carrying  exposed 
fruits  in  bulk  ([uantities. 

An  ingenious  display  of  horticultural  ma- 
chinery shows  practically  everything  up  to  date 
in  the  line  of  appliances  and  implements  used 
in  the  care  and  handling  of  the  soil,  plant 
forms  and  their  products.  And  a  display  of 
allied  interest  and  of  wonderful  beauty  is  tin- 
exhibit  of  objects  for  garden  ornamentation, 
of  which  fountains,  garden  seats  and  statuary 
are  exemplary.  The  state  exhibits  included 
among  those  of  the  economic  division  illustrate 
the  various  phases  of  horticulture  as  carried 
on  in  their  respective  localities.  To  this  end 
there  have  been  entered  many  splendid  ex- 
hibits of  fresh  and  dried  fruits,  commercial 
packages  of  horticultural  products,  and  pho- 
tographs showing  orchards  and  gardens  and 
methods  employed  in  their  cultivation. 

FIVE-FOLD   PURPOSE 

As  a  whole  the  horticultural  exhibit  at  the 
exposition  was  planned  with  a  five-fold  purpose 
— to  appeal  with  equal  interest  to  the  tourist, 
the  visitor,  the  student,  the  business  man  and 
the  investor.  The  tourist  sees  the  pride  and 
glory  of  the  soil  from  the  "other"  sections  of 
the  world  ;  the  visitor  is  entertained  by  the 
beauty  and  novel  wonder  of  all  that  is  before 
him.  The  student  finds  an  unequaled  oppor- 
tunity to  increase  his  store  of  knowledge  of 
all  points  pertaining  to  the  horticulture  of  the 
earth.  The  business  man  finds  the  exhibits  of 
commercial  products  so  arranged  as  to  permit 
the  placing  of  orders  on  the  spot.  And  the 
investor  is  enabled  to  discover,  through  actual 
living  evidence,  the  productive  possibilities  of 
soil  from  almost  every  section  of  the  earth. 


IV/r  AN  IS  incomprehensiljle  without  Nature,  and  Nature  is  inconi- 
^  ^  prehensible  apart  from  man.  For  the  delicate  lovehness  of  the 
flower  is  as  much  in  the  human  eye  as  in  its  own  fragile  petals,  and  the 
splendor  of  the  heavens  as  much  in  the  imag'ination  that  kindles  at  the 
touch  of  their  g-lory  as  in  the  shining-  of  countless  worlds. — Hauiilfoji 
JJ'righf  Mahic. 


Food  Products 

By  Thomas  G.  Stallsmith 

Chief  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 


Editor's  Note:  This  department  was  organized  on  April  1,  1913. 
It  contains  two  great  palaces,  the  Palace  of  Agriculture,  embracing 
a  floor  area  of  approximately  eight  acres,  and  the  Palace  of  Food 
Products,  covering  the  same  amount  of  ground.  In  addition  to  the 
exhibit  space  in  these  two  palaces  much  outside  space  is  devoted  to 
exhibits  of  agricultural  machinery,  pumps,  windmills,  and  forestry 
exhibits.  ^Ir.  Stallsmith's  article  describes  some  of  the  principal 
features  illustrated  by  his  department. 


AS  AGRICULTURE  is  the  most  funda- 
mental and  varied  of  the  industries,  the 
exposition's  exhibit  of  all  that  pertains  to 
agricultural  pursuit  and  food  products  has 
been  planned  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  and 
diversity  that  reflects  their  importance  and 
multiform  character.  The  exhibits  are  con- 
tained principally  in  two  great  palaces — the 
Palace  of  Agriculture,  embracing  a  floor  area 
of  approximately  eight  acres,  and  the  Palace 
of  Food  Products,  covering  about  the  same 
space — while  an  outdoor  area  is  occupied  by 
forestry  exhibits  as  well  as  displays  of  agri- 
cultural machinery,  pumps,  and  windmills,  and 
a  portion  of  the  Palace  of  Machinery  houses 
the  exhibit  of  the  office  of  public  roads,  this 
being  a  branch  of  the  exhibit  of  the  United 
States  department  of  agriculture. 

Listed  by  classification  the  whole  exhibit  of 
agriculture  and  food  products  consists  of  dis- 
plays reaching  into  the  numerous  interesting 
phases  of  farm  equipment  and  methods  of  im- 
proving lands,  agricultural  implements,  and 
farm  machinery,  fertilizers,  tobacco,  appli- 
ances and  methods  used  in  agricultural  indus- 
tries, theory  of  agriculture  and  agricultural 
statistics,  vegetable  food  products  and  agricul- 
tural seeds,  appliances  for  gathering  wild  crops 
and  ])roducts  obtained,  animal  food  products. 


equipment  and  methods  employed  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  foods  and  beverages,  farinaceous 
products  and  their  derivatives,  bread  and 
pastry,  preserved  meat,  fish  and  vegetables, 
sugar  and  confectionery,  condiments  and  rel- 
ishes, nut  and  other  foods,  waters  and  unfer- 
mented  fruit  juices,  wines  and  brandies,  syrups 
and  liquors,  distilled  spirits  and  commercial 
alcohol,  fermented  beverages,  inedible  agricul- 
tural products,  useful  insects  and  their  prod- 
ucts, injurious  insects  and  plant  diseases,  for- 
estry, and  forest  products. 

The  exhibits  included  here  are  drawn  from 
the  following  states  and  foreign  countries : 
California.  Utah,  Washington.  Louisiana. 
Michigan,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Colorado,  Iowa, 
New  York,  Oregon.  Illinois.  Kansas,  Nevada, 
Massachusetts.  Indiana.  Alabama.  Georgia. 
Virginia,  Pennsylvania.  Wisconsin,  Montana, 
Arkansas.  Porto  Rico,  Cuba.  Philippine  Is- 
lands, Japan,  China,  New  Zealand,  Uruguay, 
Italv.  Netherlands,  Argentine.  Spain,  France, 
and  China — in  addition  to  an  extensive  and 
extremelv  interesting  exhibit  by  the  United 
States  department  of  agriculture. 

The  governmental  exhibit  of  our  own  coun- 
try comprises  displays  made  respectively  by  the 
bureaus  of  plant  industry,  animal  industry, 
chemistrv.    weather,    biological   survev,    forest 


342 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


service,  the  office  of  experimental  stations,  and 
the  office  of  public  roads — all  being  branches 
of  the  federal  department  of  agriculture. 

INSTRUCTIVE    EXHIBITS 

The  bureau  of  plant  industry  shows  speci- 
men varieties  of  grains,  both  in  heads  and  in 
the  seeded  state,  as  well  as  of  corn  and  rice, 
and  illustrates  through  its  exhibit  the  govern- 
ment's work  in  grain  standardization.  Fac 
simile  models  of  fruit  are  used  for  an  instruct- 
ive object  in  showing  numerous  forms  of  fruit 
diseases.  A  cross-section  miniature  steamship 
with  a  cargo  of  corn  shows  the  deterioration 
to  which  various  portions  of  the  cargo  are 
liable,  depending  upon  relative  proximity  to 
tlie  surface.  Other  phases  of  the  exhibit  of 
this  bureau  relate  to  tobacco,  fibers,  plants 
grow-n  for  drugs,  soil  bacteriology,  and  seed 
investigation. 

The  exhibit  of  the  bureau  of  animal  in- 
dustry is  divided  into  four  parts  :  Meat  inspec- 
tion, field  inspection,  animal  husbandry  work, 
and  dairy  work.  The  first  of  these  includes  a 
comparative  display  of  healthy  and  diseased 
tissue,  along  with  pictures  of  inspectors  at 
work;  and  a  miniature  model  of  a  municipal 
abattoir  shows  the  type  of  slaughter  house 
recommended  for  the  use  of  small  cities.  The 
exhibitive  group  relating  to  field  inspection 
contains  models  illustrating  the  best  methods 
of  dipping  cattle  and  sheep  for  the  eradication 
of  disease.  Poultry  has  come  in  for  a  generous 
share  of  attention  in  the  government's  work 
in  animal  husbandry,  as  the  exhibit  at  this 
exposition  w^ould  indicate.  Here  are  models  of 
the  types  of  houses,  trap  nests,  etc.,  used  on  the 
experimental  poultry  farms  of  Uncle  Sam  ;  an 
incubator  is  employed  to  show  the  more  rapid 
deterioration  of  fertile  over  non-fertile  eggs, 
proving  the  advisability  of  producing  only  non- 
fertile  eggs  for  market ;  comprehensive  col- 
lections of  poultry  feathers  are  also  exhibited, 
as  well  as  a  remarkable  collection  of  ostrich 
feathers  "grown  in  America"  and  loaned  for 
exhibition  by  the  Arizona  Ostrich  Growers 
Association  ;  an  extensive  collection  of  eggs  of 
domesticated  fowls,  including  the  ostrich,  is 
another  interesting  item  in  this  display ;    here, 


too,  is  an  exhibit  of  wool  clippings  and  hides ; 
and  work  in  developing  horses  for  army  re- 
mounts is  shown  by  a  series  of  pictures.  Uncle 
Sam's  tireless  efforts  directed  toward  the  clean 
milk  movement  are  typified  by  the  exhibit  re- 
lating to  the  dairy  work  done  by  this  bureau. 
A  miniature  model  shows  the  type  of  dairy 
approved  for  its  features  of  sanitation  and  con- 
venience, and  a  series  of  forty-eight  interesting 
pictures  tells  without  words  "The  Story  of 
Clean  Milk,"  dealing  with  every  detail  in- 
volved in  its  handling  from  its  extraction  from 
the  cow  to  its  delivery  to  the  consumer. 

FOR  PURE  FOOD 

Wliat  the  government  is  doing  to  enforce 
the  pure  food  and  drug  laws,  the  net  weight 
and  package  laws,  and  the  insecticide  laws  is 
revealed  by  the  exhibit  of  the  bureau  of  chem- 
istry. This  bureau  also  has  an  exhibit  showing 
the  chemical  constituents  of  well  known  brands 
of  baby  food;  and  allied  to  this  phase  of  the 
display  is  an  exhibit  which  "shows  up"  various 
patent  medicines  which  federal  investigation 
has  proved  to  be  "fakes." 

The  weather  bureau  has  on  exhibition  all 
the  different  kinds  of  apparatus  used  in  its 
service,  even  to  a  balloon,  a  box  kite,  and  in- 
struments for  determining  atmospheric  condi- 
tions far  overhead ;  and  a  huge  map  gives  a 
complete  daily  report  of  weather  conditions  in 
all  parts  of  the  United  States. 

As  tlie  work  of  the  bureau  of  biological 
survey  is  to  determine  which  of  the  wild  ani- 
mal forms  are  beneficial  and  which  harmful,  to 
study  likewise  their  habits,  and  to  determine 
further  the  best  means  to  their  extermination 
or  preservation,  according  to  whichever  is  de- 
sired, the  exhibit  of  this  service  is  instructive 
along  those  lines.  Items  in  this  display  are  an 
elk  group,  prairie  dogs,  birds,  both  of  bene- 
ficial and  injurious  varieties,  and  a  map  show- 
ing the  migrations  of  the  principal  birds. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  bureau  of  forest 
service  is  designed  principally  to  show  the  work 
in  the  administration  of  national  forests. 
Models  of  forests,  transparencies,  and  colored 
l)ictures  are  devoted  to  that  end.  There  is  also 
an   exhibit   of   forest   products,    and   a   model 


EXPOSITIONS 


343 


of  a  fire  lookout  tower  and  the  tools  emplo3'ed 
in  fighting  forest  fires. 

Interesting  features  in  the  exhibit  of  the 
office  of  experimental  stations  are  models  show- 
ing methods  of  irrigation  and  drainage ;  a 
calorimeter  model — a  modern,  scientific  instru- 
ment used  to  discover  the  energy  values  of 
different  foods  ;  and  a  kitchen  embodying  both 
in  construction  and  equipment  certain  ideal 
features  that  make  for  both  sanitation  and 
etficiency. 

The  exhibit  installed  by  the  office  of  public 
roads  and  contained  in  the  Palace  of 
Machinery,  comprises  thirty-eight  road  models 
illustrating  many  types  of  road  construction, 
and  shows  the  historical  development  of  roads 
from  those  in  the  days  of  the  ancient  Appian 
Way  to  the  present-day  macadamized  road. 
Another  part  of  this  bureau's  exhibit  shows  the 
locations  of  roads  in  the  national  reserves. 

Picturesque  in  character  is  the  Idaho  agri- 
cultural exhibit  which  includes  a  reproduction 
of  the  famous  Shoshone  Falls  showing  the 
agricultural  valleys  of  that  region  and  the 
system  of  irrigation  employed. 

CUBAN  SCENES 

Cuba  has  sent  a  reprint  of  Morro  Castle 
with  a  painting  of  Cuban  agricultural  scenery, 
together  with  displays  of  tobacco,  rice,  and 
other  characteristic  products  of  her  soil. 

From  the  Philippines  has  come  one  of  the 
finest  collections  of  high  grade  woods  ever 
assembled  for  exhibition.  Many  of  the  varie- 
ties are  exhibited  as  hardwood  floors  showing 
the  high  polish  which  they  are  capable  of  tak- 
ing. In  another  instance  a  choice  varietv  is 
displayed  in  form  of  a  huge  one-piece  table, 
twelve  feet  in  diameter,  beautifully  and  highly 
polished.  Native  Philippine  gums,  useful  for 
making  varnishes,  lacquers,  shellacs,  etc. ;  to- 
bacco, rice,  and  sisel  fiber  grown  in  that  land 
are  also  on  exhibition. 

New  Zealand  has  contributed  a  display  of 
refrigerated  meats  and  butter. 

The  exhibit  of  the  state  of  Washington  is 
quite  comprehensive  and  of  great  interest, 
showing  in  minute  detail  every  process  in- 
volved in  the  fish  canning  industrv  beginning 


with  the  spawning  stage  and  ending  with  the 
final  canning  of  the  actual  fish.  A  feature  is 
the  demonstration  of  the  "Iron  Chink" — a 
machine  which  beheads,  cleans,  weighs,  cuts, 
slices,  and  cans  the  fish,  all  without  their  once 
coming  in  contact  with  human  hands. 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries  has 
a  large  exhibit  showing  fish  hatcheries  in  oper- 
ation, and  the  Pacific  Coast  Fisheries  Asso- 
ciation has  a  display  occupying  1200  square 
feet  of  floor  space. 

FARM    IMPLEMENTS    SHOWN 

Farm  implements  are  shown  exhausti-\-ely  in 
the  Palace  of  Agriculture.  The  International 
Harvester  Company,  occupying  a  floor  area 
of  more  than  22,000  square  feet,  has  a  most 
extensive  display  of  its  agricultural  imple- 
ments—all in  operation.  The  Holt  Manufac- 
turing Company,  too,  has  an  exhibit  of  its 
farm  machinery,  one  of  the  unique  and  orna- 
mental features  of  this  display  being  a  farm 
house — complete  in  every  detail — built  of  solid 
oak.  Numerous  other  manufacturing  concerns 
of  prominence  have  their  implements  arrayed 
for  the  inspection  of  visitors;  the  result  is 
one  of  great  instructive  value  not  only  to  farm- 
ers but  also  to  the  entire  sight-seeing  world. 

A  huge  exhibit  installed  by  the  Sperry  Flour 
Company  shows  by  actual  demonstration  all 
the  processes  gone  through  from  the  cleaning 
of  wheat  to  the  baking  of  the  characteristic 
breads  and  pastries  of  the  many  nations  of 
the  world  after  the  flour  is  finally  made.  The 
mill  in  which  the  wheat  is  reduced  to  flour 
occupies  three  stories  of  the  building,  has  a 
capacity  of  360  sacks  of  flour  per  day,  and 
is  of  the  very  latest  design.  In  a  most  up-to- 
date  mechanical  bakery  the  many  steps  from 
wheat  to  bread  are  shown  without  human 
hands  once  touching  the  product.  Mechanical 
exhibits  in  this  connection  show  the  scientific 
side  of  the  milling  business.  But  the  most 
spectacular  feature  of  this  exhibit  is  in  the 
Booth  of  All  Nations  in  which  bakers  in 
characteristic  national  costume  demonstrate 
the  uses  of  Sperry  products  in  the  making  of 
the  special  confections  and  pastries  of  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world. 


344 


CALU-ORXIA'S  AIAGAZIXK 


'I"he  exhibit  made  by  the  Albers  l^rothers 
Milling  Company  is  a  colossal  bowl  of  mush 
through  which  the  constant  i)lay  of  a  jet  of 
steam  gives  the  appearance  of  ceaseless  cook- 
ing, and  "kewpies"  are  as  constant  in  their 
tasks  of  stirring  and  pouring  cream  into  this 
great  receptacle  with  its  steaming  contents. 

One  of  the  joint  exhibits  in  this  department 
of  the  exposition  is  a  model  kitchen  ec]uipped 
with  only  the  most  modern  appliances  of  the 
culinary  art,  and  presided  over  by  Mrs.  Louise 
Andrea  of  New  York,  a  noted  teacher  of 
cookery  and  originator  of  recijjes  for  food 
products. 

The  California  \'iticulture  Association 
offers  in  a  joint  exhibit  all  the  famous  Cali- 
fornia vintages  displayed  symbolically  in  a 
handsome  booth  built  in  pergola  style  and 
decorated  with  grapevines  in  natural  color. 

A  very  unique  feature  in  another  of  the 
joint  exhibits  in  the  Palace  of  Food  Products 
is  that  presented  by  the  California  Central 
Creameries.  Baskets  of  flow^ers  and  various 
tloral   designs   are  moulded  in  butter;     lilies. 


daisies,  and  such  sj)ecimens  as  can  be  faith- 
fullv  represented  by  the  color  of  butter  are 
iucludetl,  and  so  perfect  is  the  likeness  to  the 
real  living  flowers  that  they  can  scarcely  be 
distinguished.  This  display  is  the  art  work  of 
Mrs.  K.  M.  Cooksley  of  New  York. 

There  are  many  exhibits  of  tobacco  prod- 
ucts. One  of  the  most  picturesque  of  these  is 
that  of  the  Petri  Italian-American  Cigar  Com- 
pany whose  booth  is  presided  over  by  Italian 
women  tohacqucros  in  national  dress. 

Supplementing  the  many  exhibits  pro^jer  are 
a  number  of  motion  picture  theaters  in  the 
Palace  of  Food  Products  in  which  free  enter- 
tainments are  offered.  One  of  these  is  devoted 
to  the  uses  of  exhibitors  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for  in  this  scheme.  To  describe  or  even 
list  in  thorough  detail  all  the  various  displays 
housed  in  the  two  great  palaces  given  over  to 
the  exhibition  of  the  numerous  phases  of 
agriculture  is  impossible  in  the  space  at  hand. 
Comparatively  speaking,  only  a  handful  of 
the  many  vastly  interesting  displays  has  been 
mentioned  in  this  article. 


Landscape  Gardenin 

By  Donald  McLaren 

Acting   Chief  of  Lamiscapiug.  Panama-Pacific    International   Exposition. 

Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Donald  McLaren  is  the  son  of  Mr.  John 
McLaren,  whose  reputation  was  made  even  before  he  undertook  the 
tremendous  responsibihty  involved  as  chief  of  the  landscape  engineer- 
ing at  the  Exposition.  Mr.  Donald  McLaren,  like  his  father,  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  great  landscape  experts  of  the  present  day.  Indeed, 
it  is  the  opinion  of  noted  visitors  from  abroad  that  the  landscape 
effects  at  the  Exposition  have  not  only  never  been  surpassed,  but  have 
never  been  equaled  anvwhere.  Mr.  AIcLaren's  article  describes  some 
of  the  interesting  landscape  features. 


TO  CONVERT  a  635-acre  expanse  of 
barren  sand  dunes  into  a  famous  land- 
scape ;  to  have  it  verdant,  flowering,  and  boast- 
ing of  full-grown  trees  and  shrubs  from 
various  quarters  of  the  earth  ;  to  make  it  in 
every  way  picturesque  and  beautiful  in  a 
degree  befitting  its  association  with  the  most 
wonderful  and  highly  artistic  architecture  of 
the  day ;  to  bring  about  this  great  transforma- 
tion in  but  two  years'  time  may  see  incredible 
at  first  report.  Vet  such  was  done  in  beau- 
tifying Harbor  View  at  San  Francisco  as  the 
site  for  the  Panama- Pacific  International  Ex- 
position. 

That  this  task  was  one  of  magnitude  and 
presented  more  than  normal  difficulties  can 
be  understood  readily  when  it  is  considered 
also  that  all  the  great  areas  to  be  planted  were 
composed  of  drifting  sands  or  of  sands 
pumped  in  from  the  bav.  upon  which  no  or- 
namental plants  of  any  character  might  clier- 
ish  a  hope  for  existence.  The  entire  planting 
areas,  therefore,  required  covering  with  good 
surface  soil  to  a  depth  sufficient  to  maintain 
lawns  and  the  infinite  varieties  of  trees  and 
garden  plants  which  today,  in  their  full 
fruition,  clothe  the  Panama- Pacific  Interna- 
tional  Exposition  grounds. 


The  landscape  phase  of  the  exposition,  then, 
aside  from  being  a  magnificent  scene  for  the 
visual  delight  of  the  world,  may  be  regarded 
also  as  a  miracle  of  accomplishment  to  the 
great  triumph  of  California  soil  and  climate 
as  well  as  to  scientific  application.  The  trees 
and  shrubs  which  were  transplanted  in  their 
full-grown  state  and  replanted  here  took  to 
root  without  adverse  struggle,  and  the 
smaller  flowering  plants  developed  with  an 
amazing  swiftness,  as  if  conscious  of  the  im- 
portance of  the  part  they  were  to  plav  in  the 
big  plan  of  decorating,  and  anxious  to  do  it 
promptly  and  well. 

Another  landscape  problem,  special  with  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition,  was 
presented  by  the  duration  of  this  exposition. 
Opening  on  a  winter  date  (February  20)  and 
scheduled  to  close  on  a  winter  date  ( Decem- 
ber 4),  evergreen  varieties  exclusively  were 
necessarily  required  in  the  trees  and  shrubs 
used.  By  a  scheme  of  rotation  for  the  smaller 
plants  in  the  blooming  beds,  the  floral  blaze  of 
color  will  be  without  interruption  throughout 
the  whole  continuance  of  the  fair. 

rXIQUE   DESIGN 

The  general  landscape  design  of  this  ex- 
position  site   is  not   after   the  pattern  of  any 


346 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


other.  It  is  rather  a  treatment  developed  in 
determining  the  most  effective  way  to  handle 
the  variety  of  special  situations  which  this 
particular  site  presented.  On  account  of  the 
varied  conditions  prevailing  in  the  different 
parts  of  the  grounds — some  si)ots  being  bleak 
and  exposed,  while  others  are  naturally  shel- 
tered and  protected — there  has  been  an  abund- 
ance of  upi)ortunities  for  using  many  classes 
of  plants.  In  fact,  in  some  of  the  southern 
exposures  of  the  inner  courts,  many  high-class 
semi-tropical  plants  such  as  palms,  bananas, 
tree  ferns  and  weigandies  have  been  used  with 
exceedingly  good  effect. 

The  height  of  the  buildings,  too.  had  to  be 
taken  into  account  in  planning  the  general 
landscape  scene.  The  uniform  height  of  the 
various  structures  being  sixty  feet,  from  the 
ground  to  the  cornices,  extremely  large  trees 
have  been  banked  up  against  them.  For  this 
purpose  much  use  has  been  made  of  cypress 
and  eucalyptus  in  heights  ranging  from  thirty 
to  fiftv  feet.  All  of  these  trees  were  taken 
from  (iolden  Gate  Park  and  the  Presidio 
reservation,  and  their  total  number  represents 
the  largest  collection  of  evergreen  trees  ever 
moved  in  connection  with  any  landscape  work. 

In  the  general  plan  of  lay-out  there  are 
three  main  avenues  which  make  use  of  large 
specimen  palms  and  other  trees.  The  East 
Driveway,  between  the  Palace  of  Machinery 
on  one  side  and  the  Palace  of  Varied  Indus- 
tries and  the  Palace  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy 
on  the  other,  has  groups  of  individual  speci- 
mens of  Dracaena  indivisa — all  well  branched 
and  averaging  tw-enty  feet  in  height. 

The  buildings  named  above  are  clothed 
with  Monterey  cypress,  banked  up  with  Law- 
son  cypress  and  Thuya  gigantca.  in  front  of 
which  are  specimen  plants  of  various  firs  and 
spruces,  and  individual  specimens  of  Spanish 
fir  or  Abies  pinsapo'hdiVQ  been  set  out  between 
them  and  the  Dracaena  Avenue.  In  front  of 
the  firs  and  spruces  a  magnificent  blaze  of 
color  will  be  maintained.  During  the  opening 
days  of  the  exposition  bright  red  azalea  of 
Japan  keeps  that  stretch  of  earth  bright,  to 
be   followed  bv  a  bank  of   hvbrid  rhododen- 


drons from  Europe,  relieved  by  a  sprinkling 
of  Japanese  lilies  of  various  kinds.  The  last 
planting  in  this  rotation  will  be  of  Hydrangea 
Jwrtcnsis,  a  handsome  flower  of  pink  color. 

The  South  Driveway  is  planted  out  in  speci- 
men plants  of  Canary  Island  date  palms,  alter- 
nately spaced  every  thirty  feet  by  California 
fan  palms — all  ranging  from  eighteen  to 
twenty-five  feet  high.  There  is  a  double  row 
of  these  on  each  side  of  the  half-mile  driveway. 
The  trunks  of  these  palms  are  planted  with 
hardy  ferns  interspersed  with  color  furnished 
bv  ivy-leaf  geraniums,  mesembryanthemum 
and  other  plants.  Passion  vines,  planted  at 
the  bases  of  the  palms,  run  \.\\)  the  trunks  and 
out  over  the  leaves,  dropping  their  brilliant 
flowers  down  from  the  ends  of  the  leaves  in 
a  beautiful  festoon  effect. 

Facing  the  South  Driveway,  and  against 
the  south  fronts  of  the  buildings,  are  specimen 
plants  of  blue  gum  trees,  forty  to  fifty  feet 
high,  banked  up  w- ith  smaller  growing  varieties 
of  eucalyptus,  and  in  front  of  these  are  banks 
of  yellow  flowering  acacias  set  off  by  beds  of 
flowering  shrubs  and  pansies,  which  will  be 
replaced  later  on  during  the  exposition  by 
flowering  perennials,  and  after  that  by  dahlias. 

The  West  Driveway  too  has  made  much 
use  of  eucalyptus.  It  is  used  there  as  a  street 
tree  as  well  as  banked,  in  various  specimens, 
against  the  faces  of  the  buildings.  Variety 
in  effect  here  is  attained  by  other  kinds  of 
plants,  including  many  handsome  blooming 
favorites. 

UNINTERRUPTED    VIEW 

For  an  obvious  reason,  the  North  Driveway, 
fronting  on  the  North  Gardens  and  giving 
magnificent  views  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and 
the  hills  of  Alameda  and  Marin  counties,  is 
not  lined  with  avenue  trees.  Against  the 
buildings  exposed  to  this  driveway,  how-ever, 
Monterey  cypress  trees,  forty  to  fifty  feet  in 
height,  are  growing,  banked  by  smaller  speci- 
mens of  the  same  variety  together  with  hardy 
species  of  acacias. 

"Fountains  and  waters  are  the  soul  of  gar- 
dens," said  a  distinguished  Frenchman  two 
centuries  ago.     That  this  theory  is  accepted  to- 


EXPOSITIONS 


347 


day  finds  proof  to  some  extent  in  the  land- 
scape of  this  exposition.  The  various  pools 
and  fountains  and  lakes  which  abound  here 
as  part  of  the  architectural  scheme  have  utility 
also  in  adding  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  nu- 
merous forms  of  plant  life  which  are  arrayed 
with  graceful  poise  in  this  landscape  garden 
design. 

Because  of  the  magnificent  views  obtainable 
from  and  across  the  North  Gardens,  the  plant- 
ings here  have  been  restricted  to  simple  lawns 
relieved  by  groups  of  low-growing  hardy,  ever- 
green shrubs. 

FINE  ARTS  LAKE  PICTURESQUE 

One  of  the  most  picturesque  spots  in  the 
entire  landscape  is  afforded  by  the  Fine  Arts 
Lake.  Here  the  treatment  has  been  confined 
to  the  natural.  Natural  groups  of  evergreen 
shrubs  rise  from  the  small  promontories  and 
inlets  of  the  lake.  Many  large  trees  and 
shrubs,  as  well  as  10,000  periwinkle,  have 
been  set  around  the  borders  of  the  water. 
Here,  too,  have  been  planted  violets — a  mass 
of  5000  plants — whose  delicious  odor  rises 
with  welcoming  effect  from  a  bed  of  green  and 
purple  beauty.  A  simple  little  garden  retreat 
with  nooks  and  resting  places  lies  north  of 
the  Fine  Arts  Lake. 

The  South  Gardens  embrace  the  entire  ter- 
ritory between  the  Palace  of  Horticulture  and 
Festival  Hall.  Situated  herein  is  a  French 
garden  containing  three  large  and  magnificent 
pools,  and  ornamented  with  several  small  foun- 
tains, balustrades,  and  bursts  of  gaiety  in  the 
form  of  blooming  flower  beds.  Rising  from  a 
solid  expanse  of  yellow  pansies  is  a  beauteous 
bloom  of  yellow  daffodils.  Here,  too,  the 
scheme  of  color  rotation  will  be  followed. 
The  pansies  and  daffodils  will  be  followed  by 
a  gorgeous  bed  of  red  tulips,  and  the  final 
planting  will  be  of  Begonia  erfordi — beautiful 
flowering  plants  having  blossoms  of  dainty 
shell  pink.  The  rotation  for  this  single  part 
of  the  whole  landscape  involves  more  than 
a  quarter  million  plants. 

Along  the  southern  edge  of  the  South  Gar- 
dens is  a  very  unique  effect  which  marks  an 
original   treatment.      A  hedge  twenty  feet  in 


height,  eight  feet  wide  and  1150  feet  in  length 
is  built  by  a  masonry  of  7500  boxes  of  Mesem- 
bryantheiniiin  spectabilis — a  green  plant  very 
effective  for  such  a  use. 

On  both  sides  of  Festival  Hall  and  the 
Palace  of  Horticulture  four  imposing  groups 
of  trees,  fifty  feet  high,  have  been  planted  to 
give  the  harmonious  touch  demanded  by  the 
domes  of  those  great  structures.  Monterey 
cypress,  Monterey  pine  and  different  species 
of  acacia  are  utilized  banked  up  with  other 
kinds  of  trees  of  lesser  size,  while  specimen 
plants  of  Lawson  cypress  and  Thuya  gigatitea 
in  the  surrounding  lawns  give  finish  to  the 
groups. 

Each  of  the  main  courts  having  a  distinctive 
architectural  character  and  special  significance, 
the  landscape  treatment  in  each  has  been  made 
in  conformity. 

The  North  Avenue  leading  to  the  main 
court,  known  as  the  Court  of  the  Universe, 
is  distinguished  by  hedges  of  heaths,  massed 
in  variety  and  banked  with  red  azaleas.  'When 
these  flowers  have  passed  the  period  of  their 
blooming  glory  the  expanse  of  flaming  red 
will  be  maintained  by  rhododendrons. 

The  main  court  itself  is  decorated  with 
Italian  cypress — a  handsome  and  imposing 
variety  of  tree  whose  effectiveness  in  its  treat- 
ment here  is  strengthened  by  the  height  of  the 
trees,  reaching  forty  feet  in  the  air. 

In  the  West  Court,  or  Court  of  the  Four 
Seasons,  an  evergreen  treatment  of  trees  and 
shrubs  likewise  prevails.  Here  have  been  used 
some  of  the  higher  types  of  acacia  and  other 
trees,  and  ample  color  is  given  by  the  free 
use  of  specimen  bougainvilleas.  which  have 
been  trained  in  columns  twenty  feet  high  ;  also 
pillar  roses  of  the  same  height,  and  a  hand- 
some assemblage  of  hybrid  rhododendrons, 
while  water  lilies  motionlessly  swim  the  sur- 
face of  the  pools. 

In  the  Court  of  Abundance,  lying  to  the 
east,  a  feature  is  made  of  California  orange 
trees  transplanted  from  the  citrus  zone  with 
their  golden  globular  fruit  still  on  them  serv- 
ing as  a  wonderful  and  colorful  ornamenta- 
tion.   Here  also  are  vews  and  formal  Italian 


348 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


cypress  trees,  and  a  lavish  profusion  of  spring 
flowering  bulbs  and  summer  flowering  annuals 
add  brightness  and  greater  beauty  to  the  whole 
effect. 

As  the  name  would  suggest,  tlie  Court  of 
Flowers  is  distinguished  by  its  abundaiKe  of 
bright  colored  flowering  plants  of  many  sjjc- 
cies  renowned  both  for  beauty  in  form  of 
blossom  as  well  as  color.  Azaleas  and  a  won- 
derful collection  of  heaths  are  also  used. 

The  Court  of  Palms,  besides  its  showing  of 
the  different  palm  varieties,  presents  also  a 
collection  of  sweet-smelling  shrubs,  among 
them  being  mvrtle,  breath  of  heaven,  lavender, 
lemon  verbena,  rosemary,  and  others. 

The  Horticultural  Garden,  while  being  an 
integral  part  of  the  great  horticultural  exhibit, 
also  joins  harmoniously  in  the  general  land- 
scape effect  of  the  whole  exposition  and  will 
be  a  section  of  intense  interest  and  instruction. 

The  California  Garden  lies  within  the  old 
cypress  hedge  around  which  the  California 
Building  was  built,  and  its  general  ])lan  is  in 


replica  of  the  I*'orbidden  (iarden  in  the 
famous  SaiUa  liarbara  mission.  Only  native 
California  ])lants  are  grown  in  the  California 
Carden.  Among  them  are  such  favorite  and 
typical  species  as  wild  poppies,  Sequoias  forty- 
five  feet  bight  planted  in  groups,  madrone, 
joalms,  and  masses  of  bulbs  and  other  flowering 
plants  whose  compactness  makes  a  carpet  of 
excjuisite  color  and  design  from  which  the 
larger  shrubs  and  trees  rise  in  their  stately 
heights.  In  general  the  scheme  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Building's  exterior  and  the  California 
Garden  together  is  to  epitomize  the  State  as 
she  is  known  in  art  and  nature.  Mission  archi- 
tecture and  native  flora  join  in  unity  of 
])urpose. 

Taken  as  a  whole  the  landscape  garden 
effect  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Ex- 
position is  more  than  a  poetic  vision  of  out- 
door beauty — it  is  a  great  landscape  epic,  im- 
pressive beyond  words,  and  eloquent  of  the 
wonderful  fecundity  of  California  soil  and  of 
the  magical  maturing  power  of  her  climate. 


''  I  ""HERE  are  many  principles  to  apply,  and  many  essentials  to  jjro- 
^  vide,  if  we  would  add  years  and  decades  to  life,  and  retain  youth, 
virility  and  power  all  throuo-h  life ;  but  the  most  important  essential  is 
to  live  for  some  g'reat  and  wonderful  g'oal — to  work  for  something-  of 
tremendous  value  to  the  individual  and  the  race — to  have  some  ex- 
traordinary object  in  view  that  uiusf  1)e  realized  in  this  life  before  we 
can  think  of  going  elsewhere. 

Whatever  your  age  now,  be  it  fifty,  seventy,  or  ninety,  begin  at 
once  to  build  for  a  greater  future  than  you  ever  dreamed  of  before; 
and  fill  your  soul  with  persistent  desire,  unbounded  enthusiasm,  and 
invincible  determination  to  live  to  see  this  great  dream  come  true. — 
Eternal  rro'jrcss. 


^ 

St 

1 

» 

1  a^ 

sb 

>.jaH^^>^..       1^ 

^^P^.'^ffT^S^.     >r                                                                                                                  '^'^^Hl^^^^^^B 

aB^igi 

' 

■^:wf'";:--i>?=t^>f 

"--^^A.i^'"'. 

-J::s 

l^ll 

The   agricultural   demonstration  is   San   Diego's   boast.    The  model    intensive   farm  and  the  demon- 
stration of  large  scale  farming  are  rivaled  as  interest  arousers  by  the  great  citrus  orchards 

The  Panama-California 
Exposition 

By  Mark  S.  Watson 

Director  of  Fiihlicitx.  Fanaiiui-Califoniia   Exposition. 


Editor's  Xofc:  Mr.  Watson  in  the  foUowino-  pag'es  gives  a  clear 
idea  of  the  methods  by  which  the  San  Diego  Fair  has  been  made  a  suc- 
cess virtually  from  the  start.  His  account  will  prove  most  interesting- 
reading.  The  beautiful,  natural  setting  of  the  Panama-California  Ex- 
position, together  with  the  unique  ideas  employed  in  its  construction, 
are  noteworthy  reasons  for  its  delightful  qualities  and  its  popularity 
with  visitors. 


T  F  SAN  DIEGO'S  Panama-California  Kx- 
position,  which  was  started  several  months 
before  the  Panama-Pacific  at  San  F'rancisco. 
had  been  allowed  to  go  ahead,  without  the 
holding  of  the  larger  fair  at  the  nortli.  San 
Diego  would  undoubtedlv  have  built  an  expo- 
sition  patterned   after   those    of   Chicago   and 


St.  lA)uis.  \\  ith  tile  assistance  of  the  extraor- 
dinary climate  of  Southern  California  it  would 
undoubtedly  have  been  beautiful,  but  there 
would  have  been  little  else  to  commend  it 
above  all  other  fairs. 

Soon  after  the  exposition  was  started,  how- 
ever, it  was  announced  that  San  Francisco 
would  build  an  international  fair,  in  scope,  in 


350 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


The  largest  outdoor   oigaii   in   the   worlil,   its  curved  colonnades  partially   encircling  the 
Plaza   de   los   l^^stados.    It   is  permanent 


])urp()se.   and  in  treatment  l)roadly  similar  to 
the  great  world's  fairs  of  the  past. 

San  Diego  was  faced  with  the  question 
of  whether  it  would  build  a  similar  fair,  or 
de\-el()})  one  along  entirely  new  lines,  or  aban- 
don its  own  original  idea.  The  last  was  in- 
conceivable. I'he  first  was  obviously  inadvis- 
able. The  remaining  alternatiw  was  the  best, 
and  as  time  went  on  it  was  found  to  be  far 
better  than  it  was  guessed  at  the  outset.  By 
adopting  an  entirely  new  form  of  architecture 
so  far  as  exposition  treatment  was  concerned, 
the  Spanish  Colonial,  there  was  achieved  a  re- 
sult nothing  short  of  amazing.  By  adopting  a 
new  idea  in  entertainment  features  there  was 
gained  an  atmosphere  which  no  other  fair  ever 
conjured  up.  By  adopting  a  new  field  for  de- 
velopment the  exhibit  feature — the  raison 
d'etre  of  any  fair — leaped  into  importance 
chiefly  because  of  its  novelty,  timeliness,  and 
sincerity. 


At  some  time  after  the  opening  of  every  fair 
there  has  come  to  its  managers  the  sorrowful 
realization  that  mere  size  and  number  of  ex- 
hibits are  not  sufficient.  There  is  the  memory 
of  the  surprising  speed  with  which  the  visitors 
fairly  galloped  through  vast  halls  crammed 
with  exhibits  which  had  taken  years  to  assem- 
ble. This  was  the  first  field  for  endeavt)r 
which  San  Diego  noted,  and  here  came  the 
first  radical  change. 

NO    COMPErniVE    EXHIBITS 

"There  will  be  no  competitive  exhibits," 
came  the  ruling.  "The  bulk  of  our  ^•isitors 
will  not  care  to  see  forty  variants  of  the  same 
machine.  They  will  wish  to  see  only  the  best 
example  of  a  type.  Moreover,  they  will  wish 
to  see  it  so  displayed  as  to  demonstrate  just 
what  it  does  and  how  it  does  it." 

Hence  there  is  not  an  exhibit  by  a  dozen 
manufacturers  of  baking  machinery.  There  is 
one  section  of  the  Varied  Industries  Building 


SAN   DIEGO  FAIR 


351 


taken  by  a  large  flour  milling  company,  the 
whole  display  back  of  plate  glass.  On  the  up- 
per floor  is  a  dough  mixing  machine  of  the 
latest  type,  which  accurately  measures  con- 
stituent parts  and  sends  a  river  of  dough  down 
an  inclined  plane  to  a  kneading  machine, 
thence  out  through  a  cutter  which  measures 
the  dough  for  loaves  so  nicely  as  to  show  no 
appreciable  variation  in  a  run  of  several  thou- 
sand. Here  are  the  trays  on  which  the  loaves 
are  placed  and  carried  over  to  the  electric  and 
gas  ovens,  and  beyond  these  the  wrapping 
room  and  the  sales  room.  An  added  feature 
is  the  lecture  room  for  housewives.  The  whole 
thing  is  a  singularly  effective  demonstration 
of  one  important  branch  of  household  econ- 
omy. Incidentally,  this  exhibitor  supplies  all 
breads  used  on  the  exposition  grounds,  and 
instead  of  meeting  a  heavy  expense  charge 
each  month,  clears  a  neat  profit. 

In  tlie  same  building  is  an  orange  shipper, 
who  has  given  up  a  large  part  of  his  space  to 


an  orange  sorting  and  packing  machine  and 
another  machine  for  quick  preparation  of 
juice.  These  attract  the  attention  of  visitors 
who  immediately  become  desirous  of  sending 
to  some  one  in  the  East  a  small  box  of  oranges 
grown  within  a  short  distance  of  the  San 
Diego  Exposition — and  find  the  boxes  ready 
for  immediate  shipment.  A  hundred  examples 
could  be  cited,  but  these  are  sufficient  to  call 
attention  to  the  human  nature  of  the  exhibits 
and  the  effectiveness  of  San  Diego's  leap  for- 
ward from  old  time  traditions. 

Understanding  of  the  agricultural  display, 
the  most  notable  one  which  any  world's  fair 
has  devised,  must  be  preceded  by  some  infor- 
mation as  to  what  the  exposition  is  trying  to 
do,  not  for  the  city  of  San  Diego,  but  for  the 
great  West  which  has  responded  generously 
to  San  Diego's  invitation.  The  upbuilding  of 
tlie  West  has  been  rapid,  but  its  uninterrupted 
progress  must  be  based  on  one  essential — the 
development  of  the  enormous  resources  in  the 


Vice  President   Marshall    and    other  distinguished   visitors   review  the  parades 
held  in  the  Plaza  de  Panama 


352 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


soil.  Thus  San  Diego  seeks  to  call  the  world's 
attention  to  the  West's  farming  resources,  not 
by  oratory,  not  by  printed  matter,  but  by  in- 
telligible and  intelligent  display.  The  largest 
agricultural  implement  manufacturer  in  the 
world  has  taken  the  largest  exhibit  space  that 
company  ever  took,  and  is  simply  enlisting  the 
aid  of  San  Diego's  all-year  climate.  It  has  set 
out  an  orchard  in  which  there  are  bearing 
trees — treated  with  the  cultivators,  the  fer- 
tilizers, and  the  other  orchard  machinery 
which  that  company  makes.  It  has  reserved 
another  great  space  w^here  that  company's 
tractors  and  plows  and  reapers  are  at  work. 
It  does  not  stop  with  giving  the  farmer  the 
information  he  wants.  It  gives  the  city  man 
the  information  which  would  enable  him  to 
start  farming,  and  also  the  impetus  to  make 
use  of  that  information. 

INTENSIVE    FARM 

The  tourist  finds  adjoining  this  display  a 
model  intensive  farm  which  explains  to  the 
Easterner  that  a  great  tract  is  not  necessary 
for  profitable  farming,  that  results  can  be  at- 
tained on  a  few  acres,  and  that  the  farmhouse 
can  be  as  comfortable,  under  modern  condi- 
tions, as  the  city  residence.  Or  he  can  go 
across  the  way  and  see  an  orange  and  lemon 
orchard  in  full  bearing  power.  Or  he  can  see 
a  tea  plantation  transplanted  from  Ceylon,  an 
appealing  substitute  for  the  conventional  tea 
display.  Up  this  same  road  he  can  see  farm- 
ing implements  of  many  types  performing  the 
feats  which  only  modern  methods  can  perform. 

The  belief  is  that  this  will  start  a  back  to 
the  land  movement  of  great  proportions.  The 
Western  states  exhibiting  and  the  California 
sections  which  have  their  own  impressive  dis- 
plays are  making  use  of  that  possibility  and 
in  their  individual  buildings  are  sliowing  what 
they  have  to  oiTer  to  the  settler.  What  is  true 
of  farming  is  equally  true  of  mining,  or  for- 
estry, and  other  fields  of  endeavor. 

The  effort  to  have  the  exhibits  comprehen- 
sible is  followed  out  even  in  the  difficult  realm 
of  anthropology  and  ethnology,  in  which  the 


United  States  National  Museum  has  been  one 
of  the  chief  contributors.  The  display  in  the 
Science  of  Man  Building  is  so  arranged  as  to 
be  grasped  in  its  l)roadi,'st  features  by  the 
casual  visitor.  In  its  detail  it  strikes  home  as 
the  best  otTering  of  the  sort  wliich  world's 
fairs  have  shown,  this  being  recognized  at  the 
outset  by  the  scientific  societies  which  have  vis- 
ited the  exposition.  It  is  wortliy  of  mention 
that  some  of  the  casts  of  the  exhibit  are  now 
the  only  ones  in  existence,  being  the  only 
copies  of  certain  casts  destroyed  in  the  Euro- 
pean war.  The  portrayal  of  conditions  among 
the  ancient  Mayas  and  Aztecs  and  Incas  and 
Toltecs  is  incomparable. 

ON  THE  "isthmus" 

And  there  are  less  serious  features.  As  in 
all  cases,  there  is  the  "Pike,"  or  "Midway," 
only  here  it  is  the  "Isthmus,"  another  re- 
minder that  both  California  expositions  cele- 
brate the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal.  The 
canal  itself  is  duplicated  in  miniature  in  a 
remarkable  manner  in  one  of  the  largest  con- 
cessions. Indian  life  of  the  Southwest,  with 
200  Apaches,  Navajos,  Supais,  Hopis,  and 
Zunis  weaving  their  rugs,  shaping  their  pot- 
tery, and  hammering  out  their  metal  orna- 
ments in  a  setting  which  has  reproduced  with 
extraordinary  fidelity  the  Painted  Desert. 
There  is  a  typical  California  '49  camp.  There 
is  an  Hawaiian  village,  and  along  the  street 
the  many  other  attractions  of  an  amusement 
character.  In  the  streets  of  the  exposition  it- 
self wander  Spanish  singers  and  dancers. 

San  Diego  faced  a  big  task,  and  overcame 
it.  The  smallest  city  which  ever  built  a  fair 
of  these  jtroportions  lias  witnessed  the  en- 
tirely novel  feat  of  having  it  go  on  a  paying 
basis  in  the  second  of  its  twelve  months  of 
operation,  and  add  steadily  thereafter  to  net 
profits.  Ear  more  important,  it  is  accomplish- 
ing the  results  at  which  it  aimed.  It  is  calling 
attention  to  the  possibilities  of  the  great  West 
in  the  most  effective  manner  the  West  has  ever 
been  exploited  for  permanent  results.  The  na- 
tion will  be  the  winner. 


WOMAN'S  SECTION  — CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINP:  369 


CALIFORNIA'S 
WOMEN 


EDITOR'S  NOTE 


THE  articles  in  the  following  pages,  written  by  a  score  of  the 
representative  women  of  California,   are  not  presented  as  a 
complete  digest  of  what  women  are  doing  in  the  intellectual, 
economic,   and  industrial   development  of  the   state.    Thev  are  only 
typical. 

But  between  the  lines  may  be  discerned  the  characters  which  spell 
the  general  intent  of  woman's  participation  along  those  avenues. 
They  disclose  her  earnest  endeavor  to  do  the  things  which  shall  make 
for  the  betterment  of  her  state  and  the  improvement  of  the  conditions 
in  which  she  and  her  children  and  her  men-folk  live. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  no  difficulty  which  daunts  her,  no  work 
of  which  she  is  fearful,  and  no  avenue  which  she  considers  closed  to 
her  sex. 

The  collated  articles  are  but  a  fragment  of  what  might  have  been 
presented  had  space  permitted.  But  they  are  representative  and,  we 
believe,  are  a  credit  to  the  womanhood  of  California. 


Honorable  Phoebe  A.  Hearst 


WOMEN'S  ACTIMTIES  371 


California  as  a  Field 

for  Women's 

Activities 

By  Hon.  Phoebe  A.  Hearst 

Honorary  President  of  Women's  Board  of  PaNa/ua-Paeific  International  Exposition 
■  and   Regent    University    of    California 

AS  THE  RESULT  of  many  years'  observation  and 
experience  of  California  life  I  do  not  hesitate  to 
state  the  following  facts  which  may  be  of  interest 
to  women  who  contemplate  making  homes  in  California : 

In  California  women  have  been  recognized  since  pio- 
neer times  as  physically  and  intellectnally  qnalified  to 
occnpy  high  positions  of  trnst  and  responsibility  in  con- 
nection with  public  affairs,  and  have  discharged  the 
duties  of  such  positions  with  i^opular  recognition  of  their 
efficiency  as  well  as  with  popular  approval  of  their  devo- 
tion and  energy. 

In  California  enterprises  women  have  always  partici- 
pated not  only  as  owners,  but  as  directors  and  managers, 
and  have  certainly  attained  as  high  percentage  of  success 
in  such  affairs  as  men  have.  It  is  no  surprise  in  Califor- 
nia that  a  woman  should  decide  to  direct  her  own  business 
affairs.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  rather  expected  that  she 
will  manage  them,  for  during  the  several  recent  decades 
of  rapid  development  of  the  finance  and  industry  of  the 
State  women  have  made  good  in  such  undertakings. 


6/1 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


EDITORIAL 

MRS.  PHOEBE  APPERSON  HEARST  has  lived  so  long  in  California  that 
she  may  almost  be  regarded  as  a  native  daughter  of  the  Golden  State.  But 
she  was  not  born  in  the  West.  She  came  to  California  in  1862,  six  months  after 
her  marriage  to  George  Hearst,  who  later  became  United  States  Senator  from 
California.  She  ivas  born  in  Franklin  County,  Missouri.  William  Randolph 
Hearst,  the  newspaper  owner  and  publisher,  is  her  only  child. 

Mrs.  Hearst  has  two  homes  in  California,  the  famous  Hacienda  del  Poso  de 
Verona,  at  Pleasanton,  in  Alameda  County,  and  a  chateau  on  the  McCloud  River, 
in  the  north. 

At  the  Hacienda  Mrs.  Hearst  presides  as  a  princess  over  a  splendid  demesne. 
Here  she  entertains  in  a  lavish  manner  at  big  affairs  of  public  import  or  at 
the  small,  intimate  functions  incident  to  her  social  position. 

All  over  the  world  Mrs.  Hearst  is  known  as  the  Lady  Bountiful  of  California, 
and  as  the  First  Lady  of  the  State.  For  this  reason,  and  because  she  is  per- 
sonally loved  by  those  who  are  privileged  to  know  her,  she  was  chosen  to  be 
the  honorary  president  of  the  Woman's  Board  of  the  exposition,  which  body  is 
now  dispensing  the  State's  hospitality  at  the  California  Host  Building  at  the 
exposition. 

Her  philanthropies,  public  and  private,  her  generosity  to  institutions  of  learn- 
ing, and  enterprises  of  scientific  research,  her  kindly  nature  and  sweet,  womanly 
graciousness  to  all  with  whom  she  comes  in  contact  have  placed  her  at  the 
top  of  the  long  list  of  California  women  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  general 
public  and  in  the  deepest  affection  by  those  who  come  within  the  charmed  circle 
of  her  personal  friendship. 


AVO^IEN'S  ACTIVITIES  373 


The  enfrancliisenieiit  of  women  in  California  was  the 
logical  result  of  the  foregoing  demonstration.  It  was  not 
a  whim  or  sentiment  of  men,  for  whims  and  sentiments 
were  generally  against  it.  It  was  an  irresistible  evolu- 
tion from  California  experience,  and  it  stands  as  a  surety 
to  coming  women  that  they  will  be  free  to  act  in  public 
affairs  and  in  their  own  business  and  that  they  will  be 
appreciated  and  judged  just  as  men  are  in  similar  under- 
takings. 

In  social  affairs  women  in  California  are  less  hamj^ered 
by  tradition  and  convention  than  in  older  communities. 
This  is  their  share  in  the  glorious  freedom  of  the  West. 

In  home-making  California  women  have  notable  ad- 
vantage over  their  sisters  who  are  called  upon  to  perform 
domestic  duties  in  cold,  wintry,  or  sultry  summer  cli- 
mates. California  homes  cost  less  to  build  because  equal 
grace  and  capacity  of  habitation  can  be  had  without  pro- 
viding strength  against  snowfalls  and  exclusion  of  zero 
temperatures.  In  houses  which  befit  the  California  cli- 
mate and  which  would  be  regarded  as  summer  shelters  in 
the  East,  or  in  Korthern  Europe,  one  can  provide  modern 
plumbing  with  all  its  conveniences  without  exceeding  the 
cost  of  the  mere  shell  of  a  house  in  a  wintry  country.  And 
then  the  almost  continuous  open  air  life  of  the  family, 
the  health  and  vigor  of  the  children,  and  the  better  nature 
of  the  man-of-the-house  are  all  joys  beyond  estimation 
to  the  housewife.  Whether  it  is  their  lot  to  live  in  city 
mansions  or  tenements,  in  country  villas,  or  in  board  cot- 
tages colored  only  by  the  climbing  roses,  the  California 
climate  works  constantly  with  and  for  the  women,  and 
the  California  spirit  which  illumines  the  home  gives  them 
strength  and  joy  in  the  duties  they  are  called  upon  to  per- 
form. 


Mrs.   Frederick  G.  Sanborn 


Work  and  Purposes  of  the  Woman's 

Board  of  the  Panama-Pacific 

International  Exposition 

By  Mrs.  Frederick  G.  Sanborn 

President  of  Woman's  Board 


MRS.  FREDERICK  G.  SANBORN  (Helen  Peckj  came  to  California  so  early 
in  her  childhood  that  she  almost  may  be  considered  to  be  a  native  of  her 
beloved  West.  She  has  lived  more  than  thirty  years  in  the  home  in  Dolores  Street 
in  San  Francisco  which  is  her  present  address.  She  was  the  spontaneous  and 
unanimous  choice  of  the  women  of  California  as  the  president  of  the  Woman's 
Board  of  the  exposition,  and  has  administered  the  affairs  of  the  office  with  a 
gracious  dignity,  a  remarkable  tact  and  a  masterful  executive  ability.  No  detail 
of  the  work  involved  ivas  too  trivial  to  merit  her  attention,  and  no  phase  of  it  too 
perplexing  or  too  large  in  scope  for  her  grasp.  From  the  first  organization  of  the 
Woman's  Board  she  has  had  a  clear  vision  of  the  methods  by  which  to  insure  the 
state-wide  sympathy  of  women  in  exposition  participation,  and  the  unfolding  of 
events  each  day  proves  that  she  builded  better  than  she  knew.  Mrs.  Sanborn  has 
been  president  of  the  Century  Club  and  the  Sorosis  Club  of  San  Francisco,  and 
during  the  Spanish  War  was  vice  president  of  the  San  Francisco  Red  Cross  Society. 
She  has  always  been  officially  connected  with  relief  work  and  an  active  worker 
therein.  She  is  president  of  the  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum  of  San  Francisco,  the 
oldest  organized  charity  on  the  Pacific  Coast  —  [Editor's  Note. 

THE  Woman's  Board  Panama-Pacific  fine  California  women  are  making  a  con- 
International  Exposition,  composed  en-  certed  effort  to  assist  in  the  great  work, 
tirely  of  California  women,  was  organized  in  There  is  no  woman's  building  at  the  ex- 
the  interest  of  the  exposition,  and  in  order  position,  as  the  men  and  women  of  Cali- 
that  it  might  be  financially  and  legally  re-  fornia  are  accustomed  to  working  together, 
sponsible,  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  Women's  work  is  placed  in  the  various  de- 
of  the  State  of  California.  partments   of   the   exposition   and   not   dis- 

The   association   of   which  the   Woman's  played  or  judged  as  women's  work. 

Board  constitutes  the  executive  body  con-  It  is  the  pleasure  and  duty  of  the  Wom- 

sists  of  the  stockholders  and  auxiliary  mem-  an's  Board   and   its   auxiliaries,  serving   as 

bars.  hostesses  for  California,  to  meet,  greet,  and 

County  auxiliaries  of  the  Woman's  Board  entertain  visitors  to  the  Panama-Pacific  In- 

have  been  organized  generally  in  the  fifty-  ternational  Exposition,  endeavoring  to  make 

eight  counties  of  the  State,  so  that  many  all  welcome.   In  addition  to  hostessing  their 


376 


CALIFORXTA'S  MAGAZINE 


exposition,  the  Woman's  Board  has,  from 
the  fund  contributed  by  the  women  of  the 
State,  furnished  the  California  Host  Build- 
ing, guaranteeing  to  maintain  it  throughout 
the  exposition  and  assuming  its  entire  re- 
sponsibility. 

In  addition  to  serving  as  hostesses  during 
1915  at  the  exposition  and  in  San  Francisco, 
the  county  auxiliaries  also  welcome  guests 
in  their  several  counties.  California  has  in- 
vited the  world  to  come,  and  Californians 
in  all  parts  of  the  State  will  welcome  those 
who  attend  her  exposition,  and  visit  her 
mountains,  valleys,  and  shores. 

Believing  that  the  stranger  within  Cali- 
fornia's gates  is  entitled  not  only  to  a  cordial 
welcome  and  generous  hospitality,  but  to 
such  need  of  protection  as  lies  within  her 
power,  the  Woman's  Board,  more  than  a 
year  ago,  issued  a  call  and  organized  a 
non-sectarian,  non-political  Travelers'  Aid 
Society  for  the  protection  of  the  traveling 
public,  particularly  young  women,  girls  and 
boys. 

EFFECTIVE  SERVICE 

This  organization  rendered  effective  serv- 
ice during  the  pre-exposition  period,  and 
will  endeavor  during  the  exposition  year  and 
thereafter  to  protect  and  guide  visitors  upon 


their  arrival  in  San  Francisco,  or  in  the  cities 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 
A  careful  inspection  and  registration  of 
reputable  homes,  boarding  houses,  and 
hotels  has  been  under  way  for  many  months. 
All  trains  are  met  by  expert  Travelers'  Aid 
workers,  and  those  requiring  protection  will 
be  carefully  safeguarded. 

The  badge  adopted  by  the  Travelers'  Aid 
Society  of  California  is  shown  in  its  exact 
size  and  colors  on  another  page. 

LECTURE    SERIES 

Another  department  of  work  which  has 
been  far  reaching  in  results  is  the  series  of 
exposition  lecturettes  prepared  by  the  pub- 
licity department  of  the  Woman's  Board, 
for  school  children.  They  have  gone  gener- 
ally to  the  schools  of  this  State,  and  many 
thousands  are  now  being  sent  to  school  chil- 
dren of  the  other  states.  The  preliminary 
preparation  and  supervision  of  the  day 
nursery  and  children's  playground  has  been 
entrusted  by  the  exposition  management  to 
the  Woman's  Board,  and  little  folk  placed 
in  our  care  will  receive  excellent  mothering 
and  expert  attention.  Altogether  the  activi- 
ties of  the  women  of  California  in  connec- 
tion with  their  exposition  are  varied  and 
have  been  seriously  undertaken. 


^^^  I  HIE  woman  of  tomorrow  will  not  dilTer  from  the  woman  of  yes- 
^  terday  in  femininity  or  physique  or  capacity,  in  her  charm  for 
men,  or  in  her  love  of  children,  hut  in  response  of  her  eternally  feminine 
nature  to  a  changed  environment.  Today  woman  is  heginning  to  be 
educated  for  the  new  era,  and  man  must  o'o  with  her.  She  is  learning 
home-making  with  new  implements  and  new  opportunities.  She  need 
no  longer  be  a  drudge  and  she  must  not  continue  to  be  a  doll.  The  new 
mother,  alert  to  the  larger  needs  of  her  household,  is  more  competent 
than  her  grandmamma,  and  must  even  sui)i)lant  'the  tired  businessman' 
in  municipal  housekee])ing  until  he  can  be  her  equal  and  himself  deserve 
the  suffrage." — Charles  Zuchlin. 


How  the  Woman's  Board  of  the 

Exposition  Differs  Organically 

from  Similar  Auxiliaries 

By  Mrs.  Gaillard  Stoney 


Secretary  of  Woman's  Board 


MRS.  GAILLARD  STONEY  has  served  as  secretary  of  the  Woman's  Board 
since  the  incorporation  of  that  body.  She  is  well  known  in  San  Francisco 
society  as  well  as  in  the  world  of  women's  clubs  and  in  church  and  charitable 
activities.  She  is  the  wife  of  one  of  San  Francisco's  prominent  attorneys. —  [Edi- 
tor's Note. 


THERE  have  been  three  great  interna- 
tional expositions  in  America  cele- 
brating national  events.  The  first  was  held 
in  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  was  known  as 
the  Centennial,  which  celebrated  the  birth- 
day of  our  independence;  the  second  was 
held  in  Chicago  in  1893  and  known  as  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  which  cele- 
brated the  (discovery  of  America;  and  the 
third  was  held  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  and 
celebrated  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  or  in 
other  words,  the  peaceful  conquest  of  the 
West.  The  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  is  the  first  great  exposition  to 
celebrate  an  international  event,  the  comple- 
tion and  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

Expositions  more  than  anything  else  in 
the  world  show  the  progress  of  woman's 
work.  At  the  Centennial  in  Philadelphia 
the  woman's  commission  brought  together 
the  exhibits  shown  in  the  woman's  depart- 
ment, raised  funds  necessary  to  build  the 
Woman's  Pavilion,  suggested  the  depart- 
ment of  public  comfort,  and  originated  and 
carried  to  completion  other  useful  and  prac- 
tical ideas.     But  their  work  was  infinitesi- 


mal in  comparison  to  what  the  board  of 
lady  managers  accomplished  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago.  That 
board  was  created  by  act  of  Congress,  said 
act  allowing  them  to  appoint  one  or  more 
members  of  all  committees  authorized  to 
award  prizes  for  exhibits  which  were  pro- 
duced in  whole  or  in  part  by  female  labor. 
The  board  of  lady  managers  numbered  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  members,  who  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  different  state  commissions, 
two  women  from  each  state,  one  a  Demo- 
crat and  the  other  a  Republican.  There 
were  also  nine  members  from  the  city  of 
Chicago,  appointed  by  the  president  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  commission. 
Provision  was  made  for  alternates.  An  ap- 
propriation of  about  $150,000  was  made  for 
their  expenses.  The  cost  of  the  first  meet- 
ing, which  continued  seven  days,  was 
$18,000.  The  traveling  expenses  of  the 
members  of  the  board  and  their  hotel  ex- 
penses were  paid  out  of  the  appropriation. 
A  salary  of  $5000  was  allowed  for  the 
president,  which  she  did  not  accept  for  her- 
self, but  paid  it  out  for  the  services  of  a 


Mrs.   Galllard  Stoney 


WOMAN'S  SECTIOX 


379 


private  secretary.     The  salary  of  the   sec- 
retary was  $3000. 

It  was  at  the  request  of  the  board  of  lady 
managers  that  women  for  the  first  time  were 
asked  to  be  represented  on  state  commis- 
sions. They  organized  a  woman's  dormitory 
association  and  built  a  dormitory  with  ac- 
commodations for  more  than  a  thousand 
women  at  a  cost  of  about  $50,000,  and  it 
was  a  financial  success. 

BROAD    SCOPE    OF     WOMAN's    WORK 

They  presented  the  broadest  scope  of 
woman's  work  in  educational,  professional, 
artistic,  inventive  and  industrial  fields.  A 
most  important  duty  was  to  secure  a  full 
representation  of  all  the  industries  of  women 
in  the  main  exposition  buildings.  This  was 
the  first  universal  accumulation  of  woman's 
work,  the  preponderance  being  in  manufac- 
tures, liberal  arts  and  fine  arts. 

An  appropriation  of  $200,000  was  made 
for  a  woman's  building,  which  was  designed 
by  a  young  woman  graduate  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology.  It  was 
the  intention  of  the  board  to  show  that  the 
women  among  all  primitive  peoples  were 
the  originators  of  most  of  the  industrial  arts, 
and  it  was  not  until  these  became  lucrative 
that  they  were  appropriated  by  men. 

The  following  ten  years  show  the  most 
remarkable  progress  made  by  women  in  the 
history  of  the  world  and  at  the  St.  Louis  ex- 
position woman  for  the  first  time  stood  on 
an  equality  with  man.  Women  were  placed 
on  the  juries  of  awards;  women  sculptors 
and  painters  did  some  of  the  finest  work 
exhibited;  for  the  first  time  there  were 
women  concessionaires,  and  a  woman  con- 
tractor competed  with  men  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  building.  Woman  had  some  part 
in  the  making  of  everything  exhibited,  ex- 
cept possibly  in  one  or  two  departments  of 
machinery.  There  was  no  separate  woman's 
building,  but  the  board  had  the  use  of  a 
building  of  the  Washington  University, 
where  it  entertained.  At  the  first  meeting 
it  passed  a  resolution  asking  the  commission 
that  it  use  the  utmost  care  in  awarding  con- 


cessions for  "shows"  in  order  that  there 
might  be  no  objectionable  features,  and  this 
resolution  was  largely  instrumental  in  low- 
ering to  a  minimum  the  number  of  objec- 
tionable features  on  the  Pike.  Appointment 
of  the  board  was  by  act  of  Congress  and 
the  members  were  appointed  by  the  national 
commissioners  from  every  section  of  the 
United  States.  The  board  of  lady  managers 
numbered  twenty-four.  It  had  an  appro- 
priation of  $100,000,  but  it  returned  about 
$28,000  to  the  exposition  company.  It  was 
allowed  traveling  expenses  and  $10  a  day 
for  each  member  for  subsistence  while  in 
attendance  at  meetings  and  on  duty  at  the 
exposition.  The  women  jurors  were  paid 
$7  a  day  and  traveling  expenses.  The  prin- 
cipal work  of  the  board  of  lady  managers 
at  the  Louisiana  exposition  was  entertaining 
the  visitors  and  distinguished  guests  from 
all  over  the  world. 

MORAL    SAFEGUARDING 

The  woman's  board  of  the  Panama-Pacific 
International  Exposition  was  organized  at 
the  request  of  William  H.  Crocker,  vice 
chairman  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Interna- 
tional Exposition.  There  are  thirty-six 
directors  on  the  board  and  it  is  incorporated 
for  $25,000,  it  being  obligatory  upon  each 
director  to  purchase  at  least  five  shares  of 
stock  at  $10  a  share.  It  was  made  a  sub- 
committee of  the  exposition  directorate  and 
agreed  to  raise  $200,000  for  the  furnishing 
and  maintaining  of  the  California  Host 
Building,  of  which  it  was  given  entire  con- 
trol. Each  director  was  taxed  50  cents  a 
month  for  a  flower  fund  for  the  purpose  of 
sending  flowers  to  official  and  distinguished 
visitors.  The  functions  which  have  been 
given  during  the  pre-exposition  period  have 
been  entirely  by  subscription  so  that  not  a 
cent  of  the  money  raised  was  paid  out  for 
entertainment.  The  woman's  board  pro- 
vided its  own  offices  in  the  Exposition 
Building  and,  like  the  board  of  lady  man- 
agers of  the  Louisiana  exposition,  the  first 
thing  it  did  was  to  ask  the  directors  of  the 
exposition   that   there  would   be   no  objec- 


380 


CALII-T)RXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


tionable  features  in  the  amusement  conces- 
sions, and  to  plan  for  the  moral  safeguard- 
ing of  the  women  and  girls  during  the 
exposition  year.  The  Travelers'  Aid  So- 
ciety was  organized  by  the  woman's  board. 
This  work  is  receiving  financial  assistance 
from  the  woman's  board  and  will  be  largely 
supported  by  them  during  the  exposition. 
Already  a  number  of  the  directors  have  con- 
tributed large  sums  of  money,  and  subscribe 
$5  a  month.  In  addition  there  are  to  be 
women  in  uniform  and  without  uniform  on 
the  grounds  night  and  day,  and  President 
Moore  under  his  own  signature  has  said 
that  this  exposition  stands  for  moral  pro- 
tection and  will  leave  nothing  undone  to 
support  its  position. 

The  next  work  was  to  plan  a  way  for 
raising,  in  addition  to  the  sale  of  stock  (no 
dividends  and  no  liabilities!)  the  money 
needed  for  furnishing  and  maintaining  the 
California  Host  Building,  and  the  result 
was  the  formation  of  the  county  auxiliaries, 
with  a  chairman  in  each  county,  and  sub- 
chairmen  in  each  town  and  city,  as  associate 
directors  of  the  woman's  board,  to  co- 
operate and  assist  in  being  the  hostesses.  To 
offer  an  inducement  to  those  who  might  not 
be  otherwise  interested  to  become  members 
of  the  auxiliary,  a  part  of  the  California 
Host  Building  was  reserved  as  a  tea  room 
and  a  rest  room  for  their  exclusive  use. 

This  is  the  status  of  the  woman's  board. 
From  the  thirty  millions  raised  by  the  men 
of  San  Francisco  and  the  counties  and  State 
of  California,  it  has  not  received  one  cent. 


It  has  given  its  time  freely  and  its  money 
liberally  to  stand  by  the  men  who  made 
this  exposition  a  success,  and  no  one  is 
receiving  a  cent  in  compensation.  That  is 
the  spirit  of  the  women  of  California! 

Perhaps  the  crowning  triumph  of  woman 
at  this  exposition  is  her  recognition  as  as- 
sistants in  the  different  departments  of  the 
exposition. 

TO    THE    PIONEER    MOTHER 

The  director  of  the  fine  arts  department, 
Mr.  J.  E.  D.  Trask,  was  anxious  to  have 
something  typical  of  California  in  the  place 
of  honor  under  the  dome,  and  deeply  pon- 
dering what  it  should  be  one  day  he  met 
Mrs.  Ella  Sterling  Mighels  who  told  him  of 
her  plan  for  a  monument  to  the  Pioneer 
Mother.  "That,"  Director  Trask  said,  "is 
what  we  will  have,"  and  accordingly  he 
asked  the  woman's  board  to  form  an  asso- 
ciation for  the  purpose  of  raising  $25,000 
for  a  monument  in  bronze,  to  be  afterwards 
placed  in  the  civic  center  of  San  Francisco. 
Mr.  Charles  Grafly  of  Philadelphia  is  the 
sculptor.  Mrs.  Phoebe  A.  Hearst  and  Sena- 
tor James  D.  Phelan  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  visit  Mr.  Grafly's  studio  and  pass 
final  judgment  on  the  monument.  All  the 
contributions  have  been  in  small  sums,  as 
it  was  the  wish  of  the  association  to  have 
every  one  in  California  contribute,  and  even 
the  children  in  the  public  schools  have  given 
a  penny  subscription,  the  maximum  sum 
asked  for  from  them  being  5  cents.  This 
is  the  first  monument  to  motherhood  in  the 
world. 


^^  A  WOMAN  should  deem  it  one  of  the  g-randest  privileg-es  of  her 
sex  that  she  can  now  help  to  choose  the  men  who  will  make  the 
laws  under  which  her  children  must  live,  and  exert  her  purer  inflti- 
ence  upon  the  i)olitical  atmosi)here  of  her  time." — Cardinal  Moran  of 
/Uistralia. 


Mrs.    Marie   Hicks   Davidson 


Editor's  Note:  The  task  of  compilini^"  the  material  for  the  Woman's 
Section  of  this  pubHcation  having- devoh'ed  upon  Mrs.  Marie  Hicks 
Davidson,  she  has  displayed  rare  judgment  and  al)ility  in  comjileting-  it. 
It  has  been  largely  due  to  her  extensive  ac(|uaintance  with  California's 
notable  women,  the  result  of  wide  newspaper  exj^erience,  that  she  has 
been  successful  in  obtaining  representative  contributions,  covering-  a 
wide  range  of  subjects.  While,  of  course,  no  effort  has  been  made  at 
completeness,  an  obvious  impossibility  in  such  limited  s])ace,  it  may  l)e 
said  that  if  the  list  of  contributors  to  this  section  does  not  include  all  the 
foremost  women  of  the  State,  it  does  contain  none  l)ut  those  who  for  one 
reason  or  another  are  entitled  to  highest  honors  from  California.  Mrs. 
Davidson  is  herself  (lee])ly  interested  in  all  those  activities  with  which 
the  modern  woman  concerns  herself.  She  has  owned  and  edited  a  news- 
paper, she  w^as  for  a  year  a  i)ublicit\-  w  riter  on  the  Woman's  Board  of 
the  Exposition;  she  is  a  short  story  writer  of  recognized  ability,  and 
she  regards  life  and  its  duties  with  that  clear  but  high-spirited  vision 
that  makes  California  women  immediately  recognizable  throughout  the 
w^orld.  Mrs.  Davidson,  it  may  be  added,  is  permanently  identified  with 
California's  Ma^^aaiiic  and  will  edit  the  woman's  department  of  this 
publication. 


Airs.   Charles  Farwell  Edson 


WOMAN'S  SECTION  383 


Woman's  Part  in  Industrial 
Welfare  Commission 

By  Mrs.  Charles  Farwell  Edson 

Member  of  the  Commission 

EDITOR'S  NOTE:  The  Industrial  Welfare  Commission  of  California  of  which 
judge  Frank  J.  Murasky  of  San  Francisco  is  chairman,  is  composed  of  five  com- 
missioners and  a  secretary.  One  of  the  five  commissioners  is  a  woman — Mrs. 
Charles  Farwell  Edson  (Katharine  Philips  Edson)  of  Los  Angeles — ivithout 
ivhose  name  no  roster  of  California's  distinguished  women  would  be  complete. 
Mrs.  Edson  is  now  serving  her  second  term  as  chairman  of  the  social  and  indus- 
trial department  of  the  California  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs.  She  is  serving 
her  third  year  as  the  woman  member  of  the  Council  of  the  National  Municipal 
League. 

AS  THE  woman  member  of  the  Industrial  Welfare 
Commission  I  will  say  that  our  aim  is  to  provide  a 
real  living  wage  for  the  working  women  of  the  State 
and  to  safeguard  the  learners  during  their  apprentice- 
sliip  period  so  that  they  really  may  be  taught  a  trade  and 
not  i)ut  into  blind  alley  occupations,  to  be  used  and  ex- 
ploited and  then  thrown  out  unskilled  and  unprepared 
for  life  as  it  is.  We  hope  to  co-operate  witli  our  commis- 
sioner of  vocational  education  and  slowly  try  to  develop 
in  California  an  industrial  condition  that  will  be  as  much 
the  envy  of  the  other  parts  of  the  nation  as  is  our  glorious 
State  in  other  respects — a  pretty  high  ideal,  but  one 
worthy  of  any  one's  highest  endeavors.  CaUfornia  has 
succeeded  in  getting  a  well-enforced  eiglit-liour  hiw  for 
women  and  children,  a  good  child  labor  law,  and  one  of 
the  best  workmen's  compensation  acts  in  the  Union.  Our 
commission  hopes  to  snpplement  this  work  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  our  minimum  wage  law  for  women  and 
minors  so  that  we  will  help  solve  the  serious  industrial 
problem  not  only  of  our  own  State  but  also  of  the  more 
highly  complex  industrial  States  of  the  East. 


Playground  Propaganda  in 

California 

By  Miss  Ethel  Moore 

President  Board  of  Playground  Directors  of  Oakland 


MISS  ETHEL  MOORE,  daughter  of  A.  A.  Moore,  the  distinguished  attorney 
of  Oakland  and  San  Francisco,  has  done  missionary  work  in  the  public 
playground  movement  for  a  number  of  years.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Association 
of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  a  member  of  the  California  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic  of  the  pioneer  band  who  worked  for  suffrage 
in   California. —  I  Editor's   Note. 


CALIFORNIA  is  frequently  called  "The 
playground  of  the  nation,"  which 
means  that  on  account  of  its  climate  it  is  a 
veritable  Mecca  for  visitors.  But  there 
are  few  who  realize  how  the  natural 
recreation  attractions  of  California  are  being 
developed  for  the  benefit  of  our  own  per- 
manent  residents. 

This  was  the  first  state  to  organize  mu- 
nicipal recreation  commissions,  separate  and 
distinct  from  any  other  office  or  part  of 
the  city  government.  The  function  of  such 
a  commission  has  been  to  promote  every 
form  of  helpful  exercise  and  wholesome  en- 
joyment that  would  aid  and  abet  in  the  use, 
rather  than  the  abuse,  of  leisure. 

Los  Angeles,  San  Francisco,  Oakland, 
Berkeley,  Alameda,  San  Diego,  Fresno, 
Stockton,  Sacramento  and  Richmond  have 
such  commissions.  Under  their  auspices 
are  laid  out  and  maintained  public  play- 
grounds, tennis  courts,  athletic  fields,  run- 
ning tracks,  baseball  diamonds,  summer 
camps.  With  trained  leaders  all  manner 
of  games  are  conducted,  meets  and  tourna- 
ments held,  clubs  and  classes,  evening 
dances,   chorals,    theatricals,    festivals    and 


pageants  promoted.  Boy  Scouts  and  their 
hikes  are  encouraged.  Camp  Fire  Girls  and 
their  ceremonials,  women's  outdoor  clubs 
and  their  frolics.  Nor  are  these  activities 
confined  to  land.  Boating  and  swimming 
are  popular  sports,  and  flying  for  the  boys 
who  own  aeroplane  models. 

Thus  in  our  towns  and  cities  are  we  try- 
ing to  counteract  the  tendency  of  the  home 
to  evolve  into  the  apartment  house  type 
and  the  family  into  the  one-child  type. 
Moreover,  with  the  shortening  of  the  hours 
of  labor  the  use  of  leisure  becomes  a  prob- 
lem the  community  must  help  the  individual 
to  solve. 

That  vigorous  out-of-door  play  is  as  vital 
in  the  body-building  of  the  child  as  light, 
food  and  air — that  the  social  and  moral 
effects  of  supervised  sport  are  essential  in 
the  character  making  and  the  training  for 
citizenship  of  our  youth — and  that  new  life, 
re-created  in  moments  of  hearty  enjoyment, 
every  man  and  woman  must  have — these 
are  the  principles  that  led  to  the  appoint- 
ment, after  concurrent  resolution  of  the  last 
legislature,  of  a  state  commission  of  recre- 
ational inquiry. 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


385 


To  the  present  legislature  of  1915  the 
result  of  this  inquiry  has  been  presented, 
and  the  report  covers  the  whole  field  of 
recreational  needs  and  opportunities.  Our 
mountains  and  forests,  moving  pictures  and 
skating  rinks — no  possibility  is  omitted. 
Many  a  constructive  suggestion  is  included, 
on  recreation  for  the  Insane,  recreation  for 
remote  camps  and  other  centers  of  indus- 
tries,   recreation    for    the    country    district. 


and  recreation  as  a  substitute  for  the  saloon. 
Such  a  survey  will  surely  hasten  the  day 
in  this  State  when  all  alike,  young  and  old, 
may  have  every  opportunity  for  that  true 
recreation  which  means  renewal  of  strength 
to  meet  the  responsibilities  of  life.  To 
quote  Dr.  Richard  Cabot:  "Work,  play, 
love,  worship — with  these  any  life  is  happy 
despite  sorrow  and  pain — successful  despite 
bitter  failure." 


Women  as  Bankers 
in  California 

By  Mrs.  Phebe  M.  Rideout 
Director  of  a  Number  of  California  Banks 

A  LTHOUGH  banking  Is  not  an  occupa-- 
-^  ^  tlon  for  which  women  are  especially 
fitted,  there  are  of  course  among  women, 
as  among  men,  persons  who  either  start 
with  natural  ability  in  financial  matters,  or 
fall  heir  to  responsibilities  which  they  must 
learn  to  carry,  and  carry  successfully.  Bank- 
ing as  a  profession,  it  is  needless  to  say,, 
contains  great  interest  and  fascination. 

Already  women  have  shown  themselves 
capable  In  this  profession,  for  they  are  now 
doing  good  work  as  assistant  cashiers,  heads 
of  students'  departments,  and  the  like.  At 
present  It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  gen- 
eral public  would  place  so  much  confidence 
in  a  woman  banker  as  in  a  man;  and  an 
equal  confidence  is  precisely  what  women, 
as  bankers,  must  learn  to  deserve.  There 
is  reason  to  think  they  can  do  so,  as  they 
have    already    done    in    other    businesses.. 


yiy/?5.  RIDEOUT  is  a  director  in  a  number  of  banks  in  California,  succeeding 
-iri  her  late  husband  in  the  varied  business  interests  in  which  he  was  engaged 
during  the  formative  period  of  California's  commercial  and  banking  industries. 
She  directs  her  business  from  her  home  in  Washington  Street,  San  Francisco.— 
I  Editor's  Note. 


Women's  Part 

in  University 

Extension 

Work 

By  Miss  Nadine  Crump 

Secretary  Bureau  of  Class  Instruction  and  Gen- 
eral Organizer  U.  of  C.  Extension  Division 


MISS  CRUMP  is  a  graduate  of  Rad- 
cliffe,  the  Harvard  annex  for  women, 
and  has  been  affiliated  with  educational 
work  all  her  life.  She  is  said  to  have  found 
her  forte  in  the  work  she  is  now  pursuing 
at  the  University  of  California. —  [Editor's 
Note. 


TN  INTELLECTUAL  activities,  the  limi- 
■^  tations  are  not  fixed  by  sex.  It  so  hap- 
pened, however,  that  in  university  extension 
as  in  many  other  uplift  movements  women 
took  the  initiative,  for  this  great  democratic 
movement  in  education  was  begun  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  when  to  a  group  of  women 
Mr.  James  Stuart  made  an  address  on  the 
"Art  of  Education."  When  the  English  sys- 
tem was  transplanted  to  America,  it  was 
before  the  American  Library  Association. 
At  that  time  women  had  only  a  small  part 
in  the  administration  of  libraries,  but  con- 
stituted then,  as  now,  a  large  per  cent  of  the 
patronage.  The  extension  idea  found  in 
America  a  fertile  soil,  for  there  had  been 
started  here  a  new  and  powerful  agent  of 
popular  education,  the  Chautauqua  move- 
ment. Of  those  who  formed  the  long  lines 
that  marched  on  Chautauqua  Day,  a  large 


proportion  were  women.  In  the  establish- 
ment of  the  University  of  Chicago,  univer- 
sity extension  was  for  the  first  time  made  a 
department  co-ordinate  with  other  depart- 
ments of  the  university,  and  sent  its  lectures 
and  lessons  to  all  parts  of  the  country.  It 
was  women  at  the  head  of  schools,  and 
women  committees  everywhere,  who  wel- 
comed for  themselves  and  their  communi- 
ties this  new  educational  opportunity.  So 
it  has  been  that  in  this  movement  to  educate 
all  of  the  people,  woman  was  there  in  the 
beginning,  and,  in  the  carrying  out  of  the 
work,  she  has  done  her  large  part  both  as 
patron  and  promoter. 

California  is  one  of  nearly  fifty  colleges 
and  universities  now  engaged  in  university 
extension  work  other  than  agriculture.  It 
has  been  so  engaged  for  many  years,  the 
work  being  done  chiefly  through  courses  of 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


387 


lectures.  In  1913  the  work  was  organized 
under  the  name  of  university  extension  di- 
vision. The  present  plan  of  administration 
is  as  follows :  The  division  consists  of  two 
departments,  one  of  instruction  and  one  of 
public  service.  The  department  of  instruc- 
tion consists  of  three  bureaus :  The  bureau 
of  correspondence  instruction,  the  bureau  of 
class  instruction  and  the  bureau  of  lectures. 
The  department  of  public  service  consists 
of  two  bureaus,  one  of  public  discussion  and 
one  of  information  and  municipal  reference. 
There  is  a  secretary  in  charge  of  each  of 
these  five  bureaus  acting  under  a  director 
of  the  division,  who  reports  to  the  president 
and  academic  council. 

PAST    EXPERIMENTAL    STAGE 

After  a  half  century,  university  extension 
teaching  might  be  said  to  have  passed  the 
experimental  stage.  There  are,  however, 
still  doubting  Thomases.  Some  people, 
more  of  them  found  in  the  academic  walks 
of  life  than  elsewhere,  are  visibly  shocked 
at  the  suggestion  of  a  university  giving  in- 
struction extra  mural;  the  shock  amounts 
almost  to  a  nervous  breakdown  at  the 
thought  of  offering  any  course  not  found  in 
the  regular  curriculum.  The  tendency  of 
those  who  live  long  in  an  academic  atmos- 
phere is  to  become  divorced  from  life,  to 
interpret  its  meaning  in  terms  of  units  of 
credit  and  degrees,  and  to  make  the  course 
of  study  not  only  the  end  rather  than  the 
means,  but  to  regard  it  with  such  reverence 
as  to  consider  any  attempt  to  add  to  or  sub- 
tract therefrom  as  highly  and  harmfully 
iconoclastic.  In  the  words  of  the  old  song 
they  believe 

It  was  good  for  our  fathers, 
It  is  good  enough  for  me. 

This  state  of  mind  is  a  natural  result  of 
their  conception  that  a  university  is  a  place 
where  only  the  favored  few  may  spend  time 
in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge.  Their  faces  are 
turned  backward  to  the  old  ideals  of  a  uni- 
versity, which  by  the  pursuit  of  abstract 
truth  trained  men's  minds  but  did  not  pre- 
pare them  in  any  specific  way  for  the  duties 


of  life  unless  the  duty  lay  in  following  one 
of  the  so-called  learned  professions. 

A  state  university  is  an  institution  estab- 
lished by  the  people,  and  supported  by  the 
people  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  stand- 
ard of  its  citizenship.  This  it  has  been 
doing  by  furnishing  instruction  for  students 
on  the  campus.  If  it  stops  there,  it  fails  in 
its  opportunity  and  in  its  duty,  for  a  very 
small  per  cent  ever  reach  the  campus.  Better 
conceive  a  state  university  as  a  source  of 
information  and  inspiration  to  which  all  the 
people  may  turn  in  time  of  need. 

How  well  this  can  be  done  is  illustrated 
by  the  work  done  in  agricultural  extension. 
It  is  but  a  few  years  since  the  agricultural 
college  was  spoken  of  in  terms  more  or  less 
derisive.  If  a  boy  did  not  fit  well  into  the 
established  course  in  high  school,  he  left 
and  went  to  the  agricultural  college,  and 
the  report  of  such  transference  of  allegiance 
was  always  spoken  of  as  if  he  had  chosen 
the  second  best.  But  when  it  was  learned 
that  the  "cow  college"  even  in  its  short 
courses  bore  a  direct  result  in  increased 
wealth  to  the  individual  and  the  state,  there 
began  a  change  in  the  attitude  toward  it. 
When  Farmer  Jones  learned  that  if  either 
his  hog  or  his  alfalfa  was  sick,  he  had  the 
services  of  a  free  clinic  at  the  university, 
he  began  to  feel  that  after  all  the  university 
was  not  an  institution  to  be  financially  fath- 
ered by  the  state  for  somewhat  the  same 
reason  it  fathered  the  reformatories  and  the 
asylums,  but  as  an  institution  that  bore  a 
vital  relation  to  his  life  and  that  of  h.is 
neighbors.  So  when  he  or  his  neighbor  went 
to  the  legislature,  he  made  it  his  business 
to  see  that  the  money  was  appropriated  for 
agricultural  teaching. 

NEEDS    DIFFER 

Farmer  Jones's  need  was  one  thing;  that 
of  the  young  woman  in  the  Spanish  class  was 
another.  By  doing  general  housework  for 
thirteen  years,  her  mother  had  kept  her  in 
school  until  she  had  finished  a  course  in  the 
commercial  high  school.  To  perfect  herself 
for  a  secretarial  position,  she  needed  some 


388 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


courses  in  Spanish.  Attendance  upon 
classes  at  the  university  or  private  instruc- 
tion were  both  prohibitive,  but  she  could 
afford  while  holding  her  first  position  as 
stenographer  to  attend  an  extension  class. 

At  the  present  time,  plans  are  forming  to 
organize  a  class  mainly  for  teachers  whose 
lots  have  fallen  in  a  place  barren  of  oppor- 
tunities for  amusement  or  instruction. 
Through  the  university  extension  such  op- 
portunities may  be  offered  them  as  will 
enrich  their  own  lines  and  make  them  more 
valuable  to  their  profession.  Some  of  these 
might  not  feel  entirely  at  home  in  the 
campus  class  rooms,  some  of  which  are 
not  always  "wells  of  English  undefiled," 
where  pretty  girls  speak  of  a  "dandy  major" 
or  "a  peach  of  a  p.  g."  but  somehow  manage 
to  struggle  along,  confining  themselves  only 
to  the  simpler  forms  of  their  mother  tongue. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  and  earnest  ex- 
tension classes  being  conducted  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  one  in  elementary  electrical  en- 
gineering. The  class  is  composed  of  men 
under  thirty.  Most  of  them  left  school  be- 
fore entering  high  school  or  just  after,  to 
take  up  a  trade.  They  are  holding  positions 
with  an  electrical  company  but  have  gone 
as  far  as  they  can  without  more  technical 
knowledge.  On  the  night  the  class  meets 
one  finds  them  in  groups  studying  long  be- 
fore the  hour  of  recitation.  Their  need  and 
their  desire  is  to  increase  their  knowledge, 
that  they  may  increase  their  efficiency.  No 
one  can  well  deny  that  in  providing  instruc- 
tion for  these  an  institution  supported  by 
the  state  is  not  within  the  limits  of  its  duty. 

The  university  is  not  always  the  one  to 
play  the  part  of  Lady  Bountiful.  It  has  not 
learned  how  well  it  may  be  served  in  mat- 
ters of  knowledge  by  the  people.  It  goes 
to  great  trouble  and  expense  to  secure  his- 
torical documents  for  its  library  and  speci- 
mens for  its  museum,  but  is  indifferent  to 
the  great  fund  of  information  gathered  from 
experience  and  stored  up  in  the  minds  of 
the  living.  It  was  a  pioneer  farmer  who 
called  the  attention  of  specialists  in  the  Col- 


lege of  Agriculture  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
zeal  for  land  development  great  harm  was 
being  done;  that  the  cutting  away  of  the  un- 
derbrush prevented  the  accumulation  of 
water  in  the  natural  reservoirs,  and  hence 
resulted  in  great  loss  to  irrigation.  In  this 
day  of  improving  conditions  of  country  life, 
a  great  deal  of  attention  has  been  given  to 
the  problem  of  the  septic  tank.  Some  have 
been  offered  the  country  folk  that  would 
not  only  take  a  Philadelphia  lawyer  to  ex- 
plain, but  a  Philadelphia  banker  to  purchase. 
A  farmer,  I  am  informed,  has  invented  one 
so  simple  that  any  one  can  install  it  and  at 
a  cost  of  only  $25.  When  a  university  has 
made  its  perfect  adjustment,  it  will  not  only 
be  furnishing  instruction,  but  receiving  it, 
drawing  force  from  the  people,  highest, 
humblest,  all,  and  then  sending  it  out  again 
to  all  who  can  make  use  of  it. 

In  the  eighteen  months  since  the  work  of 
the  general  extension  division  was  begun  in 
California,  146  courses  have  been  offered 
by  correspondence.  Up  to  date  the  registra- 
tion for  these  courses  is  2677.  In  addition 
to  this,  definite  instruction  has  been  offered 
through  class  instruction.  Wherever,  within 
a  distance  not  too  remote  from  the  univer- 
sity, a  sufficient  number  of  people  desire  to 
study  the  same  subject,  a  class  is  formed  to 
which  an  instructor  is  sent.  One  hundred 
and  fifteen  classes  have  been  formed  and 
more  than  1600  persons  have  received  in- 
struction in  this  manner. 

Who  are  the  people  doing  this  work  and 
what  courses  are  they  taking?  The  students 
are  from  almost  every  walk  in  life.  There 
are  men  and  women  of  leisure  who  desire 
study  for  its  own  sake,  among  whom  are 
many  who  have  college  degrees.  There  are 
those  who  could  not  pass  the  entrance  ex- 
amination but  whose  earnestness  and  ma- 
turity enable  them  to  pursue  the  work  with 
profit.  Some  of  the  courses  offered  are  the 
same  as  in  the  university  and  carry  univer- 
sity credit.  Whenever  such  is  the  case, 
there  is  no  lowering  of  the  standard,  either 
in  the  quantity  or  in  the  quality  of  work. 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


389 


The  subjects  taught  have  been:  English 
composition  and  literature,  commercial  and 
parliamentary  law,  public  speaking,  German, 
French,  Spanish ;  engineering — elementary 
electrical;  stenography  and  typewriting, 
auditing,  domestic  art,  history,  education, 
political  science,  economics,  and  banking. 

The  greatest  demand  for  instruction  in 
classes  has  been  for  French  and  Spanish.  In 
San  Francisco  and  Oakland  alone,  547 
people  have  been  studying  one  or  both  of 
those  languages.  Some  work  of  great  prom- 
ise is  being  done  both  by  correspondence 
and  in  classes.  The  classes  in  English  range 
from  elementary  composition  to  those  who 
have  won  some  distinction  in  literature.  In 
some  extension  classes  are  those  who  have 
their  master's  degree  and  who  attest  their 
scholarship  and  prove  their  allegiance  to 
their  academic  training  by  insisting  upon 
the  very  latest  in  bibliographies. 

A    NEW    VIEWPOINT 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  extension 
work  is  the  demonstration  that  the  university 
has  caught  the  new  viewpoint  in  regard  to 
prison  administration  and  is  carrying  instruc- 
tion into  the  prison  cells.  Six  hundred  and 
ninety-five  men  at  Folsom  and  San  Quentin 
are  taking  correspondence  courses.  In  ad- 
dition to  that  number  593  are  being  taught 
in  classes  by  men  who  go  to  the  prisons  at 
stated  times  to  give  the  instruction. 

Another  form  of  instruction  is  by  means  of 
lectures.  Since  the  organization  of  this  di- 
vision, 47  lecture  courses  and  150  lectures 
have  been  placed.  These  have  been  on  his- 
tory, political  science,  art,  education  and 
literature.  When  the  war  broke  out,  there 
came  a  demand  for  instruction  on  the  Euro- 
pean situation.  To  meet  that  a  lecture  course 
was  planned  which  has  been  placed  in  thir- 
teen cities  and  towns  in  the  State. 

This  is  suggestive  of  the  method  by  which 
extension  work  is  carried  on.  It  is  trying  to 
avoid  the  mistakes  made  by  the  public 
schools  and  the  universities  in  framing  a 
course  of  study  based  on  traditional  ideas 
in  the  belief  that   it  was  adequate  to  the 


needs  of  modern  society.  The  university 
has  no  preconceived  notion  of  what  a  com- 
munity should  have.  It  endeavors  to  can- 
vass situations,  crystallize  interest,  and  pro- 
vide such  instruction  as  is  needed  and 
desired.  If  a  sufficient  number  in  any  local- 
ity thirst  for  further  instruction  on  the  final 
e  in  Chaucer,  that  instruction  will  be  given, 
but  if  Susie  Smith  and  her  friends  prefer 
spending  an  hour  not  at  the  movies  nor  the 
dance  hall,  but  in  listening  to  a  lecture  on 
the  literature  of  California,  her  wishes  are 
respected  and  the  university  endeavors  to 
provide  the  instruction. 

LECTURE   FIELD   LARGE 

There  is  a  larger  field  for  service  through 
the  lecture  work  than  may  be  supposed.  One 
small  city  in  the  State  has  this  year  sup- 
ported a  lyceum  course  that  cost  the  citizens 
about  $1000.  So  generously  have  the  people 
supported  it  that  the  largest  auditorium  in 
the  town  is  not  large  enough  to  accommodate 
the  subscribers  should  they  all  decide  to 
be  present  at  the  same  performance.  This, 
however,  does  not  happen,  for  with  the  fine 
community  spirit  that  characterizes  the  place 
many  have  subscribed  who  never  attend.  At 
the  close  of  the  lyceum  course  this  spring  the 
committee  placed  a  university  extension 
course  to  satisfy  some  who  desired  mental 
food  other  than  that  furnished  by  the  lyceum 
course,  and  with  a  conscious  effort  to  raise 
the  standard  of  entertainment.  There  are 
many  such  communities  and  here  is  a  great 
opportunity  for  the  university.  The  uni- 
versity go  into  the  lyceum  business?  Even 
so,  until  we  hear  no  more  of  lyceum  bureaus 
exploiting  both  entertainer  and  community 
for  a  high  profit  for  themselves.  If  the  plans 
of  the  management  of  university  extension 
are  carried  out,  the  moving  picture  show  will 
have  a  competitor  that  will  force  it  to  retire 
from  business  or  raise  its  standard.  The 
desire  of  the  extension  division  is  to  estab- 
lish a  bureau  of  visual  instruction  which  will 
collect  and  loan  slides  on  all  subjects  of 
educational  value.  These  will  be  sent  free 
of  charge  to  all  parts  of  the  State. 


390 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


In  addition  to  these  bureaus  of  instruc- 
tion, there  are  two  bureaus  of  public  service, 
the  bureau  of  public  discussion  and  the  bu- 
reau of  municipal  reference.  The  bureau  of 
public  discussion  is  established  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stimulating  and  directing  the  interest 
of  the  people  in  vital  questions.  A  very  im- 
portant work  by  this  bureau  has  been  done 
this  year  in  organizing  a  State  debating 
league.  The  bureau  of  municipal  reference 
devotes  itself  particularly  to  municipal  prob- 
lems, aiding  municipalities  in  solving  the 
many  vexing  questions  that  confront  them  in 
this  day  of  reform  in  city  government.  If 
the  question,  for  instance,  is  a  new  charter, 
street  paving,  public  amusement,  impartial 
and  reliable  information  can  be  had  at  the 
university  and  elsewhere.  It  is  the  aim  of 
the  secretary  of  this  bureau  to  put  this  in- 
formation at  the  disposal  of  the  individual 
or  the  municipality  desiring  it. 

It  is  desired  not  only  to  make  all  extension 
work  valuable  and  interesting,  but  contin- 
uous, and  to  that  end  encouragement  and 
assistance  are  given  in  organizing  perma- 
nent centers.  Centers  have  been  formed  in 
Fruitvale,  Fresno,  Sacramento  and  Redlands. 
In  these  places  people  interested  in  advanc- 
ing the  intellectual  life  of  the  community 
come  together  and  organize  in  a  very  simple 
manner,  with  a  president,  a  secretary,  and  a 
local  committee.  The  fee  for  membership 
is  fixed,  by  means  of  which  a  fund  is  created 
with  which  to  carry  on  the  work.  Stockton 
is  practically  a  center,  as  it  has  been  a  gen- 
erous patron  of  extension  lecture  courses, 
and  has  maintained  a  large  class  in  the  study 
of  literature,  now  entering  on  its  third  course 
of  lessons.  The  Los  Angeles  Teachers'  Club 
has  for  a  long  time  made  university  exten- 
sion lecture  courses  a  regular  part  of  its 
programme,  with  many  doing  the  study  con- 
nected with  it. 

In  San  Francisco  the  work  is  largely  cen- 
tralized at  the  Underwood  Building  where, 
through  the  courtesy  of  the  regents  of  the 
Hastings  College  of  Law,  the  extension  di- 
vision has  the  use  of  the  rooms  of  the  col- 


lege in  the  afternoons  and  evenings.  During 
the  past  semester  twenty-two  classes  have 
met  there.  Such  is  the  plan  of  the  univer- 
sity extension  work  as  it  is  being  carried 
on.  Such  is  a  brief  report  of  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  first  few  months,  so  far 
as  it  can  be  made  in  statistics. 

In  this  work,  what  part  have  women  had? 
In  the  department  of  administration  there 
is  one  woman.  Of  the  total  number  who 
have  taken  instruction,  3425,  1670,  almost 
one-half,  have  been  women.  These  figures 
indicate  that  the  women  of  the  State  are  as 
eager  as  the  men  for  individual  improvement 
and  advancement.  The  connection,  however, 
which  women  in  groups  have  made  to  the 
university  has  been  very  inconsequential. 
Of  the  forty-eight  lecture  courses  placed  in 
the  State,  the  Woman's  Club  of  San  Ber- 
nardino has  the  distinction  of  being  the  only 
woman's  club  to  assume  entire  responsibility 
for  a  course;  of  the  150  lectures  placed, 
Ebell  of  Los  Angeles  became  the  patroness 
for  one  lecture,  the  only  woman's  club  to  as- 
sume such  responsibility. 

It  is  a  significant  and  interesting  fact  that 
with  the  opening  of  the  door  of  greater  po- 
litical opportunities  came  this  new  oppor- 
tunity for  women  to  prepare  themselves  for 
their  greater  political  duties.  It  has  been 
hoped  that  the  women's  clubs  would  incor- 
porate into  their  programmes  some  definite 
line  of  study  directed  by  the  university,  and 
to  that  end  some  courses  have  been  planned. 
With  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  there 
is  no  more  vital  question  to  Californians  than 
the  immigration  question.  With  the  desire 
to  help  those  who  wished  to  be  informed,  a 
course  on  the  subject  has  been  offered. 
Courses  on  other  subjects  of  equal  interest 
have  been  planned.  The  women  of  Califor- 
nia are  a  great  army.  In  the  federated  clubs 
alone,  with  their  33,000  membership,  lies  a 
tremendous  influence  for  good  in  the  social 
and  political  life  of  the  State.  It  is  the 
desire  of  the  university  to  serve  them  and 
all  other  citizens  in  any  capacity  that  will 
make  for  a  higher  standard  of  citizenship. 


Education  for  Young  Women 

in  California 

By  Miss  Hettie  B.  Ege 


WRITERS  on  the  early  days  of  Cali- 
fornia tell  us  that  shortly  after  the 
discovery  of  gold  on  the  Pacific  Coast  great 
need  was  felt  for  educational  opportunities 
for  the  children  of  the  pioneers,  and  partic- 
ularly for  the  girls  of  those  days.  An  im- 
mediate response  to  this  need  was  made  in 
the  little  town  of  Benicia.  Here,  in  the  fall 
of  1852,  a  boarding  and  day  school  for  girls 
and  young  women  was  opened.  This  school 
was  a  connecting  link  between  the  East  and 
the  Far  West,  as  its  first  teacher.  Miss  Susan 
A.  Lord,  came  from  Boston.  After  a  few 
years  the  school  was  purchased  by  Miss 
Mary  Atkins  of  Cincinnati,  who  increased 
the  scope  of  its  work,  and  administered  its 
affairs  ably  for  thirteen  years.  Then  the 
school  again  changed  hands,  having  been 
purchased  in  1865  by  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Cyrus 
T.  Mills.  Dr.  Mills  was  an  alumnus  of  Will- 
iams College  and  had  come  under  the  stimu- 
lating influence  of  that  wonderful  leader, 
Mark  Hopkins.  Mrs.  Mills  was  graduated 
from  Mount  Holyoke  Seminary  and  for  some 
years  after  graduation  was  associated  with 
Mary  Lyon  as  a  teacher.  The  name  of  the 
school  was  now  changed  to  Mills  Seminary 
and  was  continued  at  Benicia  for  six  years 
longer.  The  question  had  arisen  regarding 
removal  to  some  locality  which  was  develop- 
ing more  rapidly  than  Benicia  and  which 
would  offer  the  students  more  advantages. 
It  was  transferred  accordingly  to  the  suburbs 
of  Oakland  in  the  beautiful  foothills  of  this 
region  where  a  tract  of  150  acres  was  pur- 
chased. It  continued  with  approximately 
the  same  course  of  study  for  some  years. 


Mills  Seminary  had  been  deeded  in  1877 
to  a  board  of  trustees  having  been  incor- 
porated under  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  it 
is  to  be  held  in  trust  by  these  trustees  and 
their  successors  forever.  The  purpose  of 
the  institution  was  understood  to  be  that  of 
educating  young  women.  By  the  terms  of 
the  gift  it  is  to  be  Christian  in  character  but 
not  sectarian,  and  "students  of  every  faith 
are  to  be  made  welcome." 

Doctor  Mills's  death  occurred  in  the  spring 
of  1884.  He  had  been  prominent  not  only 
as  an  educator  but  as  a  man  of  business 
affairs.  It  was  said  of  him  that  he  was  en- 
titled to  a  place  among  the  educational  bene- 
factors of  the  State,  and  that  he  had  enriched 
the  public.  The  people  of  Pomona,  where 
he  had  certain  business  interests,  wrote  at 
the  time  of  his  death :  "He  made  the  un- 
known town  of  Pomona  waken,  and  grow, 
and  bloom,  and  blossom,  and  waft  the  per- 
fume of  its  orange  blossoms  throughout  all 
the  states."  The  school  up  to  this  time  had 
accomplished  much  fine  work  for  the  young 
women  of  that  day.  Among  its  graduates 
are  women  of  prominence  in  the  State — 
women  who  have  served  and  are  serving  suc- 
cessfully on  boards  of  education;  those  who 
have  been  prominent  in  church  and  mission- 
ary work;  leaders  in  welfare  work,  hospitals, 
and  social  service;  home  makers  and 
teachers. 

It  had  been  the  plan  of  Doctor  and  Mrs, 
Mills  to  enlarge  the  curriculum  of  their 
school.  In  1885  this  was  done,  a  college 
charter  was  granted  by  the  State,  the  name 
was  changed  to  Mills  College  and  Seminary, 


Miss  Hettie  B.  Ege 

Dean  of  the  Facult\)  and  A  ding  President  of  Mills  College 


MISS  HETTIE  EGE  is  dean  of  the  faculty  of  Mills  College,  and  in  that 
capacity  is  virtually  the  president  of  the  institution,  since  no  president  has 
been  named  since  the  administration  of  Dr.  Luella  Clay  Carson.  Miss  Ege  has 
been  connected  with  Mills  for  many  years,  and  is  generally  beloved  by  students 
and  graduates  of  the  college.  She  enjoys  the  esteem  of  educators  all  over  the 
world.  Since  Mills  is  to  California  what  Wellesley  is  to  the  East,  it  is  most 
apparent  that  the  leading  spirit  of  the  institution  is  a  dominant  figure  in  the 
educational  activities  of  the  State.  —  |  Editor's  Note. 


WO^IAX'S  SECTION 


393 


and  Mills  College  was  authorized  to  confer 
degrees  upon  its  graduates.  The  two  de- 
partments of  college  and  seminary  were 
carried  on  together  until  1911,  when  the  last 
seminary  class  was  graduated. 

Upon  the  death  of  Doctor  Mills,  Mrs.  Mills 
became  president.  In  1909  she  resigned  this 
office  and  Miss  Luella  Clay  Carson  of  the 
State  University  of  Oregon  succeeded  her. 
Miss  Carson  filled  the  position  until  1914. 

A    REMARKABLE    WOMAN 

Mrs.  Mills,  whose  death  occurred  in  1912, 
was  a  woman  of  executive  ability,  of  re- 
markable courage,  and  great  breadth  of  sym- 
pathy. Many  California  women  testify  to 
her  helpful  and  lasting  influence  upon  their 
lives. 

During  the  past  six  years  Mills  College 
has  strengthened  and  broadened  its  curricu- 
lum and  has  made  its  entrance  requirements 
more  rigid,  so  that  they  now  are  equivalent 
to  the  requirements  for  entrance  to  the  State 
University.  Graduates  of  the  college  are 
doing  creditable  post-graduate  work  in  dif- 
ferent universities,  taking  their  second  de- 
gree in  one  year  after  graduation.  The  so- 
called  standard  departments  are  included  in 
the  curriculum;  attention,  however,  is  being 
given  to  such  subjects  as  changes  in  the 
social  order  from  time  to  time  demand,  and 
due  emphasis  is  placed  upon  those  fields 
of  work  in  which  women  are  becoming  in- 
creasingly interested  and  in  which  they  play 
a  large  role.  In  California,  where  the  oppor- 
tunity for  outdoor  life  is  so  great  and  where 
the  public  playground  is  being  so  well  de- 
veloped, there  arises  a  demand  for  trained 
workers  in  this  line;  accordingly  the  college 
has  enlarged  its  department  of  physical  edu- 
cation and  students  are  now  majoring  in  this 
subject.  The  gymnasium  is  comparatively 
new  and  well  equipped;  there  are  courts  for 
tennis  and  basketball  on  the  campus.  Stu- 
dents row  on  Lake  Merritt,  which  is  within 
easy  reach  of  the  college.     The  completion 


of  this  course  fits  graduates  as  teachers  of 
gymnasium  work  in  the  schools  or  as  play- 
ground directors. 

After  finishing  a  four-years  course  in  the 
home  economics  department,  graduates  are 
appointed  to  positions  in  high  schools.  The 
factories,  shops  and  refineries  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  its  environs  offer  opportunity  for 
field  work.  The  schools  of  Oakland  are  avail- 
able for  practice  teaching  in  home  econom- 
ics, physical  training,  and  for  student 
investigation  in  child  psychology.  The  set- 
tlements, juvenile  court,  in  some  of  its 
phases,  the  civic  leagues,  the  meetings  of 
the  Associated  Charities,  in  the  neighbor- 
ing cities,  are  open  to  the  students  of  sociol- 
ogy for  investigation  and  observation. 

The  college  offers  good  opportunities  for 
the  study  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
music,  and  for  the  history  and  practice  of 
art. 

GIVE    ANNUAL    PLAY 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  English  de- 
partment an  annual  play  is  given;  recent 
productions  have  been:  Ben  Jonson's  "Sad 
Shepherd";  "Much  Ado  About  Nothing"; 
Mackaye's  "Canterbury  Pilgrims,"  and 
Yeats's  "Countess  Cathleen."  There  is  also 
an  annual  May  Day  fete,  at  which  the  physi- 
cal education  department  presents  a  pageant. 

The  student  body  maintains  the  usual  col- 
lege institutions  and  organizations :  Self 
government,  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  the  athletic  association,  the 
walking  club,  the  rowing  crew.  A  student 
council  made  up  of  representatives  elected 
from  the  various  classes  confers  with  the 
student  affairs  committee  of  the  faculty  on 
extra-academic  matters.  The  students  up- 
hold the  Mills  College  tradition  of  attend- 
ance at  morning  chapel  and  church  service. 

Mills  College  aims  to  equip  young  women 
for  efficiency  in  the  home  and  in  the  world, 
for  carrying  into  life  the  spirit  of  co-opera- 
tion and  unselfish  service. 


Work  of  the 
Commissioner 

of 
Elementary 

Schools 

By  Miss  Margaret  E. 
Schallenberger 

Commissioner  Elementary  Schools  of 
California 


MARGARET  E.  SCHALLENBERGER,  commissioner  of  elementary  schools 
of  California,  was  born  on  the  ranch,  which  is  still  her  home,  in  Santa  Clara 
Valley.  Educated  in  childhood  in  an  ungraded  country  school,  she  entered  at 
fourteen  the  San  Jose  State  Normal  School.  Upon  graduation  she  taught  first  in 
rural  schools  of  the  State,  later  in  the  city  schools  of  San  Jose,  and  after  five  years 
of  service  there,  in  the  normal  school  from  which  she  had  been  graduated.  At  the 
end  of  her  first  year  of  principalship  of  the  normal  training  school  she  became 
instructor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University.  Miss  Schallenberger  is  a  graduate 
of  Stanford  University  and  also  of  Cornell  University,  receiving  from  the  last 
named  institution  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy.  She  is  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  of  Sigma  Xi  honor  societies.  She  has  lived  a  life  of  varied 
experiences,  years  of  which  have  been  devoted  to  the  training  of  teachers  for  the 
elementary  schools.  She  has  lived  much  with  children  and  has  kept  in  close  touch 
with  rural  life  conditions.  Her  life  history,  undoubtedly,  has  much  to  do  with 
her  efficiency  as  commissioner  of  elementary  schools  of  the  State. —  [Editor's 
Note. 


np  0  OUTLINE  clearly  and  concretely, 
-*-  in  an  article  as  brief  as  this  of  neces- 
sity must  be,  the  nature  and  scope  of  my 
work  during  the  past  year,  would  be  im- 
possible. I  shall  attempt,  therefore,  merely 
to  give  a  few  facts  concerning  the  creation 


of  the  office  of  commissioner  of  elementary 
schools  of  California  and  to  state  some  of 
the  elementary  school  conditions  toward 
which  the  work  of  the  office  has  been  and  is 
being  directed. 

The  elementary  teachers  of  the  State  of 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


395 


California  number  12,266.  Variation  in  the 
efficiency  of  the  schools  taught  by  these 
teachers  is  marked.  Therefore  equal  op- 
portunity is  not  provided  for  all  the  children 
of  the  State. 

State  superintendents,  county  and  city 
superintendents,  members  of  boards  of  edu- 
cation, faculties  of  State  normal  schools, 
and  professors  in  the  departments  of  edu- 
cation of  the  University  of  California  and 
of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  have 
each  and  all  proved  their  worth  in  aiding  in 
the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  work 
of  elementary  education,  but  the  activities 
of  each  and  all  are  limited  by  manifold  and 
increasing  duties  and  interests,  some  of 
which  lead  away  from,  rather  than  toward, 
much  that  is  of  vital  importance  to  the 
elementary  schools. 

The  enactment  of  a  law,  therefore,  ap- 
proved June  6,  1913,  providing  for  the  em- 
ployment of  an  official  to  be  known  and 
designated  as  the  commissioner  of  ele- 
mentary schools,  committed  to  work  in  the 
interests  of  this  particular  field  of  education, 
who  shall  visit  the  elementary  day  and  eve- 
ning schools  of  the  several  counties  of  the 
State,  investigate  the  courses  of  study,  re- 
port his  findings  and  make  recommendations 
to  the  State  board  of  education,  was  vir- 
tually a  recognition  by  the  people  of  the 
necessity  for  more  and  special  attention  to 
the  elementary  schools;  and  the  wording  oi 
the  law  defining  the  duties  of  the  office  im- 
posed an  inferred  obligation  on  the  part  of 
the  State  officer  employed  to  use  continually 
all  possible  diligence  and  effort  in  bringing 
about  action  for  the  improvement  of  these 
schools. 

This  did  not  mean  that  the  commissioner 
was  to  work  alone,  unaided  by  those  co- 
operative agencies  which  have  proved  and 
are  proving  extremely  valuable,  but  rather 
that  with  and  through  these  agencies  and 
others  which  might  be  brought  into  action, 
the  central  State  office  might  be  instru- 
mental in  strengthening,  enriching  and  uni- 
fying the  elementary  school  system  to  the 


end   that   it  might  more   completely   serve 
the  interests  of  the  State. 

With  this  understanding  of  the  meaning 
and  function  of  the  office,  I  entered  upon  my 
duties  January  1,  1914. 

ELEMENTARY    SCHOOL    CONDITIONS 

So  important  have  been  the  changes 
wrought  by  discoveries  in  science,  so  varied 
and  complex  are  the  life  occupations,  the 
interests  and  the  means  of  service  of  the 
people,  that  the  ideals  and  functions  of  the 
elementary  school  of  today  are  quite  unlike 
those  of  twenty  or  even  ten  years  ago.  Edu- 
cation is  no  longer  the  acquirement  of  a 
body  of  facts,  but  is  dynamic  in  character, 
being  carried  on  by  means  of  various  life 
experiences;  and  the  problem  before  edu- 
cators today  is  the  determination  of  the 
value  of  these  experiences.  The  laws  of 
psychology,  sociology,  hygiene  and  ethics, 
therefore,  are  studied  eagerly  by  the  pro- 
gressive teacher.  The  child  must  be  taught 
to  live  sanely  and  must,  through  concrete 
experiences,  become  imbued  with  right 
ideas  concerning  the  necessity  for  the  sup- 
port of  himself  and  of  others.  At  the  same 
time  appreciation  of  music,  of  art,  and  of 
literature  are  recognized  also  as  valuable 
life  experiences. 

Love  of  nature  and  command  of  nature's 
forces  are  both  to  be  attained.  Honor  and 
loyalty,  unselfishness,  courage,  diligence, 
thrift,  generosity,  the  feelings  of  mercy, 
pity,  brotherly  love,  and  desire  for  service, 
to  be  taught,  must  be  experienced.  Op- 
portunities must  be  given  for  these  expe- 
riences. The  two  great  forces  conditioning 
all  lives  are  heredity  and  environment.  Each 
human  being  is  what  he  is  through  and  by 
means  of  heredity  and  environment,  not 
what  he  would  have  been  had  his  environ- 
ment been  different.  Absolutely  essential 
for  the  planning  of  his  early  education  is 
the  study  by  the  teacher  of  the  conditions 
under  which  the  child's  life  experiences  are 
in  operation,  and  the  determination  of  what 
those  conditions  ought  to  be  is  the  modern 
educator's  problem.   Moreover,  the  school  is 


396 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


truly  performing  its  service  only  when  it 
projects  its  efficiency  into  the  home  and 
makes  possible  the  continuation  of  activities 
inaugurated  but  only  partly  carried  out  in 
the  school. 

Since  the  direction  for  the  whole  range  of 
his  life's  activities  is  given  to  the  child  in 
the  elementary  school,  the  experiences 
planned  for  him  there  are  of  vital  import- 
ance, and  to  be  right,  need  certain  pro- 
visions. 

The  state  should  provide  good  teachers. 
No  teacher  can  be  too  well  educated  for 
work  in  the  elementary  school.  Books  no 
longer  are  the  only  tools  of  the  elementary 
teacher.  She  must  not  only  understand  just 
what  she  is  trying  to  accomplish  through 
their  use  when  they  are  used,  but  she  must 
be  able  to  lead  the  child  into  many  an  ave- 
nue to  which  no  book  provides  an  entrance. 
High  standards  of  teaching  qualifications 
for  the  teachers  mean  right  life  experiences 
for  the  citizens  of  the  state,  for  the  child's 
school  experiences  are  truly  a  part,  and  a 
very  important  part,  of  his  life  experiences. 

Expert  supervision  of  these  teachers  is 
imperative.  No  individual  in  any  field  of 
activity  who  works  alone,  receiving  neither 
help,  suggestion  nor  recognition,  does  his 
best  work. 

Sanitary  school  buildings  and  school 
grounds,  with  room  for  play,  comfortable 
and  sanitary  furniture,  as  beautiful,  too,  as 


may  be,  should  be  provided.  The  physical 
well-being  of  the  state's  citizens  demands 
the  former  and  their  aesthetic  appreciation 
as  consumers  the  latter. 

School  and  home  gardens  should  flourish, 
much  work  of  all  kinds  should  be  done  with 
the  hands;  habits  of  thrift  should  be  in- 
culcated; libraries,  that  the  library  habit 
may  function,  should  be  in  evidence. 

Schools  are  often  benefited  by  various  in- 
fluences which  are  brought  to  them  by  the 
people  as  the  result  of  social,  economic, 
ethical,  scientific,  and  artistic  development. 
Among  them  are  the  moving  picture,  the 
phonograph,  and  the  school  savings  bank. 
I  have  observed  these  agencies  operating 
effectively  in  the  elementary  schools  and 
believe  that  they  well  deserve  the  careful 
consideration  of  all  teachers  as  direct  edu- 
cational agencies. 

All  of  these  and  many  other  conditions 
offer  opportunities  by  means  of  which  our 
citizens  will  learn  to  find  themselves. 

Each  child  is  a  unit  different  from  all 
other  children,  yet  all  children  are  alike. 
Mind  patterns  are  different,  mind  material 
is  common.  With  the  state  itself  lies  the 
responsibility  of  providing  the  conditions 
under  which  a  system  of  education  may  be 
wrought  out  sufficiently  simple  to  be  the 
same  for  all  the  children,  yet  sufficiently 
complex  to  give  each  different  unit  his 
unique  opportunities. 


44 


T^OR  every  wise  man  knows  that  one  of  the  thin^-s  most  wortli 
^      while  is  to  command  the  active,  willin^-,  and  intelligent  co-opera- 
tion of  women  in  the  management  of  human  affairs.   He  must  have  it. 
There  is  no  ])rice,  consistent  with  human  ])rogress  and  the  ])ersistence 
of  humanity,  that  is  too  great  for  liim  to  pay  for  it." — E.  S.  Mariiii. 


TTze  California 
Federation 

of    ^ 
Women's 

Clubs 

By  Mrs.  J.  W.  Orr 

Past  President  of  Federation 


rHERE  are  certain  names  which  suggest  themselves  to  a  well-informed  mind 
when  different  subjects  are  discussed.  When  the  theme  is  "Women's  Clubs'" 
in  California,  the  names  of  Mrs.  J.  W.  Orr,  Mrs.  Lovell  White,  and  Mrs.  Aylett 
Cotton  flash  at  once  into  the  consciousness  of  one  familiar  with  the  history  of  the 
club  movement  in  San  Francisco. 

Mrs.  Orr  has  been  president  of  the  California  Club,  the  pioneer  civic  club  of 
women  in  San  Francisco,  and  has  held  all  the  offices  of  succession  in  the  California 
Federation,  and  is  therefore  quite  capable  of  discussing  the  federation  from  any 
point  of  view.  An  intimate  and  sympathetic  knowledge  of  the  federation  and  an 
official  connection  covering  several  years  are  the  material  basis  for  the  following 
article. —  [Editor's  Note. 


''  I  ""HE  California  Federation  was  organ- 
-*-  ized  in  1900  in  the  city  of  Los  Angeles 
as  the  result  of  concerted  action  on  the  part 
of  representatives  from  the  literary,  social 
and  civic  clubs  of  the  State. 


California  but  followed  in  the  footsteps- 
of  other  states  similarly  organized.  State 
federation  was  a  necessary  corollary  to  na- 
tional federation,  as  an  effective  means  of 
disseminating    the    plans,    programme    and 


398 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


general  recommendations  of  the  executive 
body  of  the  General  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs. 

Be  it  known  that  system  prevails  in  the 
direction  of  the  club  movement.  The  na- 
tional motto  is,  "Unity  in  Diversity."  Cali- 
fornia's motto  is,  "Strength  United  Is 
Stronger."  Departments  of  work  approved 
by  the  general  federation  virtually  become 
the  programme  of  every  state  federation, 
and  these  cover  every  phase  of  activity  in 
club  life,  for  the  standard  of  the  federation 
and  the  policy  of  the  individual  club  are  one 
and  inseparable.  The  subjects  presented 
are  quite  inclusive;  side  by  side  with  our 
educational  and  civic  work  are  carried  on 
the  literary,  artistic  and  musical  studies 
which  first  brought  women  together  in  clubs. 
We  have  found  it  not  incompatible  to  com- 
bine personal  culture  and  participation  in 
public  activities. 

Julia  Ward  Howe  said,  somewhere  and 
some  time,  that  "the  women's  clubs  were 
a  reserved  force."  In  the  evolution  of  so- 
ciety that  reserved  force  has  become 
released  and  is  finding  its  best  expression 
and  doing  its  best  work  in  the  federation 
of  clubs.  Biennial  conventions  for  the  gen- 
eral federation,  annual  conventions  for  the 
state,  and  district  conventions  within  the 
State — California  has  six — bring  us  together 
for  conference,  comparison,  suggestion  and 
recommendation,  and  the  result  is  a  mutual- 
ity of  interests  and  a  fellowship  of  service. 

UNITY  OF   EFFORT 

Federation  means  organization,  unity  of 
effort  and  diversity  of  interest,  efficiency 
in  planning  and  directing,  the  stimulation  of 
fellowship,  the  cultivation  of  a  tolerant  out- 
look, the  advantage  of  co-operation,  a  digni- 
fied avenue  of  expression  and  service, 
definite  ways  and  means  to  create  and  in- 
fluence public  opinion,  a  continuity  of  effort 
that  brings  results,  opportunity  to  develop 
the  most  powerful  force  in  the  world,  per- 
sonality. 

It  relates  the  woman  to  the  group  or  club, 
the  club  to  the  state,  and  the  state  to  the  sis- 


terhood of  states  in  the  federation.  Our 
numerical  strength  in  the  United  States  is 
a  million  club  women  in  more  than  six  thou- 
sand clubs.  In  California  approximately 
thirty  thousand  club  women  in  four  hundred 
clubs. 

Organization  has  given  us  strength,  power 
and  place.  Publicity  has  induced  a  whole- 
some realization  of  aggregate  responsibility, 
and  tempered  the  natural  feminine  tendency 
toward  "direct  action." 

The  business  of  being  a  club  woman 
means  that  we  must  be  informed  of  what  is 
new  and  vital  in  the  social  or  common 
thought  of  the  day;  what  the  ideals  are 
which  lead;  what  possible  activities  are  ad- 
visable; what  compromises  are  inevitable, 
and  what  general  policy  shall  prevail.  We 
must  constantly  seek  our  ethical,  social,  and 
political  adjustments. 

The  door  lately  opened  to  California 
women  gives  upon  a  new  vista.  The  state 
federation  must  now  take  into  account  the 
added  power  of  women's  political  equality. 

NO    PARTISAN    PROGRAMME 

We  have  no  partisan  programme  or 
affiliations,  nor  do  we  advocate  the  cause 
of  any  special  interest,  but  we  are  con- 
cerned with  the  advance  of  education,  with 
the  betterment  of  social  and  industrial  con- 
ditions, with  the  conservation  of  the  child, 
with  the  preservation  of  our  natural  re- 
sources, with  questions  of  public  health  and 
morals,  and  with  the  eternal  warfare  against 
war. 

That  these  are  political  questions  at  bot- 
tom, and  that  we  reach  results  through  the 
machinery  of  politics,  in  no  way  reflects 
upon  the  integrity  of  the  federation  as  a 
non-sectarian,  non-political   organization. 

It  is  woman's  nature  to  love  and  serve  in 
the  interests  of  the  home.  The  federation 
takes  women  in  the  mass  and  uses  their  po- 
tential motherliness  in  the  cause  of  hu- 
manity, uses  this  "released  power"  to  es- 
tablish in  institutions  and  embody  in  the 
laws  and  statutes  of  the  commonwealth,  re- 
medial measures  which  shall  safeguard  all 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


399 


homes   and  all   children,   to   the   end   of   a 
better  and  finer  social  life. 

The  average  club  woman  is  a  wife  and 
mother,  with  average  education,  ability,  at- 
tainments and  leisure.  The  federation 
unites  this  good,  average  human  material  to 
some  common  human  need. 

WOMEN    AS    LEADERS 

It  is  conceded  that  women  are  assuming 
leadership  in  matters  of  public  welfare.  It 
is  necessary  that  leadership  should  be  in- 
telligent and  sympathetic,  and  have  the  long 
view  on  human  institutions.  This  is  our 
task,  "so  to  be  disciplined  to  a  larger 
vision."  The  federation  in  its  wider  reach 
rests  upon  the  altruism  of  the  average 
woman  "concerned  about  m.any  things." 

What  has  the  California  federation  done? 


Encouraged  the  organization  of  clubs  in 
every  county  and  community  in  California. 
Established  a  community  of  effort  and  re- 
ciprocity in  service  and  sociability.  Stand- 
ardized study  programmes  in  literature,  art 
and  music.  Directed  civic  work  in  the  in- 
terests of  cleanliness  and  beauty.  Intro- 
duced tree  planting  in  highways  and  by- 
ways, and  safeguarded  the  purity  of 
streams.  Studied  and  indorsed  the  national 
plan  for  the  conservation  of  waters  and  for- 
ests. Initiated  protective  and  remedial  leg- 
islation. Is  committed  to  the  extension  of 
woman  suffrage.  Co-operated  with  all  as- 
sociations of  men  and  women  whose  social 
ideals  are  in  accord.  Finally,  as  a  great  in- 
stitutional body,  we  stand  for  Peace  and 
Progress. 


'^nr^HE  daug'hters  of  California  have  a  noticeable  alertness  and  in- 
''■  dependence  of  mind.  One  reason,  at  least,  for  this  is  found  in 
their  pioneer  heredity.  The  pioneer  is  always  a  person  of  energy  and 
resource.  In  his  first-hand  struggle  with  difficulties  his  energies  are 
aroused  into  glowing  life.  .  .  .  The  California  w'onian  in  any  walk 
of  life  meets  fate  with  a  high  heart  and  a  fearless  spirit.  .  .  .  Con- 
ditions of  fortune  and  climate  and  temperature  all  working  together, 
have  brought  out  a  notable  originality  in  w^oman's  w^ork  on  the  Pacific 
Coast." — Edzvin  Markhaiu  in  "California  the  JJ'ondcrful." 


A  Woman 
in  the  Office 
of  Receiver 
of  Public 
Moneys 

By  Mrs.  Grace 
Blackwell  Caukin 

Receiver  of  Public  Moneys 


MRS.  CAUKIN'S  appointment  to  the  receivership  in  San  Francisco  of  the 
public  moneys  ivas  a  reward  from  the  present  administration  at  Washington 
for  her  services  in  organization  and  her  executive  ability.  Since  her  appointment 
there  has  never  been  any  doubt  in  the  minds  of  her  male  associates  in  the  customs 
house  of  San  Francisco  as  to  her  mental  equipment,  as  the  affairs  of  the  office 
are  conducted  with  clock-like  precision  and  accuracy  and  without  friction  or 
confusion. —  [Editor's  Note. 


WOMEN  have,  here  and  there,  made 
a  success  of  farming  and  cattle 
raising,  but  as  yet  are  new  in  this  work. 
When  they  realize  that  there  is  independ- 
ence and  happiness  in  farm  life — especially 
community  farm  life — they  will  put  their 
energies  into  it.  A  married  woman,  unless 
she  is  head  of  the  family,  can  not  homestead 
land;  but  there  are  groups  of  independent 
women  who  could,  by  filing  on  claims  sit- 
uated closely  together,  make  a  success.  No 
woman  should  undertake  an  isolated  country 
life  alone. 

Uncle  Sam  has  land  to  give  away,  almost 
for  the  asking  and  for  the  effort  one  is  will- 
ing to  put  onto  it,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to 
be  able  to  do  work  which  is  bringing  con- 
tentment and  happiness  to  people  who  have 
longed  for  a  small  start  in  the  country,  but 
through  no  fault  of  their  own  have  been  un- 
able to  reach  the  exorbitant  prices  charged 


in  this  State.  There  are  many  tracts  of 
land  still  open,  some  of  which  will  prove 
most  excellent  opportunities. 

When  a  man  or  woman  comes  to  the  Land 
Office,  with  but  a  vague  idea  of  the  system 
of  finding  and  filing  a  homestead,  with  the 
longing  to  better  themselves  the  strongest 
idea,  it  requires  the  best  service  one  can 
give.  In  this  department,  as  in  every  other, 
the  idea  of  service  comes  first.  Mr.  Lane, 
the  secretary,  is  an  inspiration  to  the  entire 
working  force  of  the  Interior  Department. 

In  the  many  other  federal  departments 
it  seems  to  me  the  work  is  more  automatic; 
collecting  income  taxes  and  fixing  customs 
duties  lack  the  ideals  which  are  so  necessary 
to  successful  work  in  the  land  department. 
And  if  one  is  looking  for  romance,  where 
better  can  it  be  found  than  in  the  lives  of 
those  who  represent  the  pioneer  spirit  of 
the  present  time  ? 


The  San  Francisco  Center  of  the 
California  Civic  League 

By  Mrs.  A.  E.  Graupner 

MRS.  A.  E.  GRAUPNER  ( Elise  W./  has  been  a  prominent  figure  in  club 
affairs  and  suffrage  campaigning  in  San  Francisco  for  a  number  of  years, 
but  none  of  her  public  work  has  ever  swerved  her  allegiance  from  the  delightful 
home  over  which  she  presides  as  wife  and  mother  in  Jackson  Street,  San  Francisco. 
Mrs.  Graupner  has  been  particularly  active  in  the  Collegiate  Alumnae  and  the 
"San  Francisco  Center,"  of  which  she  ivrites  below. —  [Editor's  Note. 


THE  San  Francisco  center  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Civic  League  was  founded  by 
the  College  Equal  Suffrage  League,  imme- 
diately after  suffrage  was  granted  to  the 
women  of  the  State,  in  October  of  1911. 

According  to  its  constitution,  the  purpose 
is  to  unite  its  members  in  non-partisan  edu- 
cational and  civic  work.  The  open  forum, 
as  maintained  by  the  center,  affords  the 
opportunity  for  discussion  of  public  ques- 
tions of  general  interest. 

A  basic  principle  of  center  meetings  is 
that  both  or  all  sides  of  live  public  ques- 
tions shall  be  presented.  The  large  attend- 
ance at  the  frequent  events,  including  lunch- 
eons, dinners,  and  headquarters  meetings, 
indicates  the  success  of  the  organization  in 
stimulating  an  interest  in  public  questions, 
both  political   and  economic. 

The  membership  roll  is  approximately  one 
thousand,  including  persons  of  all  political 
parties.  From  time  to  time  distinguished 
members  of  the  several  parties  have  spoken 
before  the  center,  including  Governor  Hiram 
Johnson,  Senator  La  Follette,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  Daniels,  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
Franklin  K.  Lane,  and  Secretary  of  State 
William  Jennings  Bryan. 

The  work  of  the  center  has  been  not  only 
of  a  general  educational  character,  but  has 


extended  to  specific  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 
State  and  city's  welfare. 

Active  interest  in  the  work  of  the  board 
of  health,  in  relation  to  the  city  housing  con- 
ditions, caused  the  center  to  urge  the  ap- 
pointment of  Mr.  Lawrence  Arnstein  on  that 
board.  Mayor  Rolph  appreciated  the  value 
of  the  suggestion  and  accordingly  asked 
Mr.  Arnstein  to  fill  a  vacancy. 

The  activity  of  the  housing  section  led 
the  center  to  add  the  weight  of  its  influence 
towards  securing  an  amendment  to  the  State 
housing  law,  making  possible  compulsory 
alterations  of  tenements  with  windowless  or 
dark  bedrooms.  This  will  help  to  save  the 
city  of  the  future  from  all  the  sordidness 
of  tenement  districts. 

Through  the  housewives'  department  the 
center  secured  the  co-operation  of  the  State 
dairy  bureau,  the  State  veterinary  depart- 
ment and  the  Milk  Improvement  Association 
in  issuing  a  call  for  a  conference  on  State 
milk  legislation.  The  conference  was  housed 
by  the  University  of  California  through  the 
courtesy  of  Dean  Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture.  Both  the  uni- 
versity and  the  Federal  Department  of  Agri- 
culture sent  representatives  to  act  in  an 
advisory  capacity. 

The  conference  was  attended  by  repre- 


402 


CALII'ORXIA'S  :\I.\GAZINE 


sentatives  of  both  producer  and  consumer. 

A  legislative  committee  was  appointed, 
with  instructions  to  draft  legislation  looking 
toward  improvement  in  the  general  milk 
supply.  As  a  consequence  a  bill  has  been 
drawn  defining  and  standardizing  pasteur- 
ization. The  committee  looks  forward  to  the 
day  when  all  milk  sold  in  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia will  be  either  certified  or  pasteurized. 

The  referendum  on  the  red  light  abate- 
ment act  was  supported  by  a  strong  center 
committee  previous  to  the  November  elec- 
tion. Thus  the  organization  lent  its  support 
to  the  attempt  to  minimize  the  vice  of  com- 
mercialized prostitution  in  the  State. 

In  January,  1913,  the  center  became  in- 
terested in  the  possibility  of  developing 
some  form  of  social  insurance  for  widows. 
As  a  consequence  of  this  interest  a  bill 
passed  the  legislature  calling  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  commission  to  investigate  the 
whole  question. 

In  naming  the  commission  Governor  John- 
son appointed  Miss  Katharine  Felton,  one 
of  our  members,  to  fill  one  of  the  five  places. 

Believing  that  woman's  point  of  view  is 
always  valuable,  the  center  urged  the  trus- 


tees of  the  Public  Library  to  fill  a  vacancy 
in  their  board  from  the  ranks  of  the  many 
intellectual  and  public-spirited  women  of 
the  community.  The  request  was  granted  by 
the  appointment  of  Miss  Laura  McKinstry 
to  a  place  on  the  library  board. 

The  interests  and  activities  of  the  San 
Francisco  center  of  the  California  Civic 
League  are  thus  shown  to  be  manifold.  A 
full  account  would  necessarily  be  too  long 
for  the  space  allotted.  It  will  be  seen,  how- 
ever, that  education  and  service  are  the 
guiding  principles. 

Believing  that  her  general  experience  in 
public  health  work  would  add  strength  to 
the  State  board  of  health,  the  center  urged 
upon  Governor  Hiram  W.  Johnson  and  se- 
cured the  appointm.ent  to  that  board  of 
Doctor  Adelaide  Brown  of  San  Francisco. 
The  indorsement  and  co-operation  of  indi- 
viduals and  organizations  interested  in 
public  health  work  throughout  the  State  was 
given  the  center  in  its  effort.  So  general 
was  the  interest  in  securing  the  appointment 
of  a  woman  so  well  equipped  for  the  work 
that  all  geographical  considerations  were 
waived  in  asking  this  appointment. 


ii 


T  T  IS  ABSURD  that  woman  should  be  considered  inferior  to  man 
^  fromapoHticalstand])oint.  In  these  days  most  (juestions  are  settled 
1)y  popular  opinion.  Why,  then,  should  the  saner — certainly  the  soberer 
— half  of  humanity  be  silent?  It  is  neither  reasonable  nor  logical." — 
Lucie  Fcli.v  Faiirc. 


California  Civic  League 

By  Miss  Maybelle  L.  Feusier 

Chairman  Publicity  Committee  California  Civic  League 


MISS  FEUSIER   is  chairman  of  the  publicity  committee  of  the   California 
Civic  League.    She  is  a  member  of  the  Mills  Club  and  of  other  women's 
organizations  in  San  Francisco. —  [Editor's  Note. 


\\7  HETHER  the  epoch  creates  great 
*  '  men  or  great  men  create  the  epoch 
may  remain  debatable,  but  this  at  least  is 
proven :  When  the  need  arose  for  the  newly 
enfranchised  women  of  California  to  study 
civic  problems,  there  immediately  arose  an 
organization  to  meet  that  need.  The  Cali- 
fornia Civic  League,  state-wide  in  its  scope, 
was  created  to  educate  women  in  citizenship 
and  to  guide  them  in  supporting  and  pro- 
moting desirable  legislation.  It  accomplishes 
this  through  study  and  service,  service  alike 
to  the  individual  citizen  and  to  the  commu- 
nity. It  enters  into  no  partisan  politics  for 
it  supports  measures  and  not  men.  It  draws 
its  membership  from  all  parties,  from  all 
classes  and  from  all  religious  denomina- 
tions,— one  more  proof  of  the  eternal  de- 
mocracy of  American  institutions. 

The  California  Civic  League  is  composed 
of  centers  or  branches  and  of  an  executive 
State  board.  The  centers,  thirty-six  in  num- 
ber at  the  present  time,  are  scattered 
throughout  various  cities  and  towns  of  the 
State.  No  group  of  women  desiring  to  edu- 
cate themselves  in  civic  matters  is  too  small 
to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  center.  The  small- 
est today  is  composed  of  thirteen  members, 
the  largest,  in  San  Francisco,  has  over  one 
thousand  members.  The  centers  are  as  in- 
dependent of  one  another  as  are  the  states 
of  the  Union,  but  all  are  linked  in  a  com- 
mon bond  through  the  State  board.     Each 


center  determines  its  policy  in  regard  to 
the  problems  of  its  community,  but  on  ques- 
tions of  state-wide  interest  the  executive 
board,  after  submitting  a  referendum  to  its 
centers,  determines  the  policy  to  be  pursued, 
which  sometimes  involves  the  initiating  of 
legislation.  In  such  cases  there  is,  mani- 
festly, a  large  body  of  active  women 
throughout  the  State  supporting  these  meas- 
ures and  educating  their  communities  to 
the  need  and  wisdom  of  them.  It  is  pre- 
cisely this  responsive  co-operation  that 
gives  the  organization  its  strength. 

During  the  three  and  a  half  years  of  its 
existence,  the  California  Civic  League  has 
issued  syllabi  on  thirteen  subjects.  These 
syllabi  are  prepared  by  the  highest  type  of 
experts  and  as  they  deal  exclusively  with 
facts,  they  form  the  "text  book"  for  the 
centers  in  their  study  of  the  problems  in- 
volved. They  are  essentially  educational. 
They  have  included  such  a  scope  of  topics 
as  citizenship,  voting  and  registration, 
party  convention  and  primary  systems,  or- 
ganization of  the  California  legislature,  the 
unprotected  girl,  causes  and  conditions  of 
the  social  evil,  business  aspect  of  the  social 
evil,  prevention  and  remedy  of  the  social 
evil,  milk  inspection,  the  jury  system,  the 
feeble  minded  in  California. 

TRAINED  SPEAKERS  SENT 

Upon  the  most  vital  subjects,  speakers 
are  trained  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  State 


404 


CALll'ORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


wherever  there  is  a  call  for  them  or 
wherever  an  audience  can  be  assembled. 
This  is  the  method  of  creating  an  enlight- 
ened public  opinion,  by  educating  all  who 
are  willing  to  listen;  and  as  the  California 
Civic  League  undertakes  nothing  which  in 
its  judgment  is  not  just,  needful  and  the 
time  propitious,  it  has  never  failed  to  work 
without  fruitful  results.  When  the  time 
does  not  seem  propitious,  it  devotes  its  en- 
ergies to  a  campaign  of  education,  leaving 
legislation  for  the  future.  But  it  never  un- 
hitches its  wagon  from  the  star. 

Its  executive  board  is  composed  of  women 
who  give  unsparingly  of  their  time,  their 
good  effort  and  their  wisdom.  Honor  with- 
out service  is  not  within  its  fold.  Miss 
Charlotte  Anita  Whitney,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  organization,  was  its  first  presi- 
dent, and  Miss  Julia  George  now  guides 
the  helm  with  admirable  skill. 

The  permanent  headquarters  is  located 
in  the  Phelan  Building,  San  Francisco. 

The  centers,  in  addition  to  their  co-opera- 
tion with  the  State  board,  do  most  valuable 
work  in  their  separate  communities.  But 
perhaps  to  the  woman,  community  will  al- 
ways mean  environment  for  her  boy  and 
girl.  It  is  consistent  then  to  see  her  energies 
directed  towards  securing  playgrounds, 
lighting  parks,  obtaining  medical  inspection 
in  schools,  organizing  sanitation  campaigns 
with  investigations  of  dairies,  bakeries  and 
markets.  It  is  consistent  to  see  her  entering 
protests  against  notorious  road-houses, 
against  an  over-abundance  of  saloons, 
against  law-breaking  gambling  halls — and 
knowing  no  compromise  till  her  purpose  is 
accomplished.  It  is  consistent  to  see  her 
having  the  curfew  laws  enforced,  raising 
funds  for  manual  training  classes,  establish- 
ing gymnasiums,  voting  bonds  for  better 
school  facilities — and  all  these  are  the 
things  she  has  done. 

So  here,  where  experience  has  dem- 
onstrated that  to  the  woman,  community 
primarily  means  environment  for  her  boy 
and  girl,  there  has  been  belied  that  awful 


bogie,  paraded  by  many  good  men,  that 
citizenship  would  unsex  woman.  On  the 
contrary  it  has  but  directed  her  watchful, 
maternal  instinct  to  broader  fields  which  she 
seeks  to  render  wholesome  for  the  rearing 
of  her  child.  It  will  take  something  vastly 
more  terrible  than  the  service  of  citizenship 
to  unsex  woman. 

In  conjunction  with  these  active  interests, 
the  centers  study  political  measures  to  be 
voted  upon,  hearing  both  sides  of  the  ques- 
tions from  their  advocates.  During  cam- 
paign periods,  the  rural  centers,  almost  with- 
out exception  become  open  forums  where 
opposing  candidates  present  their  viewpoints 
upon  the  same  evening,  before  the  same 
audience,  and  submit  to  questioning.  Ques- 
tions are  generally  allowed  for  a  limited 
period  at  all  center  public  meetings,  but 
personalities  are  immediately  called  to  order 
by  the  chairman.  Thus  an  opportunity  to 
vote  intelligently  is  rendered  to  all. 

It  may  be  said  then,  that  the  league  has 
done  something  for  the  State  in  promoting 
good  citizenship  and  in  bettering  the  envi- 
ronment for  the  child  of  today  and  for  the 
generation  of  tomorrow — for  the  California 
Civic  League  has  always  known  that  "its 
reach  should  exceed  its  grasp." 

The  1915  officers  of  the  league  are : 

Miss  Julia  George,  president;  Mrs.  Dane 
Coolidge,  first  vice  president;  Miss  Char- 
lotte Anita  Whitney,  second  vice  president; 
Mrs.  William  R.  Colby,  third  vice  president; 
Doctor  Katherine  Howard,  treasurer;  Mrs. 
Walter  Brown,  recording  secretary;  Miss 
Florence  Locke,  corresponding  secretary; 
Mrs.  R.  C.  Young,  auditor. 

Directors — Mrs.  Annette  Abbott  Adams, 
Miss  Frances  McLean,  Miss  Lucy  Stebbins, 
Miss  Lorraine  Cerf ,  Mrs.  G.  A.  Merrill,  Mrs. 
James  Ellis  Tucker. 

Chairmen  Standing  Committees — Civic 
extension,  Mrs.  Richard  G.  Boone;  educa- 
tion, Mrs.  Robert  0.  Moody;  finance,  Mrs. 
C.  C.  Hall;  legislation.  Miss  Charlotte  Anita 
Whitney;  organization,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Block- 
man;  publicity.  Miss  Maybelle  Feusier. 


The  Work  and  Purposes  of  San 

Francisco  Branch  of  Associated 

Collegiate  Alumnae 

By  Mrs.  Jesse  H.  Steinhart 


AS  MISS  AMY  SUSSMAN,  Mrs.  Steinhart  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and 
y~i.  generally  beloved  of  a  large  group  of  "college  women"  who  are  the  life  and 
inspiration  of  the  membership  of  the  Collegiate  Alumnae  of  San  Francisco.  Since 
her  marriage  to  the  young  San  Francisco  attorney  she  has  been  no  less  active  in 
all  the  affairs,  social  and  serious,  of  the  "Branch,"  and  their  home  in  Fillmore  Street 
is  the  rendezvous  for  the  artistic  and  intellectual  members. —  [Editor's  Note. 


''  I  ""HE  National  Association  of  Collegiate 
-^  Alumnae  was  organized  in  Boston  in 
January,  1882,  for  practical  educational 
work.  Three  years  later  Miss  Sarah  Dix 
Hamlin  was  asked  to  organize  a  branch  of 
the  association  in  California. 

Graduates  of  the  University  of  California 
were  not  eligible  for  membership  at  that 
time,  and  without  them  there  were  too  few 
eligible  women  college  graduates  to  form 
a  successful  branch.  So  in  October,  1885, 
an  independent  organization  was  formed, 
which,  with  the  subsequent  admission  to 
membership  of  alumnae  of  the  University 
of  California  in  March,  1886,  became  an 
active  branch  of  the  association  of  colle- 
giate alumnae.  Prominent  among  the  early 
members  were  Miss  Sarah  Dix  Hamlin, 
Miss  Caroline  Cooke  Jackson,  Miss  Mili- 
cent  Shinn,  Miss  May  Treat,  now  Mrs.  Alex- 
ander Morrison,  Mrs.  May  Cheney  and  Miss 
Gertrude  Mason.  Most  of  the  early  meet- 
ings were  held  in  Miss  West's  school. 

PREJUDICES   DISPELLED 

The  activities  of  the  association  were  edu- 
cational  in  the  widest  sense   of  the  word. 


Through  its  efforts  the  prejudice  against 
college  graduates  as  teachers  was  largely 
dispelled,  and  positions  found  for  these  in 
the  schools  throughout  the  State. 

One  of  its  members.  Miss  Jackson,  was 
instrumental  in  the  foundation  of  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities,  and  represented  the  branch 
on  its  board  of  directors  for  five  years.  The 
importance  of  physical  training  for  women 
in  universities  and  colleges  under  the  women 
directors  and  examiners  was  recognized, 
and  at  the  request  of  the  branch,  the  uni- 
versity granted  the  use  of  the  gymnasium 
to  the  women  students  and  appointed  a 
woman  physician  as  physical  director. 

In  1894  the  branch  effected  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Settlement  Association  of  San 
Francisco  and  the  establishment  of  the  first 
social  settlement  on  the  Coast.  At  its  re- 
quest, in  1897  Governor  Budd  appointed  the 
first  woman  regent,  Mrs.  Phoebe  Hearst,  to 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  University  of 
California.  During  all  this  period  com- 
mittees were  dealing  with  new  educational 
problems,  domestic  science  and  art  in  the 
public   schools,  and  the   socializing  of  the 


406 


CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


school.  It  was  largely  through  the  efforts 
of  the  California  branch  that  sewing  was 
introduced  into  the  public  schools  and  that 
public  playgrounds  and  the  wider  uses  of 
the  school  building  were  established.  The 
appointment  of  a  woman  on  the  board  of 
education  of  San  Francisco  was  also  largely 
due  to  the  efforts  of  the  branch. 

A  logical  outcome  of  this  interest  in  the 
public  schools  was  the  study  of  the  school 
situation  in  San  Francisco,  undertaken  last 
year  by  the  school  survey  section  of  the 
branch.  A  pamphlet  was  published  in  1914 
entitled  "Some  Conditions  in  the  Schools  of 
San  Francisco,"  which  undoubtedly  was  the 
means  of  increasing  by  over  a  hundred 
thousand  dollars  the  school  appropriation 
for  the  year  1914-1915. 

The  section  also  maintained  a  study  class 
on  school  conditions,  with  an  active  mem- 
bership of  over  forty,  and  had  free  public 
lectures  on  all  practical  educational  prob- 
lems. This  section  is  still  actively  engaged 
in  the  work. 

PURE    MILK    SUPPLY 

No  less  important  has  been  the  efforts  of 
the  branch  to  establish  and  maintain  a  pure 


milk  supply  for  the  bay  region.  The  certi- 
fied milk  and  baby  hygiene  committee  not 
only  supplies  certified  milk  to  the  "boarded- 
out  babies"  of  the  Associated  Charities  of 
San  Francisco,  to  the  Baby  Hospital  of 
Oakland  and  to  other  institutions,  but  pub- 
lishes pamphlets  and  gives  free  lectures 
to  mothers  on  the  care  and  feeding  of 
infants. 

Another  group  is  actively  interested  in 
the  welfare  of  the  women  students  of  both 
Stanford  University  and  the  University  of 
California.  A  loan  fund  is  available  for 
their  use  and  benefits  have  been  given  for 
their  club  houses. 

The  branch  maintains,  besides,  four  very 
active  literary  sections.  It  does  not  neglect 
the  social  side  of  life,  but  offers  for  the 
amusement  of  its  members  several  times 
during  the  year  plays  and  pageants  and 
other  entertainments  gotten  up  through  the 
united  efforts  of  its  musical  and  dramatic 
sections. 

Its  regular  meetings  are  held  on  the  fourth 
Saturday  of  the  month,  and  usually  take  the 
form  of  a  luncheon,  followed  by  talks  on 
subjects  of  the  day. 


r^  ALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE  is  to  occupy  a  place  in  the  literary 
^^  life  of  the  West  that  is  unique.  It  purposes  to  portray  by  picture 
and  story  the  true  munificence  of  this  o-reat  State  and  to  bear  aloft  the 
banner  of  pro^^ress.  It  intends,  as  well,  to  render  unto  those  who  serve 
California  the  full  meed  of  praise.  It  will  tell  who  are  doin.^-  the  big- 
thnig-s  and  how  they  are  doing-  them.  And  in  this  connection,  it  can  not 
fail  to  take  into  consideration  largely  the  wonderful  results  of  the  activi- 
ties of  California's  women.  California's  Mag-azine  realizes  that  the  co- 
operation of  the  women  citizens  of  California  is  necessary  to  its  success, 
and  it  earnestly  desires  that  this  co-operation  shall  be  forthcoming.  The 
publishers  will  not,  rest  assured,  be  insensible  to  the  reciprocal  duty  that 
is  theirs.  The  women  of  California  will  invarial)lv  find  in  this  mag^azine 
a  champion  of  their  rights  and  of  their  interests. 


w 


Fi 


omen  as  rarmers  in 


Calif 


ornia 


By 

Mrs.  Emily 

Hoppin 

President  of 
California 
Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs 


MRS.  HOPPIN 
is  president  of 
t  h  e  California 
Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs. 
She  resides  upon 
a  large  ranch  at 
Yolo,  where  she  is 
known  throughout 
the  countryside  as 
one  of  the  most 
successful  farmers 
of  that  section. — 
I  Editor's  Note. 


AMONG  the  occupations  that  are  open- 
ing for  women,  that  of  farming  is 
attracting  more  and  more  attention;  and 
while  all  country  life  has  pleasant  phases, 
the  country  life  of  California  is  particularly 
alluring,  both  on  account  of  the  glamour  of 
romance  that  has  always  hung  over  it,  and 
on  account  of  the  mild  climate  and  fertile 
soil. 

What  are  the  opportunities  for  women  as 
farmers  in  our  State?  They  are  good  for  a 
resourceful  woman  with  some  capital ;  a 
woman  who  can  face  some  discouragements, 
some  trouble,  and  some  labor.  The  pro- 
specti  that  are  sent  out  by  advertisers  can 
not  always  be  relied  upon,  for  the  reason 
that  many  times  they  give  the  maximum 
profit  with  the  minimum  expense,  with  no 
allowance  for  partial  failure  of  crops,  or 
unforeseen  contingencies. 

NO    ROYAL    ROAD 

There  are  women  in  the  State  who  have 
built  a  fine  business  from  a  comparatively 
small  beginning,  but  there  is  no  royal  road 
to  fortune  in  any  business.    California,  how- 


ever, offers  many  favorable  conditions,  espe- 
cially in  our  great  valleys. 

No  woman  should  come  here  to  engage  in 
business  without  capital.  There  is  now  little 
desirable  land  that  is  not  under  private  own- 
ership. While  water  in  many  places  is  not 
absolutely  necessary,  yet  it  adds  a  value  to 
every  acre  upon  which  it  can  be  placed.  In 
the  Sacramento  Valley,  with  which  I  am 
most  familiar,  excellent  fruit  and  alfalfa  can 
be  raised  without  irrigation ;  but  it  is  always 
better  to  pay  a  little  more,  and  get  land 
where  the  fruit  can  be  irrigated  in  seasons 
when  the  rainfall  is  below  normal,  and 
where  the  alfalfa  can  be  irrigated  every 
season,  thus  insuring  almost  double  the 
amount  of  hay  per  acre. 

The  price  of  land  varies  with  the  location 
and  distance  from  a  town.  The  alluvial 
land  near  the  water  courses  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  can  be  bought  at  from  $250 
to  $500  per  acre.  It  is  well  to  buy  land  that 
has  demonstrated  its  adaptability  to  differ- 
ent crops  and  general  farming,  for  poor  land 
often  lies  within  a  short  distance  of  good; 


408 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


but  all  this  alluvial  soil  has  already  proved 
its  value. 

SPECIALIZATION 

As  this  is  the  age  of  specialists,  some 
women  have  specialized  and  have  done  well. 
One  woman,  for  instance,  on  land  in  the 
Santa  Clara  Valley,  specialized  with  violets, 
and  from  a  small  beginning  acquired  a  com- 
petence. Her  location  was  particularly 
adapted  to  violets,  and  her  market  was  at 
her  door.  Another  woman  whose  home  was 
in  the  Sacramento  Valley  devoted  her  ener- 
gies to  olives,  and  she,  too,  acquired  a  com- 
petence; but  her  home  was  her  own,  and 
did  not  require  a  purchase. 

While  these  and  other  specialists  have 
made  money,  the  door  of  special  opportunity 
does  not  open  to  all  women;  the  safest  way 
is  to  plan  for  intensive  farming.  To  use 
a  homely  phrase,  your  eggs  are  not  all  in 
one  basket,  but  a  rotation  of  crops  and  di- 
versity of  interests  not  only  equalize  the 
farm  work  through  the  year,  but  are  more 
likely  to  insure  a  reliable  income. 

Let  a  woman  buy  twenty  acres  in  a  favor- 
able part  of  the  Sacramento  Valley.  She 
ought  to  allow  at  least  $300  an  acre  for  her 
land,  a  price  which  should  insure  her  land 
subject  to  irrigation,  possibly  with  the  water 
already  on  it.  The  alluvial  valley  land  is 
capable  of  producing  a  wide  diversity  of 
crops;  not  only  cereals  and  alfalfa,  but  all 
kinds  of  fruit,  including  prunes,  almonds, 
olives,  pomelos,  oranges  and  lemons. 

ALFALFA  DEPENDABLE 

Alfalfa  can  be  depended  on  to  produce 
five  crops  per  year,  with  an  average  yearly 
yield  of  from  five  to  ten  tons  per  acre.  The 
latter,  however,  is  unusual.  If  one  markets 
the  alfalfa  in  cattle  and  hogs,  a  maximum 
price  can  be  obtained,  provided  it  is  borne 
in  mind  that  a  poor  cow  will  eat  as  much 
as  a  good  one.  It  is  not  advisable  to  keep 
a  cow  that  will  produce  less  than  an  average 
of  a  pound  of  butter  a  day,  and  in  these 
days,  an  average  of  two  pounds  is  nearer 


the  mark,  which  with  the  by-products  of 
the  milk  gives  a  good  margin  of  profit. 

Raisin  grapes  are  particularly  adapted 
to  the  valley  soils,  and  after  they  are  well 
started  can  nearly  always  be  depended  on 
for  a  crop  that  with  average  prices  will  net 
close  to  $100  per  acre.  Almonds  also  are 
as  profitable  a  crop  as  raisins,  and  are  easily 
cared  for  and  harvested.  Peaches,  apricots 
and  plums  are  more  perishable  and  need 
prompt  harvesting.  Prunes  require  irriga- 
tion to  obtain  the  best  results,  and  care 
should  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  varieties. 
The  citrus  fruits  are  also  profitable,  and  so 
far  have  been  free  from  damage  by  frost; 
these,  too,  need  irrigation  and  careful  cul- 
tivation. Fowls  ought  to  find  a  place  on 
our  small  farm,  and  with  care  can  yield  a 
profit  besides  furnishing  the  eggs  used  in  the 
household. 

A  selection  of  any  of  these  fruit  products 
may  be  made,  which  in  conjunction  with  part 
of  the  land  devoted  to  alfalfa,  and  to  a  ro- 
tation of  crops,  will  yield  a  good  income 
if  one  has  freedom  from  expensive  sick- 
ness, has  an  average  family,  and  not  too 
great  a  desire  for  luxuries;  so  there  is  no 
reason  why  women  should  not  succeed  as 
farmers  in  California. 

Even  with  a  small  income  of  money,  the 
farm  life  of  California  can  bring  in  a  gen- 
erous income  of  happiness.  Food  and 
clothes  for  the  body  are  not  the  sum  of  life ; 
the  food  for  the  soul  is  equally  necessary. 
Each  season  in  California  is  a  delight;  the 
verdure  and  flowers  of  spring,  the  long  sum- 
mer days,  which,  though  hot  and  dry,  bring 
the  perfect  mornings  and  the  wonderful, 
star-lit  nights ;  the  hazy  autumnal  days  that 
are  something  to  remember,  and  the  rainy 
ones  of  winter  that  waken  the  earth  to  new 
life — all  these  bring  "an  inward  joy  in  all 
things  heard  and  seen" — a  joy  that  can  not 
be  measured  by  dollars  and  cents,  but  is 
measured  by  growth  of  soul  and  love  of 
God. 


My  Work  as 

Assistant 

U.  S.  Attorney 

for  Northern 

District 

of  California 

By  Mrs.  Annette 
Abbott  Adams 

Assistant  U.  S.  District  Attorney  and  a 
Graduate  of  U.  of  C. 


MRS.  ADAMS  was  appointed  an  assistant  United  States  district  attorney  in 
September  of  igi4,  and  since  that  time  has  brilliantly  conducted  a  number 
of  prosecutions  for  the  federal  government. 

From  teaching  in  the  public  schools  she  graduated  into  the  law,  taking  her 
degree  of  Juris  Doctor  at  the  University  of  California  in  igu.  She  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  California  the  same  year,  and  practiced  in  Plumas  County  until 
June  of  Kpij  when  she  established  a  law  office  in  San  Francisco  with  Miss  Mar- 
guerite Ogden  as  a  law  partner. —  |  Editor's  Note. 


THE  reader  who  expects  to  find  a  "story" 
in  this  article  is  doomed  to  disap- 
pointment unless,  perhaps,  he  feels  as  I 
do,  that  the  fact  that  the  work  which  is  given 
to  me  as  assistant  United  States  attorney 
does  not  differ  from  that  of  the  men  as- 
sistants in  the  department  is  significant. 


In  my  opinion  there  is  no  particular  rea- 
son why  a  woman  lawyer's  work  should 
differ  from  that  of  a  man  lawyer,  whether 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  government  or 
in  private  practice ;  but  the  importance  which 
the  public  press  has  attached  to  my  appoint- 
ment as  a  federal  prosecutor  is  evidence  that 


410 


CALII'ORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


in  the  mind  of  the  public  there  persists  a 
contrary  opinion,  and  if  it  were  otherwise 
I  would  probably  not  have  been  asked  to 
write  this  article. 

To  be  a  "lawyer"  without  the  distinction 
of  being  a  "woman  lawyer"  is  to  be  a  "con- 
summation devoutly  to  be  wished";  and 
until  the  public  shall  have  come  to  realize 
that  success  in  any  line  of  endeavor  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  fitness  of  the  individual, 
and  is  not  a  matter  of  sex,  we  women, 
whether  in  the  professions  or  other  fields  of 
labor,  shall  not  have  truly  arrived. 

A  LIMITED  PROFESSION 

The  profession  of  law  for  centuries  has 
been  limited  almost  exclusively  to  men,  and 
they  have  guarded  it  jealously.  Only  about 
one  thousand  women  have  been  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  the  United  States,  and  three 
states,  Virginia,  Georgia  and  Arkansas,  still 
deny  to  women  the  right  to  practice  in  their 
courts.  Not  all  the  women  who  have  been 
admitted  have  engaged  in  active  practice; 
and  a  certain  prejudice,  not  entertained  ex- 
clusively by  men,  has  made  success  for  the 
woman  lawyer  difficult  of  attainment,  for 
clients  are  necessary  to  the  practice  of  law. 
Even  here  in  California  where  for  many  rea- 
sons, of  which  equal  suffrage  is  one,  the 
opportunities  for  women  are  greater  than 
they  are  anywhere  else  in  the  world,  while 
women  have  generally  been  accorded  a 
friendly  welcome  into  the  legal  profession, 
there  are  nevertheless  those  who  vouchsafe 
us  only  a  gentle  tolerance  coupled  with  a 
mild  patronage,  which  a  saving  sense  of 
humor  only  renders  innocuous. 

And  therefore  I  say  that  perhaps  the 
fact  that  my  work  as  assistant  United  States 
attorney  does  not  differ  from  that  of  the 
men  assistants  has  a  deeper  significance  than 
may  at  first  glimpse  appear.  At  any  event 
I  like  to  think  so.     But  of  my  duties! 

Section  I  of  article  III  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution provides  that  the  judicial  power 
of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court  and  in  such  inferior  tri- 
bunals as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to 


time  ordain  and  establish;  under  this  power 
Congress  has  established  among  other  tri- 
bunals the  United  States  district  courts,  hav- 
ing jurisdiction  over  certain  districts  into 
which  the  United  States  is  divided.  Cali- 
fornia is  divided  into  two  such  districts, 
known  as  the  Northern  and  Southern  dis- 
tricts, each  having  two  district  judges.  Terms 
of  the  district  court  for  the  Northern  dis- 
trict are  held  at  San  Francisco,  Sacramento 
and  Eureka,  and  for  the  Southern  district  at 
Los  Angeles,  Fresno  and  San  Diego. 

By  the  federal  statutes  these  district 
courts  are  given  jurisdiction  in  certain  speci- 
fied matters,  among  others  being  civil  suits 
brought  by  the  United  States,  cases  arising 
under  the  postal  laws,  under  the  patent, 
copyright  and  trademark  laws,  all  civil 
causes  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdic- 
tion, suits  against  consuls  and  vice  consuls, 
and  all  crimes  cognizable  under  the  au- 
thority of  the  United  States.  The  United 
States  attorney  and  his  assistants  for  any 
district  represent  the  government  in  all  civil 
suits  to  which  the  United  States  is  a  party, 
and  prosecute  all  criminal  cases  cognizable 
in  the  district  courts. 

Thus  far  my  work  has  been  mainly  in 
criminal  matters,  such  as  the  prosecution 
of  offenses  against  the  postal  laws,  forgery 
of  government  obligations,  counterfeiting, 
smuggling  opium,  violations  of  the  revenue 
and  navigation  laws,  and  the  white  slave 
traffic  act,  and  crimes  committed  upon  the 
high  seas  or  upon  territory  under  the  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  of  the  United  States. 

Reports  of  offenses  reach  the  office  of  the 
United  States  attorney  from  various  sources ; 
through  special  agents  or  inspectors  in  the 
various  departments,  such  as  the  post  office, 
the  internal  revenue,  the  treasury  and  the 
bureau  of  investigation  for  white  slave  mat- 
ters; through  the  local  police  department  and 
from  police  officers  throughout  the  district. 
On  receipt  of  a  report  of  a  violation  the 
matter  is  assigned  to  one  of  the  assistant 
United  States  attorneys,  who  is  thereafter 
in  charge  of  the  case,  and  who  presents  it 


^^'OA^AX's  section 


411 


to  the  United  States  commissioner  or  to  the 
grand  jury,  or  to  both,  as  the  case  may  be, 
finally  tries  it  in  the  district  court,  and,  in 
case  an  appeal  is  had,  carries  that  on  in  the 
circuit  court  of  appeals. 

Prosecutions  are  begun  either  by  a  com- 
plaint sworn  to  before  a  commissioner  who 
acts  as  a  committing  magistrate,  or  by  in- 
dictment by  a  federal  grand  jury.  In  the 
former  case,  on  the  filing  of  a  complaint  a 
warrant  of  arrest  is  issued  by  the  commis- 
sioner, and  the  arrest  of  the  offender  is 
made  by  the  United  States  marshal  or  one 
of  his  deputies.  The  defendant  is  then 
brought  before  the  commissioner  for  a  pre- 
liminary hearing;  if  the  commissioner  finds 
"probable  cause" — that  is,  reason  for  be- 
lieving that  a  crime  has  been  committed  by 
the  defendant — he  holds  him  to  answer  to 
the  grand  jury,  and  may  admit  him  to  bail. 
Occasionally  an  accused  person  is  released 
by  the  commissioner  on  a  showing  that  he 
is  probably  innocent. 

Before  the  grand  jury,  a  body  of  twenty- 
three  men,  twelve  of  whom  must  vote  for  in- 
dictment before  a  bill  can  be  returned,  the 
case  of  the  prosecution  only  is  shown,  the 
government  calling  witnesses  for  that  pur- 
pose. If  an  indictment  is  voted  it  is  then 
returned  into  open  court,  and  the  district 
judge  orders  a  bench  warrant  to  issue.  Under 
the  authority  of  the  bench  warrant  the 
United  States  marshal  brings  the  defendant 
into  court  where  the  indictment  is  read  to 
him  and  where  he  enters  his  plea  of  "guilty" 
or  "not  guilty."  If  the  latter  plea  is  made 
he  is  either  released  on  bail  or  held  in  jail 
awaiting  trial. 


The  federal  government  has  no  jail  in 
California,  but  by  contract  with  Alameda 
County  federal  prisoners  are  kept  in  the 
Alameda  County  jail  in  Oakland,  or,  if  con- 
victed of  felonies  they  may  be  sent  to  Mc- 
Neil's Island,  to  the  federal  penitentiary 
there.  By  arrangement  with  the  State  of 
California,  federal  prisoners  have  some- 
times been  sent  to  the  State  prison  at  San 
Quentin. 

ETHICS   OF   THE   CASE 

It  is  frequently  argued  that  women  can 
not  be  successful  prosecutors  because  they 
are  by  nature  defenders.  While  it  is  per- 
haps true  that  social  conditions  put  women 
on  the  defensive  in  the  game  of  life,  is  it 
not  possible  that  the  supposition  that  there- 
fore they  can  not  serve  as  prosecutors  is 
based  upon  the  popular  misconception  of 
the  obligations  of  a  legal  prosecutor,  which 
measures  his  success  by  the  number  of  con- 
victions had,  without  regard  to  whether  a 
conviction  in  a  particular  case  would  be 
truly  just?  And  is  it  not  a  belief  that  the 
ethics  of  women  would  prevent  them  from 
prosecuting  vigorously  those  whom  they  be- 
lieved to  be  innocent  that  is  at  the  bottom 
of  this,  rather  than  a  conviction  that  they 
lack  the  capacity  to  prosecute  successfully 
in  a  proper  case  ?  A  prosecutor  is  not  nec- 
essarily a  persecutor,  and  if  the  prosecution 
of  an  offender  against  the  laws  is  not  a  de- 
fense of  society,  the  whole  system  is  wrong. 
But  that  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  article; 
and  the  opportunity  having  been  granted  me 
to  justify  my  belief  in  the  capacity  of  women 
by  deeds  rather  than  words,  let  me  return  to 
my  duties. 


ASA  COXMXXTNG  TESTIMONY  to  those  who  may  ask  con- 
^    cernino-  the  educational  facihties  of  California,  it  may  be  stated 
that  the  school  system  of  this  vState  is  rated  third  in  the  United  States 
by  the  Russell  Sase  Foundation. 


Silk  Culture  in 
California 

By  Mrs.  D.  J.  Murphy 

President  of  Ladies'  Silk  Culture  Society  of 
California 


MRS.  MURPHY  is  a  pioneer  San  Franciscan,  who,  after  reading  an  exhaustive 
treatise  on  silk  culture  in  Europe,  decided  to  investigate  the  conditions  in 
California  with  reference  to  raising  silk  worms  and  the  mulberry  trees  upon  which 
they  feed.  She  induced  a  number  of  friends  to  join  her  in  establishing  an  experi- 
mental farm  in  Rutherford,  Napa  County,  where  they  have  by  actual  production 
for  a  number  of  successive  years,  proved  to  their  own  satisfaction  that  California 
offers  remarkable  possibilities  as  a  silk  manufacturing  State.  Mrs.  Murphy  is  the 
widow  of  a  former  district  attorney  of  San  Francisco. —  |  Editor's  Note. 


THE  MEMBERS  of  the  Ladies'  Silk 
Culture  Society  of  California  beg  to 
call  your  special  attention  to  their  work, 
which  must  appeal  to  every  person  who 
desires  to  help  our  boys  and  girls  to  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  a  branch  of  industry  that 
for  thousands  of  years  has  proven  a  source 
of  wealth  to  every  nation  that  has  fos- 
tered it. 

Now  the  United  States  sends  over  ninety 
million  dollars  a  year  to  foreign  countries 
for  raw  silk. 

Why  not  raise  this  raw  material  ourselves 
and  keep  this  vast  sum  of  money  at  home  ? 


Experiments  have  demonstrated  that  Cali- 
fornia is  better  adapted  by  its  soil  and 
climate  to  the  growth  of  the  mulberry  tree, 
the  natural  food  for  the  worms,  and  for  the 
raising  of  them,  than  any  other  country 
on  the  globe. 

The  Ladies'  Silk  Culture  Society  of  Cali- 
fornia has  practically  shown  that  this  in- 
dustry can  be  successfully  carried  on  as 
a  special  business  on  any  scale  desired,  in 
over  thirty  counties  of  this  State.  It  would 
certainly  be  more  remunerative  than  many 
other  speculative  investments,  making  us 
independent  of  this  foreign  importation.  To 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


413 


those  who  argue  that  we  can  not  compete 
with  the  cheap  labor  of  Asia  and  Europe 
we  answer,  we  have  done  so  in  other 
branches  of  productive  industry,  notably  in 
fruit,  wine  and  varied  other  productions. 

The  raising  of  silk  worms  from  its  very 
nature  is  a  home  industry;  it  calls  for  no 
large  investment  of  capital — a  few  patches 
of  the  mulberry  tree  planted  round  the 
home,  the  orchard  and  the  garden,  by  the 
men;  the  labor  of  caring  for  and  feeding  of 
the  worms  can  be  done  by  the  women  and 
children  of  the  family.  The  work  is  easy, 
particularly  to  those  who  are  unfitted  for 
severe  or  rough  labor. 

When  the  cocoons  are  ready  they  can  be 
sent  to  the  filature  station  and  sold,  as  the 
farmer  now  disposes  of  his  fruit  to  the  can- 
neries. The  modern  methods  in  most  silk- 
raising  countries  are  carried  out  on  these 
lines. 

In  former  efforts  that  have  been  made 
to  promote  this  industry  in  our  State,  the 
great  drawback  to  a  permanent  success  has 
been  and  is  the  lack  of  knowledge  on  the 
part  of  our  rural  population  of  the  great 
value  of  the  industry  and  in  not  knowing 
how  to  raise  the  worms,  there  being  no 
educational  institution  in  the  State  for  this 
purpose. 

The  art  is  not  difficult  to  acquire;  it  can 
be  easily  learned  from  printed  instructions, 
which,  if  carefully  followed,  will  result  in 
success. 

The  society  will  freely  give  these  instruc- 
tions, which  also  will  be  printed  in  French 
and  Italian,  to  those  desirous  of  experi- 
menting. 

Till  within  the  last  few  years  the  reeling 
of  the  silk  from  the  cocoons  was  also  done 
in  the  home,  but  the  old-fashioned  hand 
loom  is  now  almost  a  thing  of  the  past. 
Reeling  the  silk  from  the  cocoon  has  become 
an  organized  factory  industry,  giving  em- 
ployment to  thousands  of  girls  and  women 
all  the  year  round. 

The  Ladies'  Silk  Culture  Society  will,  in 
the  near  future,  own  one  of  these  latest,  up- 


to-date  machines  for  reeling,  and  will  buy 
at  the  highest  market  price  all  the  cocoons 
offered  them.  The  art  of  reeling  will  be 
taught  by  expert  teachers  and  this  branch 
of  the  industry  will  be  carried  on  in  the 
city.  It  is  by  such  practical  efforts  as  these 
that  the  society  hopes  to  establish  this  val- 
uable industry  in  the  State. 

The  basis  of  silk  culture  is  the  mulberry 
tree.  The  first  step,  therefore,  to  future 
success  in  developing  the  industry  is  to 
plant  the  trees  everywhere  throughout  the 
Stste  that  is  best  adapted  to  the  raising  of 
the  worms,  not  only  around  the  home,  but 
in  every  vacant  corner  of  the  farm,  along 
the  highways,  as  shade  trees,  on  river  banks 
and  the  foothills  that  are  now  uncultivated. 
It  should  be  the  duty  of  the  supervisors  in 
every  county  to  provide  funds  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

In  all  European  silk-raising  countries  the 
governments  take  the  greatest  care  that 
these  trees  are  provided  and  cared  for, 
hence  the  great  commercial  value  of  the  in- 
dustry. Every  school  house  in  the  State 
should  have  a  few  trees  in  its  yard,  and 
practical  instructions  in  raising  the  worms 
given  to  the  children.  This  also  is  provided 
by  the  government  in  silk-raising  countries. 

By  such  methods  as  these  the  industry 
will  spread  and  another  source  of  wealth 
to  California  be  assured.  Every  nurseryman 
throughout  the  State  should  at  once  realize 
what  the  value  of  these  trees  will  become  in 
the  future. 

Samples  of  the  raw  silk,  raised  by  us, 
have  been  placed  in  the  information  bureau 
in  the  Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco,  and 
also  at  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Napa 
County.  A  spool  of  our  silk  was  reeled  by 
Carlson  &  Currier  at  Petaluma,  and  pro- 
nounced equal  to  the  best  raised  anywhere. 

At  the  recent  Land  Show  in  San  Fran- 
cisco a  gold  medal  and  the  blue  ribbon  was 
awarded  for  raw  silk  raised  at  the  Agricul- 
tural Institute,  Rutherford  Farm.  An  ex- 
hibit of  California  raised  silk  is  made  at  the 
Panama-Pacific  Exposition. 


Calif 


ornia  s 


w 


omen 


By  Mrs.  Marie  Hicks  Davidson 

(Editorial) 


A  FAVORITE  jeremiad  directed  at  the 
modern  woman  is  that  she  is  not  the 
sturdy  specimen  of  the  pioneer  times,  that 
she  is  flaccid,  lazy,  selfish,  irresponsible. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  is  no  modern 
woman.  Woman  has  not  changed  in  all  the 
ages.  She  still  is  the  female  of  the  species, 
with  the  same  inherent  characteristics  to  be 
found  in  the  babe  of  yesterday  as  were  in 
the  Mother  of  the  Gracchi.  It  were  just  as 
consistent  to  speak  of  the  modern  man  as 
a  creature  entirely  different  in  mould  and 
attributes  from  Adam  or  the  supermen  of 
the  Golden  Age.  Even  in  the  days  of  an- 
cient Rome  a  Latin  writer  lamented,  in  a 
line  which  since  has  become  a  classic,  "The 
times  have  changed,  and  we  have  changed 
with  them." 

That  is  the  secret  of  the  entire  situation 
with  reference  to  women.  The  times  have 
changed,  and  women  have  changed  with 
them.  True,  it  is  a  far  cry  from  the  cour- 
ageous creature  who  crossed  the  plains  with 
her  husband,  to  the  exquisite  chatelaine  of 
a  steam-heated  apartment.  But  the  fault 
lies  not  with  the  woman.  She  now  has  no 
plains  to  cross.  The  other  had  no  steam- 
heated  apartment.  Neither  did  man  in  those 
other  days  pay  a  price  to  have  his  nails  pol- 
ished or  his  face  massaged. 

The  average  man  or  woman  gives  only 
what  is  demanded,  does  only  what  is  nec- 
essary, follows  the  line  of  least  resistance, 
conforms  to  the  manners  of  the  times.  It  is 
the  average  which  preserves  the  race.  It  is 
the  average  man  who  arises  to  occasion.  It 
is  not  necessary  or  becoming  for  him  to 
make  a  show  of  bravery  when  there  is  no 
need. 


So  with  woman.  Even  so  with  the  mod- 
ern woman,  that  mythological  being  who 
is  said  to  be  jejune  and  altogether  un- 
worthy of  her  ancestors. 

So  with  the  California  woman.  The  time 
when  she  hewed  wood  and  hauled  water  is 
past.  She  did  it  when  necessary,  did  it 
uncomplainingly,  and  found  her  strength 
equal  to  the  need.  Now,  after  times  of 
stress  and  peril,  of  physical  labor  and  crude 
living,  she  has  come  to  another  era  in  her 
development.  Some  there  are  still  living 
who  came  to  California  in  prairie  schooners. 
They  do  not  disdain  now  to  loll  in  limou- 
sines. Accretion  along  all  lines  has  been 
their  portion.  They  have  accumulated  ex- 
perience, capacity  to  enjoy,  a  widened  hori- 
zon, a  broader  sympathy,  tolerance,  under- 
standing. They  and  their  daughters  are 
doing  the  work  now  to  be  done.  They  have 
nothing  to  do  with  yesterday,  except  to  profit 
by  the  experience  of  yesterday.  For  yes- 
terday's work  is  done. 

And  what  is  today's  work?  What  is  the 
Zeitgeist  of  the  age  ? 

The  faddists  and  the  extremists  excepted, 
woman  is  doing  what  she  has  always  done, 
the  thing  nearest  at  hand.  She  is,  as  always, 
consecrated  to  service  to  humanity.  The 
kindly,  the  useful,  the  humane,  the  neces- 
sary, the  exigent,  these  are  the  things  which 
she  is  doing,  whether  they  be  in  the  home, 
the  schoolroom,  the  field,  the  legislature, 
the  market  place,  the  hospital  or  the  death 
chamber. 

There  is  no  sex  in  vocation,  no  gender  in 
work,  no  physical  classification  of  mind. 
Work  is  utterly  neuter,  and  the  best  work 
is  that  which  is  most  skilfully  and  conscien- 


WOMAN'S  SECTION 


415 


tiously  done.  Perhaps  that  fact  is  more 
fully  realized  in  the  West  than  elsewhere. 
It  may  be  because  here  the  traditions  do 
not  trammel.  Perhaps  it  is  that  the  eternal 
verities  have  greater  influence  in  virgin  sur- 
roundings. Whatever  the  reason,  it  is  a 
recognized  fact  that  woman  in  the  West  is 
given  credit  according  to  her  achievements 
and  that  by  her  work  she  is  judged.  She 
stands  side  by  side  with  her  co-workers, 
be  they  men  or  women. 

There  is  no  woman's  building  at  the 
Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  which  is  now  at- 
tracting millions  to  San  Francisco.  The  fact 
is  significant.  It  is  a  commentary  upon 
woman's  status  in  California.  She  is  not 
segregated.  If  she  farms  she  takes  her 
place  with  agriculturists,  and  not  with  "lady 
farmers."  If  she  votes  she  goes  to  the  com- 
mon booth  and  there  awaits  her  turn.  There 
is  no  booth  for  the  "lady  voter."  If  she 
practices  law  she  takes  an  office  in  a  public 
building,  and  appears  in  courts  of  law.  She 
defends,  prosecutes  or  counsels  whomsoever 
comes  to  her.  Does  she  paint?  Then  she 
"has  real  saints  to  paint  from,"  according  to 
her  vision  and  her  genius. 

She  does  not  compete  with  man.  She  is 
trying  to  live  her  life  as  competently  as  he 
lives  his.  By  experience  and  inclination  she 
is  more  fitted  to  some  things  than  to  others. 
And  in  those  avenues  she  seems  to  excel. 
It  is  only  long  practice  which  makes  for  this 
fact.  In  the  business  of  replenishing  the 
world,  her  functioning  is  dictated  by  nature. 
But  that  is  quite  apart  from  her  mentality 
and  her  capabilities.  The  fact  that  hers  is 
the  most  important  part  to  play  in  that 
respect  does  not  argue  that  her  place  in  the 
scheme  of  things  is  more  important  than  that 
of  man.  It  is  but  another  proof  that  she  is 
a  complement  of  him. 

Women  in  California  are  not  attempting 
to  effect  reforms  for  "the  sex."  There  is  no 
one-sided  emancipation  afoot.  They  are 
doing  things  for  the  race.  Until  man  has 
subdued  the  earth  there  will  remain  the  ne- 
cessity for  common   service,  nation  to  na- 


tion, family  to  family,  man  to  man.  Because 
California  women  go  to  the  legislature  and 
there  present  bills  which  they  believe  nec- 
essary for  the  comfort  and  well-being  of 
their  children,  it  is  not  to  be  supposed 
they  are  attempting  to  promote  feminist 
propaganda.  If  they  are  not  benefiting  hu- 
manity, at  least  they  believe  they  are  doing 
so.  Angels  can  do  no  more  than  have 
good  intent,  and  do  the  best  their  circum- 
stances allow.  Which  calls  to  mind  that 
men  once  engaged  in  bitter  controversy  as 
to  whether  angels  were  male  or  female. 

The  decline  of  women's  civic  clubs  in 
California  would  seem  to  indicate  that  wo- 
man herself  has  realized  the  futility  of 
setting  herself  apart.  These  institutions 
were  at  variance  with  the  very  principles 
she  expounded.  The  success  of  co-education 
in  the  two  largest  seats  of  learning  in  the 
State  are  a  living  proof  that  it  is  not  good 
for  man  to  be  alone. 

"Woman's  work"  is  a  hollow  phrase. 
Were  such  a  thing  ever  intended  the  Creator 
would  have  placed  the  males  upon  one  hemi- 
sphere and  the  females  on  another,  with  an 
impassable  gulf  between.  But  He  did  not 
do  that.  "Male  and  female  created  He 
them."  From  preceding  pages  the  reader 
will  discern  that  women  are  doing  their  part 
in  the  development  of  California,  and  no 
more  than  their  part.  They  have  taken  up 
the  duties  at  hand,  are  trying  to  solve  the 
same  problems  as  are  their  brothers,  are 
learning  the  same  lessons,  setting  the  same 
ideals.  If  it  be  true  that  the  soul's  highest 
duty  is  to  seek  its  sphere  and  there  to  be 
of  good  cheer,  then  the  California  woman 
is  taking  her  place  on  Parnassus.  For  she 
is  abreast  with  optimism.  She  sees  no 
danger  to  the  race.  She  sees  work — not 
woman's  work,  or  man's  work — but  work, 
service,  as  the  deliverer  from  whatever 
bondage  there  may  be  for  her  or  her 
daughters. 

The  preceding  pages,  written  by  women 
who  work,  are  an  anthology  of  efficiency. 


^  I  IK  TRAA^KIJ^RS'  AID  SOCIETY  of  Cal- 
itoniia  is  a  i)crmanent,  non-sectarian,  non- 
partisan ()i\^anization,  formed  at  the  sug-i;-estion 
of  the  Woman's  P.oard  of  the  Exposition,  to  take 
care  of  the  oreat  volume  of  travel  which  beo-an 
to  filter  throui^h  San  Francisco  at  the  openini^-  of 
the  Exposition,  and  which  will  continue  indefi- 
nitely, on  account  of  the  facilities  offered  by  the 
Panama  Canal. 

Ao-ents  of  the  society  meet  every  train  and  boat 
which  brino-  travelers  or  immii^'rants  to  Califor- 
nia. They  assist  homeseekers  to  find  just  what 
they  want  according'  to  their  means  and  their 
tastes  or  capabilities.  They  tell  the  traveler  of  the 
rei)utable  hotels  and  lodg-ings,  and  assist  them  in 
reaching-  these  places  from  the  railroad  stations 
or  ferries.  They  are,  in  short,  a  reliable  bureau  of 
information  and  encouragement. 

Catholics  and  Protestants,  Jews  and  Gentiles, 
men  and  women,  comprise  the  directorate  of  the 
society,  and  the  test  for  employees  of  the  organi- 
zation is  based  upon  the  strictest  moral  and  cfli- 
ciency  qualifications. 

The  society  has  ])ermanent  hea(l(|uarlers  in 
the  Hearst  Building  at  Third  and  Market  streets, 
and  in  the  Ferry  Building,  both  in  San  Francisco. 


California   Pt^sicli   Orclisinl   ia  full   bloom 


Courtesy  J.  K.  Annsbv  Co.,  trackers  SUN-KIST  Brand  of 
California   Fruits. 


Why  California  Leads  the 
Entire  World  in  Fruits 


By  E.  J.  WICKSON 


UloNMOin-laden   Prune    Oroli:ir«l    in    Csilifornia. 


Among  <  jilifornia  <1(M-i<UioiiN  frnits,  <he  peaoh  is  suprpiiio.  grrowins  in  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  State  and  possessiug  a  lonj;  ripeniuii  season.  It  is  also  superior  in  size  ainl  texture 
for  preserving  processes  over  peaehes  grown  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  ahove 
illustration  shows  in  natural  colors  one  of  the  many  varieties  of  peaches  grown  in  the 
interior  valleys  of  California  and  packed  as  the  "Del  Monte"  Brand  hy  the  Californm 
Fruit   fanners'  Association. 


Why  California  Leads 

the  Entire  World 

in  Fruits 


By  E.  J.  Wickson 


(Editorial) 


CERTAIN  facts  which  are  of  great  m- 
terest  and  importance  in  connection  with 
fruit  growing  in  California  are  these  : 

First.  Fruit  growing  and  the  preparation 
of  fruit  products  constitute  the  leading  in- 
dustry of  California.  The  output,  from  its 
beginning  on  a  commercial  scale  about  1880, 
reached  a  product  value  of  $29,019,236  in 
1899  and  of  $50,706,869  in  1909— an  average 
increase  in  value  of  about  $1,500,000  per 
year  during  its  first  two  decades  and  about 
$2,000,000  per  year  during  its  third  decade. 
These  valuations  are  from  the  United  States 
census  of  1910  and  they  distinguish  Cali- 
fornia as  the  greatest  fruit  growing  State  of 
the  Union.  They  represent  the  "farm  value" 
of  the  fruit  as  it  comes  from  the  tree  or  vine. 
The  product  as  it  appears  in  the  markets  of 
the  world  in  various  forms,  is  conservatively 
estimated  to  possess  a  value  of  $100,000,000. 

Second.  The  reasons  for  this  eminence  of 
California  in  fruit  growing  are  several : 

a.  The  possession  of  climate  which  insures 
the  life  and  thrift  of  the  tree  or  vine.  This 
can  be  appreciated  when  it  is  understood  that, 
except  at  elevations  greater  than  those  chosen 
for  fruit  planting,  there  is  no  cold  severe 
enough  to  freeze  the  ground  and  no  winter 
killing  of  trees.  Temperature  injuries  to  fruits 
are   confined  to   the   effects   of    "frosts,"    and 


"freezing"  (which  is  popularly  considered  to 
mean  the  freezing  of  water),  is  seldom  en- 
countered. By  the  use  of  orchard-heating  de- 
vices, invented  in  California,  with  petroleum 
fuel,  which  is  very  abundant  and  cheap,  be- 
cause the  State  is  the  largest  oil  producer  in 
the  Union,  "frost"  injuries  are  demonstrated 
to  be  preventable. 

b.  The  length  of  the  growing  season,  the 
absence  of  summer  rains,  the  brilliance  of  the 
sunshine  and  the  adequacy  of  sun  heat  promote 
size,  beauty  and  quality  of  fruit  and  favor 
the  manufacture  of  evaporated  fruits  at  a 
minimum  cost. 

c.  The  combination  of  conditions,  which 
befit  the  growth  of  both  semi-tropical  and 
temperate  zone  fruits,  gives  California  com- 
mand of  a  variety  of  fruits  which  no  other 
state  possesses  and  which  California  mani- 
fests in  fullness  and  perfection.  This  will 
appear  more  clearly  as  the  different  fruits 
are  separately  discussed  later  in  this  paper. 

d.  The  occurrence  in  California  of  vast 
areas  of  deep,  loamy  soils,  rich  in  plant  food, 
easy  to  cultivate,  and  encouraging  root  growth 
to  a  depth  of  ten  feet  quite  generally  and 
occasionally  twice  and  even  thrice  that  depth, 
as  shown  by  actual  digging.  Though  this  is 
true  it  is  also  true  that  shallower  soils  are 
successfully  employed  in  growing  fruit. 


418 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZI X 1-: 


Third.  Aside  from  natural  conditions  of 
climate  and  soil,  fruit  j^^rowing  has  reached  its 
present  eminence  in  California  through  the 
high  intelligence,  energy  and  business  ability 
which  are  found  in  the  agricultural  popula- 
tion of  the  State.  These  qualities  of  citizenship 
have  made  it  possible  to  develop  methods  of 
growing,  preserving,  and  distant  marketing  of 
fruits  which  are  new  and  characteristic  of 
California.  The  employment  of  these  methods 
coupled  with  the  acceptable  nature  of  horti- 
cultural work  and  the  opportunity  to  pursue 
it  nearly  the  whole  year,  renders  it  possible 
for  a  horticultural  worker  to  accomplish  with 
ease  and  comfort  twice  the  work  which  can  be 
compassed  in  climates  which  add  the  embargo 
of  winter  to  the  depression  of  hot,  moist  sum- 
mer weather. 

Fourth.  But  after  all,  probably,  the  under- 
lying secret  of  success  in  California  fruit 
growing  is  the  conception  of  the  tree  or  vine 
as  a  producing  machine  which  must  be  de- 
veloped and  maintained  in  the  highest  degree 
of  efficiency.  It  is  this  conception  of  the 
grower's  relation  to  his  trees  and  the  discharge 
of  the  duties  which  such  relation  requires, 
which  has  brought  to  California  fruit  growing 
such  notable  success  and  wide  repute. 

Fifth.  California  fruit  growing  has  reached 
its  present  eminence  because  of  the  wide  ap- 
plication of  business  principles  in  production 
and  in  trade.  Many  of  the  leading  fruit  grow- 
ers were  formerlv  prominent  and  successful  in 
manufacturing  and  commercial  affairs  in  the 
F.ast  and  abroad.  They  brought  to  California 
the  wisdom  born  of  experience.  They  invented 
new  processes  and  appliances  and  they  ap- 
plied the  most  advanced  commercial  methods. 
They  matched  the  favoring  natural  conditions 
of  soil  and  climate  with  their  own  skill  and 
energy  in  using  them  to  the  best  advantage. 
They  have  demonstrated  the  advantage  of  co- 
operative organizations  for  handling  fruits  in 
the  packing  house  and  in  the  markets  so  clearly 
that  California  methods  are  commanding  at- 
tention in  all  parts  of  the  world.  These  facts 
are  set  forth  in  detail  by  other  writers  in  this 
publication. 


VARIOUS   FRUITS   COMMERCIAI.UV   CROWN 
IX  CALIFORNIA 

To  show  the  relative  importance  of  various 
tree  fruits  chiefly  grown  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, the  following  figures  are  compiled  from 
reports  by  the  county  horticultural  commis- 
sioners which  are  published  in  detail  by  the 
state  commission  of  horticulture  at  Sacra- 
mento. The  estimated  weight  of  the  grape 
product  is  based  upon  the  1913  report  and  is 
by  the  state  board  of  viticultural  com- 
missioners : 

KSTIMATEU   PRODUCTION   OF  LEADINCi   CALI- 
FORNI.\   FRUITS 

Tons. 

Almonds    3,752 

Apples 1()0,44.'5 

Apricots    9."5,189 

Cherries    10,646 

Figs    6,948 

Lemons    56,837 

Olives    8,574 

Oranges   568,521 

Peaches    340,351 

Pears   53,483 

Plums    34,769 

Prunes  95,512 

Walnuts    9,231 

Crapes   900,000 

Total    2,282,283 

To  present  with  as  much  definiteness  as 
possible,  information  about  California  fruit 
growing,  a  few  of  the  leading  facts  about 
each  of  the  fruits  will  be  given  under  its  own 
name  and,  for  convenience,  an  alphabetical 
arrangement  will  be  followed  in  each  of  the 
groups  into  which  the  fruits  naturally  divide 
themselves. 

DECIDUOUS  ORCHARD   FRUITS 

Apple — California  has  about  3,000,000  ap^ 
pie  trees  in  orchard,  of  which  one-fifth  are 
not  yet  in  bearing.  The  success  attained  in 
growing  a  winter  apple  very  satisfactory  to 
the  trade  and  capable  of  distant  shipment  con- 
stitutes this  fruit  one  of  the  most  promising 
and  popular  at  the  present  time.  About  1000 
carloads  are  shipped  beyond  State  lines  and  a 
considerable  quantity  reaches  the  London 
market,  selling  at  the  highest  prices.  There  are 
two  distinct  branches  to  the  apple  industry  of 
California  ;  one  is  the  growing  of  early  va- 
rieties like  the  Astracans  and  Gravenstein  for 


CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


419 


sale  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
and  the  interior  mountain  states  before  the 
earliest  apples  can  be  ripened  in  those  parts. 
The  localities  where  these  early  varieties  are 
chiefly  grown  for  such  shipment  are  in  the 
Sacramento  Valley  and  the  foothills  surround- 
ing it.  The  forcing  heat  of  the  spring  and 
early  summer  brings  these  varieties  quickly  to 
notable  size,  crispness  and  flavor.  This  heat, 
however,  continued  into  the  summer  and  au- 
tumn, makes  the  same  districts  quite  ill-suited 
for  the  growth  of  winter  apples  which  are 
prematurely  ripened  and  lack  quality  and 
keeping  power.  The  second  branch  of  the 
California  apple  industry  then,  the  production 
of  winter  apples,  is  undertaken  in  parts  of  the 
State  quite  different  in  climate  from  that  of 
the  early  apple  regions.  The  requirements  of 
a  winter  apple  are  fully  met  by  two  main  di- 
visions of  the  State,  viz. :  The  smaller  valleys 
close  to  the  coast ;  in  fact,  in  some  cases  the 
coast  fiats,  where  the  exi)osure  is  directly 
toward  the  cooling  breezes  of  the  ocean  which 
produce  a  cool  summer — a  long,  slow-grow- 
ing season  which  develops  the  greatest  beauty 
and  highest  quality  in  a  winter  apple.  Similar 
results  are  also  produced  by  the  climate  found 
at  an  elevation  of  from  2500  to  5000  feet  on 
the  interior  plateaux  and  in  the  mountain 
valleys.  The  coast  district  has  developed  a 
greater  commercial  apple  industry  than  the 
mountains  because  transportation  facilities  for 
shipment  are  vastly  better,  but  as  the  State 
advances  the  mountain  districts  will  be  em- 
ployed in  this  production  much  more  largely 
than  at  present.  The  greatest  apple  district 
of  the  State  is  the  Pajaro  Valley,  including 
parts  of  Monterey  and  Santa  Cruz  counties, 
centering  at  Watsonville.  which  ships  about 
4000  carloads  of  apples  annually.  The  counties 
next  prominent  in  apple  growing  are  Sonoma. 
Mendocino,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  while  many 
other  counties  have  good  apple  orchards  in 
less  total  acreage ;  in  fact,  from  San  Diego  on 
the  south  to  Siskiyou  on  the  north,  localities 
exist  which  aff"ord  the  elevation  or  the  coast 
exposures  which  favor  the  production  of  good 
winter  apples  and  planting  is  progressing  in 
all  these  districts. 


Apricot — California  apricot  trees  stand  in 
the  open  air  without  protection  of  any  kind 
and  bear  large,  luscious  fruit.  That  apricot 
trees  can  do  this  constitutes  one  of  the  unique 
features  of  California  fruit  growing  and  pro- 
claims it  different  from  fruit  growing  in  other 
states,  for  excepting  a  few  localities  in  other 
parts  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  California  has  a 
monopoly  of  commercial  apricot  growing. 
And  yet  the  apricot  does  not  find  all  parts 
of  California  suited  to  it.  The  whole  north- 
west cjuarter  of  the  State,  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  and  west  of  the  high  ridges  of  the 
Coast  Range,  does  not  grow  apricots  commer- 
cially, nor  does  this  fruit  anywhere  ascend 
above  an  elevation  of  1  500  feet  upon  the  foot- 
hills. It  is  particularly  a  fruit  of  the  pro- 
tected coast  valleys  south  and  east  of  the  bay 
of  San  Francisco  to  the  southern  end  of  the 
State;  also  of  the  great  interior  valleys  and 
lower  foothills,  avoiding,  however,  the  low 
l)laces  in  these  valleys  where  spring  frosts  may 
injure  the  crop,  though  the  tree  is  not  harmed. 
For  these  reasons  it  is  wise  to  choose  locations 
for  the  apricot  with  some  discrimination,  but 
such  large  areas  of  land  are  practically  safe 
that  the  present  great  product  can  be  several 
times  multiplied  if  the  world's  markets  should 
favor  it.  The  California  apricot  is  of  superior 
size  and  quality  and  in  canned  and  dried  forms 
is  finding  a  free  field  in  the  countries  of 
Northern  Europe  for  any  surplus  which  is  not 
required  in  the  United  States.  A  point  of  ad- 
vantage with  the  apricot,  as  with  the  pear  and 
peach,  and  to  a  less  extent  with  the  nectarine 
and  ])lum,  is  that  it  has  three  great  lines  of 
demand : 

First,  as  fresh  fruit  ;  second,  as  canned 
fruit ;  third,  as  dried  fruit.  The  tabulation 
given  later  in  this  article  shows  the  relative 
amount  of  each  fruit  taking  these  forms.  More 
than  3.000,000  apricot  trees  are  growing  in 
California;  counties  having  over  100,000 
trees  each  are  as  follows :  vSanta  Clara,  So- 
lano. Ventura.  Riverside.  Kings.  Tulare, 
Volo,  San  Bernardino,  and  Alameda,  while 
several  other  counties  closely  approach  that 
limit.  Some  of  these  counties  are  500  miles 
apart  and  their  success  with  the  apricot  shows 


420 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


Spitzenberg  apple  orchard,  20  years  old,  Sonoma  County,  ('al. 


how  widely  suitable  locations  are  distributed 
over  the  State. 

Cherry — The  cherry  is  one  of  the  lesser 
orchard  fruits  of  California  because  the  re- 
gions which  favor  it  are  fewer  and  because 
its  commercial  field  is  less,  but  in  size  and 
quality  of  the  fruit  and  prolific  bearing  of  the 
tree,  the  cherry  is  a  great  fruit  in  locations 
which  meet  its  requirements,  '["he  cherry  re- 
cjuires  a  modification  of  summer  heat  and  of 
the  dryness  of  summer  air  and  for  tliese  rea- 
sons it  does  not  thrive  on  the  interior  plains, 
even  when  irrigation  is  employed  to  regulate 
soil  moisture.  In  the  central  coast  valley  and 
in  the  smaller  valleys  tributary  to  the  great 
Sacramento  Valley  and  on  the  river  lands, 
where  depth  of  soil  j)rcvails  and  modification 
of  air  dryness  is  secured  by  abundance  of  ad- 
jacent water,  the  cherry  behaves  magnificently. 
Elevation  also  secures  conditions  suitable  to 
the  cherry  in  some  cases,  notably  in  Southern 
California,  where  the  i)roduct  of  trees  in 
mountain  valleys  at  an  elevation  of  2000  feet 
or  more,  is  satisfactory  and  profitable  though 
the  trees  on  mesas  below,  where  citrus  fruits 
ihrive,    are    disa])])ointing.     There   are   nearly 


a  million  cherry  trees  in  California,  of  which 
Santa  Clara.  Alameda,  San  Joaquin,  Solano, 
Napa,  and  Placer  counties  have  the  largest 
jdantings.  Cherry  drying  has  never  pre- 
vailed in  California.  The  shipment  of  fresh 
fruit  to  the  East  has  overcome  its  chief 
difficulties  and  is  now  regularly  estab- 
lished. Cherries  are  constantly  growing  in 
\'olume  as  canned  fruit.  'I'he  acreage  at  the 
])resent  time  is  extending  on  the  basis  of  the 
shipping  and  canning  demand. 

Peach — The  peach  is  the  greatest  orchard 
fruit  of  California  of  the  deciduous  class.  A 
few  years  ago  it  was  surpassed  in  acreage  by 
the  prune,  but  the  prune  was  over-planted  in 
situations  not  befitting  it  and  such  unwise  ex- 
tensions of  the  prune  planting  have  largely 
disappeared.  This  restores  the  peach  to  the 
supremacy  which  it  held  previous  to  that  un- 
fortunate incident,  as  it  has  had  no  reverses, 
but  has  rather  gained  continually  in  popularity 
in  spite  of  occasional  low  prices.  The  peach 
has  a  very  wide  range  in  California.  It  goes 
beyond  the  apricot  in  the  coast  valleys  north 
of  .San  Francisco  :  it  goes  beside  the  apricot 
wherever  the  latter  thrives  in  the  interior,  rises 


CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


421 


a  thousand  feet  above  it  on  the  foothills  and 
goes  lower  on  the  plains  into  the  frosted  areas 
with  safety  because  of  its  later  blooming.  The 
peach  is  a  grand  fruit  almost  everywhere ;  it 
has  a  ripening  season  with  different  varieties 
and  different  locations  from  May  to  December, 
though,  of  course,  the  midseason  varieties  con- 
stitute the  great  commercial  crop.  The  va- 
rieties most  largely  grown  are  of  California 
origin,  being  chiefly  selected  chance  seedlings, 
taken  up  by  enterprising  nurserymen  on  the 
approval  of  growers  with  whom  they  origi- 
nated. These  varieties  have  gained  fame  by 
embodying  qualities  acceptable  to  three  main 
lines  of  disposition  indicated  in  the  table  of 
"Commercial  Uses  of  Various  Fruits,"  near 
the  close  of  this  article.  These  peach  products 
are  derived  from  nearlv  all  parts  of  the  State, 
though  mainly  from  the  great  interior  valleys, 
the  San  Joat^uin  and  the  Sacramento,  and  the 
foothills.  Fresno  County  leads  in  peach  pro- 
duction, while  Placer.  Tehama,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano,  Stanislaus,  and  Kings  have  over 
500,000  trees  each,  while  Tulare,  San  Joacjuin, 
Merced,  and  Butte  counties  have  over  200,000 
trees  each.    About  ten  other  counties  go  above 


the  100,000  mark.  The  California  peach, 
though  it  is  now  eminent,  has  even  a  greater 
future  before  it,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
peaches  are  being  widely  grown  in  other  parts 
of  the  country,  because  the  California  peach 
has  such  a  long  ripening  season  and  is  so 
superior  in  size  and  texture  for  preserving 
processes. 

Nectarines — The  nectarine  is  a  smooth 
skinned  peach,  but  it  bears  no  comparison 
with  the  p)each  in  product  nor  popularity.  The 
canned  and  dried  products  of  nectarines  are 
too  small  to  separately  mention,  but  California 
produces  a  magnificent  nectarine,  and  the  de- 
mand for  the  fruit  may  at  some  time  better 
justify  producing  effort. 

Pear — Because  of  conditions  favoring  the 
growth  of  pears  of  the  most  popular  market 
sorts  in  greater  beauty  and  volume  than  they 
can  be  produced  in  older  states  and  countries, 
the  California  pear  has  commanded  wide  at- 
tention in  distant  parts  of  the  United  States 
and.  like  the  apple  has  commanded  the  high- 
est prices  for  the  fresh  fruit  in  the  London 
markets ;  in  fact,  the  pear  stands  next  and 
sometimes  exceeds  the  peach  in  long  distance 


%,f'-"^^' 


Orchard  .smu    in   Pajaro  Valley,  Cal. 


422 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


shipping  trade.  The  pear  also  is  high  in  can- 
ning and  in  drying,  the  product  has  been  large 
in  some  years  though  recently  there  has  been 
little  of  it,  because  of  liigh  [)rices  paid  by 
shippers  and  canners.  The  pear  resembles  the 
peach  in  its  wide  range  over  coast  valley,  in- 
terior valley,  and  foothill  situations,  but  it 
extends  beyond  the  peach,  for  it  goes  to  an 
altitude  of  5000  feet  on  the  mountains  and  it 
descends  to  the  lowest  places  in  the  valleys,  for 
neither  frost  nor  standing  water  can  avail 
against  it.  It  escapes  frost  by  its  slow  start 
in  the  spring  and  it  endures  water  and  even 
a  degree  of  alkali  in  the  soil  by  the  hardy 
character  of  its  root.  In  ripening  also  it  is 
not  injured  by  a  degree  and  duration  of  heat 
which  ruins  the  quality  of  a  winter  apple. 
I'ntil  about  a  decade  ago  the  pear  was  free 
from  the  "blight"  in  California  and  there 
seemed  no  limit  to  the  possibilities  in  pear 
growing.  Since  then  the  disease  has  wrought 
havoc  and  many  growers  have  abandoned  the 
fruit  rather  tlian  fight  for  it,  but  those  who 
wage  successful  warfare  are  greatly  profited. 
Tlie  leading  pear  counties  are  Solano,  Santa 
Clara,  Placer,  Sacramento,  Eldorado,  Tehama, 
Nevada,  Sonoma,  Contra  Costa,  Yolo,  Yuba, 
etc.,  but  almost  every  countv  in  the  State 
grows  the  fruit  in  commercial  quantities.  The 
varieties  grown  are  comparatively  few  and  the 
Bartlett  is  chief,  because  there  are  fully  two 
months  between  the  first  to  mature  in  early 
districts  and  the  last  in  late  districts  and  dur- 


ing all  this  time  supplies  are  ready  for  ship- 
ping and  caiming  of  this  one  e.xceedingly  ac- 
ceptable variety  which  permits  no  intruders 
while  it  is  in  season.  Tlie  growing  of  later 
])ears  is  limited,  because  the  Eastern  grown 
winter  i)ears  are  usually  available  in  large 
cjuantities  in  the  Eastern  markets  after  the 
California  Bartlett  has  had  its  run.  Still  a  few 
shippers  are  making  excellent  records  with 
winter  j)ears  in  distant  markets. 

Flums  and  Prunes — By  demonstrating  the 
suitability  of  the  climate  for  the  free  fruiting 
of  the  choicest  varieties  of  the  I'Airopean  plum. 
California  growers  freed  themselves  from  the 
burden  of  building  up  on  the  basis  of  the  wild 
American  species  which  Eastern  growers  have 
done  with  so  much  credit  to  themselves.  Cali- 
fornia has  no  need  to  seek  hardy  plums  for 
the  tenderest  are  perfectly  satisfactory ;  nor 
does  California  have  to  circumvent  the  cur- 
culio  and  the  black  knot  for  these  have  never 
appeared  in  the  State.  The  French  ])runes 
were  introduced  at  an  early  day  and  the 
product  was  so  successful  and  profitable  and 
won  its  way  by  displacing  European  prunes  in 
American  markets  that  there  arose  ere  long 
a  rage  for  prune  planting,  the  product  of 
which,  arising  to  205,000,000  pounds  of  dried 
])runes  in  1912,  has  outgrown  the  requirements 
of  the  United  States  and  is  being  pushed  for 
sale  in  Europe,  even  in  France  itself.  Prob- 
ably even  greater  success  than  could  have  been 
anticipated  has  been  attained  in  disposing  of 


^^/^^ALIFORNIA  found  that  she  can  produce  great  riches — citrus 
^-^  and  deciduous  fruits,  dried  fruits,  and  canned  fruits  of  all 
sorts.  But  she  was  staggered  by  the  problem  of  distribution:  how- 
could  she  send  out  her  riches  to  the  world  and  not  have  all  her  profits 
eaten  up  by  the  grafters  and  gain-hunters?  .  .  .  So,  moved  by 
an  inspired  common  sense,  they  (the  yeomanry)  drew  together  into 
co-operative  and  defensive  bodies;  and  lo!  the  tyranny  of  the  mid- 
dleman dissolved  like  a  rope  of  sand.  ,  .  .  On  this  far  coast, 
without  any  abstract  reasoning  on  social  economics,  the  people  are 
beginning  to  take  their  stand  on  the  rock  of  collectivism.  The  stern 
logic  of  events  has  taught  them  that  selfish  competition  tears  down, 
while  friendly  co-operation  builds  up  the  walls  of  the  social  safety." — 
Edwin  Markliam  in  "California  the  JVoiidcrfiil" — PiiblisJicd  by 
Hearst's  International  Library  Conipany,  Ine. 


CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


423 


this  immense  volume  of  prunes  and  yet  as  free 
and  profitable  an  outlet  as  is  necessary  has  not 
been  secured.  When  there  is  a  year  of  maxi- 
mum product  the  price  is  apt  to  run  low  and 
acreage  has  been  somewhat  reduced  (as  stated 
in  the  foregoing  discussion  of  the  peach), 
therefore  an  attitude  has  reasonably  arisen 
against  prune  planting  except  where  an  excep- 
tionally large  fruit  can  be  counted  upon. 
Strenuous  efforts  are  being  made  to  popu- 
larize the  prune  as  a  desirable  food,  to  push 
the  product  into  markets  in  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  to  realize  fair  returns  for  such  an 
excellent  fruit  as  the  California  prune  is 
conceded  to  be  and  progress  is  steadily  being 
made.  California  has  invented  new  processes 
of  curing  prunes  by  machinery  and  other  labor 
saving  appliances  and  has  endeavored  by  hu- 
man devices  to  match  the  economy  of  produc- 
tion to  which  nature  contributes  free  sunshine 
and  dry  air.  Probably  nowhere  in  the  world 
can  so  rich  and  delicious  a  fruit  food  as  the 
California  prune  be  so  cheaply  produced  and 
it  is  warranted  to  expect  that  the  world  will 
need  all  that  can  be  produced  when  organiza- 
tion for  distribution  and  trade  is  made  effect- 
ive. The  largest  prune  producing  counties  are 
Santa  Clara  (which  has  nearly  two-thirds  of 
all  the  prune  trees  in  the  State) ,  Solano.  Napa, 
Alameda,  Sacramento,  Tulare,  San  Benito, 
Colusa,  etc. — both  the  coast  valleys  and  the 
great  interior  valleys  participating  in  the  pro- 
duction. The  interesting  story  of  the  prune 
is  ably  told  by  Mr.  Brooks  of  San  Jose  on 
other  pages  of  this  publication. 

Of  plums,  aside  from  varieties  which  are 
dried  without  removal  of  the  pit  (and  there- 
fore called  prunes),  the  production  is  rela- 
tively about  one-eighth  that  of  prunes  and 
is  largely  restricted  to  the  Japanese  and  a 
few  other  varieties  which  are  particularly 
adapted  to  fresh  fruit  shipments  and  canning. 
These  fruits  are  largely  grown  in  the  districts 
where  early  ripening  can  be  counted  upon. 
The  special  discussion  of  shipping  plums  by 
Mr.  McKevitt,  a  leading  grower  and  shipper, 
on  other  pages  of  The  Almanac  will  be 
found  verv  interesting.     The  size  and  beautv 


of  the  canning  plums  of  California  are  strik- 
ing and  the  product  reaches  a  good  volume. 

NUTS 

Almond — California  produces  practically 
the  whole  of  the  almond  crop  of  the  United 
States  and  thus  stands  as  the  only  source  of 
a  home-grown  almond  supply  for  American 
markets.  The  article  by  Mr.  Pierce  on  other 
pages  of  this  publication  discusses  both  pro- 
duction and  distribution,  in  both  of  which  he 
holds  prominent  position.  It  must  be  em- 
phasized that  the  almond  is  a  fruit  demanding 
much  intelligent  judgment  from  the  grower. 
There  is  considerable  irregularity  in  the  an- 
nual crop,  as  some  districts  are  liable  to  frost 
injury.  The  almond  is  a  very  restless  tree 
during  the  California  winter  because  the  tem- 
perature in  the  valleys  is  always  near  the 
point  which  induces  blooming  and  rather  a 
light  frost  may  injure  blossoms  and  young 
nuts.  For  this  reason  it  is  very  important  to 
select  locations  for  almonds  where  there  is  a 
minimum  danger  of  frost.  These  are  found 
on  the  bench  lands  around  small  valleys, 
while  the  bottom  lands  in  the  same  valleys 
might  be  quite  frosty  and  should  be  planted 
with  later  blooming  fruits.  Frosts  are  also 
less  frequent  on  the  plains  of  the  interior 
valleys  where  there  is  a  free  circulation  of  air 
which  tends  to  equalize  temperatures,  while 
on  the  river  l^ottom  lands  the  trees  may  be 
unproductive  though  growing  thriftily.  The 
almond  does  not  thrive  at  elevations  in  the 
foothills  and  seems  to  be  a  bench  and  valley 
fruit,  but  even  within  these  limits  locations 
must  be  chosen  with  close  attention  to  local 
topography.  The  chief  product  is  grown  in 
Volo.  Contra  Costa,  Solano,  San  Joaquin,  Sac- 
ramento and  Alameda  counties,  which  are  all 
in  the  central  and  northern  regions  of  the 
State,  although  many  other  counties  contribute 
in  a  smaller  way,  including  Riverside  County, 
and  large  plantings  have  been  recently  made 
in  San  l.uis  Obispo  and  counties  on  the  coast 
in  tlie  southern  half  of  the  State.  The  wide 
distribution  of  the  product  shows  that  local 
conditions  rather  than  wide  geographical  gen- 
eralizations, should  be  studied. 


424 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Chestnut — The  California  chestnut  product 
is  small  and  consists  almost  entirely  of  the 
Italian  variety  grown  in  the  interior  valleys 
and  foothills.  The  production  of  the  best 
chestnuts  of  American  and  European  varieties 
can  be  largely  and  profitably  increased,  but 
no  particular  attention  has  been  paid  to  the 
matter,  except  by  a  few  enterprising  growers. 
Peanut — On  light  loams  all  through  the 
lower  lands  of  California  the  peanut  thrives 
well  and  makes  a  large  product  of  exception- 
ally large,  bright  and  well-filled  nuts.  In 
Southern  California  the  chief  product  is  on 
the  lower  lands  of  the  coast  region,  while  in 
Central  and  Northern  California,  peanuts  are 
mostly  grown  on  the  alluvial  loams  of  the 
river  bottoms  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys,  although  the  crop  is  some- 
times made  between  fruit  trees  on  the  light 
upland  loams.  The  product  has  been  quite 
profitable  to  those  who  have  mastered  the 
details.  California  has,  however,  had  little 
inducement  to  enter  into  competition  in  the 
general  markets  of  the  country,  and  the  crop 
is  now  hazardous,  because  of  reduction  of 
duties  on  importations,  even  for  local  con- 
sumption. At  present  only  a  small  fraction 
of  the  peanuts  used  in  California  are  grown 
here. 

Pecan — The  pecan  grows  well  and  bears 
well  in  the  lower  lands  of  the  interior  valleys. 
It  does  not  behave  well  near  the  coast  where 
the  seasons  are  not  well  defined,  nor  does  it 
thrive  in  the  drier  regions  of  the  interior.  On 
deep  lands,  however,  where  moisture  is  ample 
and  where  the  approach  of  autumn  is  marked 
by  rather  sharp  frosts,  the  pecan  stops  its 
growth  and  matures  its  nuts  satisfactorily. 
The  product  has  not  yet  risen  to  commercial 
importance. 

Walnuts — The  English  walnut  is  the  great- 
est nut  grown  in  California,  judged  by  the 
volume  and  value  of  the  product,  by  the 
breadth  of  its  adaptability  to  California  con- 
ditions and  the  greatness  of  its  outlook  as 
discussed  on  other  pages  of  this  publication 
by  Mr.  Thorpe,  who  occupies  an  important 
relation  to  the  marketing  of  the  product.  The 
present  product   is  almost   entirely   grown   in 


three  counties  in  Southern  California:  Orange, 
Los  Angeles  and  Ventura,  and  the  adjoining 
counties  of  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Luis 
Obispo  stand  next  in  acreage  of  walnuts.  Dur- 
ing the  last  few  years,  however,  owing  to  the 
profitability  of  the  walnut,  there  has  been 
a  large  planting  in  the  central  part  of  the 
State  and  the  product  of  the  future  will  be 
drawn  from  a  wider  territory  than  hitherto. 
The  walnut  tree  is  in  fact  content  with  the 
coast,  interior  valley  and  foothill  climates, 
providing  it  has  sufficient  depth  of  soil  to  sus- 
tain it  and  to  furnish  the  constant,  but  not 
excessive,  water  supply  which  it  needs.  Where 
the  rainfall  is  large  and  the  soil  deep  enough 
to  retain  moisture  and  yet  open  enough  to  pre- 
vent standing  water,  walnuts  yield  satisfactory 
results  without  irrigation.  In  places  with 
light  rainfall  or  where  the  soil  is  too  shallow 
or  non-retentive  to  hold  moisture  for  the  long 
growing  season,  irrigation  is  retjuisite.  There 
is,  however,  need  to  select  varieties  with  some 
regard  to  localities.  In  Southern  California 
a  local  seedling,  known  as  the  Santa  Barbara 
soft  shell,  is  chiefly  grown.  This  variety  is  not 
so  well  adapted  to  conditions  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  State.  The  French  imported  va- 
rieties, the  Franquette,  Mayette,  etc.,  and  some 
California  seedlings  locally  originated  are 
better  and  are  now  being  largely  planted. 
These  varieties  are  hardy  against  spring  frosts 
because  of  their  later  blooming  and  they  resist 
the  sun  heat  of  the  interior.  The  Southern 
California  variety  is  injured  by  these  agencies, 
but  as  they  occur  only  at  a  minimum  in  the 
Southern  California  coast  regions,  the  resist- 
ance of  a  variety  is  not  of  as  much  concern. 
The  later  blooming  varieties  are  also  less  in- 
jured by  the  walnut  blight — a  bacterial  dis- 
ease which  sometimes  does  considerable  injury 
to  the  nuts. 

THE  GRAPE  AND  ITS  PRODUCTS 

The  grape  grows  in  all  parts  of  California 
from  near  sea  level  on  the  coast  to  an  eleva- 
tion of  5000  feet  or  more  on  the  mountains. 
It  is  contented,  too,  with  nearly  all  fertile 
soils  from  the  deep  valley  loams,  where  the 
great  fat,  firm-fleshed  grapes  are  grown  for 
raisin    and    table   purposes,    to   the   shallower 


The  Bartlett  Pear 


THE  BARTLETT  is  the  greatest  pear  grown  in  California  because  in  qual- 
ity it  is  good ;  because  in  commercial  suitability  it  is  unrivaled ;  because  it 
can  be  picked  from  the  trees,  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  from  July  to 
September,  as  stated  elsewhere.  The  Bartlett  tree  is  a  good,  upright  grower, 
and  in  California  it  is  such  a  good  self-pollinizer  that  solid  acreages  of  it  may  be 
planted  with  full  assurance  of  bearing  well.  Though  subject  to  blight,  it  is  so 
good  otherwise  that  blight-extirpation  is  cheerfully  assumed  by  growers.  The 
fruit  is  handsome ;  it  carries  well  and  ripens  during  long  shipment ;  it  processes 
well  in  canning;  it  assumes  beautiful  form  and  color  in  sun-curing.  It  is  in 
such  strong  and  universal  favor  that  other  varieties,  which  are  grown  to  extend 
the  season,  are  judged  in  terms  of  resemblance  to  the  Bartlett  in  their  appear- 
ance and  behavior. 

In  the  Bartlett,  California  has  taken  an  old,  world-beating  pear  and  glorified 
it  beyond  all  its  previous  popularity  as  a  commercial  fruit.  For  the  Bartlett  is  a 
European  pear,  which  was  renamed  with  a  Yankee  appellation  in  Massachusetts. 
It  is  believed  to  have  originated  in  England  about  1770  and  was  called  "\\^il- 
liams,"  after  the  man  who  first  propagated  it  in  England.  But  the  pear  has  in  its 
list  of  synonyms  many  I*>ench  titles,  and  one  of  them,  "William's  Bon  Chretien," 
seems  to  fix  an  old  belief  that  the  Englishman  borrowed  it  from  France.  In  fact, 
the  French  "Bon  Chretien"  is  traceable  even  to  records  of  propagation  and  descrip- 
tion of  it  in  1485.  Before,  then,  the  achievement  of  Christopher  Columbus,  our 
Bartlett  was  perhaps  living  an  honorable  life  and  is  now  gloriously  renewing  its 
youth  in  California  and  through  our  undertakings  with  it,  and  the  achievements 
of  others  who  have  taken  suggestion  from  them, 
the  Bartlett  is  not  only  the  greatest  pear  in 
California,  but  the  greatest  pear  in  the 
world — at  least  from  a  commercial  point 
of  view. 


Illustration   by  courtesy 
J.  K.  Armsby  Co. 


Sun-Drying   California   Apricots 


California  Has  Apricots  for  the  World 


IX  THE  parts  of  the  world  developed  and  dominated  by  nations  of  the  Cau- 
casian race  there  are  but  narrow  areas  of  land  where  the  apricot  tree  lifts  its 
head  of  most  beautiful  foliage  proudly  and  confidently  to  the  sky  and  bears 
great  weights  of  golden  fruit  without  danger  of  frost  injury.  The  limitation  of 
area  over  which  the  apricot  is  a  sure  producer  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  of  the 
deciduous  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  the  apricot  is  more  subject  to  frost-injury 
than  any  other  except  the  almond.  The  tree  is  very  eager  to  start  its  growth  at 
the  touch  of  even  winter  sunshine,  its  blossoms  and  young  fruit  are  very  sus- 
ceptible to  injury  from  frost  and  therefore  the  tree  demands  exposures  which  are 
]iractically  free  from  spring  frosts  to  assure  regular  and  profitable  fruit-bearing. 
Of  course  horticultural  art  has  succeeded  in  contriving  artificial  conditions  afford- 
ed by  training  the  tree  against  walls  and  by  frost  shelters,  which  secure  fruit 
production  in  northerly  situations,  but  fruit  thus  grown  is  an  expensive  luxury 
and  can  never  figure  largely  in  commerce.  It  is  true  also  that  hardier  varieties  of 
apricots  have  been  developed,  but  the  fruit  of  such  varieties  is  inferior  and  the 
growth  of  it  does  not  constitute  an  industry  of  any  importance.  Commercial 
apricot-growing  requires  climatic  characters  which  favor  the  safe  production  of 
the  best  varieties  in  the  largest  quantities. 

Apricot-growing  as  a  commercial  industry  is  pursued  at  several  points  in  the 
countries  touching  the  IVIediterranean,  in  Australia,  in  South  Africa  and  in  Cali- 
fornia. Asia,  away  from  the  Alediterranean,  has  of  course  apricot  production 
here  and  there,  of  great  antiquity,  but  it  does  not  go  far  in  the  world's  commerce. 


Arizona  has  districts  sharing  CaHfornia's  snitabiUty  to  the  fruit,  and  there  is 
small  production  of  some  promise  in  a  few  locations  in  the  upper  Pacific  Coast 
States,  but  California  practically  monopolizes  the  apricot  industry  not  only  of  the 
United  States  but  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  although  suitable  areas  for  it 
undoubtedly  exist  in  ]\Iexico  and  elsewhere  southward  through  South  America. 

California's  greatness  in  apricot-growing  is  therefore  established  not  alone 
upon  natural  suitability  but  upon  the  energy,  ability  and  enterprise  of  the  Cali- 
fornia people  in  the  development  of  production  and  rendering  the  product  service- 
able in  the  world's  trade.  This  clearly  appears  from  the  forms  which  the  fruit 
assumes  for  final  sale.  The  California  apricot  crop  in  a  favorable  year  may  be 
estimated  at  125.000  tons  as  it  comes  from  the  trees.  Of  this,  the  fruit  is  used 
for  the  following  purposes :  For  local  sale  as  fresh  fruit.  2,500  tons ;  for  ship- 
ment overland  as  fresh  fruit,  2.500  tons  ;  for  canning,  30,000  tons  ;  for  drying, 
90,000  tons. 

The  preponderating  commercial  form  which  this  fruit  assumes  is  the  California 
dried  apricot,  and  as  such  it  is  known  the  world  around.  It  is  a  distinctive  product 
in  the  size  of  the  half  fruits,  which  are  clearly  recognized  as  largely  preserving 
their  natural  form  and  color.  This  is  due  to  the  wise  use  of  sulphur-fumes  to 
])revent  darkening  by  oxidation  and  to  the  curing  in  the  sun  in  a  most  cleanly 
way  by  the  use  of  wooden  trays,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  engraving,  and 
to  exposure  to  the  sun  only  until  the  surplus  water  is  expelled.  Thus  the  Cali- 
fornia dried  apricot  remains  elastic,  rich-flavored  and  golden-colored  and  sells  as 
"evaporated  fruit."  The  dry  air  and  clear  sunshine  of  California  are  essential 
to  the  c|uality  and  handsome  appearance  of  this  high-class  product.  The  pits  of 
the  apricot  are  also  an  important  commercial  product,  the  kernels  being  in  sharp 
demand  by  confectioners  as  a  substitute  for  almonds  and  the  product  is  largely 
exported. 


The  accompany- 
i  n  g  photograph 
shows  the  manner 
in  which  Califor- 
nia .\pricots  are 
boxed  and  pressed 
for  shipment  to 
all  markets  of  the 
world  after  being 
sun-dried  as  por- 
traj-ed  in  the  pic- 
ture above. 


Illustrations  by 
courtesy  of  J.  K. 
Armsby  Co.,  pack- 
ers SUX-KIST 
brand  of  Califor- 
nia Fruits. 


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CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


425 


soils  of  the  high  foothills  and  mountain  slopes, 
where  the  grapes  are  less  in  quantity,  but  of 
superior  aromatic  qualities.  This  wide  adapta- 
tion gives  an  immense  area  suited  for  grape 
culture,  but  the  chief  reason  for  the  achieve- 
ment and  the  promise  of  the  grape  in  Cali- 
fornia is  in  the  fact  that  the  European 
species,  Vitis  vinifera,  thrives  and  thus  the 
California  grower  has  command  of  all  that 
the  Europeans  have  accomplished  in  centuries 
in  the  development  of  special  varieties  of  the 
species  for  special  purposes.  The  grapes  of 
the  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are 
not  grown  in  California  because  the  European 
varieties  are  the  only  ones  from  which  raisins 
can  be  made  ;  they  also  furnish  the  world's 
wine  and  brandy  and  they  give  size,  beauty 
and  shipping  quality  beyond  all  comparison 
with  American  varieties.  \\'herever  wealthy 
Eastern  connoisseurs  choose  grapes  for  their 
glass  houses  they  select  European  varieties. 
The  Californian  grows  his  "hot  house  grapes" 
in  the  open  air.  He  also  grows  them  without 
the  cost  of  trellising,  because  most  of  the 
European  varieties  will  bear  well  in  short- 
pruned  bush  form  and  the  others  accept  a  high 
stake  or  a  two-wire  support.  Details  of  the 
grape  interest  are  given  on  other  pages  of  this 
publication,  Mr.  Madison  for  the  raisin  branch 
and  Mr.  Sheehan  for  the  wine  and  brandy 
industry.  Briefly,  however,  it  may  be  noted 
that  table  grapes  are  grown  for  local  use 
everywhere  and  for  shipping  chiefly  in  Sacra- 
mento, San  Joaquin,  Tulare,  Placer,  Fresno, 
Stanislaus,  Santa  Clara  and  San  Bernardino 
counties,  though  other  counties  participate  in 
this  branch.  The  raisin,  interest  is  chiefly  con- 
centrated in  the  center  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  in  Fresno  and  Kings  counties,  though 
there  is  a  raisin  product  of  some  moment  in  the 
Sacramento  Valley  and  in  Southern  Califor- 
nia. The  wine  and  brandy  interests  are  widely 
distributed  through  the  length  and  breadth 
of  the  State. 

SEMI-TROPICAL    FRUITS 

Space  will  admit  only  of  reference  to  those 
fruits  of  the  semi-tropical  class  which  have 
reached  considerable  commercial  importance. 
Others  which  are  at  present  succeeding  with 


amateurs,  and  some  of  which  may  ere  long 
reach  economic  account,  are  too  numerous  for 
discussion.  Suftice  it  to  say  that  the  date  fruits 
freely  in  central  parts  of  the  State  and  is  now 
being  advanced  by  systematic  effort  through 
plantings  on  the  Colorado  Desert  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
bv  private  planters,  as  ably  set  forth  by  Mr. 
Mason  on  other  pages  of  this  publication. 
The  banana  is  fruited  for  home  use  in  many 
thermal  situations.  The  pineapple  is  grown 
in  a  small  way  in  frostless  places  near  the 
coast  in  Southern  California.  The  cherimoyer 
is  found  in  the  markets  of  Los  Angeles,  while 
the  avocado  or  alligator  pear,  grown  in  South- 
ern California,  reaches  the  markets  of  San 
Francisco  as  well.  The  latter  fruit  is  quite 
hardy  in  several  parts  of  the  State  and  has 
recently  been  quite  widely  planted.  The  guava 
and  the  loquat  are  produced  for  local  use  and 
sale  and  new  varieties  of  the  latter  originated 
in  Southern  California  are  becoming  widely 
known.  The  persimmon  and  pomegranate 
grow  in  nearly  all  fruit  districts,  but  only  a 
limited  amount  can  be  profitably  disposed  of, 
either  locally  or  by  distant  shipment.  Many 
other  fruits  of  the  semi-tropical  class  may  be 
found  in  the  citrus  districts. 

Fig — The  fig  is  one  of  the  great  fruits  of 
California.  Old  trees  attain  the  dimensions 
and  aspect  of  oaks  and  bear  so  much  fruit 
that  it  becomes  of  some  importance  in  swine 
feeding.  The  tree  is  perfectly  hardy  in  all 
coast  and  interior  situations  (except  in  a  few 
places  where  the  temperature  falls  10  or  12 
degrees  below  freezing)  and  no  thought  is 
given  to  protection.  This  fact,  demonstrated 
more  than  a  century  ago  by  the  padres  at  the 
old  missions,  naturally  suggested  the  fig  as  a 
great  commercial  fruit  and  for  decades  it  has 
been  successfully  grown  and  trees  of  con- 
siderable age  can  be  found  in  nearly  all  coun- 
ties except  those  of  the  mountains.  Pro- 
duction has,  however,  been  restricted  by  the 
fact  that  fresh  figs  do  not  take  kindly  to  long 
shipment  and  by  the  fact  that  until  recently 
our  dried  figs  have  not  compared  well  with  the 
product  of  Smyrna.  This  condition  has,  how- 
ever,  been   completely  changed  by   the   expe- 


426 


C  A  LI  FORN I  A"S  M  AG  AZ I X  E 


Apricot  (jrchard  at  5  years;    Sunnyvale,  C-al. 


rience  of  the  last  few  years  as  described  by 
Mr.  Roeding  in  his  special  article  on  this 
subject.  The  fig  industry  comes  upon  a  new- 
basis  through  the  successful  introduction  of 
the  pollination  insect  which  is  essential  to  the 
success  of  the  Smyrna  fig.  California  Smyrna 
figs  are  now  being  produced  in  considerable 
quantities  and  California  is  thus  equipped  to 
enter  into  competition  with  the  time-honored 
Asiatic  product  for  the  world's  trade  in  dried 
figs. 

Olive — The  olive  is  another  fruit  which  has 
been  successfully  grown  in  California  for  more 
than  a  century.  The  importance  of  the  olive 
as  a  food  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  its  stand- 
ing as  an  export  thence  to  jiopulous  northern 
countries,  coupled  doubtless  with  its  favored 
place  in  song  and  story,  induced  a  premature 
popularity  among  California  fruit  planters, 
and  experience  with  the  fruit  for  a  number  of 
years  did  not  justify  all  the  expectations  cher- 
ished for  it.  Planting  practically  ceased  for 
a  time  and  considerable  acreage  was  displaced. 
Recently,  however,  through  the  action  of  the 
pure  food  laws,  which  have  prevented  the  use 
of  the  word  "olive"  in  connection  with  cheap 


substitute  oils  for  salad  purposes,  and  through 
the  process  of  canning  and  bottling  hermet- 
ically, which  has  made  it  possible  to  produce 
pickled  ripe  olives  of  suitable  varieties  with 
good  keeping  qualities,  the  olive  has  found 
itself  in  our  commercial  fruit  growing  and 
lias  a  bright  future,  as  described  by  Mrs. 
Ehmann  in  her  special  article  on  this  subject. 
California  is  now  producing,  largely  and 
profitably,  good  olives  and  olive  products  in 
suitable  places  through  the  efforts  of  masterful 
men  and  women  who  have  risen  to  the  require- 
ments of  this  fruit,  in  the  production  of  which 
California  has  almost  a  monopoly  of  favoring 
climatic  conditions.  Practically  all  the  coun- 
ties of  the  State  except  those  on  the  high 
mountains  and  on  the  upper  northwest  coast, 
have  olive  trees  in  bearing — the  interior  val- 
leys and  footliills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  lead- 
ing in  the  i)roduction. 

Lemon — Wonderful  progress  has  been  made 
in  (le\eloping  tlic  lemon  industry  in  California 
and  imported  lemons  have  met  sharp  compe- 
tition in  the  markets  of  the  United  States  by 
the  California  product.  New  varieties  have 
been    secured,    new    methods    of    culture    and 


CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


427 


fruit  handling  have  been  devised.  Though 
lemon  growing  is  possible  in  most  sections 
where  oranges  are  produced,  the  present 
product  is  chiefly  made  in  the  counties  of 
Ventura,  Santa  Barbara.  Orange.  vSan  Ber- 
nardino. Riverside  and  San  Diego.  The  lemon 
does  best  in  a  practically  frostless  place,  being 
more  tender  than  the  orange.  For  this  reason 
the  chief  product  is  in  the  southern  coast  coun- 
ties. In  suitable  situations  in  the  interior, 
however,  the  lemon  does  well,  but  has  been 
largely  displaced  by  the  orange,  which  has 
been  on  the  whole  more  profitable  and  is 
marketable  fresh  from  the  trees,  while  the 
lemon  requires  curing  and  a  good  part  of  the 
crop  has  to  be  held  from  winter  maturity  to 
be  sold  in  the  following  midsummer,  when 
the  chief  demand  for  lemons  occurs. 

Orange — California  has  accomplished  more 
with  the  orange  than  with  any  other  single 
fruit,  and  the  advance  during  the  last  few 
years  has  been  exceedingly  rapid.  At  present, 
not  only  is  the  United  States  largely  supplied 


with  California  oranges,  but  the  fruit  has 
been  successfully  sold  in  England  and  Ger- 
many. For  many  years  nine-tenths  of  the 
vast  production  of  oranges  came  from  South- 
ern California,  but  recent  plantings  have  been 
largely  on  the  mesas  of  the  San  Joaquin  and 
Sacramento  valleys  and  in  the  central  part  of 
the  State.  The  orange  thrives  in  suitable  sit- 
uations through  a  north  and  south  distance 
of  over  600  miles,  and  the  topography  of  the 
State  is  such  that  similar  winter  and  summer 
temperatures  occur  all  through  this  distance. 
There  is,  fortunately,  however,  some  dift'erence 
in  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  in  the  dift'erent 
portions  of  this  belt  and  the  northern  portion, 
because  of  its  mountain  environment  and  dis- 
tance from  the  ocean,  has  an  earlier  spring 
and  summer  and  is.  therefore,  able  to  ripen 
its  oranges  for  an  earlier  autumn  market.  This 
difference  distributes  the  fruit  through  a 
greater  number  of  months  and  is  of  great 
advantage  to  the  product.  In  fact,  by  choice 
of  earlv  and  late  varieties  and  bv  using  the 


A  strawberry  field  in  tlie  Pajaro  Valley 


428 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


variation  in  the  season  of  maturity,  California 
can  furnish  fresh  oranges  in  large  quantities 
all  through  the  calendar  year  and  can  make 
the  United  States  practically  independent  of 
importations.  Another  advantage  peculiar  to 
California  is  that  the  orange  grown  in  a  dry 
summer  is  more  dense  in  texture  and  has  much 
better  keeping  and  shipping  quality  than  an 
orange  grown  in  a  humid  summer.  The  fruit 
is  also  more  sprightly  and  refreshing,  and 
though  there  is  some  controversy  over  the  al- 
leged superior  sweetness  of  the  Culf  fruit, 
the  popularity  of  the  California  fruit  and 
prices  which  it  commands  are  evidence  of  its 
wide  popularity.  Although  the  California 
growers  have  made  the  most  energetic  and 
systematic  effort  for  the  wide  distribution  of 
the  product  for  several  years  the  fruit  has 
proved  so  acceptable  that  it  is  evident  that 
the  limit  of  consuming  capacity  of  the  United 
States  is  still  beyond  reach  and  the  outlook 
for  the  California  orange  is  very  promising. 
The  articles  by  Mr.  Wallschlaeger  and  Mr. 
Powell  on  other  pages  of  this  publication 
show  the  nobility  of  the  product  and  the  en- 
terprise with  which  it  is  being  handled. 

The  pomelo  or  grape  fruit  is  also  grown  in 
California,  but  has  not  met  the  extent  of 
demand  which  was  anticipated. 

SMALL     FRUITS 

In  California  the  term  "small  fruits"  signi- 
fies only  berries  and  currants,  as  the  cherry 
is  always  classed  by  us  with  other  great  or- 
chard fruits,  and  the  grape  stands  alone  as 
the  foundation  of  a  great  fruit  industry,  as 
has  been  indicated.  Aside  from  supplies  for 
home  use  and  local  markets,  there  is  a  large 
field  for  small  fruit  growing  for  shipment. 
Berries  are  largely  used  by  the  canners.  Small 
fruits  are  also  shipped  from  California  to 
markets  from  one  to  two  thousand  miles  dis- 
tant in  the  interior  states  and  territories  to 
the  north  and  east.  The  earlier  ripening  of 
these  fruits  in  California  gives  our  shippers 
an  opportunity  to  place  the  product  in  this 
vast  region,  although  there  are  home  grown 
supplies  later  in  the  year.  The  growing  of 
small    fruits   is   scattered   over  the  State   and 


the  special  regions  are  widely  distant  from 
each  other.  The  most  prominent  for  straw- 
berries are  thv  San  (Jabriel  and  San  Fernando 
valleys  in  I.os  Angeles  Countv,  the  Pajaro 
Valley  in  Santa  Cru/.  and  Monterey  counties, 
antl  the  I'lorin  section  in  Sacramento  County. 
There  are,  however,  many  places  which  have 
a  smaller  acreage,  but  special  reputation  for 
fruit  out  of  season;  in  fact,  it  is  possible  to 
find  ripe  strawberries  every  month  in  the  year 
at  some  point  or  other  in  the  State. 

DIMENSIONS    OF    THE     CALIFORNIA     FRUIT 
INDUSTRY 

There  is  no  arrangement  by  which  enumera- 
tion of  California  fruit-bearing  trees  and 
plants  can  be  made,  except  during  the  United 
States  Census  years,  and  therefore  statistics  in 
these  lines  are  in  part  estimates  and  matters 
of  judgment.  The  best  available,  and  based 
upon  reports  by  county  assessors,  are  the  fig- 
ures published  by  the  State  board  of  equaliza- 
tion. The  following  figures  are  from  the 
report  of  the  State  department  for  1914,  which 
is  made  as  of  March  1  of  that  year : 

NUMBERS     OF     FRUIT     TREES     AND     ACREAC.ES     OF 
GRAPES    AND    BERRIES 

Fruit                     Bearing  Non-Hearing  Total 

Apple    2,044,916  753,313  2,780,229 

Apricot   2,578,778  578,940  3,157,718 

Cherry 628,699  323,419  952,118 

Fig 441,621  61,619  503,240 

Olive    638,184  221,923  860,107 

J^cach    10,199,568  1,297,075  11,496.643 

Pear 1,751,326  349,910  2,101,236 

Plum   1,017,881  122,308  1,140,189 

Prune    8,078,830  1,227,234  9,306,064 

Lemon 1,108,639  721,360  1,829,999 

Orange    7,919,949  1,676,271  0,596,220 

Pomelo    56,224  23,337  79,561 

Almond   1,480,768  390,918  1,871  686 

Walnut    689,208  424,501  1,113,709 


Totals    38,634,591  8.154,128         46,788,719 

.Vo/i- 
Crapes  (acres)  Hearing   Bearing     Total 

Table     58,799     12,227        71,026 

Wine   164,300     30,560     194,860 

Raisin   112,168       8,624     120,678 


Totals   335,267     51,411     286,678 

Small  Fruits'  Acres  Value 

Strawberries    4,585  $1,149,475 

Blackberries   2,576  282,383 

Raspberries  and  Loganberries.  ..  .    1,992  304,169 

Other  berries  and  currants 534  9,697 

*The  figures  on  berries  are  from  the  United  States 
Census  of   1910,   none  more  recent  being  available. 


CALIFORNIA  FRUITS 


429 


COMMERCIAL    USES    OF    VARIOUS    FRUITS 

To  show  the  very  important  fact  that  the 
leading  California  fruits  of  the  deciduous 
class  have  several  forms  of  commercial  suita- 
bility and  to  suggest  how  California  growers, 
merchants  and  preservers  have  not  only 
guarded  but  have  also  extended  the  lines  of 
wealth-winning  by  discriminating  intelligence 
and  enterprise  in  production,  preservation  and 
transportation,  the  following  table  is  com- 
piled, chiefly  from  the  data  collected  by  Mr. 
Howard  C.  Rowley,  editor  of  the  California 
Fruit  News,  who  is  an  acknowledged  authority 
in  such  lines.  The  figures  for  fresh  and  dried 
fruits  are  for  1914;  for  canned  fruits.   1913: 

Fresh  Canned 

Shipments  Fruits 

Kind  of  Fruit —                (cars)  (cases) 

Apples^    31,535 

Apricots    208  818,880 

Cherries    166=  162,665 

Grapes     8,773  41,665 

Peaches    2,144  2,398,550 

Pears    2,725  529,860 

Plums    1,906  65,975 

Figs    

Lemons    2,954  

Oranges     45,594  

Various    49  9,405 

Almonds    

Walnuts    

Berries"     105,990 

Totals    64,519         4,194,525         216,450 

The  figures  for  fresh  fruit  shipments  in- 
clude only  shipments  beyond  State  lines  by 
rail,  taking  account  neither  of  local  marketing 
nor  movement  by  sea.  The  figures  for  canned 
and  dried  fruits  are  intended  to  represent  the 
total  production. 

A    GENERAL    REMARK 

On  the  whole  it  is  true  that  the  immense 
fruit  products  of  California  are  being  easily 


Vried 
Fruits 

(tons) 

4,000 

19,500 

90,0003 
32,000 


51,000* 
6,200 


2,500 
2,250 
9,000^ 


^Apples  not  included  U.  S.  D.  A.  figures  California 
apple  crop  1,300,00  barrels. 

-\Some  years  250  cars. 

^Raisins. 

■•Prunes. 

"Some  years  12,500  tons. 

"No  data  for  shipping  or  drying.  Acreage  by  cen- 
sus of  1910,  9687;  value  of  product,  .'?  1,789,21 4. 


disposed  of  at  fairly  remunerative  rates,  and 
the  business  is  in  good  heart  and  enjoys  a 
good  outlook.  There  is,  of  course,  fluctuation 
from  year  to  year  in  the  values  of  different 
fruits  and  in  the  market  conditions  which 
they  meet  at  distant  points.  Such  "off  years" 
strike  the  fruits  somewhat  irregularly  and  are 
discouraging  first  to  one  special  grower  and 
then  to  another,  because  our  localities  are 
largely  given  to  specializing,  according  to 
favoring  culture  conditions  or  otherwise.  Still 
we  find  that  our  fruit  growing  districts  have 
the  busiest  towns,  the  handsomest  rural  im- 
provements, the  largest  assessment  rolls,  and 
are  most  attractive  to  home-seekers.  While 
these  things  are  true  our  fruit  industries  must 
be  counted  in  prosperous  condition,  although 
the  greatest  special  anticipations  are  not  al- 
ways realized. 

THE    LEADING   QUESTION   ANSWERED 

Briefly,  in  conclusion,  the  question  set  in 
the  title  of  this  article  may  be  answered  in 
this  way :  California  leads  the  world  in  fruits 
because  the  State  is  naturally  endowed  with 
suitability  of  soil  and  climate  for  the  pro- 
duction of  so  many  which  are  acceptable  in 
commerce ;  because  the  California  people  have 
invested  capital  and  put  forth  effort  to  grow 
and  preserve  these  many  fruits  to  the  limits 
of  commercial  demand  and  then  by  organiza- 
tion and  co-operative  effort,  have  passed 
beyond  all  previously  existing  limits  by  de- 
veloping new  demand  wherever  on  earth  such 
extension  was  found  to  be  possible.  Oppor- 
tunity for  continuance  of  this  effort  remains 
open.  The  civilized  nations  are  but  scantily 
supplied  with  fruit-foods.  It  is  California's 
function  to  teach  them,  by  example,  to  pro- 
duce for  themselves  to  the  limit  of  their 
natural  suitabilities  and  to  supply  fruit-foods 
from  her  breadtii  of  adaptation  and  abund- 
ance wherever  local  limits  of  production  may 
be  reached.  'I'hus  it  is  California's  duty  to 
lead  and  lier  opportunity  to  supply. 


Why  the  Plum  Is  Great 
in  California 

By  F.  B.  McKevitt 

President    Calif ornia    I-'annrrs'    Protective    Leai^iie ;     fonnerly    Manager 
California    Fruit    Distributors 


Juiifor's  Xotc:  California  grows  all  the  best  plums  of  luiropean 
origin  because  the  curculio  does  not  live  in  this  State  and  all  the 
unique  plums  of  Asiatic  origin  because  the}'  are  not  touched  by  de- 
structive frosts.  For  size  and  variations  in  forms,  colors,  flavors — 
which  give  beauty  and  deliciousness  beyond  all  the  plums  grown  in 
other  States — Cafifornia  has  no  rival  in  production  of  plums  for  long 
shipment.  Mr.  McKevitt  is  a  leading  plum  grower  and  shipper  and 
gives  important  details  from  experience  and  observation.  His  article 
will  be  read  with  interest  bv  both  expert  and  layman. 


CALIFORNIA  seems  to  be  the  natural 
home  of  the  plum.  Nearly  all  varieties 
that  are  valuable  commercially  are  grown  here 
and  do  exceedingly  well,  attaining  a  size, 
beauty  and  perfection  of  flavor  unexcelled 
anywhere. 

'i'he  tree  is  healthy,  entirely  at  home  on  the 
hills  or  in  the  valley,  and  when  grown  upon 
Myrobolan,  or  other  wild  plum  root,  is  long 
lived.  On  the  peach  root  its  profitable  life  on 
deep  and  well  drained  land  is  twenty-five  years 
or  more. 

The  tree  is  not  subject  to  disease  and  insect 
pests,  outside  of  scale  insects  which  are  not 
usually  troublesome.  The  dreaded  curculio, 
which  makes  profitable  plum  growing  practi- 
cally impossible  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
has  never  found  lodgement  near  here.  This 
insect  stings  the  young  fruit,  depositing  its 
eggs  in  the  wound,  and  causes  a  premature 
dropping  of  the  fruit,  often  entirely  ruining 
the  crop.  The  best  European  varieties  are 
particularly  subject  to  its  attack  and  in  con- 
secpience    their    production    in    the    East    has 


almost  ceased,  while  in  California  these  best 
plums  of  the  world  are  triumphant. 

Plums  are  regular  and  heavy  bearers;  the 
fruit  is  grown  on  spurs,  and  usually  even  in 
seasons  of  light  rainfall  the  bud  development 
is  ample  for  a  crop.  There  are  few  varieties 
of  fruit  that  can  be  grown  as  cheaply,  as  the 
pruning  cost  is  less  than  half  that  of  peaches 
and  apricots,  while  the  tree  will  flourish  in 
soils  that  are  too  heavy  or  damp  to  be  suit- 
able for  any  other  fruit  except  the  pear  and 
quince.  While  the  cherry,  peach,  nectarine, 
and  apricot  demand  a  deep,  rich,  sandy  soil, 
which  is  classed  as  our  very  highest  type  of 
orchard  land,  the  plum,  grown  upon  the  wild 
plum  root,  does  well  in  second  or  even  third- 
grade  laud,  producing  as  large  a  revenue  per 
acre  as  if  grown  upon  the  best  and  most 
costly  land. 

riums  are  divided  into  two  distinct  groups : 
A  plum  that  will  dry  sweet  is  generally  known 
as  a  prune;    all  others  as  plums. 

The  former  is  a  most  important  fruit  and  is 
grown  more  largely  than  any  other  of  the  plum 


THE    PLUM 


431 


family,  and  its  varieties  constitute  the  basis  of 
our  California  prune  industry,  which  is  dis- 
cussed in  detail  by  another  writer  elsewhere 
in  this  publication. 

Plums  grown  for  table  use  are  divided  into 
two  classes,  the  European  and  Japanese.  Of 
the  former  those  best  known  and  most  com- 
monly grown  here  are  the  Clyman,  Tragedy, 
Purple  Duane,  Columbia,  Yellow  Egg,  Golden 
Drop,  Bradshaw,  Diamond,  Grand  Duke, 
Giant,  and  Hungarian.  Of  the  Japanese  va- 
rieties there  are  many  and  almost,  if  not  quite 
all,  have  been  originated  by  Luther  Burbank  of 
Santa  Rosa,  who  has  spent  a  life  time  in 
hybridizing  fruits  and  flowers,  and  whose  work 
has  resulted  in  giving  to  the  world  some  of 
the  very  finest  productions.  Among  these  plums 
deserving  of  especial  mention  are  the  Beauty, 
Climax,  Formosa,  Burbank,  Wickson,  Santa 
Rosa,  and  Gaviota.  With  the  varieties  above 
mentioned  one  may  plant  his  orchard  so  that 
a  constant  succession  of  fruit  of  both  classes 
may  be  had  from  the  opening  of  the  season 
(May,  in  the  Vacaville  district),  nearly  to  its 
close  in  autumn. 

Most  of  these  are  consumed  in  the  fresh 
state  only,  but  some,  like  the  Yellow  Egg  and 
Golden  Drop,  are  in  demand  by  the  fruit 
canners.  Plums  furnish  a  very  considerable 
part  of  our  Eastern  fresh  fruit  output,  amount- 


ing to  from  1500  to  2000  carloads  annually 
which  is  a  very  good  thing  as  production  is 
increasing  rapidly  also. 

For  Eastern  shipment,  in  order  that  the  fruit 
may  safely  endure  a  trip  covering  ten  or  twelve 
days,  it  is  necessary  to  pick  it  before  it  is 
thoroughly  ripe,  but  it  has  been  found  that 
with  this  fruit  the  ripening  process  continues 
after  it  is  removed  from  the  tree  and  when 
exposed  for  sale  at  destination  has  acquired 
a  color,  beauty,  and  flavor  attractive  to  the 
eye  and  most  acceptable  to  the  palate. 

Most  plums  are  heavy  bearers,  yielding  from 
two  tons  per  acre  in  the  lighter  soils  of  the 
hills  to  ten  tons  in  the  valley.  In  order  to 
make  the  fruit  large  and  attractive  it  is  neces- 
sary to  pick  off  the  surplus  specimens  before 
the  hardening  of  the  pit,  leaving  the  largest 
and  finest  growing  far  enough  apart  so  that 
they  shall  not  touch  each  other  when  fully 
grown.  Thinning  is  a  heavy  item  of  expense 
and  not  infrequently  costs  more  than  the  pick- 
ing of  the  matured  crop.  Plum  trees  usually 
begin  bearing  at  four  years,  but  do  not  reach 
full  productivity  until   eight  years  of  age. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
plum  occupies  a  prominent  place  in  the  horti- 
cultural industry  of  California  and  that  its 
importance  is  much  more  likely  to  increas'-, 
than  to  srow  less. 


/'CALIFORNIA  itself  is  always  a  realm  of  interest  and  delight  to 
^^^  visitors,  particularly  from  the  Eastern  part  of  the  United  States, 
because  of  its  almost  inconceivable  range  of  climate,  scenery,  and 
products  both  natural  and  cultivated.  Northward  from  San  Francisco 
are  fertile  valleys,  lofty  mountains,  and  vast  forests.  Southward  are 
areas  of  specialized  products,  particularly  on  irrigated  land.  Still 
farther  south  are  the  orchards  of  oranges  and  other  citrus  fruits; 
and  in  the  mild  sub-tropical  climate  of  the  Mexican  border  almost 
everything  possible  will  grow\  wherever  water  can  be  supplied.  Cali- 
fornia is  a  w^onderland. — From  Editorial  in  "The  Review  of  Reviews/^ 


432  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Facts  About  the  Olive  Industry 

T  N  ANCIENT  GREECE  tlic  olive  was  sacred  to  l^allas  Athene  and 
^  was  a  symbol  of  chastity  and  peace.  For  hundreds  of  years  the  olive 
has  been  one  of  the  leadin.^'  fruits  of  the  world,  borne  by  a  small  tree 
(Olea  Europea)  of  the  order  Oleaccce,  and  is  the  most  important  mem- 
ber of  its  o-enus  which  includes  between  30  and  40  species.  It  is  a  native 
of  Western  Asia  and  probably  of  the  Mediterranean  re^^ion  and  attains 
a  height  of  about  25  feet. 

Throughout  the  semi-tropical  parts  of  the  Old  World  the  olive  has 
1)een  g-rown  upon  a  commercial  basis  for  many  centuries.  Individual 
trees  have  been  known  to  be  more  than  1000  years  old.  The  olive  was 
introduced  into  California  during  the  eighteenth  century ;  parts  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  are  found  to  be  adapted  to  its  growth,  and  are 
gradually  coming  into  notice.  Probably  the  seed  was  introduced  into 
California  from  Mexico  in  1769  and  i)lanted  at  the  San  Diego  Mission, 
whence  cuttings  were  taken  to  other  missions  throughout  California, 
and  this  olive,  the  only  one  known  in  the  State  till  about  1880  was  called 
the  Mission  variety.  Since  1880  numerous  other  varieties  have  been 
introduced  from  the  olive  growing  countries  of  Europe. 

The  olive  is  propagated  by  layers,  suckers,  sprouts,  cuttings,  tips  of 
trees,  grafts,  buds  and  seeds ;  the  last  three  being  tedious  and  slow,  are 
rarely  employed.  The  favorite  method  is  to  jM'opagate  by  means  of 
"tips."  These  are  obtained  from  small  dormant  branches,  rooted  in 
moist  sand  and  then  transplanted  in  nursery  row'S.  The  trees  generally 
begin  to  bear  at  eight  years  and  reach  full  i)roductivity  at  about  thirty. 
The  principal  uses  of  the  olive  are  for  oil  production;  for  pickling, 
either  ripe  or  green,  and  for  drying. 

The  olive  crop  of  Italy  alone  yields  about  90,000.000  gallons  of  oil 
per  year.  The  olives  are  collected  as  soon  as  they  become  ripe  and  are 
crushed  in  circular  stone  troughs  with  a  perpendicular  millstone ;  the 
])aste  is  then  pressed  in  bags  and  afterw^ard  clarified  by  being  pressed 
in  cotton  w^ool.  In  California  the  fruit  is  carefully  gathered  by  hand, 
bruised  as  little  as  possible,  and  preferably  crushed  at  once,  otherwise 
partly  dried  in  very  thin  layers,  through  which  air  must  circulate  freely 
to  avoid  moulding  and  fermenting. 

The  modern  crushers  do  not  break  the  stones.  The  crushed  pulp  is 
placed  in  linen  sheets  and  pressure  applied  gradually.  A  second  i)ress- 
ing  is  made  after  the  pulp  has  been  mixed  with  cold  water ;  impurities 
are  washed  out  with  clear  water,  resulting  in  producing  the  clear  oil 
demanded  for  American  consumption. 

The  California  production  of  olive  oil  is  in  the  neighborhood  of 
2.000,000  gallons  annually.  The  importations  into  the  United  States 
are  nearly  6,000,000;  the  production  and  importations  of  pickled  olives 
are  in  about  the  same  proportion.  There  is  undoubtedly  a  large  field 
and  a  wonderful  future  for  the  olive  industrv  in  California. 


Xatural  color  pliotoKrapli  of  C'jilifornia  iirune»i  as  they  prro^v  upon  tlie  trees.  Belo^v  ik  a 
prune  orchard  in  full  bloom.  The  prune  industry  represents  to  California  a  yearly  in- 
come  of   approximately   $10,000,000   and   is   continually   increasing. 


Csiliforiiia  priincs.  itliotoKrnplietl  in  natural  size  and  folor.  slio^Ains'  lio%v  tliey  are  faoed 
:iud  packed  for  .sliipnieiit  to  :ill  parts  of  tho  ««»rld.  I'ruui's  ;;r»»>vii  sind  cured  in  Cali- 
fornia are  admitted  to  l>e  ot°  the  tirsst  (iiiality.  Tlie  average  annual  yield  in  this  State 
anioiintM    to    IT.'i.tMIO.UOII    pounds. 

Illiistrnlioiis  courtesy  J.   K.  Annsby  Co.,  packers 
SUX-KIST  Brand  California  Fruits. 


Conditions  and  Methods 

of  the  California 

Prune  Industry 

By  Joseph  T.  Brooks 


Editor  s  Note:  The  prune  is  now  probably  the  greatest  deciduous 
fruit  g-rown  in  Cahfornia  as  determined  by  its  standing  in  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world.  Mr.  Brooks,  resident  in  a  valley  wdiich  makes 
about  half  of  all  the  prunes  in  California,  has  long  given  close  atten- 
tion to  this  special  product  and  discusses  the  history  of  it  briefly;  the 
greatness  of  it  as  shown  by  statistics;  the  parts  of  the  State  where 
prunes  are  made;  the  methods  of  prune  making  and  the  varieties 
largely  used;  packing  and  marketing,  with  something  about  the  dis- 
tribution to  different  parts  of  the  world,  etc. ;  also  the  outlook  under 
present  conditions  of  trade,  transportation,  etc. 


THE  prune  industry  has  reached  tremen- 
dous proportions  in  California  and  the 
product  has  become  a  staple  crop  to  be  reck- 
oned with  annually,  as  are  the  wheat  and  corn 
crops  of  the  Middle  West.  The  prune  is  also 
a  staple  food — nutritious,  keeping  well,  and, 
when  properly  cooked,  extremely  inviting  and 
palatable.  Prunes  may  be  served  in  so  many 
ways  that  they  can  be  used  every  day  without 
becoming  tiresome. 

The  development  of  this  industry  bids  fair 
to  increase  annually  and  provides  for  earnest 
consideration  on  the  part  of  the  packers, 
brokers  and  growers  to  develop  markets 
throughout  the  world,  since  the  prune  is  so 
widely  acceptable. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  prunes  grown 
in  California,  such  as  the  Imperial,  Silver, 
Sugar,  Standard  (Burbank's  latest  prune). 
Pearl,    Italian,    French    Petite    d'Agen,    Robe 


de  Sargent  and  other  varieties,  but  the 
California  French  prune,  known  generally  as 
the  Petite  d'Agen,  is  the  variety  which  has 
predominance.* 

This  variety  is  very  sweet,  its  flesh  is  of  fine 
texture  and  bright  in  color,  and  when  not  irri- 
gated too  freely  has  less  shrinkage  in  curing 
than  other  varieties  and  is  a  constant  producer. 

Prunes  may  be  raised  in  almost  any  part  of 
California,  but  the  greatest  product  attained 
thus  far  has  been  in  Central  California.  Santa 
Clara  Valley,  which  extends  from  thirty  to 
eighty  miles  south  from  San  Francisco,  raises 


*I  would  indeed  be  inappreciative  if  I  did  not 
give  full  credit  for  revisions  and  suggestions  to 
Mr.  Leonard  Coates,  president  of  the  Leonard 
Coates  Nursery  Company  of  Morgan  Hill ;  to  Mr. 
E.  N.  Richmond,  a  practical  prune  grower  and 
packer  in  charge  of  the  vast  business  of  J.  K. 
Armsby  Company;  to  the  California  Fruit  News 
of  San  Francisco,  and  to  "California  Fruits  and 
How  to  Grow  Them,"  by  Professor  E.  J.  Wickson. 


436 


CALIF(  )R\IA'S  MAGAZIXE 


A    fully    ticvflopt'd    Prune   Tree    is    a    mass    of    luxuriant    foliage 


with  normal  crops  c.'\cry\vhere,  between  50  and 
60  per  cent  of  tlie  entire  world's  output. 

SlOC.E.snONS    I'OR    PRUNE    PLANTING 

To  one  contemplating  the  planting  of  a 
prune  orchard,  the  first  consideration  must  be 
given  to  locality,  as  has  already  been  empha- 
sized. Inasmuch  as  the  State  has  been  thor- 
oughly exploited  on  prune  producing,  the  mat- 
ter of  judgment  and  fact  must  prevail  in  your 
selection  of  the  district  of  the  State  in  which 
you  are  going  to  plant. 

The  second  consideration  is  soil.  There  are 
thousands  of  acres  planted  to  prunes  in  this 
State  today  that  are  not  adapted  to  this  va- 
riety of  fruit,  and  should  have  been  planted 
to  some  other  variety  of  fruit  or  to  vines.  The 
prune  tree  recjuires  a  deej),  rich  sandy  or  loamy 
soil,  and  from  that  to  a  heavy  soil,  well 
drained.  lli)on  such  soils  water  is  generally 
obtainable  for  irrigation  purposes.  Light  or 
shallow   soils   do   not    grow   successful    prune 


orchards.  Such  a  soil  as  first  mentioned  will 
grow  large,  thrifty  trees  capable  of  producing 
annually  from  five  to  ten  tons  of  green  prunes 
to  the  acre  of  large-sized  fruit,  while  soil  not 
adapted  to  prune  growing  will  grt)w  only  a 
small  tree  capable  of  producing  from  two  to 
five  tons  of  prunes  to  the  acre  of  small  fruit. 
Competition  is  bound  to  enter  the  producing 
field  as  well  as  other  fields  of  the  business 
world,  and  it  is  the  man  who  can  produce  at 
the  lowest  cost  who  will  be  the  most  successful 
in  this  business.  The  lowest  cost  means  the 
greatest  tonnage  of  good  fruit  to  the  acre  and 
not  the  greatest  economy  in  the  working  of  the 
property ;  hence  the  necessity  of  giving  the 
(luestion  of  a  soil  a  very  thorough  considera- 
tion and  investigation. 

The  third  consideration  is  the  root  upcm 
which  your  tree  is  budded.  In  my  estimation 
the  mvrobalan  is  by  far  the  most  successful 
root   to   plant    for  prunes,   for   the    following 


PRUNES 


reasons :  First,  it  is  the  hardiest,  and  is  long 
lived  ;  second,  its  roots  naturally  seek  mois- 
ture, giving  you  a  deep-rooted  tree  ;  third,  it 
will  stand  more  moisture  and  is  not  nearlv  so 
subject  to  soursap  as  the  peach  or  almond 
root ;  fourth,  the  fruit  produced  from  the 
tree  on  myrobalan  root  is  firmer  and  will  show 
a  less  shrinkage  in  drying  than  either  of  the 
other  roots,  thereby  making  a  heavier  fruit  or 
grade  than  the  fruit  produced  on  trees  budded 
to  other  roots. 

If  your  soil  is  of  a  light  character,  then 
either  peach  or  almond  are  better  adapted,  but 
for  genuine  prune  soil,  the  myrobalan  is  the 
root  to  select.  Of  the  other  two  roots  gener- 
ally used  for  prune,  the  almond  is  preferable 
to  the  peach.  Trees  budded  to  the  almond  root 
are  good  producers  and  much  Ibnger-Mved  than 
trees  budded  to  the  peach  root. 

The  question  of  planting  on  the  square  or 


triangular  system  is  largely  a  matter  of  choice. 
On  the  triangular  system  a  few  more  trees  can 
be  planted  to  the  acre.  Do  not  plant  your  trees 
too  close  together.  Plant  anywhere  from  twen- 
ty-two to  twenty-seven  or  twenty-eight  feet 
apart.  The  farther  apart  you  plant,  the  better 
opportunity  are  you  going  to  give  the  trees  to 
develop  into  large,  thrifty  trees — they  have 
more  air,  sun,  and  room  to  develop. 

Prior  to  planting,  plow  deep.  Plowing  in 
the  orchard  business  does  not  mean  skimming 
over  the  surface  of  the  ground.  It  means  get- 
ting down  from  eight  to  eleven  inches.  This 
can  be  done  with  a  disc  plow  and  good  stock. 
Use  a  sub-soil  plow  and  put  it  down  deep 
along  the  rows  in  which  you  are  going  to  plant 
your  trees,  so  as  to  break  the  under-crust  and 
give  the  young  root  of  the  tree  an  opportunity 
of  easy  growth. 

During   the   i)ast    few   years,   dynamite  has 


i^^ti^:^'^^W:~.  '-i..' 


Prunes  are  permitted  to  ripen  and  fall   from  the  trees  and  then  are  gatliercd  by   liand.  placed 
in  boxes,  and  carried  to  the  dr.ving  trays 


438 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Facing  prunes:  Two  layers  are  carefully  faced  against  the  top  of  the  box  by  hand;  the  box  is 
then  filled  and  pressed,  when  the  bottom  is  nailed  on.  Upign  opening  the  box  from  the  lop 
the  fruit  presents  an  inviting  appearance  ; 


been  used  in  starting  young  orchards  with  ex- 
cellent results,  by  blowing  up  the  hole  in 
which  you  are  going  to  place  a  young  tree. 
If  intelligently  done,  it  loosens  all  of  the  soil 
and  gives  the  root  every  advantage  of  deep 
growth. 

Planting  for  the  most  satisfactory  results 
sliould  be  done  either  during  the  latter  part  of 
December  or  through  January  or  February. 

The  selection  of  nursery  .stock  is  a  very  im- 
l)ortant  factor  toward  success.  Select  one  year 
old  trees,  good,  clean  roots  and  plenty  of 
them,  with  a  straight  top  from  four  to  six  feet 
liigh.  As  soon  as  you  get  your  stock  from  the 
nursery,  heel  in  the  ground  in  good  shape  until 
such  time  as  you  are  ready  to  plant,  for  it 
must  be  rememliered  that  the  small  rootlets 
are  very  sensitive  to  cold  or  lack  of  moisture. 

Before  planting,  examine  the  roots  closely. 


cutting  off  the  bruised  or  broken  ends  of  tlie 
roots  that  have  been  damaged  while  being 
handled  at  the  nursery.  Examine  close  for 
black-knot  or  for  indications  of  the  peach 
borer. 

Have  your  ground  carefully  laid  off  so  that 
each  tree  may  be  placed  in  its  proper  position. 
When  you  are  ready  for  planting  use  the 
planting  board  (which  is  made  by  taking  a 
one-inch  by  four-inch  piece  of  wood  four  feet 
long,  cutting  a  notch  in  each  end  and  one  in 
the  center),  placing  it  so  that  the  stake  which 
indicates  where  the  tree  is  to  be  set  will  be 
in  the  notch  in  the  center  of  the  board  and 
then  place  a  stake  at  each  notch  at  the  ends. 
Remove  the  board  and  center  stake  and  you 
are  ready  to  dig  the  hole.  Replace  the  board, 
hold  the  tree  in  the  center  notch  and  it  will 
stand  in  the  right  place. 


PRUNES 


439 


When  planting,  dig  a  hole  deep  enough  so 
that  when  the  end  of  the  long  root  going 
downward  rests  on  the  bottom  of  the  hole,  the 
tree  will  rest  two  or  three  inches  deeper  than 
it  did  in  the  nursery.  This  means  that  the 
point  at  which  the  tree  is  budded  is  just  about 
on  the  surface.  Very  great  care  should  be  taken 
so  that  the  soil  is  well  worked  between  the 
roots,  using  as  fine  a  dirt  as  possible,  and  that 
every  root  goes  out  naturally  from  the  tree. 
If  this  is  not  done  and  the  soil  is  thrown  into 
the  hole  carelessly,  the  roots  will  all  be 
crowded  together  to  the  detriment  of  the  fu- 
ture growth  of  the  tree.  Head  the  tree  back 
to  within  from  one  and  one-half  to  two  feet 
from  the  ground.  As  good  a  system  in  securing 
the  measurement  for  the  heading  of  ar  young' 
tree  is  to  cut  at  a  point  which  measures  a 
trifle  above  your  knee  cap. 

PRUNING,    CULTIVATION    AND    CARE 

The  most  careful  consideration  should  be 
given  to  the  question  of  pruning,  and  here 
again  judgment  must  be  used.  Remember  you 
are  going  to  produce  fruit  for  a  profit  and  not 
wood.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  you  can 
commence  to  mould  your  tree  into  shape. 
About  four  main  limbs  from  the  trunk  should 
be  allowed  to  grow  and  develop.  These  limbs 
should  be  trained  through  pruning  so  that  the 
center  of  your  tree  is  left  open  for  sunshine, 
air  and  the  development  of  fruit  producing 
twigs.  Judgment  must  be  used  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  branches  and  laterals  which  are  allowed 
to  grow  from  the  main  limb.  By  proper  prun- 
ing it  is  possible  to  bring  a  young  prune 
orchard  into  producing  from  1000  to  2000 
pounds  of  fruit  per  acre  at  the  end  of  the  fifth 
year ;  at  the  end  of  the  sixth  year  from  2000 
to  5000  pounds  of  fruit  to  the  acre.  From  that 
time  on  there  is  a  gradual  and  steady  increase 
in  production  as  the  tree  ages.  The  inside  twig 
wood  will  be  the  first  to  produce.  Many  grow- 
ers make  the  mistake  of  pruning  their  orchards 
only  once  in  every  three  or  four  years.  A  prune 
orchard  should  be  pruned  not  less  than  every 
other  year,  and  the  grower  who  trims  his  or- 
chard each  year  secures  the  most  satisfactory 
results.  Strive  to  keep  new  wood  growing  and 
renewing  the  tree. 


Through  the  spring  and  early  summer 
montlis  cultivate  the  ground  frequently.  Plow 
first  and  follow  with  a  harrow,  spring-tooth 
harrow  (which  is  an  excellent  implement  for 
leveling  the  ground),  disc  harrow  or  cultiva- 
tor. Finish  your  cultivating  by  leaving  the 
ground  well  pulverized  and  smooth  for  the 
pickers.  In  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  deep  fall 
plowing  has  been  resorted  to  by  many  with 
great  success.  It  has  been  found  that  deep 
fall  plowing — from  nine  to  eleven  inches — 
following  irrigation  is  the  best  remedy  against 
thrip — a  pest  preying  upon  the  tender  young 
fruit  buds  in  the  spring  months.  Following 
the  fall  plowing  the  spring  plowing  can  be 
dispensed  with  if  one  desires  to  do  so.  The 
spring  work  can  then  be  carried  on  with  a  disc 
liarrow,  cultivator  and  other  implements  to 
good  advantage. 

It  has  been  found  in  all  fruit  growing  that 
"Water  is  King."  Fall  irrigation  immediately 
following  the  harvesting  of  the  prune  crop 
acts  as  an  insurance  for  a  crop  for  the  follow- 
ing year,  it  being  a  tonic  to  the  tree.  Through 
water,  the  tree  is  given  additional  nourishment 
after  having  gone  through  the  dry  summer 
months  producing  fruit  and  growing  wood; 
and  the  young  fruit  spur  is  strengthened  and 
becomes  strong  and  vigorous  before  the  tree 
goes  into  the  dormant  stage.  Water  should  be 
used  during  the  spring  months,  thereby  insur- 
ing the  tree  with  ample  moisture  and  nourish- 
ment to  carry  it  through  the  summer  months 
and  through  the  producing  period. 

Fertilization  should  be  given  serious  consid- 
eration. The  cjuestion  of  fertilization  is  an- 
other stt)ry.  but  you  must  appreciate  the  fact 
that  tlie  trees  can  not  continually  take  from 
tile  soil  and  continually  jjroduce  unless  vou. 
on  your  part,  are  willing  to  renew  the  soil  l)v 
fertilization. 

The  keeping  of  the  bark  of  the  tree  in  a 
clean  and  healthy  condition  must  have  vour 
attention.  This  can  be  done  through  the  sys- 
tem of  spraying.  The  most  popular  sprays  for 
this  purpose  being  crude  oil  emulsion,  distil- 
late emulsion,  known  as  Buggo,  and  the  lime- 
sulphur  spray.  The  best  time  to  spray  for  this 
purpose  is  through  the  months  of   December. 


440 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


A  panoramic  view  of  spreading  pn 


PRUNES  may  be  rated  as  one  of  California's  most  prolific  and  profit- 
able productions.  There  is  scarcely  a  county  in  the  State  where 
prunes  will  not  grow,  though  certain  sections  of  Central  California  seem 
to  be  particularly  suited  to  their  propagation.  The  average  annual  yield 
amounts  to  175,000,000  pounds.  The  prune  industry  represents  to  the 
State  a  yearly  income  of  between  $8,000,000  and  $10,000,000  and  is 
increasing  each  year.  This,  however,  does  not  mean  that  there  are  not 
opportunities  still  of  entering  the  field  of  prune  production  and  in- 
terested readers  of  this  publication  are  invited  to  write  our  service 
department  for  detailed  information  relative  to  the  industry — where 
suitable  prune  land  may  be  obtained,  or  growing  orchards  secured; 
methods  of  harvesting  and  marketing  the  crops,  etc.  Prunes  are  among 
the  surest  of  crops  if  proper  care  is  taken  in  selection  of  soil  and  the 
class  of  trees,  together  with  reasonable  attention  to  the  trees  after  they 


Twenty-five  thousand  trays  containing  1,000,000  pounds  i 


PRUNE  INDUSTRY 


441 


trds  in  Santa  Clara  Valley,   California 


are  planted  and  to  the  curino-  of  the  fruit.  The  CaHfornia  French  prune 
is  the  predominant  variety  though  numerous  other  kinds  are  grown  in 
the  State.  Prune  trees  bear  heavily  and  must  be  so  trimmed  as  to  enable 
the  branches  to  support  the  heavy  loads  of  fruit  when  fully  developed. 
A  California  prune  orchard  presents  a  beautiful  picture  while  an  idea 
of  the  extent  of  the  curing  or  drying-  process  may  be  better  gained  from 
a  glance  at  the  accompanying  photograph  than  from  any  amount  of 
description. 

The  prune  industry  is  developing  continually  and  greater  interest 
on  the  part  of  fruit  men  and  investors  is  being  manifested  as  its  im- 
portance is  recognized.  The  prune  is  a  staple  food  product  of  great 
nutritive  value,  besides  being  unusually  palatable  and  susceptible  to 
many  methods  of  treatment  by  the  culinary  expert.  It  is  an  all  the  year 
'round  food,  as  agreeable  in  winter  as  in  summer,  and  always  available. 


is  which  are  being  dried  in  the  open  air  on  tlie  ground 


442 


CAl.II-ORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Pressing    the    prmu's    into    the    boxes 


January,  or  February.  Thf  spray  outfit,  often- 
times in  some  sections  of  the  State  is  again 
called  into  use  in  the  fighting  of  the  thrips. 
It  has  been  successfully  proven  that  this  in- 
sect can  be  kept  under  control  by  the  use  of 
any  one  of  the  two  or  three  different  well 
known  spray  solutions. 

HANDLING  THE   CROP 

The  prune  tree  will  l)lossom  the  latter  i)art 
of  March.  Fruit  sets  immediately  following 
the  falling  of  the  petals.  A  person  can  gen- 
erally gain  a  fair  idea  as  to  the  kind  of  a  crop 
he  is  going  to  have  by  the  latter  part  of  ,\pril. 
Fruit  ripens  during  the  latter  part  of  .August 
and  it  is  of  a  rich  purple  hue  when  ripe. 

Prunes  should  never  be  picked  from  the 
tree,  'i'hey  should  be  allowed  to  thoroughly 
ripen  and  fall  to  the  grt)und  of  their  own  ac- 
cord. An  orchard  should  be  covered  by  pick- 
ers picking  the  fruit  from  everv  seven  to  ten 


days — every  seven  days  preferably,  so  as  to 
prevent  sunburn.  The  usual  form  of  contract 
with  pickers  call  for  four  pickings,  no  shaking 
of  the  trees  until  the  third  picking,  and  then 
at  growers'  discretion. 

I  lie  green  fruit  is  hauled  to  the  dipper  shed 
Ml  picking  boxes  and  there  passed  through  a 
light  solution  of  lye.  A  kettle  or  tank,  holding 
two  hundred  gallons  of  water  and  containing 
:i  basket  tontainer  is  used  for  this  purpose.  In 
nuiiu  instances  the  fruit  is  rinsed  by  passing 
froiu  this  dip  into  a  vat  of  clear  water  and 
then  dumped  upon  a  combination  pricking 
hoard  and  grader,  which  grades  the  fruit  into 
three  grades,  so  that  the  drying  in  the  field 
can  be  uniform,  the  grader  being  operated  by 
power.  The  fruit  is  then  })laced  on  eight-foot 
trays  and  taken  to  the  drying  yard  and  dried 
in  the  sun.  'Hie  purpose  of  passing  the  fruit 
through  the  Ive  solution  and  over  the  pricking 


PRUNES 


443 


board  is  that  the  skin  of  the  fruit  may  be 
slightly  cut.  thereby  facilitating  evaporation, 
preventing  fermentation  and  producing  a  fruit 
with  a  clear,  bright  meat.  Many  of  the  small 
growers  do  not  use  the  combination  pricker 
and  grader ;  they  dump  the  fruit  directly  from 
the  dipper  basket  to  the  trays,  allowing  all 
sizes  to  be  dried  together.  This  is  not  as  sat- 
isfactory to  the  grower  as  the  first  mentioned 
method.  The  most  satisfactory  and  economi- 
cal method  of  handling  from  the  dipper  shed 
to  the  dry  yard  is  to  use  a  one-horse  truck 
especially  constructed  for  this  purpose. 

The  question  of  drying  is  again  a  matter 
of  judgment.  Fruit  should  l)e  allowed  to  lie 
in  the  sun  on  the  trays  until  about  three-quar- 
ters dried  and  then  the  trays  are  stacked  in 
piles  one  above  the  other,  leaving  air  vents  on 
either  end.    About  twentv  travs  can  be  stacked 


in    one    pile   and   the    finishing   process   takes 
place  in  the  stack. 

Under  normal  weather  conditions  it  takes 
from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  to  cure  prunes. 
It  has  been  found  most  satisfactory  while  the 
fruit  is  on  the  trays  in  the  dry  yard,  to  give 
the  fruit,  at  least  one  turning  by  hand,  shaking 
the  trays  or  with  brooms,  so  that  the  fruit  se- 
cures an  equal  drying  on  all  sides.  It  also 
materially  lessens  the  time  of  drying  and  makes 
a  finer  grade  of  fruit.  Do  not  take  your  fruit 
from  the  trays  until  it  is  thoroughly  cured. 
This  word  of  caution  means  the  salvation  of 
vour  business. 

PACKING    PRUNES 

A  packer  can  not  turn  out,  to  the  trade,  a 
first-class  article  unless  that  article  is  deliv- 
ered to  him  by  the  producer.  During  the  past 
vears  most  of  the  complaint  against  the  keep- 


Filling  the   boxes  after  lieing   faced 


444 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


ing  (jualitics  of  the  prune  has  been  due  to 
the  desire  on  the  part  of  the  grower  to  retain 
too  much  of  the  original  weight  of  the  prune, 
with  the  result  that  he  has  delivered  prunes 
to  the  packing  houses  which  were  not  prop- 
erly cured.  In  many  instances  these  prunes 
have  not  been  detected  at  the  packing  house 
door  and  have  found  their  way  to  the  trade, 
with  the  result  that  fermentation  has  set  in  and 
the  buyer  of  the  California  jirune  loses  confi- 
dence and  refuses  to  handle  a  commodity 
against  which  he  has  incurred  heavy  losses. 

Good  prunes,  well  cured,  will  build  up  and 
encourage  an  ever-increasing  demand.  Prunes 
poorly  cured  will  tear  down  and  discourage 
this  demand,  so  that  before  taking  your  prunes 
from  the  travs  be  positive  in  your  own  mind 
that  they  are  properly  cured.  After  properly 
curing  the  fruit  is  taken  from  the  dry  yard 
to  the  dried  fruit  house  of  the  orchard  and 
there  dumped  into  bins.  From  there  it  is 
sacked  and  delivered  to  the  packing  house. 

Every  fruit  producer  should  know  by  actual 
and  careful  testing  what  each  load  of  fruit 
tests  to  the  pound  when  he  delivers  to  a  pack- 
ing house,  no  matter  to  whom  he  is  delivering. 
This  is  not  only  justice  to  himself,  but  it  is 
justice  to  the  man  wuth  whom  he  is  dealing. 
If  he  knows  positively  what  his  fruit  tests  he 
will  ordinarily  have  no  complaint  to  make  at 
the  test  he  secures  from  his  packer,  but  if  he 
does  not  make  such  a  test,  he  is  apt  to  be 
dissatisfied. 

At  the  packing  house  the  fruit  is  carefully 
graded  into  the  diiTerent  grades,  varying  from 
thirty  to  forty  prunes  to  the  pound  up  to 
prunes  running  smaller  than  120  prunes  to  the 
pound.  The  grades  as  to  weight  and  size  are 
obtained  by  passing  the  fruit  over  a  large 
grader  which  consists  of  a  series  of  screens  of 
different  sizes,  commencing  with  the  smaller 
size  and  increasing  to  just  a  trifle  larger  size 
every  three  or  four  feet.  There  are  from  eight 
to  nine  different  screens,  the  larger  fruit  pass- 
ing over  the  end  of  the  grader.  As  the  fruit 
comes  from  the  grader  it  is  carefully  tested 
and  taken  to  the  proper  bin.  From  there  it  is 
taken  as  required  for  packing  ])urposes  to  the 
processor  or  cleanser.    The  fruit  in  the  field 


has  been  subjected  to  considerable  dust  and 
dirt,  as  well  as  insect  life.  The  processor  or 
cleanser  conveys  the  fruit  through  a  long  vat 
of  boiling  hot  water,  thoroughly  washing  and 
cleansing  the  fruit.  From  the  processor  the 
fruit  is  dumped  on  a  long  shaker  which  fur- 
ther assists  in  the  cleansing  process,  so  that  by 
the  time  the  fruit  is  put  into  the  boxes,  it 
is  in  a  most  sanitary  condition. 

Prunes  are  packed  in  packages  varying  from 
one  pound  to  fifty-five  pounds.  A  large  amount 
of  help  is  given  employment  in  the  handling 
of  the  fruit.  The  packing  allowance  made  by 
the  trade  for  fruit  packed  in  various  sized 
boxes  all  goes  back  to  the  various  industries  of 
this  State,  such  as  the  box  factories,  paper  com- 
panies and  to  labor.  Packing  has  been  a  source 
of  a  tremendous  income  to  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia. A  number  of  years  ago  a  large  portion 
of  our  dried  prunes  were  shipped  in  bags  to 
the  larger  wholesalers  of  the  Eastern  states. 
They  did  their  own  packing,  under  the  most 
crude  methods,  with  the  result  that  many 
spoiled  and  unattractive  prunes  were  put  upon 
the  market,  as  well  as  prunes  from  various 
districts  being  mixed  with  our  Santa  Clara 
prunes  or  packed  and  branded  as  Santa  Clara 
Valley  prunes.  In  California  today  every 
packer  is  equipped  with  the  most  modern  ma- 
chinery and  the  investment  in  a  packing  house 
amounts  to  considerable.  Men  are  in  charge 
of  the  various  departments  of  the  packing 
houses  who  have  had  long  experience  in  the 
handling  of  fruit,  with  the  result  that  our 
fruit  is  being  turned  out  to  the  trade  well 
packed,  in  good  keeping  condition  and  in  at- 
tractive packages. 

The  improvement  in  the  producing,  curing, 
and  packing  of  the  California  prune,  as  well 
as  its  original  quality,  has  made  it  the  most 
popular  prune  in  the  world  today.  Even 
though  there  are  large  prune-producing  sec- 
tions in  Europe,  nevertheless  our  California 
prune  has  such  a  recognition  throughout  the 
European  countries  that  today  we  are  export- 
ing about  50  per  cent  of  our  entire  output 
annuallv.  and  we  are  importing  from  Europe 
less  each  year. 

The  prune  industry  in  the  State  today  rep- 


PRUNES  445 

resents  an  annual  average  production  of  175,-  in   the   most   sanitary   and    attractive   manner 

000,000  pounds  of  dried  fruit,  or  an  annual  possible;    third,  on  the  part  of  our  State  Hor- 

income  to  the  State  of  from  seven  and  one-  ticultural  Commissioner's  office,  in  seeing  that 

half   to   ten  million   dollars.     It   deserves   the  the  industry  is  given  his  most  careful  attention, 

most  careful  attention  ;     first,  on  the  part  of  In   conclusion,   it   may  be   said   that   prune 

the  producer,  in  seeing  that  he  is  producing  producing  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  of  fruit 

an  article  of  high  grade ;    second,  on  the  part  productions  when  proper  care  has  been  given 

of  the  packer,  in  giving  the  closest  attention  to   the  selection   of   the  soil,   to   the  class   of 

to  the  packing  of  the  fruit  delivered  to  him,  trees  planted,  to  the  care  of  these  trees  and  to 

that  the  fruit  might  be  delivered  to  the  trade  the  curing  of  the  fruit. 


The  Vitality  of  the  West 

By  Mary  Austin 

/;/  ///('  "Century"  for  April.  Jcpij 

T  TNDOUBTEDLY,  the  development  of  the  creative  spirit  in  the 
^  West  is  affected  by  the  sense  of  sustained  vitality  in  nature.  A 
blossoming  almond  orchard  is  not  only  a  beautiful  thing;  it  is  also 
an  inescapable  thing:  it  scents  the  air  for  almost  as  many  miles  as 
its  delicate,  roseate  cloud  takes  the  eye  along  the  foothill  slopes. 
Swarms  of  fallen  petals  drift  in  the  roadways  like  snow.  And  the 
long  rows  of  the  low-trimmed  muscats,  reaching  out  from  vine  to 
vine  with  advancing  summer  as  though  to  take  hands  against  the 
weight  of  the  harvest — how  they  assault  us  with  the  visible  process 
of  earth  and  sun  and  air  made  into  wine  and  food  for  man !  At 
every  turn  the  consciousness  of  something  doing,  something  vitally 
connected  with  the  large  process  of  nature  and  our  own  means  of  sub- 
sistence, raises  the  plane  of  expectation.  There  is  something  doing 
every  minute  in  a  country  of  such  varied  topography,  as  the  proces- 
sion of  harvest  follows  the  season.  Orange  picking  begins  in  Decem- 
ber and  overlaps  the  pruning  of  the  deciduous  orchards.  The  smoke 
of  the  last  burning  has  scarcely  passed  from  the  shorn  trees  of  the 
highest,  most  northerly  valleys  when  the  flowering  of  almonds  and 
apricots  opens  the  honey  harvest.  The  berry  pickers  move  in  solid 
phalanxes  from  the  cherry  lands  of  Napa  and  Santa  Clara  to  the 
river  bottoms,  and  from  that  on  to  the  August  hop  picking  and  the 
raisin  drying  all  labor  is  in  flux.  It  passes  up  and  down  the  great 
Twin  Valleys  in  "free  companies,"  working,  eating,  and  as  often 
as  not  sleeping  in  the  open.  During  the  brief  season  of  the  rains 
it  is  housed  in  packing  sheds  and  preserve  factories,  but  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  year  the  human  labor  is  as  much  a  part  of  the  great  out- 
door pageant  as  the  woodpecker  or  the  ant. 


.-  ^    - 


'1^^^' 


.*"S">;*'' 


^^^^'^tS^; 


•^-^rn::  J^;^-^-: 


'^-v*^^ 


Three-yc;ir-()l(l  Washiiiglon  Navel  orange  tree 


Citrus  Fruit  Industries 
of  California 

By  F.  O.  Wallschlaeger 

Secretary   Citrus   Protective   League    of    California 


Editor's  Note:  The  organization  which  J\Ir.  Wallschlaeger  repre- 
sents deals  with  all  the  varied  interests  of  citrus  fruit  production  in 
California  and  his  treatise  is  such  a  comprehensive  and  related  view 
of  this,  the  greatest  of  all  California's  fruit  groups,  as  is  most  needed 
for  popular  information.  Mr.  Wallschlaeger  is  well  equipped  for 
this  writing  by  his  official  connection  with  the  California  Citrus  Pro- 
tective League  and  the  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange,  our 
great  citrus  fruit  marketing  organization  of  producers,  concerning 
which  a  carefully  analytical  article  by  the  general  manager,  Mr.  G. 
Harold  Powell,  will  be  found  elsewhere  in  this  publication. 


THE  citrus  fruit  industry  in  California 
now  represents  an  investment  of  about 
two  hundred  million  dollars.  The  total  ship- 
ments of  oranges  during  the  season  1913-14 
reached  the  enormous  total  of  45,306  cars. 
Prior  to  the  cold  weather  in  January,  1912, 
the  shipments  of  lemons  in  the  season  1910-11, 
reached  a  total  of  6891  cars.  The  total  value 
of  the  crop  in  one  season  has  been  estimated 
at  thirty-three  million  dollars  f.  o.  b.  cars  in 
California.  The  delivered  value  of  the  fruit 
in  the  eastern  markets  is  about  fifty  million 
dollars.  The  price  paid  by  the  consumer  will 
total  from  seventy-five  to  eighty  million  dol- 
lars. The  fruit  is  produced  by  12,000  growers 
and  150,000  people  depend  upon  the  industry 
for  a  livelihood. 

California  is  called  the  "Golden  State,"  and 
the  citrus  trees  have  perpetuated  that  name 
through  the  golden  color  of  their  luscious 
fruit  and  through  the  stream  of  gold  which 
has  rewarded  the  efforts  of  the  men  who  have 
devoted   their    l)est    talents    to    supplying   the 


people  of  this  country  with  oranges,  lemons 
and  grape  fruit.  The  citrus  groves  represent 
a  veritable  empire ;  indeed,  an  empire  re- 
claimed from  the  desert  through  painstaking 
effort.  The  men  and  women  who  have  founded 
this  industry  and  who  are  continuing  this  mar- 
velous example  of  the  triumph  of  man  over 
the  desert  have  undertaken  to  overcome  ob- 
stacles which  have  been  the  downfall  of  irri- 
gated agriculture  in  many  of  the  old  world 
covmtries. 

WHY  DID  THE  C.'^LI  FORXIA   CITRUS  IXDUSrRV 
ARISE? 

Let  us  first  consider  what  has  brought  this 
industry  from  its  modest  beginning  of  a  few 
seeds,  brought  up  from  Lower  California  by 
the  early  Mission  fathers,  to  its  present  area 
of  200,000  acres  with  probably  15,000,000 
trees. 

The  foundation  stone  on  which  this  tremen- 
dous industry  rests  is  contained  in  the  favor- 
able climatic  conditions,  which  make  it  pos- 
sible to  have  these  evergreen  trees  growing  and 


448 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


WluTc    Oranges    attain    perfection — Riverside    groves 


full  of  life  the  year  around  with  but  little  dan- 
ger of  being  injured  by  cold.  Sheltered  by  the 
mountain  ranges  which  shut  off  the  cold  winds 
from  the  north  and  east  the  trees  blossom  and 
mature  fruit  during  every  month  of  the  year. 
At  the  same  time  the  mild  California  climate 
gives  the  fruit  a  delicious  flavor  and  a  high 
keeping  quality.  This  keeping  quality  makes  it 
a  desirable  commodity  for  the  men  interme- 
diate from  the  grower  to  the  consumer  to  han- 
dle without  excessive  loss  through  its  perishable 
nature.  Next  to,  though  hardly  secondary  to 
climatic  conditions,  are  the  soil  suitable  for  the 
growth  of  the  trees  and  a  supply  of  good 
water  to  irrigate  the  trees  through  the  dry 
months  of  the  year. 

In  the  past  there  have  been  numerous  times 
when  it  has  seemed  as  though  the  industry 
were  doomed  to  eventual  destruction  or  at 
least  to  a  limited  production  only  on  account 
of  the  competition  with  fruit  produced  in  for- 
eign countries  on  low  priced  land  and  with 
cheap  labor.     The  importance  of  this  factor  in 


the  past  has  been  reduced  through  the  opera- 
tion of  a  tariff  which  encourages  the  produc- 
tion of  the  fruit  and  also  through  the  organi- 
zation of  the  growers  into  co-operative  asso- 
ciations for  the  better  handling  of  the  fruit 
from  the  tree  to  the  market.  Two  years  ago 
the  tariff  duties  on  lemons  were  reduced  ap- 
proximately one  cent  per  pound.  Oranges, 
grapefruit,  limes  and  other  citrus  fruit  were 
reduced  one-half  cent  per  pound.  The  rates 
of  duty  on  all  citrus  fruits  are  now  on  the 
basis  of  35  cents  per  box  of  California  ca- 
pacity, approximately  one-half  cent  per  pound. 
At  the  present  time  the  lemon  industry  is  con- 
fronted with  increased  importations  of  foreign 
lemons  and  low  prices.  The  increase  in  the 
quantity  imported  is  due  to  the  reduction  of 
the  duty  on  lemons  and  also  to  the  shutting 
off  of  some  of  the  principal  markets  for  Ital- 
ian lemons  in  Europe.  Foreign  orange  grow- 
ers, who  are  now  not  marketing  their  fruit  in 
this  country  to  any  extent,  are  also  seeking  to 
bring  their  fruit  into  this  country.    This  de- 


CITRUS    FRUITS 


449 


A   tropical   vista   backed    by   snow-capped    hills — Redlands   Orange    groves 


sire  is  due  to  the  demoralization  of  their  mar- 
kets through  the  war. 

There  were  many  difficulties  which  con- 
fronted the  growers  when  the  methods  of 
growing,  harvesting  and  marketing  were  not 
as  clearly  outlined  as  at  present.  In  the  early 
history  of  the  industry  there  were  few  prece- 
dents to  follow  from  other  lines  of  fruit  han- 
dling which  were  applicable  to  the  orange  and 
lemon  in  California.  The  early  efforts  of  the 
growers  were  often  attended  by  mistakes.  Ex- 
perience was  a  costly  teacher  in  eliminating 
those  practices  which  were  detrimental  to  the 
fruit  and  trees.  The  groves  sometimes  had 
been  planted  on  soils  which  were  not  adapted 
to  citrus  culture  ;  locations  were  chosen  which 
were  subject  to  frost,  where  the  supply  of 
water  was  inadec}uate.  or  where  other  unsuit- 
able conditions  prevailed.  The  handling  of  the 
soil  under  irrigated  conditions  had  to  be  stud- 
ied. The  maintenance  of  its  fertility  througli 
the  planting  of  cover  crops  and  the  adding 
of  humus  was  not  fully  appreciated.  Scientific 
pruning   was  not   practiced.     The   benefits   to 


be  derived  from  the  selection  of  buds  from 
trees  of  desirable  production  were  tlien  not 
fully  understood.  These  conditions,  however, 
do  not  now  prevail.  The  growers  of  c.itr"« 
fruits  in  California  are  men  of  the  highest 
intelligence  and  are  in  close  touch  with  the 
progress  made  in  agricultural  matters.  The 
cultural  methods  in  use  are  continually  im- 
proved. The  fruit  is  handled  with  more  care 
and  skill  than  is  used  with  any  other  fruit 
crop.  Improper  handling  is  becoming  a  less 
and  less  important  factor  and  the  best  trade 
in  the  retail  markets  has  confidence  in  the 
better  brands  of  fruit. 

The  relative  standing  which  the  industry 
has  attained  in  California  in  comparison  with 
the  industry  in  other  parts  of  the  world  will 
be  apparent  from  the  following  data :  The 
total  citrus  fruit  crop  of  the  world  equals  from 
ninety  to  one  hundred  million  boxes  of  Cali- 
fornia size.  The  five  most  important  countries 
in  the  order  of  their  production  are:  The 
United  States,  Spain,  Italy,  Japan,  and  Pales- 
tine.   The  United  States  and  Spain  each  pro- 


450 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


duce  approximately  30  per  cent,  or  68,000 
carloads,  Italy  25  per  cent,  or  58,500  carloads, 
and  Japan  and  Palestine  each  less  than  five 
per  cent  of  the  world's  production.  Of  the 
total  production  of  about  68,000  carloads  in 
the  United  States  during  the  season  1913-14, 
over  48,000  cars,  or  70  per  cent  of  the  total, 
were  produced  in  California.  A  normal  crop 
in  California  from  the  present  acreage  of 
bearing  age  would  yield  from  55,000  to  60,000 
carloads  of  fruit  and  the  lemon  acreage  now 
set  out  will  produce,  when  in  full  bearing, 
more  lemons  than  are  now  consumed  in  this 
country. 

Citrus  fruits  are  picked,  packed  and  shipped 
from  California  during  every  month  of  the 
year.  The  different  varieties  of  oranges  have 
seasons  which  cover  the  entire  year,  and  a 
lemon  tree  blossoms  and  bears  fruit  of  all  sizes 
continuously.  During  a  normal  year,  the  com- 
parative importance  of  the  different  varieties 
of  oranges  with  their  approximate  shipping 
season  is  as  follows:  Washington  Navels, 
27.000  cars,  shipped  principally  in  December 
and  January  from  Northern  and  Central  Cali- 
fornia, and  from  December  to  June,  inclusive, 
from  Southern  California;  Valencias,  12,500 
cars,  shipped  from  June  to  November,  inclu- 
sive, though  this  total  is  increasing  on  account 
of  heavy  plantings;  Seedlings,  1000  cars,  and 
Mediterranean  Sweets,  2000  cars,  shipped 
from  March  to  July,  inclusive.  Other  varieties, 
including  St.  Michaels,  Thompson's  Improved 
Navels,  Ruby  Blood,  Malta  Blood,  Jaffa,  Tan- 
gerines, and  Navelencies,  amount  to  about 
1 500  cars.  Lemons  are  shipped  the  year  round, 
the  heaviest  shipments  going  forward  in  May 
and  June. 

HOW    THE  IXDLSTRV  HAS  BEEN  DEVELOPED 

To  bring  the  industry  to  its  present  size  has 
required  men  of  ability  and  capital  to  develop 
the  land  and  bring  the  groves  into  bearing. 
Those  who  have  been  largely  responsible  in 
bringing  new  capital  into  the  industry  have 
been  in  many  cases  retired  business  or  profes- 
sional men,  and  some  who  have  come  to  Cali- 
fornia to  regain  their  health.  These  men  have 
brought  into  the  industry  business  habits  and 


a  wide  experience  which  have  been  invaluable 
in  building  up  the  organizations  which  handle 
their  products  and  which  are  second  to  none 
in  the  handling  of  a  perishable  agricultural 
crop.  A  charm  is  found  in  the  culture  of 
citrus  fruits  which  can  not  be  found  with 
other  outdoor  pursuits.  There  have  been  at- 
tracted to  the  industry  a  class  of  people  rep- 
resentative of  progressive  industry  and  occu- 
pations from  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  from  foreign  countries.  These  men  and 
women  have  been  able  to  find  the  same  oppor- 
tunities for  profit  in  this  industry  as  are  found 
in  comparable  industries  in  any  part  of  the 
United  States.  As  a  class,  the  citrus  growers 
of  California  are  the  most  intelligent  and  en- 
terprising agriculturists  to  be  found  in  the 
world. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  California  has 
attracted  many  to  the  business  of  growing 
oranges  and  lemons  principally  for  the  name 
of  "owning  a  grove."  There  are  many  people 
who  often  say,  'T  understand  an  orange  grove 
does  not  pay."  As  in  all  lines  of  business,  it 
is  the  individual  himself  who  is  the  factor  of 
greatest  importance  in  determining  the  success 
of  an  enterprise.  The  personal  factor  deter- 
mines the  difference  between  profit  and  loss. 
As  in  any  other  business,  the  successful  man 
must  bring  to  his  work  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  each  and  every  phase  of  the  industry,  com- 
bined with  a  settled  puri)ose  to  succeed  in  spite 
of  all  difficulties.  A  love  for  his  work  will 
bring  success  through  the  observing  of  the 
small  as  well  as  the  large  factors. 

I'he  second  series  of  factors  which  have  been 
instrumental  in  the  building  of  this  business 
are  the  organizations  which  have  been  formed 
in  the  industry.  These  have  been  formed  pri- 
marily for  the  better  handling  of  the  fruit 
from  the  trees  to  the  retailer  in  the  consuming 
renters.  In  the  earlv  history  of  the  business, 
as  in  other  agricultural  industry  even  at  the 
jjresent  time,  the  business  was  transacted 
through  men  who  had  no  direct  interest  in  the 
welfare  of  the  growers.  These  men  might  be 
buvers  who  purchased  the  fruit  from  the 
grower    on    the    tree    as   cheaply    as   possible. 


CITRUS  FRUITS 


451 


They  then  picked,  hauled,  packed  and  shipped 
it  on  their  own  account.  Their  interest  lay  in 
paying  the  lowest  price  for  the  fruit  and  in 
obtaining  the  highest  price  in  the  market.  The 
grower's  interest  concerned  itself  with  securing 
the  maximum  amount  for  his  fruit  on  the  trees. 
He  did  not  concern  himself  with  the  extension 
of  markets  and  other  factors  which  affected 
him  only  indirectly.  Then  there  were  men  wdio 
handled  the  fruit  on  a  commission  basis,  charg- 
ing a  fixed  price  for  handling  it,  selling  it,  and 
returning  the  net  proceeds  to  the  grower.  Both 
of  these  classes  of  men  in  many  cases  advanced 
money  to  the  grower  on  the  security  of  his 
crop.  In  this  w-ay  they  obtained  control  of 
the  fruit  and  handled  it  as  they  desired.  This 
method  of  doing  business  proved  so  unsatis- 
factory that  the  owners  of  orchards  found  it 
necessary,  in  order  to  safeguard  their  invest- 
ment, to  band  themselves  together.  They  built 
their  own  packing  house  or  leased  a  house. 
They  handled  their  fruit  co-operatively  and 
endeavored  to  sell  it  to  the  best  advantage  for 
their  own  account.  With  the  small  volume  of 
fruit  ordinarily  controlled  by  one  grower  it 
was  practically  impossible  for  him  to  market 
his  own  crop. 

But  even  in  thus  forming  themselves  into 
one  organization  the  growers  found  that  a 
small  volume  of  fruit  could  not  be  sold  to 
the  same  advantage  that  a  large  volume  could 
be  marketed.  The  packing  associations  in  one 
district  then  federated  into  a  local  selling  as- 
sociation. This  association  had  control  of  the 
fruit  in  the  car  from  the  time  it  left  the 
packing  house  until  its  final  sale  to  the  job- 
ber. The  next  step  in  organizing  the  business 
of  marketing  their  crop  was  the  formation  of 
a  central  clearing  house  of  market  informa- 
tion. This  central  exchange  covers  the  entire 
State,  including  packing  houses  and  selling 
exchanges  in  the  various  districts.  It  maintains 
an  office  at  some  central  city  in  the  State,  and 
maintains  agencies  in  different  parts  of  the 
countrv  to  look  after  the  fruit  when  it  arrives 
in  a  market. 

Practically  all  of  the  growers'  organizations 
handle  the  fruit  at  cost,  distribute  no  profits 


and  accumulate  no  surplus.  There  are  several 
state-wide  organizations,  having  packing  houses 
in  various  parts  of  the  State  and  a  central 
office  through  which  the  business  transactions 
relating  to  the  marketing  of  the  fruit  are 
handled.  The  methods  under  which  they  oper- 
ate dift'er  widely.  The  largest  organization  is 
organized  to  handle  the  grower's  fruit  at  cost 
and  its  contracts  encourage  the  extension  of 
the  co-operative  principle.  Space  will  not  per- 
mit a  detailed  description  of  the  business  meth- 
ods of  the  different  types  of  organizations.  In 
the  case  of  the  organization  which  handles 
over  60  per  cent  of  the  fruit  shipped  from 
California  the  costs  are  distributed  equally 
among  its  members  based  upon  the  number  of 
boxes  of  fruit  each  has  handled.  In  the  case 
of  the  other  state-wide  organizations  some  of 
the  charges  are  made  on  a  fixed  price  per  box 
and  other  expenses  are  pro  rated.  In  other 
cases  the  fruit  of  the  growers  is  handled 
through  the  packing  house  of  the  corporation 
at  a  specified  price  per  box  to  cover  packing 
expenses  plus  a  percentage  on  the  gross  amount 
realized,  or  at  a  specified  price  per  box  to 
cover  packing  and  selling  expenses.  The  quan- 
tity of  fruit  now  purchased  outright  from  the 
grower  by  a  packer  at  a  set  price  per  hundred 
pounds  for  all  fruit  on  the  tree,  or  on  some 
other  cash  basis,  is  but  a  small  proportion  of 
the  total.  The  competition  between  the  pack- 
ing houses  operating  in  various  ways  in  a 
district  has  tended  to  reduce  the  cost  of  opera- 
tion. They  serve  a  useful  purpose  in  their 
rivalry  among  themselves  for  the  grower's 
fruit.  The  grower  under  these  conditions  has 
the  opportunity  of  shipping  his  fruit  in  the 
manner  which  most  appeals  to  his  judgment 
and  suits  his  particular  conditions. 

WORK  OF  THE  dlRUS  PROTECTIVE  LEAGUE 

In  addition  to  the  problem  of  marketing 
the  fruit  successfully  there  have  arisen  various 
other  questions  in  which  the  industry  and  each 
grower  has  had  a  common  interest.  These 
questions  included  railroad  rates,  tariff  duties, 
public  policy  questions,  legislative  enactments, 
and  other  general  questions  which  affect  the 
whole  industrv.    In  order  to  handle  these  prob- 


452 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Palm    bordered   canal    for    irrigating   in    Southern    (California 


lems  the  individual  grower  shippers  and  pack- 
ing houses,  as  well  as  the  selling  organizations, 
formed  the  Citrus  Protective  League.  This 
organization  has  been  successful  in  protecting 
the  interests  of  the  industry  in  these  various 
general  questions.  It  has  enabled  the  industry 
to  present  a  united  front  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  transportation  companies  and  against 
foreign  importers  who  endeavored  to  have 
tariff  rates  reduced.  It  has  assisted  in  building 
up  the  College  of  Agriculture  of  the  State 
University  by  securing  appropriations  from 
the  Legislature  to  enable  them  to  handle  re- 
search and  other  questions  which  make  for 
better  cultural  methods,  disease  control,  or 
imjirovement  of  fruit.  It  has  secured  the  co- 
operation of  the  Federal  Covernment  in  solv- 
ing questions  which  have  been  a  menace  to 
the  profitable  operation  of  the  orchards  and 
has  served  as  a  medium  through  which  it  has 
been  possible  for  the  industrv  to  express  itself 
on  questions  which  affected  it  as  a  whole. 

During  the  time  that  the  industry  was  being 
established  on  a  firm  l)asis  the  marketing 
question  was  the  most  serious  with  which  the 


producer  had  to  contend.  In  solving  their 
handling,  marketing  and  transportation  ques- 
tions the  growers  were  immeasurably  bene- 
fited by  the  organizations  which  thev  them- 
selves formed  in  order  to  get  the  benefit  of 
co-operative  effort.  No  amount  of  energy  or 
money  expended  in  perfecting  organization, 
handling  or  transportation  would  have  been 
of  avail  had  it  not  been  for  the  superior 
qualitv  of  the  fruits  which  tlie  growers  pro- 
duced. This  fruit  had  to  be  sold  to  the  con- 
sumers in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 
States  in  competition  with  fruit  brought  from 
I'.urope,  the  West  Indies,  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States.  One  of  the  prominent  East- 
ern fruit  trade  ])ai>ers,  published  in  a  market 
which  in  importance  overshadows  all  other 
markets  of  the  United  States,  is  quoted  as 
follows : 

"There  is  no  disputing  the  fact  that  when 
it  comes  to  extracting  top-notch  prices  out  of 
the  buvers'  pockets,  the  California  orange  has 
the  call,  first,  last  and  all  the  time.  Florida 
mav  talk  of  its  dusky,  celebrated  India  River 
fruit  ;     the  ^^'est  Indies  may  put  forth  claims 


CITRUS  FRUITS 


453 


of  her  VL'llow-skinned  globes  of  sweetness,  but 
the  Golden  State,  with  an  orange  which  com- 
bines beauty  with  savor,  and  appeals  to  the 
eye  as  powerfully  as  to  the  palate,  unques- 
tionably wears  the  crown." — Fniifiiiaii's  Guide, 
Xew  York. 

These  inherent  qualities  of  the  fruit  are 
found  to  be  associated  with  certain  varieties 
such  as  the  Washington  Navel  orange,  the 
Valencia  orange,  and  certain  other  varieties 
of  the  orange  as  well  as  in  lemons.  These 
qualities  are  not  found  to  be  associated  to  as 
great  an  extent  with  similar  fruit  produced 
in  other  localities.  The  Washington  Navel 
with  its  high  flavor,  characteristic  trade  mark, 
ease  of  handling  by  the  grower,  packer,  re- 
tailer and  consumer  has  achieved  a  place  in 
the  consumer's  menu  which  will  be  permanent 
as  long  as  these  qualities  endure.  This  par- 
ticular variety,  in  common  with  the  Valencia 
orange  and  other  California  oranges,  can  be 
used  in  numerous  ways  by  the  consumer  in 
which  it  is  not  possible  to  use  other  oranges. 
They  can  be  easily  peeled,  sliced  for  salads, 
or  used  as  other  sliced  fruits  are  used.    They 


have  an  attractive  color  and  appearance  and  a 
higher  proportion  of  those  health  giving  quali- 
ties for  which  acid-bearing  fruits  are  noted. 

THE   grower's   triumph    IN    MARKETING 

Regularity  in  supply  and  uniformity  in 
price  encourage  the  use  of  a  produce.  This 
has  been  found  to  be  a  fact  in  the  experience 
of  great  concerns  who  have  observed  their 
product  closely  from  the  time  it  left  their 
establishment  until  it  reached  the  hands  of 
the  consumer.  In  the  case  of  the  California 
orange  and  lemon  it  has  also  been  found  that 
the  associations  in  striving  to  supply  all  mar- 
kets equally  at  all  times  of  the  year  have  been 
rewarded  by  a  steady  demand  for  their  prod- 
uct. The  householder  has  come  to  feel  that 
at  all  times  there  is  available  at  a  reasonable 
price  a  fruit  which  can  be  depended  upon  to 
give  satisfaction.  Regularity  in  the  supply  of 
these  fruits  has  been  the  factor  which  has 
gradually  and  surely  reduced  the  price  to  the 
consumer  and  at  the  same  time  has  increased 
the  amount  received  by  the  producer.  In  the 
words  of  Mr.  Charles  J.  Brand,  in  charge  of 


V 


Cement   flume    for    conducting    irrigating    water   through    an    orcliard 


454 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


When    the    golden    h;irvest    is    ready — Picking    Oranges    in    California 


the  Office  of  Markets  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture : 

"They  have  given  the  country  better  fruit 
without  increasing  the  cost  to  the  consumer, 
and  at  the  same  time  have  increased  their 
profits.  They  have  also  brought  about  greatly 
reduced  freight  rates  on  their  products  and 
more  uniform  prices  have  been  maintained 
than  would  otherwise  be  possible." 

When  California  supplied  but  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  total  quantity  of  citrus  fruits 
consumed  in  this  country,  the  price  of  the 
fruit  fluctuated  greatly  from  month  to  month 
and  even  from  week  to  week.  As  had  been 
found  in  numerous  other  commodities,  the  re- 
tail price  is  very  much  slower  in  responding 
to  lower  price  levels  in  the  wholesale  price 
than  it  is  to  increase  when  the  cost  to  the 
retailer  is  increased.  Consequently,  on  account 
of  the  relatively  higher  retail  price,  consump- 
tion is  restricted  and  the  producer  does  not  re- 
ceive the  full  benefit  of  the  reduction  in  the 
price  to  the  jobber.    Under  the  present  method 


of  supplying  all  parts  of  the  country  regu- 
larly with  fruit,  the  retailer  is  enabled  to 
handle  it  on  a  strictly  merchandising,  rather 
than  on  a  speculative  basis. 

GIVING  AMERICANS  A   HOME-GROWN   LEMON 

The  lemon  business  of  California  has  gone 
through  a  number  of  ups  and  downs.  When 
the  growers  first  commenced  to  ship  lemons 
in  commercial  quantities  they  had  to  contend 
principally  with  the  difficulty  of  handling  the 
fruit  in  such  a  manner  that  it  would  arrive  in 
sound  condition  in  the  market  and  not  be  sub- 
ject to  serious  decav  while  in  the  hands  of 
the  retailer  and  consumer.  Investigations  dis- 
closed the  causes  of  these  decays  and  the 
growers  placed  in  the  markets  a  high  quality 
t)f  fruit  in  sound  condition.  It  then  was  neces- 
sary to  establish  in  the  minds  of  the  purchasers 
the  fact  that  California  lemons  could  be  de- 
livered to  them  in  sound  condition  and  thus 
overcome  the  prejudice  in  favor  of  imported 
lemons.  In  the  course  of  time  this  was  accom- 
plislied    and    now    the   California    lemon    out- 


CITRUS  FRUITS 


455 


ranks  the  imported  lemon  and  is  taken  in 
preference  when  other  conditions  are  equaL 
The  superior  pack  and  keeping  quality  of  the 
fruit  when  it  arrives  on  the  market  in  compe- 
tition with  imported  lemons  has  assured  Cali- 
fornia a  market  for  its  produce  in  the  United 
States. 

TRANSPORTATION    PROBLEMS 

One  of  the  greatest  factors  in  increasing  the 
number  of  people  supj^lied  with  California 
oranges  and  lemons  has  been  the  transporta- 
tion companies.  The  industry  long  ago  would 
have  reached  a  point  which  it  would  have 
found  impossible  to  pass  without  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  railroad  companies  in  furnishing 
suitable  equipment,  in  making  improvements 
in  their  methods  of  transporting  the  fruit  over 
the  high  altitude  and  warm,  low  valleys  and 
protecting  the  fruit  from  the  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold  in  winter  and  summer  in  the  northern 
and  southern  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Among  some  of  the  large  linancial  savings 
made  to  the  growers  by  the  railroads  can  be 
mentioned  the  reduction  in  the  freight  rate  on 
oranges    from    $1.25    to    $1.15    per    hundred 


pounds.  Other  savings  which  were  obtained 
through  the  efforts  of  the  industry  are  the  re- 
duction in  the  lemon  rate  from  $1.15  to  $1.00 
per  hundred  pounds,  the  rate  of  $7.50  per 
car  which  permits  the  shipper  to  load  and  ship 
pre-cooled  and  pre-iced  cars  of  oranges  at  a 
large  saving  over  the  heavy  cost  of  standard 
refrigeration.  In  considering  the  future  of 
these  rates  it  is  not  too  optimistic  to  assume 
that  as  the  volume  increases  it  should  be  pos- 
sible for  the  transportation  companies  to  in- 
crease their  efficiency  in  the  handling  of  this 
great  crop  and  possible  for  them  to  transport 
and  care  for  the  fruit  in  the  car  at  a  lower 
net  cost  per  hundred  weight.  One  of  the  fea- 
tures in  the  transportation  of  citrus  fruits  is 
the  so-called  blanket  rate  under  which  practi- 
cally all  the  territory  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  is  supplied  at 
the  same  rate  per  hundred  pounds  for  freight. 
This  permits  a  very  wide  distribution  of  these 
fruits  to  all  parts  of  the  country. 

The  Panama  Canal  has  opened  up  to  the 
industry  another  means  of  transporting  the 
product,    ^^'hat  these  methods  of  reaching  the 


Fumigating  a  Lemon  grove 


Interior  of  Packing  House,  Diiarte-Monrovia   I'mit  Exchange 


Orange   Display,   Auction   Room,   Erie   Pier,   N.   Y. 


CITRUS  FRUITS 


457 


Eastern  seaboard  markets  under  lower  trans- 
portation rates  -will  accomplish  for  the  benefit 
of  the  growers  will  be  determined  in  the  future 
after  rates  have  been  made  and  the  practica- 
bility of  using  water  transportation  has  been 
determined.  It  is  expected  that  during  the 
present  season  enough  fruit  will  be  forwarded 
in  this  manner  to  demonstrate  the  practica- 
bility of  using  the  Panama  Canal. 

RESULTS   OF    RESEARCH    AND    EXPERIMENT 

In  solving  the  difficulties  which  have  con- 
fronted the  growers  and  packers  the  Federal 
and  State  agricultural  departments  have  been 
of  inestimable  value  to  the  industry.  The  Fed- 
eral Department  of  Agriculture,  through  one 
investigation  alone,  has  been  the  means  of 
saving  the  growers  and  also  the  railroads  mil- 
lions of  dollars  which  were  formerly  lost 
through  the  decay  of  oranges  and  lemons  while 
in  transit.  The  losses  from  decay  which  were 
being  sustained  by  the  industry  had  reached 
such  an  enormous  total  that  the  United  vStates 
Department  of  Agriculture  sent  investigators 
to  California  to  determine  the  causes  of  these 
losses  and  the  methods  of  eliminating  them. 
As  a  result  of  these  investigations  the  method 
of  handling  the  fruit  in  California  has  been 
revolutionized  and  it  has  been  possible  to  re- 
duce the  losses  from  decay  to  a  very  small 
proportion  of  those  formerlv  sustained.  The 
work  that  is  now  being  done  by  the  College 
of  Agriculture  of  the  University  of  California 
and  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture in  investigating  the  methods  of  im- 
proving types  of  trees,  in  studying  methods 
of  management,  and  the  handling  methods 
now  in  vogue  will  prove  of  great  value  in 
solving  those  problems  which  are  impossible  for 
the  individual  grower  to  study  and  solve  alone. 
Many  of  these  questions  will  take  years  of 
study  by  trained  experts  and  only  in  the  in- 
stitutions supported  by  the  State  or  Federal 
governments  can  the  men  be  retained  who  arc 
capable  of  handling  such  scientific  studies. 

IMPORIAXT    ECONOMIC    QUESTION'S 

Up  to  the  present  time  more  attention  has 
been  given  to  organized  and  scientific  market- 
ing of  the  crop  than  to  its  economical  produc- 


How  the  oranges  are  conveyed  to  the  packing  house 


A  Lemon  packing   li 


Uplaiul 


Lemon  packing  house  that  looks  like  a  palatial  resi- 
dence— Santa    Barbara 


458 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


?*i 


The    younger   generation — Bal)y    Citrus    trees 


tion.  The  industry  has  grown  at  a  tremendous 
pace  and  a  great  deal  of  attention  has  been 
given  to  the  setting  out  of  new  orchards.  A 
time  has  now  come  when  the  growers  will 
devote  an  increasingly  larger  amount  of  atten- 
tion to  the  scientific  production  of  high-grade 
fruit  at  the  lowest  cost  per  box  and  to  the 
utilization  of  a  part  of  the  crop  in  other  ways 
besides  selling  it  as  fresh  fruit.  The  imports 
of  orange  and  lemon  by-products,  principally 
lemon,  have  amounted  from  $1,500,000  to 
$1,750,000  annually  in  the  last  few^  years, 
exclusive  of  marmalades.  These  imports  have 
come  from  countries  in  which  hand  labor  is 
cheap  and  plentiful,  consequently  the  business 
has  grown  up)  along  lines  which  it  would  be 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  follow  in  this 
country.  With  the  development  of  methods 
and  machinery  to  handle  the  various  opera- 
tions successfully,  there  will  come  to  this  State 
a  by-product  business  which  will  utilize  a  pro- 
portion of  the  crop,  varying  according  to  the 


market  price  of  the  fresh  fruit.  This  will  take 
out  of  the  market  a  portion  of  the  crop  when 
there  is  an  over-supply  of  fresh  fruit  and  will 
act  as  a  stabilizer  for  the  price  of  fresh 
fruit. 

There  is  also  an  unexplored  field  in  the  put- 
ting up  of  special  packages  of  fruit  to  suit 
particular  trades.  In  the  European  citrus  in- 
dustries there  is  a  large  and  profitable  holiday 
business  in  fruit  packed  in  attractive  wrappers 
and  packages.  The  present  size  of  the  Cali- 
fornia package  is  too  bulky  for  an  ideal  Christ- 
mas or  holiday  box,  but  with  the  development 
of  a  suitable  package  which  can  be  shipped  at 
a  low  cost  in  carloads  in  connection  with  other 
fruit  and  can  be  retailed  at  an  attractive  price 
in  the  market  there  should  be  an  increasing 
demand  for  holiday  packages.  In  this  connec- 
tion there  are  now  in  use  by  some  packing 
houses  small  boxes  containing  a  dozen  oranges 
which  are  sold  in  California  at  a  relatively 
high  price.    The  price  includes  individual  de- 


CITRUS  FRUITS 


459 


livery  charges  from  California  to  all  parts  of 
the  United  States. 

From  the  production  side  of  the  industry  a 
great  deal  of  practical  work  is  now  being  done 
to  raise  the  standard  of  the  trees  in  the 
orchard.  This  is  being  done  by  demonstrating 
the  practicability  of  growing  trees  in  the 
nursery,  or  rebudding  them  after  they  have 
been  set  out  in  orchard  form  and  proven  un- 
profitable, which  will  produce  a  high  average 
yield  per  tree  together  with  a  high  proportion 
of  the  better  grades  of  fruit.  Mr.  A.  D. 
Shamel  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  who  is  in  charge  of  this  work, 
has  found  that  certain  trees  are  habitual  pro- 
ducers of  a  large  amount  of  fruit  coupled  with 
a  heavy  proportion  of  the  best  grades.  Through 
tests  it  has  been  found  that  these  qualities 
are  transmissible  from  the  parent  tree  through 
the  bud  taken  from  it  to  the  nursery  tree  or 
the  rebudded  tree.  From  a  comparison  of  the 
best  and  poorest  trees  in  one  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive groves  of   Washington   Navel   orange 


trees  in  California  during  four  seasons  from 
1911  to  1914,  it  was  found  that  the  average 
of  the  best  trees  was  over  four  packed  boxes 
per  tree,  while  the  average  of  the  poorest  trees 
was  less  than  one  box  per  tree.  The  returns 
per  acre  showed  a  difference  of  $417.77  f.  o.  b. 
at  the  packing  house,  between  the  best  and 
poorest  trees.  It  has  been  found  by  Mr.  Shamel 
that  in  many  groves  more  than  one-half  of  the 
trees  are  carried  at  an  actual  loss  or  are  only 
paying  their  "board."  The  practical  applica- 
tion of  the  improvement  of  orchard  trees 
through  bud  selection  is  then  made  by  top- 
working  and  rebudding  these  unprofitable 
trees  in  the  orchard  with  buds  taken  from 
trees  which  are  known  to  produce  large  crops 
of  high-grade  fruit.  Trees  which  have  been 
top-worked  and  rebudded  in  this  manner,  in 
over  90  per  cent  of  the  trees  so  handled,  have 
come  true  to  the  type  of  the  parent  trees.  In 
the  case  of  lemons,  they  have  produced  as 
much  fruit  per  tree  in  one  picking  as  was 
formerlv   obtained    from   the   same   tree   in    a 


A    picturesque    view — Orange   groves    from    Point    of    Rocks,    Riverside,    Cal. 


460 


CALIFORNIA'S  :\IAGAZINE 


year.  As  lemons  arc  picked  from  ten  to  twelve 
times  in  a  year  the  total  increase  in  the  fruit 
secured  shows  a  remarkable  gain. 

SERVICE    TO   THE   CONSUMER    THE    PRICE 
OF    SUCCESS 

In  the  last  analysis  the  future  of  this  L;Teat 
industry  will  depend  upon  the  place  it  achieves 
in  the  minds  of  the  ultimate  consumer.  No 
business  can  sur\ive  and  flourish  which  does 
not  furnish  the  consumer  with  a  product  which 
will  give  him  satisfaction  and  keep  alive  the 
desire  for  the  product.  A  great  step  forward 
in  tlie  direction  of  giving  the  consumer  a 
jiroduct  of  the  highest  grade  has  been  taken  in 
the  past  year.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Navel 
orange  shipping  season  from  the  northern  and 
central  parts  of  the  State,   the   United  States 


Department  of  Agriculture  suggested  a  ratio 
of  eight  parts  of  soluble  solids  to  each  part  of 
acid  present  in  oranges  as  one  which  should 
govern  the  maturity  of  oranges.  The  growers 
in  the  earlier  sections  of  the  State  immediately 
adopted  this  standard  and  formed  an  associa- 
tion to  supervise  the  testiiig  and  shipping  of 
fruit.  The  good  ejfects  of  this  suggested 
standard  in  the  comjiarativelv  short  time  that 
it  has  been  effective  has  convinced  the  indus- 
try that  it  has  lieen  a  decided  benefit  in 
making  an  imjjroved  market  for  California 
oranges  based  on  the  merit  of  the  arti(de  it- 
self. From  a  financial  standpoint  it  has  been 
very  satisfactory,  showing  a  greater  demand 
and  consequent  higher  price  for  California 
oranges  as  compared  wdth  other  fruit  on  wliich 
this  standard  was  not  applied. 


Like   a   verital)le    Carclcn   of   .\.llah  -Orange    district,    Rodlaiuis 


Ripe   Olives 


The  Olive:  A  Unique 
California  Product 

By  Mrs.  Freda  Ehmann 

President  Ehmann  Olive  Company 


Editor's  Note:  Mrs.  Ehmann,  who  long-  ago  led  in  pioneer  olive 
planting-  in  her  district  and  laid  the  foundation  for  one  of  Califor- 
nia's best  known  producing  enterprises,  which  bears  her  name,  gives 
conclusions  drawn  from  long  and  large  experience  in  the  growth  of 
the  olive  tree  and  the  products  upon  which  its  present  popularity  rests. 
Interesting  historical  references  carry  the  reader  from  the  intro- 
duction of  the  trees  by  the  padres  to  the  industrial  importance  which 
thev  have  now  attained. 


THE   olive  industry  in   California   in   its      of  horticulture.    When  we  remember  that  the 
beginning  and  rapid  development  is  one      ripe  olives   of    California   and   California   oil 
of  the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  history      are  practically  new  products,  and  even  up  to 


462 


CALIFORXTA'S  MAGAZINE 


this  date  alniosl  uiikmnvn  articles  in  a  large 
portion  of  the  Lhiited  States,  and  when  we 
consider  the  present  large  demand  for  the  ripe 
olive,  we  niust  acknowledge  that  few,  if  any, 
branches  in  husbandry  have  made  such  phe- 
nomenal growth  within  the  same  period  of 
their  existence. 

I'l.A.N  I  INC    OK     FIRST    Ol.lVK     IRKES 

From  fairly  authentic  sources  we  learn  that 
in  the  year  of  1769  Don  Joseph  de  (Jalvez, 
acting  under  royal  Spanish  orders,  commanded 
an  expedition  to  re-explore  the  Pacific 
Coast,  landing  in  San  Diego  in  the  same  year. 
Accompanying  Don  Joseph  de  (Jalvez  on  this 
important  voyage  we  find  Father  Junipero 
Serra,  a  Franciscan  monk,  and  afterwards 
founder  of  the  California  Missions.  Don 
Joseph  de  Galvez  brought  cuttings  and  seeds 
of  figs,  pomegranates,  oranges,  citron,  dates 
and  olives.  These  were  planted  in  the  grounds 
surrounding  the  Mission  buildings  and  under 
the  favorable  soil  and  climatic  conditions  of 
California  these  trees  changed  the  heretofore 
wild  grounds  into  a  beautiful  semi-tropical 
garden.  However,  of  all  the  flowers  and  fruit 
which  delighted  the  eye  and  palate  of  those 
missionaries  there  are  no  traces  to  be  found. 
Only  the  olive  trees  and  a  few  palms  have 
weathered  the  storms  of  over  a  century.  At  the 
present  day  there  are  still  eighty  olive  trees, 
survivors  of  that  first  planting  by  Father  Serra, 
to  be  found  in  the  old  Mission  grounds  near 
San  Diego. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  data  at  hand 
does  not  mention  the  i)reparation  of  olives  as 
an  article  of  food  at  that  time.  However,  the 
olive  oil  is  frecjuently  mentioned  as  being  used 
in  religious  ceremonies  and  in  the  household 
of  the  Mission  fathers. 

We  are  at  a  loss  to  explain  why  so  many 
years  should  elapse  ere  we  read  of  the  spread- 
ing of  the  olive  culture  and  why  tlie  produc- 
tion of  so  highlv  esteemed  an  article  as  olive 
oil  is  in  the  Catholic  Cluirch  and  Catholic  cere- 
monies, should  fall  into  decay.  Not  until  the 
year  of  1841  do  we  read  of  various  small 
groves  of  olive  trees  being  planted  by  Cali- 
fornia ranchers.  In  the  year  of  1872  the  first 
attempt   was  made  to   put   the  olive  industry 


on  a  commercial  basis.  A  considerable  acreage 
was  planted  in  San  Diego  by  Mr.  FVank  E. 
Kimball,  at  Santa  Barbara  by  Mr.  Elwood 
Cooper,  and  in  San  Jose  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Good- 
rich. The  olives  raised  by  these  pioneer  grow- 
ers, however,  were  all  converted  into  oil.  The 
prevalent  supposition  that  olives  could  not  be 
raised  successfully  in  the  northern  part  of  this 
State  was  soon  dispelled  by  the  planting  of 
large  tracts  of  land  in  the  San  Joaquin  and 
Sacramento  valleys  as  far  north  as  Shasta 
County.  The  present  conditions  of  the  groves 
in  the  section  here  mentioned  is  the  best  testi- 
mony for  the  writer's  assertion  on  this  point. 
It  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  as  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  the  preparation  of  the  first 
ripe  olives  as  a  condiment.  However,  it  is  an 
indisputable  fact  that  with  the  evolution  of 
this  wholesome  food  from  the  crude  method  of 
the  home  product  to  the  scientifically  finished 
commercial  article,  the  olive  industry  of  Cali- 
fornia owes  its  present  flourishing  condition, 
entirely  and  solely. 

FACTORIES  ESTABLISHED 

After  the  first  successful  introduction  large 
factories  were  established  for  the  pickling  of 
the  ripe  olive,  and  money  and  labor  were 
freely  employed  to  introduce  this  new  article 
in  California  as  well  as  in  Eastern  markets. 

This  agitation  could  have  but  one  result, 
and  that  was  to  create  a  phenomenal  growing 
demand  for  more  ripe  fruit.  The  attention  of 
investors  was  at  once  attracted  to  this  new 
branch  of  horticulture.  Whole  sections  of  land 
were  colonized,  sold  and  planted  for  the  cul- 
ti\ation  of  the  olive.  Capitalists  from  all  over 
the  United  States  are  paying  handsome  prices 
for  grcn'es  already  in  bearing  and  at  the  pres- 
ent time  the  olive  culture  has  undoubtedly 
jiassed  the  experimental  period  and  is  based 
on  a  solid  foundation  as  one  of  the  best  and 
surest  investments.  Perhaps  it  is  not  out  of 
l)lace  here  to  state  that  the  foregoing  assertion 
depends  on  the  following  conditions : 

Crood  gravelly  soil.  suflScient  drainage, 
plenty  of  water  for  summer  irrigation  and  fer- 
tilizer to  stimulate  the  growth  of  trees  and 
development  of  the  fruit.  Planters  make  a 
serious  mistake  not  to  heed  this  advice,  as  the 


OLIVES 


463 


writer's  experience  is  ample  proof  for  the  above 
assertion. 

Olive  trees  should  be  planted  about  forty 
feet  apart.  This  insures  the  bearing  of  larger 
and  earlier  matured  fruit.  Where  trees  are 
crowded,  say  sixty  to  sixty-five  to  the  acre,  the 
fruit  will  invariably  mature  late  and  remain 
undersized.  Especial  stress  should  be  laid  on 
this  point,  as  experience  has  taught  the  writer 
much  that  she  did  not  know  when  she  most 
needed  such  knowledge. 

The  so-called  Mission  variety  of  olives  has 
proven  the  best  for  pickling  and  oil  making. 
It  is  a  good  bearer  and  a  much  hardier  variety 
than  some  which  are  larger.  These  olives  con- 
tain a  large  percentage  of  oil  and  when  prop- 
erly prepared  have  a  delicious,  nutty  flavor 
which  is  entirely  lacking  in  some  other  va- 
rieties, or  in  the  Mission  olive  when  poorly 
prepared. 

Much  discussion  has  arisen  of  late  by  some 
olive  growers  who  claim  to  have  discovered  a 
method  of  cultivation  by  which  young  olive 
trees  will  bear  fruit  the  second  and  third  year 
after  planting.  There  may  be  a  few  such  trees 
which  were  budded  on  three  or  four  year  old 
roots,  but  the  writer's  experience  of  twenty- 
three  years  is  that  it  takes  from  five  to  six 
years  before  an  olive  tree  bears  fruit  to  any 
extent.  It  is  not  advisable  to  plant  stock  less 
than  two  years  old.  The  growth  on  such  stock 
is  slow  and  the  time  to  wait  for  fruiting  is 
long,  but  to  overcome  this  tedious  waiting, 
planting  of  deciduous  fruits,  such  as  peaches, 
plums,  pears,  or  berries  may  be  made  between 
the  rows  of  olive  trees.  These  deciduous  fruits 
will,  after  the  third  year,  not  only  bear  the 
expense  of  caring  for  the  olive  groves,  but  will 
yield  a  net  profit  to  the  investor  until  the  olive 
trees  require  the  entire  ground  space. 

Olive  trees  increase  in  bearing  very  rapidly 
with  age.  A  full  bearing  orchard  under  good 
conditions  will  average  from  two  to  three  and 
even  four  tons  per  acre.  Figuring  the  fruit 
at  our  present  market  prices  of  from  $100  to 
$140  a  ton,  it  is  easy  to  see  wdiy  I  consider 
olive  culture  by  far  one  of  the  best  industries 
in  California  for  profitable,  present  and  future 
investments. 


Preparing  olives  for  the  traile 

^^'e  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  most  impor- 
tant feature  of  olive  culture  and  that  is  the 
longevity  of  the  trees.  The  writer  was  shown 
olive  groves  in  Italy  over  700  years  old,  ac- 
cording to  authentic  information.  These  groves 
were  all  on  rocky  hills  where  no  irrigation 
or  cultivation  was  possible  and  yet  they  yielded 
year  after  year  fine  crops  of  fruit.  Therefore 
when  an  olive  orchard  is  being  planted  it  rep- 
resents a  permanent  income  not  only  for  the 
present  owner,  but  for  future  generations. 

There  is  one  more  reason,  not  to  be  con- 
sidered too  lightly,  why  I  am  making  this 
claim  for  the  olive  culture,  and  that  is  the 
fact  that  only  two  states  in  North  America, 
namely,  California  and  a  small  portion  of 
Arizona,  are  suitable  for  successful  olive  rais- 
ing, and  while  California  deciduous  fruits  rank 
very  high,  there  is  a  keen  competition  existing 
between  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho  fruits, 
all  also  of  excellent  quality,  whereas  the  olive 
has  no  competitor,  and  has  the  United  States 
and  the  whole  world  for  a  market. 

We  are  I'ust  beginning  to  convince  the 
American  housekeeper  and  dealer  that  Cali- 
fornia produces  a  far  superior  olive  oil  than 
the  imported  product.  Those  who  are  expe- 
rienced in  the  use  of  the  California  olive  oil 


464 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


prefer  it  greatly  to  the  imported  oils  bceause 
of  the  rich  fruit  fla\-or  which  is  altogether 
absent  in  the  nondescript  thin  Italian  and 
French  oils.  A  growing  consumption  of  Cali- 
fornia olive  oil  will  naturally  stimulate  and 
encourage  olive  culture  more  than  lecturing  or 
writing  on  this  subject  can  do. 

In  summing  uj*  the  prt)spcct  of  the  riyjc 
oli\'c  industrv  of  California  it  is  within  the 
writer's  knowledge  that  there  are  few,  if  any. 
olive  groves  in  favorable  localities  that  are  for 
sale,  while  on  the  other  hand  whole  sections 
of    foothill     land    are    being    bought    up    by 


indix'iduals     and     coriiorations     and     planted 
to  olives. 

How  much  of  beauty  and  sentiment  could 
be  introduced  into  our  beautiful  State  of  Cali- 
fornia if  her  highways  and  hill  slopes  were 
all  planted  with  these  beautiful  trees.  There 
is  no  more  beautiful  siglit  than  an  olive  grove 
with  its  soft-tinted,  silvery  leaves  reminding  us 
as  no  other  tree  does,  of  sacred  history,  and 
connecting  California  of  todav  with  the  lives 
of  those  noble  missionaries  who  left  us  in  the 
olive  trees,  a  blessing  and  a  heritage  for  the 
present  generations. 


44 


The  Fruit  of  Peace" 

By  William  Jennings  Bryan 


S,-c-r,-farY  of  Stdtr.   U.  S.  A. 


(Editor's  Notr:  March  31  of  the  present  year  was  designated  "Ripe  Olive  Day" 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  exposition  and  nationally  the  occasion  was  observed  to  a  con- 
siderable extent.  While  primarily  the  object  might  have  been  to  promote  the  olive 
industry  in  California,  there  is  a  higher  purpose,  which  is  set  forth  in  the  following 
letter,  written  prior  to  the  above  date  to  Mr.  George  C.  Masefield  of  the  California 
Ripe  Olive  Day  Association,  by  Secretary  Bryan,  who  awarded  the  verdict  to  the 
olive  in  the  mooted  question  as  to  whether  the  dove  or  olive  branch  should  be  the 
emblem  of  peace. ) 


THI£  olive  is  the  hardy  tree  which  survived  the  deluge,  and  when 
the  dove  carried  his  message  to  Noah  it  was  a  tribute  to  the 
tree  as  well  as  a  message  of  peace.  The  olive  branch  from  time 
immemorial  has  been  associated  with  the  dove  as  emblematic  of  peace; 
l)ut  as  the  fruit  is  greater  than  the  1)ranch,  the  California  ripe  olive 
should  have  its  fame  linked  not  only  with  peace,  but  with  prosperity 
and  abundance. 

T  am  one  of  the  few  living  outside  of  California  who  has  had  a  long 
and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  California  ripe  olive,  which  I 
regard  as  a  most  delicious  and  wholesome  food,  and  I  shall  be  glad 
to  join  with  you  in  the  celebration  of  "California  Ripe  Olive  Day" 
by  partaking  of  the  feast  which  the  olive  growers  of  California  have 
made  possible. 


Why  California  Will  Lead 
in  Fig  Production 

By  George  C.  Roeding 

President   Fane  her   Creek   Nursery    Company,   Fresno:     Ex-President   Pari  fie    Coast 
A' iirsery/zian's   Assoeiation   and   California   Assoeiation    of  Nurserymen,   etc. 


Editor s  Note:  Mr.  Roeding  has  occupied  a  leading  position  among 
California  fruit  growers  for  a  double  decade,  not  only  for  his  produc- 
tions but  for  his  zeal  and  energy  in  solving  problems  which  were  for 
years  baffling  in  the  introduction  and  establishment  of  the  "fig  of  com- 
merce" in  this  State.  He  co-operated  with  the  United  States  govern- 
ment in  the  successful  installation  of  the  fig  insect  which  is  essential  to 
the  production  of  the  Smyrna  fig,  and  personally  took  part  in  the 
exploration  precedent  to  that  result.  He  now  leads  in  the  production 
of  that  type  of  fig  and  its  entry  to  the  world's  trade.  His  article  pre- 
sents one  of  the  most  dramatic  phases  of  the  California  fruit  indus- 
tries. 


IN  RECENT  years  no  horticultural  sub- 
ject has  created  more  interest  or  has  been 
the  cause  of  more  discussion  and  variance  of 
opinion  than  the  possibilities  of  fig  culture 
in  California  and  particularly  in  those  sections 
where  the  summer  temperature  ranges  from 
90  to  110  degrees  in  the  shade  from  July  to 
October,  with  an  entire  absence  of  rain,  and 
a  comparatively  dry  atmosphere,  which  are 
the  necessary  requisites  for  making  commercial 
fig  culture  a  success.  This  does  not  necessarily 
mean  that  figs  can  not  be  grown  elsewhere, 
but  rather  that  where  conditions  such  as  these 
prevail  every  branch  of  the  industry  is  open 
to  exploitation,  from  the  shipping  of  fresh 
figs  to  the  canning  and  preserving  and  finally 
to  the  drying,  which  must  be,  after  all,  the 
only  absolute  and  dependable  method  for  the 
disposal  of  the  crop  when  largely  grown.  Figs 
have  been  marketed  in  this  manner  for  hun- 
dreds of  years,  and  although  we  do  not  wish 
to  minimize  canning,  preserving  and  crystal- 
lizing figs,  these  processes  will  only  take  care 


of  a  very  small  part  of  the  crop,  when  it 
takes  its  place  as  one  of  the  great  fruit  in- 
dustries of  this  and  other  states  having  the 
climate  and  soil  conditions  and  the  possibilities 
of  irrigation  similar  to  our  own. 

The  annual  production  of  Smyrna  figs  in 
Asia  Minor  varies  from  twenty-five  to  thirty 
thousand  tons,  and  at  least  one-half  of  this 
crop  is  sold  in  the  United  States.  The  output 
in  the  United  States,  all — or  practically  all 
of  it — comes  from  California,  and  is  from 
three  to  five  thousand  tons  annually. 

WHY    HAS    THE    FIG    INDUSTRY   DEVELOPED 
SLOWLY  ? 

Figs  have  been  grown  in  California  for  up- 
wards of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  years, 
and  unquestionably  the  fig  industry,  in  the 
natural  course  of  events,  considering  the 
thriftiness  of  the  trees  and  their  remarkable 
productivity,  should  have  led  all  other  fruits 
in  commercial   importance. 

\\'hat,  then,  has  been  the  reason  for  the 
exceedingly    slow    progress    which    has    been 


466 


CALIi-ORXIA'S  !^IAGAZINE 


made  in  the  building  up  of  this  business?  The 
answer  is  a  simple  one — not  having  the  right 
variety.  We  do  not  detract  from  the  value 
of  other  sorts  which  have  been  growing  in 
California  for  a  number  of  years,  but  the 
great  world's  supply  of  tigs  is  secured  from 
none  of  these  varieties. 

For  years  the  White  Adriatic,  White  Endich 
and  a  few  other  figs  were  manipulated  by 
every  process  which  human  ingenuity  could 
devise  to  make  them  compare  favorably  with 
the  world-famed  Smyrna  figs  of  commerce, 
but  all  the  efforts  were  in  vain  to  secure  the 
delicious,  nutty  sweetness  which  has  placed 
this  Oriental  production  in  the  lead  of  all 
other  figs.  Smyrna  had  managed  to  control 
the  situation  for  so  many  hundreds  of  years 
that  the  growers  there,  and  horticulturists  in 
other  parts  of  the  w'orld,  were  convinced  that 
a  certain  combination  of  soil  and  climatic  con- 
ditions made  the  Valley  of  Maeander  the  only 
spot  on  earth  where  the  fig  could  be  grown  to 
perfection.  It  remained  for  the  progressive, 
enterprising  and  persevering  horticulturists 
of  California  to  demonstrate  the  fallacy  of  this 
preconceived  idea.  The  first  actual  commer- 
cial demonstration  of  growing  Smyrna  figs 
was  made  on  the  Roeding  place  in  Fresno 
County  in   1901. 

California  will  take  the  same  place  in  the  fig 
industry  that  it  has  in  other  lines  of  fruit 
growing ;  not  only  will  the  consumption  of 
figs  increase  at  an  astounding  rate  in  the 
United  States,  but  we  shall  be  shipping  our 
tigs  to  Europe,  Australia,  China,  Japan  and 
inanv  otlier  countries  of  the  world,  so  the  out- 
let lor  this  product  is  practically  unlimited. 
It  is  an  actual  fact  that  more  than  half  our 
dried  apricots  and  prunes  are  being  exported 
to  Europe,  with  an  ever-increasing  demand. 
Then  why  should  not  the  same  condition  of 
affairs  arise  with  the  fig? 

As  with  other  fruits,  our  improved  methods 
of  handling  are  already  apparent  in  our  dried 
tigs,  for  they  are  sweeter,  have  a  much  finer 
flavor,  and  the  cleaner  methods  which  we 
follow  in  the  curing  of  our  ])roduct  will  com- 
bine to  place  us  in  this,  as  well  as  in  other 
branches  of  the  fruit  industry,  in  the  temple 


of  fame,  as  the  leaders  in  all  of  our  commer- 
cial fruit  untlertakings. 

THE    SMYRN.\    FIG 

\\'hat  is,  after  all,  the  essential  point  of 
difference  between  the  genuine  Smyrna  fig 
of  ctommerce  (termed  by  us  the  Calimyrna) 
and  the  other  varieties  of  figs  grown  in  Cali- 
fornia? It  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  Calimyrna 
contains  nothing  but  female  flowers,  and  that 
unless  they  are  pollinated  either  artificially  or 
through  the  agency  of  the  fig  wasp,  the  fruit 
never  reaches  maturity,  but  shrivels  and  drops 
from  the  tree  when  one-third  grown.  The 
Adriatic  tyjje,  of  which  there  are  fuUv  one 
hundred  varieties  growing  in  this  State,  con- 
tain mule  flowers,  some  female  flowers,  but 
which  nevertheless  develop  and  mature  edible 
fruits,  although  the  seeds  are  sterile.  The 
Calimyrna  fig,  on  the  other  hand,  is  valueless 
unless  the  flowers  have  been  caprified. 

CAPRIFICATION    IS    .SIMPLE    AND    EASY 

To  all  outward  appearances  the  fig  tree, 
unlike  other  trees  and  plants,  develops  without 
first  producing  flowers.  But  these  appearances 
are  misleading,  for  on  cutting  the  fruit  open, 
it  will  be  found  that  it  contains  a  large  quan- 
tity of  inconspicuous  flowers  closely  grouped 
around  the  rind,  which  is  really  the  receptacle 
for  them.  Furthermore  there  are  four  distinct 
kinds  of  flowers  found  in  the  fig,  namely : 
Male,  female,  gall  and  mule  flowers.  Male, 
female  and  gall  flowers  are  found  in  Capri  or 
wild  figs,  the  number  varying  in  greater  or 
less  degree  in  the  various  crops.  Male  and 
female  organs,  as  every  one  knows,  are  com- 
mon to  all  the  more  highly  developed  plants ; 
the  gall  flowers,  however,  are  abortive  pistil- 
late blossoms,  which  nature  has  provided  as 
a  home  for  the  fig  wasp. 

Bear  in  mind  always  that  the  Capri  figs  are 
a  class  in  themselves  and  serve  only  one  pur- 
])ose,  and  that  is  to  provide  a  home  for  the 
little  wasp,   Bhisfop/mi^^cj  grossoriim. 

In  the  crop  of  Capri  figs  maturing  in  June, 
technically  the  Profichi  cro]),  and  it  is  the 
same  in  the  succeeding  crops,  the  fall,  or 
"Mammoni,"  and  the  over  wintering  crop, 
the  "Mammc,"  the  propagation  of  the  fig 
wasp    takes   place   in   the   following   summer. 


FIG  PRODUCTION 


467 


The  Profichi  crop  is  the  only  one  about  which 
the  grower  must  give  himself  any  concern. 
It  contains  an  abundance  of  staminate  or 
male  blossoms  which  are  mature,  covered  with 
pollen  when  the  little  wasp  emerges  into  the 
world  to  diligently  perform  her  functions  and 
add  one  more  link  to  that  peace  of  mind 
which  we,  poor  humans,  are  seeking  for.  Na- 
ture has  provided  each  of  these  figs,  which 
contains,  according  to  its  size,  from  five  hun- 
dred to  two  thousand  wasps,  its  quota  of  male 
and  female  insects.  The  wasp  develops  in  the 
following  manner :  The  male  is  wingless, 
while  the  female  is  winged.  The  male  always 
emerges  from  the  gall  first,  crawling  around 
the  Capri  fig,  pierces  the  gall  containing  the 
female  with  its  powerful  mandibles  and  im- 
pregnates her.  She  then  enlarges  the  opening 
made  by  the  male,  and  in  passing  out  of  the 
fig  comes  in  contact  with  the  male  flowers 
surrounding  the  orifice,  which  are  then  ma- 
ture from  June  10  to  July  1,  and  gets  her 
body  and  wings  dusted  with  pollen.  At  this 
stage,  which  is  readily  determined  by  breaking 
open  a  fig,  for  the  insects,  both  male  and  fe- 
male, will  be  found  crawling  inside,  the  figs 
are  picked  off  and  hung  up  in  the  Calimyrna 
trees.  Within  a  very  short  time  the  workman 
knows  by  the  outward  appearance  of  the  fig 
that  it  has  reached  the  proper  stage  of  ripeness. 

The  complication  which  many  people 
imagine  in  connection  with  the  distribution  of 
the  Capri  figs  seems  ridiculous  when  it  is 
borne  in  mind  that  the  ignorant  peasants  do 
the  work  in  Smyrna  without  having  the 
slightest  conception  of  the  matter,  or  knowing 
the  male  from  the  female  insects.  All  they 
do  know  is,  if  they  do  not  have  this  "bug" 
their  crop  is  a  failure.  With  all  their  igno- 
rance they  harvest  close  to  thirty  thousand  tons 
of  figs  annually  and  the  failure  of  a  crop  is 
unknown  there.  Climatic  conditions  are  not 
as  favorable  there  as  here,  for  it  is  often  very 
much  colder  in  winter.  If  the  winds  do  not 
happen  to  come  from  the  north  in  the  summer 
it  remains  cool,  and  early  rains  cause  the  crop 
in  some  seasons  to  be  seriously  damaged. 

Caprification  of  the  Calimyrna  figs  extends 
through    the    month    of    lune.      At   this   time 


the  figs  are  about  the  size  of  marbles,  or 
slightly  larger,  and  in  breaking  the  figs  open 
the  flowers  present  a  waxy  white  appearance. 
Fortunately  all  the  Capri  figs  do  not  mature 
at  the  same  time,  nor  are  the  Smyrna  figs  re- 
ceptive in  a  single  day,  otherwise  in  large 
holdings  it  would  take  a  big  force  of  men  to 
carry  on  the  work.  In  four  or  six  year  old 
trees,  from  six  to  fifteen  Capri  figs  should  be 
hung  in  each  tree,  but  if  there  is  a  plentiful 
supply  of  infested  Capri  figs  it  will  do  no 
harm  to  suspend  a  larger  number.  Trees 
from  ten  to  forty  years  old  will  require  from 
twenty  to  one  hundred  figs  to  each  tree.  The 
cost  of  caprifying  is  a  small  item  of  expense ; 
trees  from  four  to  eight  years  old  will  grad- 
uate from  25  to  50  cents  per  acre,  and  in 
older  orchards  the  expense  has  never  exceeded 
$1  per  acre. 

HOW    CAPRI    FIGS   ARE   DISTRIBUTED 

The  Capri  figs  are  gathered  in  buckets  and 
then  transferred  to  sacks.  They  are  picked 
off  where  they  can  readily  be  reached  from 
the  ground  or  are  knocked  off  from  the  tree 
with  bamboo  poles  when  beyond  reach.  This 
work  should  start  at  daylight  when  the  figs 
are  cool,  for  the  flight  of  the  insect  commences 
just  as  soon  as  the  individual  fruits  become 
slightly  heated  by  the  sun's  rays  and  continues 
with  interruptions  for  several  hours,  covering 
a  period  of  ten  days  from  a  single  fig,  and 
occurs  at  about  the  same  time  each  day,  until 
all  the  wasps  have  made  their  escape. 

In  former  years  the  figs  after  gathering 
were  strung  on  raflia  fibre  and  distributed 
throughout  various  parts  of  the  Calimyrna 
trees.  This  is  a  tedious  and  rather  slow  un- 
dertaking, and  the  work  has  been  very  much 
simplified  by  hanging  a  wire  basket  made  of 
one-inch  poultry  netting,  in  the  trees.  These 
baskets  are  a  permanent  fixture,  are  three 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  top.  ten  inches  long, 
narrowing  down  toward  the  end. 

Many  growers  use  strawberry  baskets  for 
the  distribution  of  the  figs.  There  is  no  ob- 
jection except  that  they  must  be  renewed  each 
year.  One  wire  basket  is  suflicient  for  a  tree, 
unless  it  happens  to  be  a  very  old  one. 


468 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Irrigating   a    California    I'ig    Orihard 


Unlike  many  other  fruits,  the  fig  in  order 
to  produce  a  high-grade  article  must  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  on  the  tree  until  it  loses  its 
original  form,  shrivels  up  and  drops  off. 
Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  jar  the  trees 
slightly,  if  tlie  shriveled  figs  do  not  drop,  or 
knock  them  off  with  light  bamboo  poles.  From 
the  orchard  they  are  hauled  to  the  drving 
ground,  which  sliould  either  he  a  hard  piece  of 
ground  or  an  alfalfa  bed. 

The  figs  are  dumiK'd  on  trays  which  are 
stacked  at  once,  for,  as  a  general  rule,  all  figs 
— with  the  exception  of  the  very  large  ones — 
are  dried  sufficiently  so  that  when  they  come 
on  the  drying  ground  no  further  ex])osure 
to  the  sun  is  necessary.  One  of  the  universal 
complaints  made  about  California  figs  has 
been  their  tough  skin.  This  is  not  due  to  any 
unfavorable  climatic  or  soil  condition,  but  is 
the  result  of  overdrying.  The  sorting  of  figs 
may  be  commenced  two  days  after  they  have 
been  placed  on  the  trays.  All  the  figs  which 
have  a  slightly  leathery  feeling  to  the  touch 


are  thrown  into  a  pile  by  themselves  in  the 
drying  shed,  and  the  bird  picked  and  split 
figs  into  the  cull  pile.  These  are  not  lost  by 
any  means,  but  sell  readily  at  214  to  3  cents 
per  pound.  The  soft  figs  are  placed  on  trays 
as  before,  the  trays  are  stacked,  and  the  figs 
remain  on  them  until  reaching  the  proper  de- 
gree of  dryness,  when  they  are  thrown  in  with 
the  others.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  the  figs 
in  the  pile,  which  may  be  from  three  to  six 
feet  deep  without  the  fruit  being  damaged  in 
the  least,  for  a  period  of  two  weeks,  turning 
the  figs  over  with  a  scoop  shovel  at  least  once 
during  the  period  or  oftener  if  time  will 
permit. 

Just  prior  to  delivering  to  the  packing  house 
the  figs  are  given  a  thorough  washing  in  a 
brine  having  not  less  than  four  ounces  of  salt 
dissolved  in  the  gallon  of  water.  A  prune 
dipper  is  used  to  good  advantage  for  this 
work.  The  figs  should  remain  in  the  l)rine 
for  a  period  of  ten  to  fifteen  minutes,  depend- 
ing on  their  condition.    They  are  once  more 


FIG  PRODUCTION 


469 


placed  on  trays,  two  or  three  inches  deep, 
exposed  to  the  sun  for  half  a  day  to  allow 
the  water  to  drain  off  and  the  trays  are  again 
stacked.  Within  two  days  they  can  be  dumped 
into  sweat  boxes,  and  are  ready  for  delivery. 
This  processing  not  only  cleans  the  figs,  but 
it  softens  the  skins,  causing  them  to  feel  like 
a  kid  glove  when  squeezed  between  the  fingers, 
and  in  addition  to  this,  the  fig  presents  a 
bright  and  most  inviting  aspect.  They  are  a 
delight  to  the  eye  and  appeal  to  the  palate  as 
no  other  fruit  does. 

DOES    IT    PAY? 

Let  us  explain  the  management  of  a  fig 
orchard,  briefly.  As  far  as  clean  cultivation  is 
concerned  the  fig  is  no  different  from  other 
trees.  The  first  vear  trees  should  be  irrigated 
at  least  three  times  during  the  summer 
months ;  in  subsequent  years,  and  up  to  the 
time  the  trees  are  five  years  old  two  irriga- 
tions should  be  given  and  in  later  years  one 
irrigation  is  sufficient,  and  this  should  be 
given,  if  possible,  between  April  1 5  and 
June  1.  to  promote  a  strong  new  growth  and 
a  heavv  setting  of  figs.  The  figs  that  are  dried 
all  set  on  the  new  wood.  In  localities  where 
the  annual  rainfall  is  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
inches  or  on  heavy  soil,  where  the  trees  are 
making  a  strong  growth,  and  give  no  indica- 
tion of  being  •  dry  during  the  summer,  the 
trees  after  reaching  the  bearing  age  need  no 
irrigation.  The  pruning  of  a  ten- year-old 
orchard  should  not  exceed  three  cents  per  tree. 
The  very  outside  cost,  and  this  estimate  is 
unusuallv  liberal,  for  the  entire  care  of  a  fig 
orchard,  is  $15  per  acre  per  annum.  The 
harvesting  of  the  cro]).  including  the  delivery 
to  the  packing  house,  will  not  exceed  $15  per 
ton.  and  where  a  farmer  does  all  of  his  own 
work  with  the  assistance  of  his  family,  even 
this  figure  would  bo  high. 

A  five-year-old  tree  will  produce  enough 
fruit  to  more  than  pay  for  cultivation  ;  at  six 
years  1000  pounds,  and  at  eight  years  2000 
pounds,  and  from  this  time  on,  as  the  trees 
develoj).  the  crop  will  vary  according  to  the 
attention  and  the  consequent  vigor  of  the 
trees,  from  2000  to  6000  pounds  per  acre. 


Good  Calimyrna  figs  sell  at  5  cents  per 
pound  in  the  sweat  box,  and  as  the  industry 
advances  in  importance  the  figs  will  be  sold 
on  a  basis  of  size  and  quality,  the  larger  and 
better  figs  will  bring  even  a  better  price  than 
this.  The  grower  who  cures  his  fruit  prop- 
erly, grades  out  all  small  and  inferior  figs, 
will  be  entitled  to  a  better  price  for  such  figs, 
and  it  will  be  paid  him  without  any  cjuestion. 

Comments  are  very  often  made  on  the  com- 
parative bearing  qualities  of  the  White 
Adriatic  and  the  Calimyrna,  and  the  natural 
inclination  of  the  average  observer  is  to  credit 
the  former  as  being  a  heavier  producer. 
Although  to  all  outward  appearances  the 
White  Adriatic  may  have  more  figs  on  the 
trees  they  will  average  far  smaller  in  size,  and 
in  addition  to  this  a  sweat  box  which  is  eight 
inches  deep  by  twenty-four  inches  wide  and 
thirty-six  inches  long  will  weigh  fully  15 
per  cent  more  when  filled  with  Calimyrna 
than  with  the  W'hite  Adriatic.  The  difference 
in  weight  is  directly  attributable  to  the  larger 
sugar  content  and  the  fertile  seeds. 

Calimyrna  figs  have  been  shipped  fresh  by 
regular  refrigerator  service  to  New  York,  Chi- 
cago, and  other  Eastern  points,  and  have 
netted  growers  10  cents  per  pound. 

THE  FIG  CROP  SURE 

A  failure  of  a  fig  crop  in  California  has 
never  been  known,  and  we  will  venture  to  say 
without  fear  of  contradiction,  it  never  will  be. 

Fig  buyers  are  so  certain  of  their  ground 
in  respect  to  an  annual  fig  crop,  that  it  has 
been  a  customarv  practice  for  a  number  of 
years  in  F"resno  County  to  make  from  one  to 
five-year  contracts  with  growers  for  the  crops 
on  their  avenue  trees  and  for  entire  orchards, 
the  purchaser  paying  in  advance  for  the  ex- 
pected crop.  The  price  paid  depends  largely 
on  the  size  of  the  trees,  but  the  contracts  range 
from  $1  to  $5  per  tree  and  it  is  no  unusual 
thing  for  these  contracts  to  involve  sums  as 
high  as  $5000  per  annum.  The  contractors 
bear  all  the  expense  of  harvesting,  and  the 
grower  merely  prunes  and  cultivates  his  or- 
chard under  this  arrangement. 


The  Date  in  California 


By  Silas  C.  Mason 


Aboriculturist .  lutiwiu  of  Plant  Industry,   United  Stiitiw  !),■  f^art  inrnt  of  .1  ^^ri  cult  lire 


liditov's  Xotc:  J'rofcssor  Mason  has  for  years  l)ecn  the  resident 
speciahst  who,  nnder  the  direction  of  Doctor  W.  T.  Swingle,  has 
been  charged  with  the  supervision  of  prolonged  effort  to  establish 
the  best  dates  from  the  South  and  East  Mediterranean  region  upon 
the  great  stretches  of  Southeastern  California  which  are  wrongly 
caled  "deserts."  Professor  Mason  describes  how  these  regions  are 
rendered  productive  by  date  palms,  with  reference  also  to  the  growth 
of  this  historic  and  invaluable  palm  in  other  parts  of  the  State.  The 
article  is  technically  correct  and  therefore  of  great  value  to  those  who 
wish  authentic  information  as  to  this  branch  of  agricultural  activitv. 


THE  production  of  dates  in  a  commercial 
way  should  be  carefully  distinguished 
from  the  growth  of  date  trees  for  shade  or 
ornament.  Also  the  date  palm,  Phoenix 
dactylifera,  must  not  be  confused  with  other 
species  of  the  genus,  one  of  the  most  common 
of  which  is  the  Canary  Island  palm,  Phoenix 
canariensis,  splendid  specimens  of  which  help 
to  beautify  so  many  residence  lots  in  the 
coastal  regions  of  California. 

HISTORICAL  SKETCH 

The  introduction  of  the  date  palm  into 
California  was  undoubtedly  a  part  of  the 
indefatigable  labors  of  the  early  Mission 
fathers,  seeds  of  the  date  being  planted  in 
their  Mission  gardens  from  San  Diego  north- 
ward. As  these  were  all  comparatively  near 
the  coast  and  in  sections  of  too  low  summer 
temperature  for  the  successful  maturing  of 
fruit,  it  is  probable  that  these  plantings  were 
made  chiefly  to  afford  leaves  for  the  church 
celebration  of  Palm  Sunday.  'I'liere  were  a 
few  seedling  date  trees  grown  on  private 
estates  in  California;  none,  however,  dating 
back  to  a  very  early  period. 

A  lot  of  seedling  trees  in  the  Montecito 
district,  near  Santa  Barbara,  are  known  to  be 


over  forty  years  old,  and  some  in  a  private 
enclosure  within  the  city  limits  are  of  nearly 
as  great  an  age.  The  trees  on  the  rancli  of 
Mr.  Hall  Hanlon  on  the  California  side  of 
the  Colorado  River  below  Yuma,  and  the 
trees  on  the  ranch  formerly  owned  by  Colonel 
Sam  Taylor  at  Winters,  both  mentioned  by 
Mr.  W.  T.  Swingle  in  the  Yearbook,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  1900,  are  of  nearly  as 
early  an  origin. 

The  Wolfskin  variety  at  Winters  (See 
Plate  LXII,  Yearbook,  1900),  was  a  variety 
of  good  quality  and  of  such  remarkable  earli- 
ness  as  to  mature  its  fruit  in  this  sheltered 
position  at  the  latitude  of  38  degrees,  32 
minutes,  the  most  northerly  locality  where  the 
date  matures  in  the  United  States. 

The  first  introductions  of  offshoots  of  named 
varieties  of  dates  from  the  north  of  Africa 
were  made  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
H.  E.  Van  Deman.  then  pomologist  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  who  received  in 
July.  1890,  nine  plants  from  the  north  of 
Algeria,  fifty-nine  plants  from  Cairo,  Egypt, 
and,  in  1891,  six  plants  from  Muscat,  Arabia 
Of  these  seventy-four  plants  thirty-six  ulti 
mately  reached  California  and  were  distributed 


DATE  CULTURE 


471 


Bringing  the   Orient  to   the   Occident — A   six-year-old   Date    Palm   Tree    in   the   Mecca   Date   Garden, 
United    States   Department   of   Agriculture 


to  the  State  experiment  stations  at  Tulare  and 
Pomona,  Mr.  F.  A.  Kimball  at  National  City 
and  the  Southern  Paciiic  Railroad  Company, 
whose  officers  placed  their  share  in  the  hands 
of  Patrick  Gale  for  planting  on  his  ranch  near 
Indio,  Cal.,  the  one  locality  of  the  four  now 
known  to  be  adapted  to  date  culture. 

One  large  tree,  supposed  to  be  of  this  origi- 
nal importation,  is  still  growing  in  a  neglected 
condition  on  what  was  the  Gale  homestead 
entry  near  Indio. 

The  survivals  of  the  Tulare  and  Pomona 
plantings  were  moved  to  Mecca  with  the  estab- 
lishing of  the  department  garden  there  in 
1904  and  three  of  them  survived  the  removal, 
one,  an  Egyptian  varietv,  toeing  now  the  tallest 
tree  in  that  garden. 

The  greatest  advance  made  in  California 
date  culture  was  the  establishing  in  1904  of 
the  Mecca  date  garden  on  a  tract  of  land  185 
feet  below  sea  level,  lying  well  down  in  the 
bed  of  the  ancient  Salton  Sea.    The  first  off- 


shoots set  were  from  an  importation  secured 
through  Mr.  Swingle,  and  later  importations 
secured  through  Messrs.  T.  H.  Kearney  and 
D.  G.  Fairchild  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  In- 
dustry of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Algeria.  Tunis,  Egypt  and  the  Persian  Gulf 
region  were  drawn  upon  for  their  choicest 
varieties,  until  in  1914  more  than  one  hundred 
imported  varieties  were  growing  in  govern- 
mental stations  on  California  soil. 

The  year  1904  marked  the  establishing  at 
Mecca  of  a  five-acre  planting  as  a  private 
venture  bv  Mr.  Bernard  Johnson,  and  of  a 
ten-acre  planting  by  the  California  Date  Com- 
pany, a  joint  stock  concern  at  Heber,  Cal. 

In  1907.  in  view  of  the  impending  sub- 
merging of  the  Mecca  date  garden  by  the 
filling  of  the  ancient  Salton  Sea  from  the 
break  in  the  Colorado  River  embankment,  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  established  a  new 
ten-acre  date  garden  at  Indio,  at  a  point  about 
twentv-five    feet    above   sea    level.     The    land 


472 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


for  this  was  deeded  for  the  purpose  by 
Mr.  Fred  N.  Johnson,  who  had  met  with  re- 
markable success  in  the  culture  of  a  small 
number  of  offshoots  placed  with  him  for  trial 
by  the  department.  The  advance  of  the  rising 
Salton  Sea  was  finally  checked  when  the  water 
was  within  200  yards  of  the  Mecca  garden,  and 
the  projKJsed  removal  of  the  young  plantation 
to  Indio  became  unnecessary.  But  the  dif- 
ferences in  soil  and  location  were  found  sutli- 
ciently  great  to  justify  the  i-ontinuaiu'e  of 
both  stations. 

The  ]ilanting  of  date  seed  was  encouraged 
from  the  start  and  in  1907  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  made  its  first  distribution  of 
seedling  date  plants  to  settlers  of  the  Coachella 
and  Imperial  valleys,  and  large  quantities  of 
seeds  of  choice  varieties  have  since  been  given 
(Hit  in  small  U)ts.  the  idea  being  that  though 
the  date  does  not  "come  true"  from  seed  yet 
a  considerable  number  of  the  seedling  plants 
would  produce  fruit  of  value  for  home  use  and 
an  occasional  variety  would  appear  of  sufficient 
merit  to  warrant  its  propagation  on  an  exten- 
sive scale. 

By  about  1910  the  fine  quality  of  the  fruit 
])roduced  in  the  Mecca,  Heber,  and  Indio 
plantations  l)egan  to  attract  the  attention  of  not 
only  the  settlers  in  those  valleys  but  of  the 
real  estate  men.  and  a  "boom"  in  date  culture 
began  which  still  continues.  Along  with  legiti- 
mate and  wholesome  enterprise,  which  has  re- 
sulted in  the  importation  of  considerable  quan- 
tities of  date  offshoots  from  the  Old  World 
regions,  promoters  of  stock-selling  schemes 
have  rushed  in.  sending  out  mail  sacks  full  of 
literature  and  making  the  most  extravagant 
promises  of  j)rofits  to  the  investors  for  their 
shares. 

Tlie  real  merits  of  a  legitimate  and  prom- 
ising industry  have,  to  some  extent,  been 
brought  into  disrepute  by  schemes  often  based 
only  on  o{)tions  on  a  tract  of  desert  land  and 
a  few  hundred  seedling  date  jdants  of  dubious 
A'alue. 

REQUIREMENTS    OF    THE    DATE 

The  requirements  of  the  date  may  be  best 
considered  under  the  heads  of  climate,  water 
and  soil : 


Climatic  rrtjm'rrj/ir/ifs — The  distribution  of 
the  date  tree  is  limited  to  regions  where 
the  absolute  minimum  temperature  does  not 
fall  below  al)out  6  or  7  degrees  Fahrenheit. 
I'lven  temperatures  as  low  as  \2  to  15  degrees 
Fahrenheit  occurring  yearly  would  be  too 
severe  a  check  to  permit  of  successful  culture. 
Temperatures  of  20  to  25  degrees  Fahrenheit 
are  withstood  with  little  injurv. 

The  date  tree  may  grow  in  such  cool  summer 
temperatures  as  those  of  San  Jose  and  Los 
Angeles  where  the  mean  temperature  for  the 
eight  growing  months  of  March  to  October  is 
from  62  to  65  degrees  Fahrenheit,  but  no 
fruit  will  be  perfected.  Intense  and  prolonged 
heat  and  a  very  dry  atmosphere  are  the  summer 
conditions  demanded  for  fruiting  the  date. 
The  only  regions  in  California  affording 
optimum  temperature  conditions  for  the  date 
are  the  Coachella  and  Imperial  valleys  of 
Riverside  and  Imperial  counties,  and,  a  little 
less  favorable,  the  Colorado  Valley  from  the 
Mexican  line  up  to  Needles.  Here  the  mean 
temperature  of  the  eight  growing  months  is 
from  75  to  80  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  except 
for  short  periods  the  relative  humidity  is  very 
low,  comparing  closely  with  the  great  date 
regions  of  the  Sahara.  A  few  especially  warm 
localities  in  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento 
valleys  may  be  expected  to  ripen  early  varieties 
of  dates  of  second  t]uality,  and  possibly  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  Death  Valley. 

]]'atcr  rrijuirrmrnfs — Contrary  to  a  com- 
mon impression,  the  date  tree  requires  an 
abundance  of  water  for  its  best  development, 
though  it  is  able  to  survive  considerable  pri- 
vation. The  most  reliable  observations  show 
that  aliout  125  gallons  to  150  gallons  per  tree 
dailv  must  be  allowed  for  the  warmer  mouths; 
much  of  this  is  doubtless  absorbed  by  the  soil 
in  conveying  it  to  the  trees.  In  the  very  sandy 
soil  of  the  Mecca  garden  probably  150  gallons 
to  200  gallons  per  tree  daily  are  consumed 
during  the  pericnl  of   greatest  heat. 

Date  trees  are  kuown  near  Indio  which  have 
survived  several  years  without  surface  irriga- 
tion other  than  the  slight  rainfall,  but  the 
roots  here  penetrate  a  slightly  moist  stratum 


DATE  CULTURE 


473 


Flower  Cluster  of  Male  Date  Palm  just  emerged  from 
sheath  and  letting  pollen  escape 


at  about  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  and  so  maintain 
a  precarious  existence. 

Irrigation  waters  containing  alkali  in  solu- 
tion that  would  be  fatal  to  ordinary  field  crops 
may  be  applied  to  date  trees  with  little,  if 
any,  injury. 

Soil  requirements — The  date  tree  thrives 
in  a  great  variety  of  soils,  but  in  the  great 
date  regions  of  Egypt  is  usually  found  planted 
upon  soils  too  sandy  for  the  production  of 
profitable  grain  crops,  there  yielding  profitable 
returns  while  the  richer  soils  adjacent  are 
found  more  proiitable  for  the  growing  of  de- 
ciduous fruit,  grains,  and  sugar  cane. 

For  a  sustained  vield  of  dates  from  trees 
on  sandy  soils  it  is  necessary  to  give  them 
occasional  applications  of  manure  placed  in 
trenches  about  the  roots.  The  alkali  resistance 
of  the  date  was  sliown  by  Mr.  Swingle  (Bulle- 


tin 53,  Department  of  Agriculture),  to  be 
greater  than  that  of  any  knowji  farm  crop, 
even  barley.  This  fact  renders  available  for 
date  culture  considerable  areas  of  land  in  the 
regions  mentioned  that  are  slightly  too  strong 
in  soluble  salts  for  general  culture. 

In  order  to  fruit  abundantly  the  date  palm 
roots  must  have  access  to  a  stratum  of  soil 
containing  1  per  cent  or  less  of  soluble  salts. 
Much  of  the  alkali  land  of  the  Southwest 
contains  much  more  than  this  and  is  unsuited 
to  date  culture  without  drainage.  There  are, 
for  example,  large  tracts  of  land  northwest 
of  the  Salton  Sea  in  the  Coachella  Valley 
carrying  too  much  alkali  to  permit  of  date 
culture.  The  date  palm  can,  however,  support, 
when  well  established,  considerable  accumulat- 
ing of  alkali  at  the  surface  of  the  soil,  enough 
to  kill  almost  all  other  crop  plants. 

In  general,  the  safest  date  lands  for  the 
purchaser  not  thoroughly  familiar  with  such 
soils  are  those  that  have  demonstrated  their 
ability  to  produce  alfalfa,  barley,  or  cotton. 


Three  female  flower  clusters 


474 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Heavy  clay  or  adobe  have  in  many  regions 
been  utilized  for  date  culture,  a  selection  of 
varieties  best  adapted  to  them  being  necessarv. 
It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  soils  witli  muc:h 
heavier  percentages  of  soluble  salts  can  be 
used  where  the  drainage  is  such  that  a  flow 
of  fresh  water  can  occasionally  be  utilized  to 
wash  them  out  than  where  such  drainage  is 
impossible  and  the  salts  tend  to  accumulate 
rather  than  diminish. 

BOTANICAL  CHARACTERS 

The  date,  with  other  palms,  is  endogenous, 
having  neither  true  bark  nor  amuial  rings  of 
growth.  The  trnnk  having  no  true  branches, 
but  only  a  terminal  bud,  the  onlv  means  of 
propagation  is  by  the  removal  of  c)ffshoots  or 
suckers  produced  sparingly  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves  during  the  earlier  years  of  the  life 
of  the  tree. 

In  flowering,  the  date  is  dioecious,  the  male 
and  female  flowers  being  produced  on  separate 
plants.  The  long  flexible  pinnate  leaves  reach 
in  mature  trees  a  length  of  twelve  to  sixteen 
feet,  about  fifteen  or  twenty  new  4eaves  being 
put  out  from  the  bud  every  year.  In  culture 
thirty  or  forty  leaves  usually  form  the 
picturesque  crown,  the  older  failing  ones  being 
cut  away. 

The  trunk  may  reach  at  forty  or  fiftv  years 
old  a  height  of  sixty  or  seventy-five  feet,  with 
a  diameter  of  not  more  than  two  feet.  With 
these  graceful,  columnar  trunks,  topped  by  the 
feathery,  leafy  crowns,  a  grove  of  old  date 
trees  is  a  beautiful  and  imposing  sight  never 
to  be  forgotten.  In  years  to  come  the  date 
groves  of  the  Coachella  Valley  along  the  line 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  will  be  a 
feature   worth   crossing   the   contment   to   see. 

PROPAGATION 

The  date  is  propagated  by  seeds  and  by 
offshoots  or  suckers. 

When  seeds  are  sown  the  plants  do  not  come 
true  to  the  variety  and  about  half  of  them 
will  be  males,  worthless  except  for  a  small 
number  required  for  pollination.  The  sex  of 
the  plants  can  only  be  determined  when  they 
flower,  sometimes  at  two  years  old,  often  not 
for  four  or  five  or  even  eight  or  nine  years 
under    unfavorable    conditions.     The    female 


plants  will  vary  greatly  in  the  tiuality  of  the 
fruit  produced,  as  a  rule  not  more  than  one- 
fourth  bearing  fruit  of  a  ijuality  to  warrant 
their  bi-ing  grown,  but  occasionally  very  line 
sorts  a])pear.  The  list  of  choice  date  varieties 
of  the  ( )ld  World  is  doubtless  the  accumulation 
of  sut-h  seedling  selections  for  many  genera- 
tions. In  the  regions  of  Egypt,  w-here  large 
mimbers  of  seedling  date  trees  are  grown,  the 
industry  is  much  less  profitable  than  where  a 
few  choice  varieties  are  propagated  from  off- 
shoots and  the  plantations  extended  as  rapidly 
as  these  can  be  produced. 

Offshoots  or  suckers  may  be  produced  on 
seedling  trees  at  two  or  three  years  old.  In 
cultivated  varieties  the  offshoots  on  remoxal 
may  often  have  several  smaller  offshoots 
already  started.  They  are  borne  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  most  abundantly  near  the 
ground,  but  in  moist  situations  trees  may  pro- 
duce them  for  several  feet  up  on  the  trunk. 
Varieties  differ  greatly  in  offshoot  production, 
but  they  usually  cease  bearing  them  at  about 
ten  or  twelve  years  old,  and  the  average 
progeny  per  tree  is  not  more  than  six  or  eight. 
Three  or  four  years  must  generally  elapse  after 
the  pushing  of  an  offshoot  before  it  is  large 
enough  to  remove  for  planting. 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  how  greatly  the 
date  tree  differs  from  deciduous  fruit  trees, 
with  which,  by  the  means  of  scions  or  cuttings, 
each  bud  of  the  thousands  produced  is  a 
potential  tree  of  the  variety.  With  the  date, 
however,  multiplication  is  very  slow. 

So  far,  the  best  efforts  of  American  growers 
have  failed  to  save  more  than  half  of  the 
offshoots,  either  imported  or  home  grown,  so 
it  will  be  seen  why  increasing  the  acreage  of 
date  plantations  is  slow  and  costly.  Fortu- 
nately, recent  methods  instituted  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  of  forcing  the  rooting 
of  offshoots  by  the  application  of  artificial  heat 
are  promising  a  great  saving,  both  in  offshoots 
and  in  the  time  needed  to  establish  them. 

With  the  best  methods  of  culture  indicating 
about  forty-eight  or  fifty  trees  to  the  acre,  the 
setting  of  an  acre  of  choice  date  trees  calls  for 
a  large  initial  outlay.  One  male  tree  must  be 
allowed  for  every  thirty  to  fifty  bearing  trees 


DATE  CULTURE 


475 


?.Iak'  aiul  1  tnialc  llowers  of  the  Date  Palm  Magnified 


for  pollination,  selected  with  due  regard  to 
flowering  periods  simultaneous  with  those  of 
the  fruiting  varieties.  ( For  details  of  removing 
oifshoots,  planting  and  pollination,  Bulletin  53, 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  should  be  consulted) . 
For  assurance  of  success  the  water  supply  must 
be  ample  and  unfailing,  because  the  offshoots 
during  their  first  season  in  the  ground  must  be 
kept  constantly  wet.  Irrigation  daily  or  at 
the  least  every  other  day  is  demanded  for  the 
first  few  months  till  the  root  system  is  well 
established.  Backward  oft'shoots  may  need  this 
constant  attention  through  the  heated  months 
of  the  second  season.  From  this  it  will  be 
seen  how  futile  it  is  to  trust  a  date  plantation 
in  its  early  stages  to  a  gravity  canal  system 
unless  this  can  be  supplemented  by  reservoir 
storage  or  pump  irrigation  during  the  intervals 
between  "heads"  in  the  canals. 

DATE    GARDEN     MANAGEMENT 

In  introducing  the  date  industry  into  Cali- 
fornia the  high  price  of  labor  and  the  lack  of 


men  familiar  with  date  culture  are  two  serious 
handicaps. 

The  date  regions  of  the  Old  World  have  at 
command  an  abundance  of  low-priced  labor, 
trained  from  childhood  to  the  operations  of 
the  date  grove.  Not  only  is  the  cultural  work 
of  the  date  plantation  done  at  a  minimum  cost, 
but  what  may  be  called  the  "by-products"  of 
the  date  tree — trunks,  leaves  and  fiber,  can. 
by  means  of  the  same  cheap  labor,  be  employed 
in  the  building  of  houses  and  the  construction 
of  baskets,  crates,  rope,  small  cordage  and 
numerous  articles  used  in  the  native  mode  of 
life,  thus  affording  a  secondary  return  from 
the  trees  that  goes  far  to  meet  the  expense  of 
culture.  There  is  very  little  waste  of  the  im- 
perfect and  low  grade  fruit,  the  impoverished 
people  or  the  camels  consuming  all  not  of  an 
export  quality. 

A\'ith  the  high-priced  labor  of  the  Western 
states  and  a  market  only  for  the  first  quality 
of  fruit,  a  dift'erent  system  of  management 
must  be  worked  out.  First  of  all,  only  varieties 
of  such  superior  quality  that  will  appeal  to  the 


476 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


best  trade  should  be  planted;  second,  cultural 
methods  using  modern  machinery  must  make 
a  minimuna  of  hand  labor  go  as  far  as  jjossible 
to  offset  the  low-priced  labor  abroad. 

The  development  of  such  practice  and  the 
training  of  men  to  a  new  industry  recjuire 
time  and  i)atience.  such  as  were  needed  in 
building  up  the  citrus  ami  the  deciduous  fruit 
industries  farther  north.  '!"he  discomforts  of 
the  long  seasons  of  extreme  heat  which  adapt 
a  region  to  date  culture  make  it  the  more 
difficult  to  induce  competent  men  to  remain 
with  the  work  at  the  time  when  the  groves 
need  the   closest  attention. 

The  determining  of  the  most  profitable 
varieties  has  needed  to  be  a  work  of  great  care 
and  caution,  and  much  still  remains  to  be 
done.  A  mistake  in  selection  of  varieties  is 
costlv  with  any  class  of  fruit,  but  especially  so 
with  the  date  from  its  costly  stock,  slow  propa- 
gation, and  the  impossibility  of  "working  over" 
any  trees  found  unsuitable. 

INSECTS    AND    DISEASES 

No  fungous  diseases  of  a  serious  nature  have 
appeared  on  any  date  trees  in  America.  Two 
scale  insects,  Farlatoria  Blanchardi  and 
Fhocnicococciis  Marlatti,  have  been  found  on 
most  imported  offshoots,  and  rigorous  quaran- 
tine and  control  measures  have  been  enacted 
governing  the  introduction  of  offshoots  into 
the  United  States  and  their  transportation 
from  one  locality  to  another.  The  Parlatoria 
scale  can  be  completely  eradicated  by  fumiga- 
tion and  burning  if  careful  follow-up  inspect- 
ing is  done.  Eradication  and  not  simply  control 
of  this  scale  is  necessary  under  American  con- 
ditions if  date  culture  is  to  be  profitable.  The 
Phoenicococcus  scale  yields  to  treatment  and, 
while  its  entire  eradication  may  require  con- 
siderable time,  its  control  within  limits  not  a 
hazard  to  the  industry  is  a  matter  of  vigilance 
and  persistence. 

HARVESriXC.    AND    MARKETING 

( 'lathering  and  i)acking  tlie  date  crop  call 
for  tlie  greatest  outlay  of  hand  labor  of  any 
ojjeration  of  date  ])roduction.  The  choice 
shouUl   be   made  of  varietie^s  which  ripen   the 


indiyidual  fruits  rather  evenly  on  the  bunch, 
so  that  by  cutting  the  stalk  the  whole  bunch 
may  be  lowered  from  the  tree  while  the  fruit 
still  adheres  firndy  and  the  ripening  completed. 
Even  w  ith  such  \arieties  the  picking  from  the 
strands,  grading  and  tiiial  packing  in  cartons 
involves  tedious  work  unknown  to  the  Arabs, 
wlio  finish  the  curing  in  drying  yards  under 
most  unsanitary  conditions,  and  tramp  the 
dates  in  a  sticky  mass  into  date  leaf  baskets 
for  camel  transportation.  I'he  scientific  and 
cleanly  methods  which  have  been  developed 
by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  date  station 
at  Indio  have  set  a  standard  which  will  be 
followed  by  all  date  producers  in  California. 
The  result  with  the  leading  variety,  the  Deglet 
Noor,  is  a  product  not  excelled  liv  the  choicest 
French  pack  from  Algeria,  selling  at  very 
encouraging  prices,  even  leaving  out  of  account 
the  fictitious  prices  sought  to  be  established  by 
interested  promoters. 

The  dry  so-called  "bread  dates"  of  the 
Orient,  in  immerous  varieties  and  the  staple 
food  of  thousands  of  people,  are  little  known 
to  the  American  public.  Experiments  with 
several  of  these  sorts,  particularly  with  the 
Thoory,  show  them  to  be  well  adapted  to 
Southern  California  conditions,  and  tests 
made  of  the  preferences  of  a  good  many  people 
show  that  but  little  education  is  needed  to 
establish  a  steady  demand  for  these  dry  but 
appetizing  and  mitritious  dates,  far  more  easily 
cured  and  handled  than  the  softer  and  more 
luscious  sorts. 

SUMMARY 

While  subject  to  serious  handicaps  and  by 
no  means  a  "get-rich-quick"  proposition,  the 
date  industry  of  Southern  California  has  come 
to  stay.  It  offers  a  fair  return  for  labor  and 
invested  capital  to  those  who  are  ready  to  give 
close  attention  to  mastering  the  details  of  a 
new  industry;  an  attractive  and  healthful 
out-of-door  occupation,  in  spite  of  the  desert 
heat,  and  the  satisfaction  of  offering  to  the 
]iublic  a  toothsome  and  wholesome  product  pro- 
duced under  clean  surroundings  in  place  of 
ilates  i)ai-ked  under  the  unsanitary  conditions 
of  a  Ik-douin  village. 


California  Almond  Growing 
and  Marketing 

By  George  W.  Pierce 

President  of  California  Almond  Growers'  Exchange 


Editor  s  Xofc:  Mr.  Pierce,  who  has  for  years  been  a  prominent 
almond  grower  in  Yolo  and  taken  an  important  part  in  growers'  suc- 
cessful organization  for  sale  of  their  product,  gives  a  careful  sketch 
of  the  almond  industry,  the  conditions  affecting  it,  the  chief  pro- 
ducing districts,  the  kind  of  almonds  chiefly  grown,  and  the  relative 
amounts  and  selling  prices  of  each  kind.  He  also  discusses  the  origin, 
methods,  and  achievements  of  the  California  Almond  Growers'  Ex- 
change, showing  the  advantages  of  it  to  the  almond  industry. 


INTRODUCED  into  California  a  half 
century  ago  the  almond  has  worked  itself 
into  popular  favor.  Its  early  blooming  period 
and  its  extreme  susceptibility  to  destruction  by 
late  frosts  unerringly  limit  the  area  of  its  suc- 
cessful production. 

The  almond  originated  and  has  been  grown 
for  many  centuries  on  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.  It  was  most  fitting  that  its 
introduction  into  America  should  have  been 
in  the  great  central  valley  of  California.  Here 
the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate,  of  skies  and 
of  sunshine  rival  those  of  Spain,  Italy  and 
Palestine.  Here,  although  handicapped  by  a 
high  cost  of  production  and  a  burdensome 
freight  rate,  the  California  almond  grower  has 
made  himself  felt  in  the  markets  of  the  world. 
The  work  has  required  skillful  handling.  I'he 
business  may  now  be  said  to  be  on  a  fairly 
stable  basis.  The  price  of  its  existence,  h<nv- 
ever,  is  eternal  vigilance. 

So  much  is  now  known  of  the  almond  that 
if  an  average  amount  of  business  forethought 
be  employed  in  the  selection  of  location,  adapt- 
ability of  varieties  and  care  of  the  orchard, 
remunerative  returns  mav   confidently  be  an- 


ticipated. Few  if  any  sections  will  produce  all 
varieties  equally  well.  Each  section  must  spe- 
cialize as  to  varieties.  No  location  where 
lieavy  fogs  are  prevalent  during  the  maturing 
period  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  almond. 
Thus  one  might  go  on  to  the  end  enumerating 
the  conditions  necessary  for  successful  almond 
culture  and  eliminating  those  that  would  pre- 
vent success  in  the  venture,  and  you  will  have 
left  the  characteristics  of  the  great  central 
valley  of  California.  Add  to  this  remainder 
of  necessities,  those  peculiar  types  and  condi- 
tions of  soil  necessary,  and  thousands  of  acres 
in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys 
will  qualify.  Insist  on  comparative  freedom 
from  frosts  and  cold  winds,  and  many  nooks 
in  the  footliills  furnish  the  sheltered  sjjots 
desired. 

As  an  industry,  the  growing  of  the  almond 
ap]>eals  to  the  orchardist  for  several  reasons. 
After  the  tree  reaches  maturity  it  requires  com- 
paratively little  pruning.  It  is  as  free  from 
])ests  as  any  other  orchard  tree,  and  the  pests 
that  attack  it  can  largely  be  disposed  of,  or 
have  their  injury  minimized  by  a  moderate 
outlav  of  time  and  monev.    The  almond  is  a 


478 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


long-lived  tree,  and  when  its  crop  ripens  it  is 
not  perishable.  This  latter  statement  is  not 
to  be  construed  to  mean  that  the  almond  can, 
with  impunity,  be  left  on  the  tree  indefinitely, 
but  that  it  will  not  be  a  total  loss  if  left  a 
week  or  more  after  ripening  before  it  is  gath- 
ered. These  characteristics  of  the  almond  ap- 
peal to  the  practical  orchardist  who  has 
suffered  from  the  ravages  of  insect  pests  and 
the  shortage  of  competent  help  at  harvest  time. 

Almond  growing  is  one  of  the  great  indus- 
tries of  the  world.  Its  American  branch  is 
located  in  Central  California.  As  such,  this 
section  has  no  competitors.  It  is  in  a  class  by 
itself.  Here  in  its  home  of  adoption,  the 
almond  has  made  marvelous  strides.  Many 
imported  crudities  have  fallen  by  the  wayside. 
Improved  types  have  supplanted  imported  and 
less  worthy  ones.  Application  of  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  California  almond  grower  to  the 
business  has  resulted  in  improved  methods  of 
handling  the  product.  The  type  of  machinery 
used  is  the  best  in  existence.  European  and 
Asiatic  almond  growers  have  learned  this  and 
are  gradually  adopting  both  our  methods  and 
machinery. 

In  round  numbers  the  United  States  con- 
sumes about  8000  tons  of  almonds  annually. 
Of  these  California  produces  about  2000  tons. 
Spain,  France  and  Italy  supply  the  rest.  Until 
very  recent  years  the  output  of  California,  as 
to  varieties,  was  largely  confined  to  the 
Languedoc  and  the  Hatch  varieties.  Those 
known  as  the  Hatch  variety  are  the  Nonpariel, 
the  IXL,  and  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra.  More  re- 
cently the  Drake  Seedling,  Peerless  and  Texas 
Prolific  have  come  into  favor.  These  last  named 
three  produce   a  cheaper  nut,   but  bear  well. 


and  in  some  localities,  more  regularly  than  do 
the  Hatch  varieties.  A  large  quantity  of  soft- 
shelled  seedlings  carrying  local  names  are 
marketed  annually.  The  hard-shelled  seedling 
finds  a  market  at  the  nurseries  and  in  a  cheap 
trade  in  certain  localities.  Bitter  almonds,  pro- 
duced in  small  quantities,  are  eagerly  sought 
after  by  nurserymen. 

In  actual  selling  value  the  Noni)ariel,  a 
choice  table  nut,  leads  in  price.  This  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  IXL  and  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  at 
a  price  about  one  and  two  cents,  respectively, 
below  the  Nonpariel.  Following  these  in 
value  are  the  Drake  Seedling,  Texas  Prolific, 
Peerless,  and  others  of  that  type  at  about  five 
to  seven  cents  per  pound  below  the  Nonpa- 
riel. A  slight  variation  for  or  against  one 
or  more  of  these  is  sometimes  realized.  Hard 
shelled  and  bitter  almonds  sold  in  1914  at 
from  eight  to  ten  cents  per  pound. 

From  the  dome  of  the  State  Capitol,  at  Sac- 
ramento, with  a  good  field  glass  on  a  clear 
day,  one  can  locate  almond  growing  sections 
that  produce  90  per  cent  of  the  tonnage  of 
almonds  now  grown  in  California.  Large 
acreages  of  almonds  have  been  planted  that 
are  not  yet  in  bearing.  California  is  destined 
to  soon  furnish  a  much  larger  percentage  of 
the  almonds  consumed  in  America  than  it  now 
does.  The  successful  establishing  of  a  state- 
wide co-operative  selling  agency  has  greatly 
stimulated  the  industry.  No  place  on  earth  can 
grow  a  better  almond  than  can  California.  If 
the  American  people  will  discriminate  to  a 
slight  degree,  in  favor  of  the  home-grown 
product,  almond  growdng  in  California,  which 
is  now  in  its  infancy,  will  attain  great 
dimensions. 


The  California  Almond  Growers'  Exchange 


Previous  to  the  year  1910  the  growing  and 
marketing  of  almonds  in  California  was  con- 
ducted on  a  basis  usually  characteristic  of 
pioneer  efforts,  and  growers  had  been  chafing 
under  the  treatment  received  at  the  hands  of 
the  brokers  in  almonds.  So  great  was  the  de- 
mand for  relief  that  local  selling  organizations 
first  sprang  into  existence.    The  first  of  these 


so  far  as  we  can  learn  was  the  Davis  Almond 
Growers'  Association,  organized  in  1899.  Soon 
after  similar  associations  were  organized  at 
Brentwood,  in  Contra  Costa  County,  and  at 
Yuba  City.  At  this  time  no  state  organization 
existed.  There  was  no  co-operation  between 
the  growers  of  the  several  almond  growing  sec- 
tions.   Each  association  was  a  competitor  of 


ALMONDS 


479 


every  other  association.  This  made  possible 
unjust  discrimination  on  the  part  of  the 
brokers.  The  result  frequently  was  there 
were  as  many  different  prices  for  a  given  va- 
riety of  almonds  as  there  were  sections  pro- 
ducing that  variety. 

In  the  disposition  of  the  output  of  the  asso- 
ciations sealed  bids  were  asked  for.  The  open- 
ing and  consideration  of  these  bids  was  a 
momentous  occasion  on  the  part  of  the  associa- 
tions. They  were  acting  in  good  faith,  endeav- 
oring only  to  obtain  a  just  and  adequate  re- 
turn for  their  labor  and  investment.  In  the 
light  of  later  experience  the  semblance  of  com- 
petition that  then  existed  between  buyers  was 
absurd.  When  we  consider  that  bids  were  sub- 
mitted, often  containing  fractional  parts  of  a 
cent,  and  these  sometimes  as  small  as  six- 
teenths, we  realize  how  great  an  effort  was 
put  forth  by  the  dealers  to  mystify  and  impress 
the  growers  with  the  intricacies  of  almond 
selling. 

Disastrous  competition  among  sections 
brought  about  a  demand  for  a  State  organiza- 
tion. Some  ineffectual  attempts  at  state-wide 
organization  had  failed,  when  in  1910  Mr.  J-  P. 
Dargitz  of  Acampo  undertook  the  work.  His 
plan  was  to  have  local  organizations  in  the 
several  almond  growing  centers.  Each  associa- 
tion was  to  select  a  member  to  represent  its 
interests  in  a  State  organization  to  be  known 
as  the  California  Almond  Growers'  Ex- 
change. These  representatives  chose  from  their 
number  five  directors,  from  widely  separated 
sections,  to  conduct  the  affairs  of  the  exchange. 
They  in  turn  employed  a  manager  and  other 
officers.  A  non-profit,  co-operative  corporation 
was  formed.  Uniform  by-laws  for  local  asso- 
ciations were  recommended,  and  almond  grow- 
ing in  California  began  to  work  out  its  own 
salvation. 

Beginning  without  capital,  without  credit, 
with  no  selling  agents,  with  a  following  com- 
posed of  farmers  lacking  in  familiaritv  with 
co-operative  methods  and  impatient  at  delays, 
the  task  of  finally  cementing  the  growers  into 
a  businesslike  organization  strong  enough  to 
withstand  the  onslaught  of  the  disconcerted 
commission  dealers  was  a  stupendous  under- 


taking. Mr.  Dargitz  was  chosen  manager.  He 
at  once  began  to  systematize  the  business.  A 
representative  was  sent  into  the  Eastern  mar- 
kets. Selling  agencies  were  established  through- 
out the  United  States.  New  markets  were 
exploited.  Credit  was  established.  The  confi- 
dence of  the  growers  was  gradually  won.  The 
introduction  of  systematic  methods  lent  sta- 
bility to  the  industry.  The  market  was 
steadied.  The  grower  was  guaranteed  pro- 
tection. Speculation  in  the  almond  was  largely 
eliminated.  The  retail  dealer  was  assured  fair 
treatment  and,  still  more  important,  the  con- 
sumer was  freed  from  the  exactions  of  specu- 
lative prices. 

Development  still  continues.  The  growth  of 
the  exchange  has  been  rapid.  There  are  now 
sixteen  local  associations.  These  are  dotted 
over  the  State  from  Tehama  on  the  north  to 
Riverside  County  on  the  south.  In  these  are 
over  seven  hundred  members.  The  output  of 
these  associations  is  about  three-fourths  of  all 
the  almonds  grown  in  California. 

The  exchange  has  developed  the  almond 
meat  branch  of  the  business  to  such  an  extent 
that,  for  its  own  protection,  it  became  advis- 
able to  establish  a  nut-shelling  plant.  The 
erection  of  a  building  for  this  purpose  was 
begun  in  May,  1914.  The  exchange  now  has 
a  complete  shelling  plant  at  Nineteenth  and 
C  streets,  Sacramento.  It  is  a  fireproof  build- 
ing and  is  located  on  the  lines  of  the  Northern 
Electric  Railroad.  This  branch  enables  the 
exchange  to  meet  an  increasing  demand  for  the 
shelled  product.  At  times  it  also  relieves  con- 
gestion in  the  unshelled  market. 

The  offices  of  the  exchange  are  in  the  Peo- 
ple's Savings  Bank  Building,  in  Sacramento. 
The  exchange  in  making  itself  useful  to  its 
members  has  gone  into  many  of  the  minute 
details  of  the  business.  It  keeps  the  books  of 
any  association  when  so  requested,  attends  to 
warehousing  where  no  warehouse  is  owned  by 
the  local  growers,  purchases  sacks  for  the  out- 
put, furnishes  almond  poles,  sheets,  spraying 
machines,  hullers,  sulphur  and  other  supplies. 
These  it  obtains  at  wholesale  rates,  making  a 
substantial  saving  for  its  members.  Through 
the  medium  of  bulletins  issued  at  intervals,  it 


480 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


keeps  its  members  in  touch  with  matters  of 
interest  pertaining  to  methods  of  growing  and 
handling  ahiionds.  It  advises  as  to  the  output 
here  and  abroad,  and  to  the  conditions  affecting 
the  marketing  and  sale  of  the  product.  It  keeps 
in  touch  with  the  world's  crop  outlook  and  ad- 
vises annually  as  to  scale  of  prices  to  be  main- 
tained. It  simplifies  the  obtaining  of  reliable 
nursery  stock  and  advises  as  to  methods  of 
eradicating  disease  and  destroying  pests.  It 
furnishes  the  services  of  a  corps  of  trained 
salesmen.  In  this  respect  it  places  the  grower 
on  an  equality  with  the  broker.  It  is  so  potent 
a  factor  in  the  almond  business  that  after 
fortifying  itself  with  current  crop  statistics 
it  has  set  the  price  of  almonds  in  California 
for  each  of  the  last  three  years. 

It  assists  in  the  negotiation  of  loans  for  its 
members  and  procures  advances  on  almonds. 
It  absorbs  all  of  the  selling  burden,  adjusts 
business  complications,  plans  for  the  future, 
and  is  establishing  the  almond  business  of 
California  on  a  lasting  basis. 

Its   greatest   hindrance   and  bar   to   higher 


achievements  is  the  self -independent  grower. 
This  grower  is  at  once  the  victim  of  the  broker, 
the  stumbling  block  of  his  calling,  and  the 
chief  competitor  of  the  exchange.  He  is  the 
man  who,  without  expert  assistance,  with  only 
a  superficial  knowledge  of  business  conditions, 
with  no  definite  data  as  to  the  output  in  com- 
peting countries,  thinks  himself  competent  to 
fix  prices  for  a  world-wide  industry.  He  is 
one  who,  while  anxious  to  be  benefited  by  the 
co-operative  work  of  his  fellow  growers,  is 
unwilling  to  bear  his  part  of  the  burden  of 
organization.  He  is  a  negative  quantity,  con- 
tinually attempting  to  nullify  the  constructive 
work  of  the  exchange.  He  thinks  his  wisdom 
has  a  greater  commercial  value  than  the  com- 
bined wisdom  of  all  othefs  in  the  business.  He 
voluntarily  and  unnecessarily  takes  upon  him- 
self a'  distinct  branch  of  the  calling  from 
which  members  of  the  exchange  are  free.  It 
goes  without  saying  that  he  does  it  indif- 
ferently, that  his  scattered  efforts  detract  from 
his  success  as  a  producer.  Personal  loss  re- 
sults, and  the  entire  almond  industry  suffers. 


THERE  are  a  thousand  reasons  why  3'ou  should  have  "One  Thou- 
sand Questions  in  Cahfornia  Ag-ricuhure  Answered,"  by  Edward 
J.  Wickson,  A.  M.,  of  the  University  of  Cahfornia. 

This  consists  of  1000  of  the  most  important  questions  on  every  subject 
that  have  perplexed  the  farmer  during  the  last  few  years,  and  which  have  been 
submitted  to  the  editor  of  the  "Pacific  Rural  Press."  In  this  book,  the  prob- 
lem appears  with  its  solution  by  Professor  Wickson  immediately  following. 

Price,  $1.50  postpaid.  This  book  may  be  obtained  from  the  Book 
Department  of  this  publication  and  will  be  sent  to  any  part  of  the  w^orld 
on  receipt  of  price. 


A    One   Thousand    Dollar   Load    ol    Walnuts   going   to   the    Packing    House 

California  Walnuts  and  Their 
Co-operative  Marketing 

By  Carlyle  Thorpe 

Manager  California   Wa/niif  Groivers'  Association 

Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Thorpe  sketches  the  wahiut  industry  of  Cah- 
fornia,  which  reached  its  first  great  producing  importance  in  South- 
ern Cahfornia  but  is  now  encompassing  the  State,  for  the  EngHsh 
walnut  has  been  thrifty  and  productive  on  suitable  soils  all  through 
California  valleys  and  foothills.  Mr.  Thorpe  also  describes  the  aims, 
purposes,  and  methods  of  the  Walnut  Growers'  Association  and  their 
protective  league,  which  are  doing  so  much  for  the  prosperity  of 
growers  of  this  nut. 


THE  TERM  "English  walnuts"  is  one  of  became  generally  used  because  of  the  fact  that 

the   most    common   misnomers.      There  the   English  people  were  among  the  first   to 

are   no  table   walnuts   grown   in   England  on  appreciate  the  value  of  the  table  walnut,  which 

a  commercial  scale  and  the  term  undoubtedly  is  now  conceded  to  be  king  of  all  nuts.     The 


482 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


A  typical  Harvesting  scinc   in 

walnut  was  first  grown  commercially  in  Persia 
and  is  more  correctly  termed  the  Persian  wal- 
nut. The  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans  obtained 
the  nut  from  Persia.  Several  hundred  years 
ago  wahiut  planting  gained  a  considerable 
foothold  in  certain  sections  of  France  and 
Ital}',  but  only  within  the  last  half  century 
has  planting  in  the  United  States  gained  any 
prominence. 

About  forty  years  ago  the  walnut  was  first 
introduced  commercially  into  California. 
Plantings  became  quite  general  around  Santa 
Barbara  and  soon  afterwards  from  that  dis- 
trict as  far  south  as  San  Diego  County,  until 
at  the  present  time,  California,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  France,  is  the  largest  producer  of 
walnuts.  ^Vhile  California  is  second  in  the 
production  of  actual  tonnage  of  this  excellent 
nut.  the  value  of  the  output  of  walnuts  in 
California  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
district  or  country  in  the  world.  In  other 
words,  the  California  walnut  is  considered  the 
finest  produced  and  therefore  commands  a 
higher  price  per  pound  in  the  open  market 
than  the  product  of  anv  other  district,  and 
this  condition  is  due,  principally,  to  three  dis- 
tinct causes : 


a    California    Walnut    Grove 

First,  the  California  soil  and  climate  con- 
ditions are  ideal  for  the  production  and  ma- 
turing of  a  perfect  nut. 

Second,  the  farmers  of  California  are  an 
intelligent  and  progressive  class  of  people. 
They  are  always  on  the  lookout  for  an  im- 
provement in  varieties  or  in  cultural  methods, 
and  a  trip  through  the  walnut  districts  of  the 
State  will  demonstrate  conclusively  that  the 
orchards  are  cared  for  like  gardens.  No  pains 
or  expense  are  spared  to  secure  the  maximum 
production  and  the  maximum  quality  of  the 
fruit. 

Third,  the  fact  that  the  walnut  growers  of 
California  have  associated  themselves  together 
in  co-o])erative  marketing  organizations  with 
the  result  that  they  market  their  product  at 
an  absolutely  miiu'mum  cost  and  their  organiza- 
tion has  become  strong  enough  to  properly 
develop  the  markets  of  tlie  country  on  a 
business  basis  and  bv  standardizing  the  quality 
of  their  product  and  then  by  assuring  the 
dealer  and  consumer  of  the  high  quality  of 
their  nuts,  have  developed  a  demand  for  the 
product  tliat  is  not  eijualed  by  any  competitive 
lines.  In  this  wav  producers  insure  satisfac- 
tory returns  for  their  crop  and,  by  constantly 


WALNUTS 


483 


increasing  the  demand  and  scope  of  distribu- 
tion, are  eliminating  the  possibility  of  over- 
production. 

TEN    ACRES    MAY    SUPPORT    FAMILY 

The  average  California  walnut  orchard  con- 
tains about  ten  acres  and  this  area  of  walnuts, 
properly  located  and  cared  for,  can  be  made 
to  support  a  family.  The  work  is  pleasant  and 
the  crop  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  to 
handle  of  any  of  the  commercial  crops  of 
California.  A  crop  failure  is  practically  un- 
known and  as  a  rule  the  production  will  not 
vary  greatlv  from  one  year  to  another.  In 
fact,  the  walnut  is  a  steady  producer  and  as 
near  a  sure  thing  as  any  agricultural  under- 
taking. While  the  average  orchard  in  Cali- 
fornia comprises  but  about  ten  acres,  one  man 
can  easily  take  care  of  a  forty  or  fifty  acre 
place  except  during  harvest  time,  and  possibly 
for  a  few  weeks  during  the  year  when  irri- 
gating. 

Seventy-five  to  eighty  per  cent  of  the  walnut 
growers  in  California  are  members  of  the 
walnut  growers'  associations.  In  each  district 
where  walnuts  are  grown  to  any  considerable 
extent,   the    growers   associate    themselves   to- 


gether and  form  a  local  walnut  association. 
These  growers,  through  light  assessments,  erect 
a  grading  and  packing  house  at  a  centrally 
located  point,  usually  on  a  railroad  siding,  and 
after  their  nuts  are  harvested  in  the  fall  of 
the  year,  they  are  hauled  to  the  packing  house 
of  their  association  and  there  graded,  accord- 
ing to  the  standards  established  by  the  asso- 
ciation, and  packed  and  made  ready  for  ship- 
ment. 

Most  of  these  local  walnut  growers'  associa- 
tions have  in  turn  associated  themselves  with 
the  California  Walnut  Growers'  Association 
which,  through  its  sales  department,  attends 
to  the  marketing  of  all  of  the  walnuts  pro- 
duced by  the  various  local  walnut  associations. 
At  the  present  time  there  are  nineteen  of  these 
local  walnut  associations  whose  output  is 
handled  exclusively  by  the  California  Walnut 
Growers'  Association.  This  organization, 
which  we  will  call  the  central  association,  is 
also  a  co-operative,  non-profit  body  and  simply 
attends  to  the  marketing  of  the  output  of  its 
members'  product  at  actual  cost  to  each.  The 
sales  thus  made  through  the  central  association 
average   about   two   million   dollars   annually. 


Eight-yiar-old   Walnut    Grove    in    Caliroriiia   which    produces    GOO    pounds    of   walnuts   to    the   acre, 
but   which   will    not  be    in  full   bearing  for   five   years 


484 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Drying  the  walnuts  after  gathering 


Sales  are  all  made  at  prices  which  the  growers 
themselves  establish  for  the  product,  and  as 
a  result  of  the  large  volume  handled  through 
the  central  association  the  total  selling  cost  to 
the  grower  is  reduced  to  between  2^  and  3 
per  cent  of  the  selling  price. 

While  the  walnut  industry  at  the  present 
time  is  confined  largely  to  Southern  California, 
owing  to  the  recent  development  of  more  hardy 
varieties  the  plantings  are  spreading  until  they 
are  now  scattered  from  one  end  of  the  State 
to  the  other,  and  some  of  the  walnuts  grown 
in  Central  and  Northern  California  are  now 
bringing  the  highest  market  prices,     ^^'hile  the 


walnut  industry  has  shown  considerable  ad- 
vancement in  California  within  the  past 
twenty  years,  it  is  still  in  its  infancy.  There 
are  about  44,000  acres  now  planted  to  walnuts 
in  the  State.  There  is  undoubtedly  100.000 
acres  of  land  now  being  devoted  to  grain  or 
other  seasonal  crops  which  is  well  adapted  to 
the  culture  of  walnuts,  and  the  beauty  of  the 
whole  situation  is,  that  when  this  hundred 
thousand  acres  is  ultimately  set  out  there  will 
be  a  market  and  a  satisfactory  one  for  every 
pound  of  walnuts  California  can  produce,  be- 
cause production  in  other  parts  of  the  country 
is  not  likelv  to  reach  large  amount. 


A  N  A\^ERAGE  family  can  be  supported  Ijy  a  ten-acre  walnut  "roxe 
in  California.  One  man  can  take  care  of  fifty  acres  except  in  irri- 
gating- or  harvest  time.  Walnuts  are  sure  sellers,  profitable,  and  there 
is  a  co-operative  oro-anization  that  cares  for  the  marketing-  of  the 
product.  These  facts  are  worthy  of  consideration  bv  the  man  who  con- 
templates eno-aging-  in  some  branch  of  agricultural  industry  in  this 
State.  Detailed  information  concerning-  suitable  locations  for  walnut 
growing  can  be  obtained  by  writing-  our  Service  Department. 


How  California  Fruits  Are 

Served  Fresh  Around 

the  World 

By  Charles  H.  Bentley 

Sales  Manager  of  the   California  Fruit   Caniiers'  Association 


Editor's  Note:  The  art  of  canning,  quite  modern  in  its  wonder- 
fully capacious  machinery  and  methods,  has  been  successfully  invoked 
to  give  consumers  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  at  any  day  of  the 
year,  California  fruits  and  vegetables,  with  the  beauty,  aroma,  and 
flavor  characteristic  of  the  product  as  it  comes  from  the  tree,  vine,  or 
plant.  Canning  is  the  sheet  anchor  of  security  to  California's  unique 
horticultural  industries.  Mr.  Bentley  is  a  leader  in  the  industry  and 
writes  authoritativelv. 


WITH  its  northern  boundary  corre- 
sponding in  latitude  with  Cape 
Cod,  Massachusetts,  its  southern  boun- 
dary corresponding  with  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  with  the  range  of  latitude  like 
that  from  Rome  to  Tripoli — and  with  ele- 
\'ations  rising  from  the  sea  level  to  peaks 
of  perpetual  snow,  California  offers  a  wide 
range  of  soil  and  climate  producing  the 
widest  range  of  fruits  and  vegetables  vised 
for  canning. 

To  secure  the  products  fresh  and  in 
their  natural  flavor  has  been  the  prin- 
ciple of  success  in  this  industry  and  as  a 
natural  result,  each  important  fruit  and 
vegetable  district  has  its  canneries — lo- 
cated so  as  to  get  the  varieties  of  that 
particular  district  under  most  favorable 
conditions. 

Many  of  these  products  are  used 
throughout  the  year — whether  fresh  fruits 
or  vegetables  of  the  same  varieties  are 
in   season   or  not.      The    housewife,    the 


caterer  and  the  steward  of  the  highest 
class,  realize  that  the  canned  foods  repre- 
sent fresher,  better  flavored,  more  attrac- 
tive, more  convenient  and  more  eco- 
nomical products  than  the  so-called  fresh 
fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  markets  which 
are  necessarily  several  days  old  and  ex- 
posed to  contamination  before  they  reach 
the  consumer.  Many  of  the  products  are 
shipped  to  tropical  countries  where  it  is 
unsafe  to  eat  the  fresh  fruits  and  vege- 
tables— many  go  to  remote  regions  where 
the  fresh  articles  cannot  be  had. 

The  containers  vary  in  size  from  the 
small  half  pint  for  individual  service  up 
to  the  large  gallon  can  for  hotel  use. 

California's  importance  in  canning 
California's  output  of  canned  fruits  and 
vegetables  now  approximates  annually 
200,000,000  cans.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  canning  sections  in  all  the  wide 
world,  distributing  its  products  to  all 
foreign    countries    of    importance,     save 


492 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


State,  but  it  keeps  a  great  army  of 
workers  busy  in  various  activities  related 
to  the  oTowing.  preservation  and  handling 
of  fruits  and  vegetables  and  their  finished 
products.  Farmers,  fruit  growers,  vine- 
yardists,  boxmakers.  label  lithographers 
and  printers,  can  makers,  glass  makers 
and  many  more  who  are  engaged  in  sugar 
refining,  all  owe  a  share  of  their  i)ros- 
perity  to  the  canners. 

SKASON    I.OXC.   IX   CAl.lKORXIA 

The  season  of  o]ieration  is  much  longer 
in  Calif(^rnia  than  in  other  states  where 
the  production  of  varieties  is  more  re- 
stricted in  uum1)er  and  in  length  of  sea- 
son. In  the  latter  part  of  March  the 
packing  of  asparagus  begins,  followed  in 
almost  unbroken  succession  with  the 
packing  of  strawberries,  peas,  string 
beans,  cherries,  currants,  blackberries, 
peaches,  plums,  pears,  grapes,  quinces, 
apples,  with  the  closing  of  the  season 
usually  in  late  October  on  the  tomatoes, 
which  vegetable  is  packed  in  larger 
quantity  than  any  other  single  variety, 
either  of  vegetable  or  fruit. 

It  is  an  amazing  fact  that  with  all  the 
billion  and  more  packages  of  canned 
fruits  and  vegetables  that  have  been  con- 
sumed from  the  pack  of  California  there 
has  never  been  one  single  authenticated 
case  of  illness  or  distress  following  the 
consumption  of  these  products.    From  the 


very  nature  of  the  case  they  are  safer 
than  so-called  fresh  fruits  and  vegetables 
which  may  be  bought  upon  the  market 
for  in  the  hermetic  sealing  they  are 
necessarily  sterilized.  They  are  used  in 
Army  and  Xavy  hospitals,  as  well  as  by 
the  troojjs.  The  extraordinary  health 
standards  of  the  soldiers  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  as  well  as  of  the  laborers  on  the 
Panama  Canal  have  been  due  in  no  small 
measure  to  the  wholesomeness  and  variety 
of  the  food  products  packed  in  tin. 

J'ortunately  the  ignorant  prejudice 
which  formerly  existed  in  tlie  minds  of 
many  housewives,  who  felt  that  tinned 
foods  were  not  altogether  safe,  has  passed 
away,  for  the  packing  of  foods  virtually 
under  State  and  National  supervision  and 
the  rigid  enforcement  of  food  laws  has  re- 
moved all  cause  for  such  prejudice  in  the 
minds  of  intelligent  consumers.  Many  of 
them  will  express  admiration  for  certain 
fruits  and  vegetables  wdiich  they  secure 
in  the  highest  class  hotels,  restaurants 
and  clubs,  and  wonder  why  they  cannot 
secure  a  similar  product  in  the  market  at 
the  time;  never  thinking  that  the  much 
maligned  tin  can  has  made  possible  for 
them  at  any  time  and  in  any  place  a  menu 
that  would  put  to  shame  any  feast  of 
Lucullus,  but  all  can  be  secured  at  a  cost, 
which  in  these  days  of  the  high  cost  of 
living  seems  impossible  and  untrue. 


THE  Standard  authority  on  fruits  in  California  is  Edward  J.  Wick- 
son's  great  work:  "California  Fruits,  and  How  to  Grow^  Them" 
which  may  be  obtained  from  our  Book  Dejiartment  at  the  publisher's 
price:  $3  per  copy  postpaid.  Of  this  remarkable  hook  the  press  has 
spoken  in  highest  terms: 

This  is  the  standard  work  on  California  fruits,  and  in  one  or  another  of  its  editions  is  to  be 
foimd  in  the  homes  of  most  progressive  fruit  growers  in  this  State. — .S"(///  Francisco  Chronicle. 


Methods  and  Achievements 

6>/the  Cahfornia  Dried 

Fruit  Industry 

By  Henry  P.  Dimond 

Secretary    of    the    Dried    Fruit    Association    of    California 

Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Dimond  is  the  executive  officer  of  the  associated 
dried  fruit  trade  of  Cahfornia.  He  presents  a  striking  picture  of  the 
way  in  which  fruit  is  grown  and  handled  for  a  primary  evaporated 
product — not  a  by-product — for  our  standard  cured  fruit  is  grown 
to  be  cured,  as  Mr.  Dimond  describes,  and  the  consuming  world  will 
understand  better  how  well  it  is  served.  The  extent  of  the  produc- 
tion and  the  breadth  of  its  distribution  is  also  discussed  carefully  and 
accurately  and  in  a  manner  reflecting  high  credit  upon  Mr.  Dimond 
as  a  writer. 


WHEN  we  read  an  extraordinary 
book  the  natural  desire  is  to  know 
something  of  the  author;  a  starthng  in- 
vention interests  us  in  the  inventor,  and 
we  are  curious  to  know  how  he  came 
to  evolve  it ;  and  so  I  assume  when  the 
reader  of  this  article  learns  that  the 
California  dried  fruit  product  has  in 
a  single  season  amounted  to  five  hun- 
dred million  pounds,  and  that  more  than 
two  and  one-half  billion  pounds  of  fresh 
fruits  were  grown,  harvested  and  handled 
to  produce  this  dried  product,  there  will 
be  some  curiosity  to  know,  in  a  brief  way, 
as  to  how  this  vast  and  ever-increasing 
tonnage  gets  from  the  tree  in  California 
to  the  mouths  of  millions  of  consumers  in 
every  portion  of  the  civilized  world. 

PLANTING  THE  FRUIT  TREES 

To  begin  at  the  literal  "root"  of  the 
matter,  I  am  going  to  take  the  reader  into 
partnership,   his   only   investment   therein 


being  the  time  required  to  finish  this  ar- 
ticle and  all  the  imagination  he  possesses. 
I  insist  on  the  imagination,  for  he  must 
see  and  feel  as  well  as  read.  We  are  in 
one  of  the  many  fruit  districts  of  Califor- 
nia, standing  on  and  looking  over  say  80 
acres  of  orchard  land  that  we  have  bought 
and  previously  prepared  for  planting.  The 
time  is  early  January,  which  means  the 
"rainy  season"  in  California.  Wliat  va- 
riety or  varieties  shall  we  plant ;  prunes, 
peaches,  apricots,  pears  or  apples?  The 
answer  to  this  all-important  question  does 
not  depend  on  whim  or  fancy,  but  as  the 
result  of  analyzing  the  soil,  considering 
climatic  conditions  and  by  observation  of 
neighboring  orchards  or  those  similarly 
situated.  The  trees  are  to  be  bought  of 
a  nurseryman,  and  here  other  most  im- 
portant questions  arise.  Suppose  the  an- 
swer to  our  first  question  is  peaches  or 
apricots,  what  "root"  do  we  want?  For  all 


494 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Blossoming   orchai-ds    ^^llic•h    tell    that    Spriiif^    is   at   hand 


trees  are  l)udded  or  grafted  on  Aarious 
roots,  and  the  trees  we  l)uy  will  be  one 
or  two  years  old  from  the  graft  or  bud. 
We  may  require  a  myrobalan  plum,  an  al- 
mond or  a  wild  cherry  or  a  peach  root, 
and  our  final  decision  in  the  selection  of 
this  root  must  l)e  governed  by  the  char- 
acter of  the  soil  to  a  greater  extent  even 
than  in  our  choice  of  the  variety  of  fruit. 
Then  we  must  fix  ui)()n  the  \'ariety  of 
peach  or  apricot,  a  Moorpark  or  Blenheim 
apricot;  a  Crawford,  Lovell,  ^Nluir  or 
other  variety  of  peach.  Upon  these  and 
other  (|uestions  depend  the  number  of 
trees  to  the  acre,  for  we  can  plant  cherry 
trees  that  are  pruned  upright  at  a  consid- 
erably less  distance  a])art  than  peaches, 
apricots  or  prunes.  January  and  Febru- 
ary are  the  best  months  to  plant  and  in 
])lanting  it  is  imi)ortant  that  sufficiently 
large    holes    are    ducr.      Should    there     be 


found  any  layer  of  clay  (called  "hard 
])an"")  it  must  be  broken  through  to  gi\e 
the  young  roots  a  chance.  After  plant- 
ing, each  tree  is  pruned  l)ack  to  msure 
branching"  that  will  enable  it  to  carry  its 
future  burden  of  fruit;  and  also  the  trunk 
should  be  protected  from  the  hot  summer 
sun  l:)y  whitewashing  or  by  one  or  two 
shakes  driven  in  the  ground  on  the  south- 
erly side  of  the  tree  or  by  the  use  of  man- 
ufactured tree-protectors. 

Now  follows  several  years  of  care  in 
culti\"ating  the  soil,  annual  pruning  to 
insure  synnnetrical  growth,  and  proper 
irrigation,  the  latter  depending  on  cli- 
matic conditions  and  locality,  each  year 
bringing  more  blossoms  and  more  Iruit 
imtil  we  can  say  our  orchard  is  in  bear- 
ing; not  full  bearing,  but  sufficient  to 
attract  the  attention  of  the  buying  repre- 
sentatives    of     the     commercial     packer. 


FRUIT  PRESERX'ATION 


495 


whom  for  years  we  have  seen  rushing"  by 
in  motors  or  "dickering"  with  our  neigh- 
bors each  spring-  and  early  summer.  We 
find  we  ha\'e,  say,  80  tons  of  fresh  peaches 
and  apricots,  which,  estimated,  will  make 
15  to  20  tons  of  the  dried  product.  Along 
in  April  or  May  we  ha\'e  sold  out  the  en- 
tire orchard  at,  say,  7c  for  the  peaches 
and  12c  for  the  "cots"  (this  is  per  pound 
for  the  fruit  when  dried),  to  be  delivered 
at  the  purchaser's  packing  house. 

THE    DRYING    PROCESSES 

As  it  is  now  June,  we  buy  or  make  a 
sufficient  number  of  wood  "drying  trays" 
about  3x8  feet,  upon  which  to  cure  the 
fruit,  and  arrange  for  labor  to  pick,  cut. 
cure  and  sack.  This  labor,  up  to  the  pres- 
ent time,  has  been  almost  wholly  local : 
the  wives  and  children  of  small  farmers, 
school    teachers    (during     \acation )    and 


other  young  w(jmen  and  men  who  work 
regularly  in  the  fruit  districts  through  the 
summer  season,  the  returns  therefor  be- 
ing sufficient  in  some  cases  to  provide  for 
clothes  and  education  during  the  balance 
of  the  year.  The  fresh  fruit  is  gathered  in 
"lug"  boxes  and  hauled  to  the  cutting" 
shed  which  we  have  erected  to  protect 
the  workers  from  the  sun.  There  the 
fruit  is  cut  in  halves,  the  pits  (apricot  pits 
now  have  a  commercial  value  and  are 
bought  of  the  grower  by  the  packer)  and 
defecti\"e  fruit  discarded  and  the  halves 
laid  on  the  trays  with  the  "cup"  or  cut 
side  up.  Each  tray  carries  about  60 
pounds  of  fresh  fruit  and  as  soon  as  a 
sufficient  nim"iber  of  trays  are  covered 
they  are  piled  one  on  top  of  the  other 
on  a  truck  or  car  and  run  into  the  "sul- 
])hur  house."  where,  in  a  small  room,  they 


I'ickiiijj;   ;ii)ric(>ts    in    a    ('.aliroriiia    orchard 


496 


eAlJl"(  )RXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Three  varieties  of  fruit — flgs,  raisins,  and  peaches — in  the  trays.    Note  the  character  of  the  home 
and   shrubbery.    There  are  many   such  places  throughout  California 


are  subjected  to  the  fumes  of  burning-  sul- 
phur for  from  one  to  four  hours,  both  to 
prevent  oxidization  of  the  raw  surface, 
which  would  otherwise  turn  dark,  and 
also  because  the  sulphur  fumes  remain- 
ing for  some  time  tend  to  keep  away  in- 
sects, which  find  an  attractive  depository 
for  eggs  in  the  raw  surface  before,  in  the 
drying  process,  it  has  had  time  to  form  a 
skin  or  "glaze"  in  the  sun,  for  such  eggs 
would  develop  worms  in  the  dried 
product. 

After  "sulphuring,"  the  trays  are  spread 
out  side  by  side  in  a  sunny  field  which  we 
have  left  for  this  purpose,  and  as  there  is 
no  rain  and  usually  few  cloudy  days  at 
this  season,  all  fruits  are  dried  in  the 
open  air.  In  the  case  of  our  particular 
fruit  we  leave  it  from  eight  to  fourteen 
days  on  the  trays  and  when  thoroughly 
cured   it   is   sacked   and   delivered   to    the 


packer.  Upon  being  "examined,"  passed 
and  weighed  in,  we  receive  our  money 
then  and  there,  wending  our  way  home 
happy  or  thoughtful,  in  accordance  with 
the  relation  our  selling  price,  of  perhaps 
two  months  previous,  bears  to  the  present 
market  quotations ;  and  we  return  to  cul- 
tivate, prune,  sell  and  harvest  varying 
crops  under  varying  conditions  as  the 
years  go  by.  Wg  will  have  normally  an 
increasing  crop  for  some  years,  but  there 
will  also  be  wet  and  dry  years,  short 
crops  and  full,  pests  to  fight  and  varying 
prices  for  our  fruit.  All,  however,  in  a 
climate  that  knows  no  winter  snows  nor 
summer  cyclones  or  tornadoes. 

PACKING-HOUSE    ACTIVITIES 

Now  let  us  see  what  became  of  the  fruit 
we  left  at  the  packing  house,  and  to  this 
end  let  us  increase  the  scope  of  our  part- 
nership  and   become    packers   as   well   as 


FRUIT  PRESERVATION 


497 


growers.  To  do  this  we  must  have  a  city 
office  as  well  as  packing  houses  in  the 
fruit  districts,  ^^'e  must  have  a  compe- 
tent executive  force.  We  must  have  finan- 
cial arrangements  with  one  or  more  banks, 
for  as  we  were  paid  at  the  packing  house 
door  as  growers,  so  must  we  now,  as  pack- 
ers, not  only  be  prepared  to  pay  our  grow- 
ers, but  in  many  cases  we  will  have  to 
make  advances  to  them  at  the  time  we  se- 
cure their  crops.  Our  packing  house  sup- 
plies must  be  bought  in  advance.  We 
must  have  reliable  brokers  and  represen- 
tatives in  all  of  the  principal  cities  of  the 
United  States  and,  if  we  are  exporters, 
abroad  also,  to  say  nothing  of  our  direct 
customers.  We  must  watch  the  produc- 
tion of  the  world,  w'e  must  estimate  visible 
supply  and  future  needs  based  upon  past 


demand,  and  keep  in  daily  and  at  times 
hourly  touch  with  crop  and  W'Cather  con- 
ditions in  every  fruit  producing  country 
in  the  world.  We  must  issue  trade  letters 
to  our  customers  for  mutual  benefit.  The 
problems  or  risks  of  the  grower  are  kin- 
dergarten compared  to  those  which  we 
are  called  upon  to  meet.  Buying  and  sell- 
ing of  the  future  crop  begins  (unfortu- 
nately) before  the  fruit  is  hardly  "set" 
on  the  trees,  although  the  heavy  deliv- 
eries are  not  made  until  September,  Oc- 
tober and  November. 

Having  bought  and  sold  a  goodly  por- 
tion of  the  product  we  are  to  handle,  and 
having  arranged  our  contracts  and  orders, 
filing  the  various  specifications  with  our 
packing  house  superintendent,  who  from 
now  on  (next  to  the  shipping  head)  is  the 


Peaches:    A  home  drying  ficUi.    The  improvised  wood   track  ami   car   for  liaiuUing  tlie  trays 

are   worthy  of  note 


498 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Haiui  picking 


from  tlic  trays;  after  drying,  defective  fruit 
and   tlirown    aside 


is  removed   Irom  the  trays 


busiest  man  in  our  organization,  the  pack-  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  smaller  sep- 

ing  house  opens  up  its  season  with   the  arate    pieces    fall    through    the    openings 

first  deliveries  of  apricots.     Box  "shook"  while  the  balance  of  the  fruit  passes  on 

has  been  and  is  being  made  up  into  moun-  to  the  next  screen,  where  the  openings  are 

tains  of  50  and  25   pound  boxes  for  do-  slightly  larger,  and  so  on  until  the  largest 

mestic  trade  and   12^/2   and  25  kilo  boxes  only  is  left. 

for  export.  The   commercial   grades   are   Standard, 

The  label  department  has  stacked,  listed  Choice,   Extra   Choice,   Fancy  and  Extra 

and   arranged   for   rapid   use   the   various  Fancy,    and    while    size    is    an    important 

trade  and  ornamental  labels  and  cartons  factor  in  grade  it  is  not  all ;  proper  color 

of  our   own     brands,    which     have     been  and  general  character  are  also  important 

bought  by  the  millions  ;  also  those  of  our  factors, 

customers,    for   frequently    the   packer   is  On  either  side  of  the  grader  two  or  more 


compelled  to  carry  and  use  large  quanti- 
ties of  "private"  labels  belonging  to  cus- 
tomers. 

^Machinery  has  all  been  overhauled,  bins 


girls  move  up,  down  and  along  a  balcony 
and  pick  out  defective  pieces  as  they  vi- 
brate on  the  screens. 

From  the  grader  the  fruit  goes  to  the 


cleaned  and  fumigated.    And  now  the  line  bins,  from  which  the  separate  grades  are 

of  wagons  appears  at   the   doors   and   as  taken    for   packing.      Girls   are   employed 

fast  as  the   fruit  is  passed   and  weighed  to  "hand  pick"  extra  fancy  grades,  paste 

it  is  dumped  into  a  bucket  elevator,  which  labels  on  boxes  and  face  fruit.    The  latter 

carries  it  to  the  grader.     On  the  grader  it  operation    consists    in    first    placing    the 

passes  over  a  long  series  of  "screens"  per-  waxed  paper  and  ornamental  top  label  in 

forated  w'ith  round  holes,  which  operate  the  box,  which  is  always  "made  up  '  with 

with  a  shaking  motion  by  means  of  ec-  cover  nailed  on,  and  packed  from  the  top 

Gentries,    so   that    while    the    fruit   moves  down.      If    it    is    to    be    faced,    individual 

forward  it  is  also  retarded  and  vibrated  pieces  are  put  in  even  rows  one  at  a  time 


FRUIT  PRESER\'ATION 


499 


and  pressed  into  place;  the  second  row 
slightly  overlaps  the  first  and  the  joints 
are  broken  as  in  shingling.  It  is  purely 
a  trade  demand  for  display  purposes,  as 
when  the  box  is  opened  from  the  top  it 
presents  a  most  attractive  and  symmet- 
rical appearance. 

SHIPPING  ARRANGEMENTS 

As  soon  as  packed  and  loaded  in  the 
car,  off  it  goes  to  destination,  and  we 
must  put  our  documents  through  the 
bank.  This  is  the  bill  of  lading,  weight 
certificate,  invoice  and  draft.  All  save  the 
former  are  prepared  at  our  city  office 
and  await  the  bill  of  lading  sent  from  our 
packing  house.  This  is  in  the  case  of 
transcontinental  shipments. 

If  the  sfoods  are  sfoin"'  via  the  Panama 


Canal  to  Atlantic  ports  or  abroad,  they 
are  shipped  to  the  docks  at  San  Francisco 
and  we  must  file  an  inspection  application 
with  the  Dried  Fruit  Association  of  Cali- 
fornia, as  our  draft  will  not  be  paid  at 
"two  days'  sight"  unless  the  "quality  cer- 
tificate" accompanies  our  papers.  The 
Association  has  official  expert  inspectors 
at  the  docks,  who  open  and  examine  3 
per  cent  of  all  shipments  in  order  to  see 
that  the  goods  conform  with  the  grade 
and  cjuality  called  for  in  the  contracts  of 
sale.  This  system  has  been  in  operation 
for  some  years  and  its  success  in  the  ele- 
vation of  standards  is  evidenced  by  the 
ever-increasing  tonnage  examined  under 
demand  of  buyers.  In  1913  some  27,000 
tons  were  inspected  and  over  3,100  certifi- 


"Girls"  facing  fruit  in  a  packing  house;  sonic  arc  rather  mature  girls,  but  are  ncvcrtlieless  so 
called.  Note  the  refined  type  of  this  class  of  labor,  also  the  lighting  arrangements  as  night 
shifts   arc   employed    during  the   rusli   s<'ason 


500 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


cates  issued.  This  year  (1914),  in  spite 
of  European  conditions  resulting  in  the 
loss  of  a  great  portion  of  our  export  busi- 
ness, the  tonnage  bids  fair  to  exceed  last 
year.  If  the  inspector  refuses  to  pass  a 
shii)nient.  the  Association  ar])itrates  tlie 
matter,  fully  and  fairly  protecting  the 
buyer's  interests.  Of  course  an  immense 
number  of  shipments  and  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  tonnage  still  goes  by  rail,  the 
total  return  to  California  annually 
amounting  to  over  $20,0a),000,  Init  as  the 
packer's  margins  of  profit  are  not  great 
and  he  depends  more  on  the  immense  ton- 
nage handled  than  large  profits,  you  are 
indeed  fortunate,  my  partner,  if  for  sev- 
eral successive  years  we  can  clean  up  with 


our  banks,  pay  our  overhead  and  opera- 
tive expenses,  maintain  our  plants  and 
each  year  tind  our  balance  on  the  right 
side  of  the  ledger.  l-Vom  us  tlie  fruit  goes 
to  the  thousands  of  jobbers  and  whole- 
salers, who,  tlirough  their  great  organiza- 
tions, distribute  to  the  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  retailers.  Lastly  these  retailers 
sell  and  distribute  by  the  pound,  to  the 
millions  who  consume  on  land  and  sea  the 
world  over,  the  peaches,  ])runes,  apricots, 
pears,  apples  and  raisins  that  nestled 
among  the  leaves  of  tree  and  vine  in 
California,  the  harvesting,  curing,  pack- 
ing and  selling  of  which  directly  su|)- 
ports  250,000  people  in  that  state  to  whom 
nature  has  been  more  than  kind. 


CALIFORNIA  DRIED  FRUIT  CROPS,   1909-1913 

Year 

Tons 

Exported 

Year 

Tons 

Exported 

Year 

Tons 

Exported 

1909.. 

.   77,500 

41,568 

1909.. 

.   70,000 

4,183 

1909. 

..20,000 

1,422 

1910.. 

.   45,000 

32,235 

1910.. 

.   58,000 

7,774 

1910. 

.  .25,000 

2,473 

1911.. 

.106,000 

33,839 

1911.. 

.   67,500 

10,026 

1911. 

..13,000 

3,203 

1912.. 

.111,000 

46,305 

1912.. 

.110,000 

13,556 

1912. 

..30,000 

3,293 

1913.. 

.   45,000 

47,172 

1913.. 

.   75,000 

8,358 

1913. 

..22,000 

2,576 

1914*. 

.   51,000 

1914.. 

.   90,000 

1914. 

..32,000 

Apricots- 
Tons 

.\pples^, 
Tons 

M     It'll     P".."".- 

Year 

Exported 

Year 

Year 

Tons 

Year 

Tons 

1909.. 

..14,500 

6,822 

1909.. 

..3,000 

1909... 

.4,000 

1909..., 

.22,500 

1910.. 

..16,000 

9,183 

1910.. 

..3,800 

1910... 

.3,775 

1910..., 

,16,500 

1911.. 

..11,000 

6,097 

1911.. 

..4,000 

1911... 

.5,500 

1911..., 

,11,425 

1912.. 

.  .  19,000 

16,263 

1912.. 

.  .  3,500 

1912... 

.5,000 

1912.... 

,   4,000 

1913.. 

.  .  .   9,000 

10,685 

1913.. 

.  .1,800 

1913... 

.4,000 

1913..., 

,14,000 

1914., 

. .  .  19,500 

lated. 

1914.. 

.  .4,000 

1914... 

.  6,200 

1914..., 

*Estin 

The  California  Fruit 
Growers'  Exchange 

By  G.  Harold  Powell 

General  Manager  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange 


Editor's  Xotc:  After  demonstrating  by  several  years'  investiga- 
tion by  his  branch  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry 
exactly  what  policies  and  methods  would  produce  best  results  in  pick- 
ing, packing,  and  shipping  citrus  fruits,  Mr.  Powell  was  called  to 
the  general  management  of  the  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange, 
our  greatest  co-operative  association  of  California  producers.  By 
this  organization  growers  of  citrus  fruits  to  the  number  of  about 
12,000  participate  in  the  handling  of  their  own  fruit  from  the  tree, 
through  the  packing  house,  and  transportation  to  sales  by  their  own 
agents  2000  or  3000  miles  from  the  orchards.  Mr.  Powell  presents 
a  most  striking  reference  to  this  significant  accomplishment. 


THE  California  orange  and  lemon  crop 
equals  50,000  carloads,  or  about  20,- 
000,000  boxes.  There  are  between  10,000 
and  12,000  growers  engaged  in  the  culture 
of  the  fruit.  Four-fifths  of  the  growers 
are  organized  into  co-operative  associa- 
tions, more  than  60  per  cent  of  which  are 
federated  into  the  California  Fruit  Grow- 
ers' Exchange. 

The  California  Fruit  Growers'  Ex- 
change is  an  organization  which  acts  as 
a  clearing  house  in  providing  the  facilities 
through  which  6,500  growers  distribute 
and  market  their  fruit. 

There  are  three  foundation  stones  in 
the  exchange  systems — the  local  associa- 
tions of  growers,  the  district  exchanges, 
and  the  central  exchange.  The  local 
associations,  the  district  exchanges,  and 
the  central  or  California  Fruit  Growers' 
Exchange  are  organized  and  managed  by 
the  growers  on  a  non-profit  co-operative 


basis,  each  of  them  operating  at  cost,  and 
each  distributing  the  entire  net  proceeds 
to  the  growers  after  operating  expenses 
are  deducted.  During  the  past  ten  years  the 
growers  have  sold  $140,000,000  worth  of 
fruit  through  the  exchange  and  have  lost 
in  lincollected  bills  and  in  other  ways 
less  than  $7,000. 

THE    LOCAL    ASSOCL\TIONS 

The  local  association  is  formed  gen- 
erally by  from  40  to  200  growers  organiz- 
ing, without  capital  stock,  a  non-profit 
corporation,  which  is  handled  by  a 
manager,  who  is  a  salaried  officer,  through 
a  board  of  directors,  who  serve  gratis.  If 
formed  as  a  stock  corporation,  the  associa- 
tion usually  accumulates  no  surplus  and 
pays  no  dividends  except  the  usual  rate 
of  interest.  Its  function  is  to  assemble 
the  fruit  of  the  meml)ers  in  the  packing 
house  and  there  grade,  pack,  pool  and 
prepare  it  for  market. 


i02 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


In  some  cases  the  g^rower  picks  his 
fruit,  but  in  recent  years  most  of  the 
associations  ha\e  assumed  control  of  the 
l^ickini:^,  as  well  as  the  ^^rading-  and  pack- 
ing-, so  as  to  standardize  its  physical 
handling-  and  in  this  way  insure  uni- 
formity, which  is  a  big-  asset  in  the  sale 
of  any  product. 

A  few  years  ago  the  annual  decay  of 
orange  and  lemons  in  transit  often 
amounted  to  a  million  and  a  half  dollars. 
The  cause  of  the  trouble  was  believed  to 
be  due  to  lack  of  icing,  to  sidetracking- 
cars  in  the  desert,  and  other  abuses  in  the 
transportation  service,  but  the  Depart- 
ment of  Ag^riculture  found  it  was  due  to 
improper  physical  handling-  in  preparing 
the  fruit  for  shipment.  As  a  result  of  the 
department's  work  and  its  recommenda- 
tions, which  have  been  generally  adopted, 
the  fruit  is  now  usually  picked  through 
the  associations  by  trained  gangs  of  labor 
under  competent  foremen,  the  pickers  are 
paid  by  the  day  rather  than  by  the  box, 
and  care  in  handling  is  made  a  motive  in 
e\'ery  operation. 

Formerly,  wdien  the  buyer  packed  the 
fruit  for  the  grower  it  cost  him  from  60 
to  70  cents  per  box  for  oranges  and  $1  or 
more  per  box  for  lemons.  Through  the 
co-operative  l)uying  of  paper,  nails,  box 
shook  and  other  supplies  the  associations 
have  cut  the  cost  to  an  average  of  33  cents 
per  box  for  t>ranges  and  60  cents  per  box 
for  lemons,  these  figures  including  labor, 
packages  and  other  materials,  loading  the 
fruit  on  cars  and  all  expenses  connected 
with  the  maintenance  and  support  of  the 
associations,  exclusive  of  the  ])icking.  The 
fruit  is  ])acked  under  1)ran(ls  which  are 
the  ])roperty  of  the  local  association,  thus 
preserving  the  individuality  of  the  associa- 
tion and  stimulating  local  pride,  Init  the 
name  of  the  central  exchange  and  its  ad- 
vertised brands  also  appear  on  the  ])ack- 
age  and  on  the  fruit  wrapper. 

The  fruit  of  similar  grades  from  tlie  dif- 
ferent    members     of     the    association     is 


mingled  and  sold  in  connnon,  the  pool 
extending  through  a  month,  more  or  less. 
When  a  carload  is  ready  for  shipment  it 
is  marketed  by  the  district  exchange  with 
the  adxice  of  the  association,  through  the 
agents  and  facilities  provided  by  the  Cali- 
fornia Fruit  Growers'  Exchange,  and  the 
])roceeds  of  the  sales  are  divided  among 
the  meml)ers  of  the  association  ])ro  rata 
on  the  nmnber  of  ]iounds  of  each  grade 
shipped  in  the  pool. 

THK    DISTRICT    EXC  IIAXGES 

Tlie  district  exchanges,  of  which  there 
are  se\enteen,  are  composed  of  the  local 
associations,  and,  like  the  associations, 
are  non-profit  corporations,  operating  for 
them  at  actual  cost,  or  are  ])ectmiary 
stock  corporations  operating  on  co-op- 
erative principles.  Each,  exchange  acts  as 
a  medium  between  the  association  and  the 
California  I'Tuit  (irowers'  Exchange.  It 
orders  cars  for  the  associations  and  sees 
that  they  are  placed  for  loading,  keeps 
records  of  the  cars  shipped  by  its  associa- 
tions, informs  itself  through  the  Califor- 
nia Fruit  Growers'  Exchange  of  every 
])hase  of  the  distributing  and  marketing 
business  and  places  this  information  be- 
fore the  associations.  It  also  receives 
from  the  agents  the  ])roceeds  from  the 
fruit  and  turns  them  over  to  the  associa- 
tions for  pro  rata  payment  to  the  growers, 
as  above  explained  after  deducting  the 
actual  cost  of  operation,  which  usuall\- 
amounts  to  less  than  1  cent  per  box. 

THE   CENTRAL  EXCHANGE 

The  California  Fruit  Growers'  Ex- 
change is  the  central  l)ody  formed  by  the 
seventeen  district  exchanges,  with  a 
directorate  consisting  of  one  representa- 
tive from  each  of  these  exchanges,  who 
serves  without  i)ay,  and  a  general 
manager,  who  is  a  salaried  officer.  Like 
the  associations  and  the  district  exchanges 
it  also  is  a  non-profit  corporation,  con- 
ducting its  lousiness  at  the  acttial  cost  of 
operation  and  declaring  no  dividends.  It 
has  no  assets  except  a  paid-in  capital  of 


CO-OPERATIVE  ^lARKETIXG 


503 


$1,700.  ofhce  fixtures  and  supplies,  al- 
though it  handles  from  $16,000,000  to 
$20,000,000  worth  of  fruit  annually,  or 
about  62  per  cent  of  the  citrus-fruit  crop 
of  California,  and  is  able  to  secure  the 
necessary  credit,  the  bankers  of  Califor- 
nia realizing-  that  the  co-operative  move- 
ment is  the  foundation  stone  on  which 
the  $200,000,000  invested  in  the  citrus  in- 
dustry rests.  In  other  words,  this  is  a 
rural  credit  system  of  the  soundest  type, 
the  federated  moral  security  of  7,000 
growers  and  a  history  of  careful  manage- 
ment being  its  only  collateral. 

The  exchange  has  a  legal  department, 
which  looks  after  any  litigation  that  may 
arise ;  a  traffic  department,  which  looks 
after  the  routing  of  the  cars  and  handles 
all  shipping  claims  ;  an  advertising  depart- 
ment, through  which  an  extensive  adver- 
tising campaign  is  conducted  to  increase 
the  demand  for  fruit ;  a  mutual  insurance 
department,  which  handles  the  insurance 
for  the  dififerent  packing  houses ;  and  de- 
partments which  carry  out  the  will  of  the 
local  associations  and  district  exchanges 
regarding  the  distribution,  diversion,  des- 
tination and  sale  of  each  car. 

The  exchange  has  also  a  supply  com- 
pany, which  is  a  stock  corporation  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $1,500,000,  the  stock- 
holders being  the  local  associations  rather 
than  the  individual  growers.  This  com- 
pany was  organized  eight  years  ago  be- 
cause of  the  fact  that  the  price  of  box 
shook  (box  material  ready  for  nailing 
together)  was  almost  doubled  in  one  year. 
After  the  company  l^egan  the  manufac- 
ture of  boxes  the  box-making  interests 
quickly  reduced  their  prices  to  former 
levels,  rhe  company  operates  a  manufac- 
turing department  and  a  material  supply 
department.  The  former  leases  timber 
lands,  operates  mills  and  manufactures 
the  box  materials  used  in  shipping  the 
fruit,  while  the  latter  provides  the  sup- 
plies used  in  the  packing  houses  and  the 
orchards,    these    being    furnished    to    the 


meml:>ers  of  the  association  at  cost,  in- 
cluding charge  for  depreciation  and  main- 
tenance, plus  6  per  cent  on  the  assets  and 
capital  devoted  to  or  invested  in  the  de- 
partment. The  company  has  developed 
into  a  large  institution,  purchasing  and 
manufacturing  several  million  dollars" 
worth  of  supplies. 

The  central  exchange  furnishes  facili- 
ties for  the  distribution  and  marketing  of 
the  fruit  l)v  the  district  exchanges,  and 
to  do  this  it  places  bonded  agents  in  the 
principal  markets  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  and  one  in  Europe.  These  men 
are  exclusive  salaried  agents,  except  in 
territories  where  only  a  small  quantity  of 
fruit  is  sold,  in  which  places  the  services 
of  brokers  are  sometimes  used.  These 
agents  work  constantly  to  increase  the 
trade,  and  in  the  sale  of  a  car  act  directly 
under  the  order  of  the  shipper. 

AA'hen  a  buyer  wants  a  carload  of  fruit 
he  takes  the  matter  up  with  the  agent  in 
his  city  or  district ;  the  agent  wires  the 
details  to  the  central  exchange ;  his  ex- 
change takes  it  up  with  the  district  ex- 
change handling  the  brand  of  fruit  de- 
sired ;  the  district  exchange  takes  it  up 
with  the  association  nhich  owns  such 
brand,  ascertains  the  price  it  is  willing  to 
accept,  and  communicates  the  reply  to 
the  central  exchange ;  and  the  latter  wires 
it  to  the  agent,  who  then  negotiates  with 
the  buyer.  Any  further  communication 
necessary  until  the  sal.2  is  effected  or  re- 
jected is  carried  on  in  the  same  way  be- 
tween the  agent  and  the  shipper. 

AMien  a  sale  is  made  the  agent  collects 
the  money  in  the  form  of  a  check  made 
payable  to  the  California  Fruit  Growers' 
Exchange.  This  check  is  deposited  in  a 
national  l)ank.  and  at  the  same  time  a 
check  is  made  payable  to  the  shipper  of 
the  fruit.  co\ering  the  full  amount.  This. 
with  a  duplicate  deposit  slip,  showing 
that  the  money  was  deposited,  passes 
thrcnigh  the  office  of  the  California  Fruit 
Growers'  Exchange  to  the  shipper,  and  at 


504 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


the  end  of  each  month  the  central  ex- 
change levies  an  assessment  against  each 
district  exchange  for  its  approximate  pro 
rata  share  of  the  cost,  based  on  the  num- 
ber of  boxes  shipped.  The  final  adjust- 
ment is  made  with  each  district  exchange 
at  the  end  of  each  year.  In  1913-14  the 
total  cost  of  operation,  including  adxer- 
tising,  represented  approximately  2  ])er 
cent  on  the  gross  sales.  It  costs  the 
American  farmer  not  less  than  7  to  20 
per  cent  on  gross  sales  to  market  the 
crop. 

Under  this  system  the  growers  and 
shippers,  through  their  associations  and 
district  exchanges,  regulate  and  control 
their  shipments ;  that  is,  they  determine 
the  conditions  under  which  their  fruit 
shall  be  sold  outside  of  the  auction 
markets,  shi])  when  and  in  any  amount 
they  please,  determine  to  what  markets 
the  fruit  shall  be  consigned  and  where  it 
shall  be  sold,  and,  outside  of  the  auction 
markets,  designate  the  price  they  are  will- 
ing to  accept.  The  central  exchange  be- 
lieves it  an  unwise  policy  to  lodge  in  a 
central  organization  ^he  power  to  fix 
prices  on  fruit  owned  by  the  different 
associations  or  to  control  its  diversion 
or  destination.  Centralization  of  such 
power  might  result  in  its  arbitrary  use, 
and  under  present  conditions  it  would  be 
questionable  whether  a  central  organiza- 
tion exercising  such  power  or  which  has 
the  ricfht  to  exercise  it  is  on  a  lecal  basis. 


Througli  the  agents  the  (.entral  ex- 
oliange  gathers  daily  information  regard- 
ing the  conditions  of  the  market,  secures 
detailed  rejiorts  on  the  sale  of  every  car 
of  exchange  fruit  and  on  weather  condi- 
tions, and  sends  this  information  in  the 
form  of  daily  bulletins  to  the  district  ex- 
changes. These  bulletins  also  include  a 
catalogue  of  the  details  of  exchange  cars 
leaving  California  ;  all  telegrams  passing 
between  the  shipper  and  the  agent  regard- 
ing each  car ;  several  special  reports  from 
auction  or  private-sale  markets;  and  at 
the  end  of  each  week  and  month  sum- 
maries of  the  different  business  operations 
of  the  system.  With  this  information  at 
hand  each  shipper  can  intelligently  de- 
cide the  various  marketing  problems  for 
himself  and  thereby  avoid  chaotic  distri- 
bution and  demoralized  sales. 

One  of  the  most  important  functions  of 
the  exchange  is  to  increase  the  consump- 
tion of  oranges  and  lemons  by  advertis- 
ing. The  highest  grade  of  fruit  of  each 
association  is  sold  under  a  copyrighted 
l)rand,  which  is  the  property  of  the  central 
exchange,  and  the  second  grade  also  is 
packed  under  an  advertised  brand,  which 
supplements  the  brands  of  the  local  asso- 
ciations. By  controlling  the  use  of  the 
advertised  brands  the  exchange  is  in  a 
position  to  make  rules  and  regulations 
governing  the  grading  and  packing  of  the 
fruit  sold   under  them. 


T  F  ANY  doubting  Thomas  still  clings  to  the  idea  that  the  co-operative 
'*•  marketing  of  produce  is  not  an  established  success  let  him  consider 
this:  During  the  past  ten  years,  California  fruit  growers  have  sold 
$140,000,000  worth  of  fruit  through  the  Cahfornia  Fruit  Growers* 
Exchange  and  have  lost  in  unpaid  bills,  etc.,  less  than  $7,000. 


Co-operative  Marketing  of 
California  Deciduous 

Fruits 

By  J.  L.  Nagle 

General  Manaj^u-r  of  the  California  Fruit  Exchange 

Editor's  A^otc:  This  organization  is  one  of  our  oldest  organiza- 
tions for  the  purpose  of  co-operative  marketing  of  fresh  fruits  not  of 
the  citrus  family.  Mr.  Nagle  outlines  the  way  in  which  it  originated 
and  grew  up;  how  it  connects  up  with  the  growers,  and  what  are  its 
methods,  purposes,  and  accomplishments.  The  article  is  attractive 
to  the  general  reader  by  statement  of  unique  facts  and  ideas  to  show 
what  growers  can  readily  do  for  themselves  by  organization.  The 
importance  of  maintaining  such  co-operation  is  strongly  presented  by 
the  writer. 


CALIFORNIA  is  to  the  United  States 
what  France  is  to  Europe,  a  producer 
of  luxuries.  Calculated  on  the  basis  of 
the  selling  price,  an  annual  revenue  of 
nearly  three  hundred  millions  of  dollars 
is  derived  directly  and  indirectly  from  the 
fruit  industry  of  California.  This  enor- 
mous income,  upon  which  this  State,  in 
a  great  measure,  is  dependent,  is  distrib- 
uted among  the  affiliated  interests  of  the 
industry — the  citrus  industry,  the  decidu- 
ous, the  canning  and  the  drying,  the  prod- 
ucts of  all  emanating  from  the  soil. 

It  is  a  conceded  and  well  established 
fact  that  the  control  of  the  marketing 
of  the  enormous  citrus  crop  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  producer  and  the  marketing  of  the 
deciduous  is  fast  assuming  the  same  posi- 
tion. Prior  to  the  organization  of  the 
California  Fruit  Exchange  in  1901,  the 
deciduous  crop  was  marketed  in  a  hap- 
hazard manner,  competing  firms  operat- 


ing without  knowledge  of  marketing  con- 
ditions, with  the  final  results  disastrous 
to  the  grower.  Rebates  and  illegal  profits 
held  full  sway  and  had  no  limit,  and  from 
these  only  a  few  benefited.  There  was 
little  in  those  days  to  encourage  the  in- 
crease in  production  of  deciduous  fruits, 
and,  as  a  last  stand,  some  of  the  most 
prominent  fruit  growers  in  the  State  met 
in  Fresno  at  a  State  convention  and  or- 
ganized what  now  has  grown  to  be  the 
largest  co-operative  organization  handling 
deciduous  fruits  in  California.  Enthus- 
iasm and  a  determination  to  improve  con- 
ditions and  save  the  industry  marked  this 
important  meeting.  The  members  of  the 
organization  then  formed  returned  to 
their  homes  and  organized  local  associa- 
tions of  fruit  growers,  which  associations 
formed  the  main  exchange,  which  the 
first  year  of  its  history  marketed  225  cars 
of  fruit.    Every  conceivable  instrument  of 


506 


CALIl'ORXI.VS  MAGAZINE 


competition,  political,  financial  and  other- 
wise, was  turned  against  it  by  the  specu- 
lative competing  interests  but  to  no  avail, 
and  from  that  day  to  the  present  date, 
California  Fruit  Exchange  has  grown  to 
a  membership  of  over  1,500  growers  op- 
erating in  every  district  of  the  State  from 
the  Imperial  V'alley  to  Shasta  County, 
marketing  in  excess  of  2,500  cars  annually, 
a  representation  of  over  three  million  dol- 
lars. 

PRO  IKCn  NO   PRI  NCI  PI.KS 

The  exchange,  though  purely  co-op- 
erative, has  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000. 
divided  into  1,000  shares  of  $100  each.  The 
by-laws  provide  that  the  stock  can  be 
sold  to  bona  fide  fruit  growers  only  who 
affiliate  with,  and  market  their  fruits 
through,  the  organization.  No  person,  or 
persons,  association  or  company,  affiliated 
with  the  exchange  can  own  more  than 
ten  shares,  the  idea  being  to  obviate  any 
possibility  of  control  resting  in  the  hands 
of  a  few.  with  a  further  view  of  protect- 
ing the  principles  and  policy  of  the  ex- 
change by  distributing  the  stock  through- 
out the  State  and  among  as  many  mem- 
bers as  is  possible.  This  stock  pays  an 
annual  interest  of  10  per  cent;  15  per 
cent  of  the  annual  profits  is  placed  in  a 
reserve  fund  and  the  balance  of  the  profits 
is  pro-rated  among  the  members,  irrespec- 
tive of  whether  they  are  stockholders  or 
not.  on  the  l^asis  of  their  gross  sales. 

As  the  exchange  is  supported  by  the 
commissions  it  receives  for  the  handling 
of  the  I'niit.  wliicli  is  7^/  on  the  gross 
sales  of  all  its  shipments,  and,  as  it  has 
never  cost  7%  to  operate,  the  difiference 
between  what  it  has  cost  and  the  7% 
charge  is  refunded  to  the  members  at 
the  end  of  the  year.  In  this  manner,  the 
exchange  is  in  a  |)osition  to  o])erate  for 
its  members  at  cost  and  at  the  same  time 
protects  its  future  by  the  accumulation 
of  its  reserve. 

The  exchange  maintains  a  salaried  sell- 
ing agency  in  all  of  the  principal  markets 


(if  the  Cnited  States  and  Canada,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  sell  the  exchange  products 
at  the  highest  possible  price,  to  open  up 
new  markets  and  to  furnish  crop  and 
market  information  to  its  California  ship- 
pers from  all  other  shipping  points 
throughout  the   Cnited  States. 

The  exchange  maintains  a  complete 
bureau  of  information,  through  which  it 
im]:)arts  to  its  members  daily  the  most 
minute  information  in  detail  that  is  of 
l)enefit  to  the  industry  and  that  tends  in 
any  way.  shape  or  form  to  educate  the 
grower. 

The  exchange  also  operates  a  traffic 
and  claim  department,  whose  manager 
has  had  years  of  experience  in  railroad 
service  and  wliose  duty  it  is  to  keep  a 
record  of  all  shipments,  the  time  and  de- 
])arture  of  all  cars,  a  record  of  the  icing 
of  cars  and  damage  due  to  rough  han- 
dling, wreckage,  delays  in  transit,  or,  in 
fact,  any  other  cause  that  has  a  tendency 
to  afi:'ect  the  carrying  quality  of  the  fruit 
and  thereby  reduce  its  value.  Claims  were 
filed  last  year  by  the  exchange  in  the 
amount  of  $40,000  against  the  various 
railroads  of  the  country  and  returned  to 
the  respective  growers  whose  fruits  were 
aft'ected. 

A  most  complete  supply  department  is 
also  operated  by  the  exchange  through 
which  sup]:)lies  of  every  nature  can  be 
furnished  the  members  at  wholesale  rates, 
a  small  profit  being  retained  over  and 
above  the  ])urchase  price  for  the  support 
of  the  department. 

FOR    BKTl'KR    DIS  IRI  P,r  I  H  »X 

The  object  of  the  exchange  in  general  is 
to  im])rove  marketing  conditions  by  ef- 
fecting better  distribution  through  its 
selling  agency,  which  is  at  all  times  under 
the  control  of  the  shipper  ;  to  reduce  the 
cost  of  marketing;  to  improve  the  grade 
and  pack  of  fruits,  and  its  one  aim  and 
purpose  is  to  place  the  marketing  of  the 
deciduous  fruit  crop  under  the  control  of 
the  "Tower. 


CO-OPERATIVE  MARKETING 


507 


Tlie  great  packing  corporations,  which 
control  the  most  supplies  of  the  country; 
the  United  Fruit  Company,  which  con- 
trols the  banana  industry,  and  other  like 
organizations  of  large  capital,  work  ex- 
clusively for  the  holders  of  their  stocks, 
l)ut  co-operative  combinations  of  the  pro- 
ducers themselves,  organized  with  capital 
stock,  operate  wholly  in  the  interests  of 
the  industry,  with  no  profit  to  anyone 
except  to  the  producers  themselves 
through  the  economy  of  handling  their 
own  business  in  large  volume.  The  co- 
operative system  of  handling  and  distrib- 
uting the  California  deciduous  fruit  crop 
is  the  foundation  stone  on  which  the 
staliilitv  of  the  seventy-five  million  dol- 
lars estimated  to  be  invested  in  the  in- 
dustry is  built. 

The  exchange  has  been  developed  by 
the  grower;  it  is  managed  by  the  grower 
in  his  own  interests  and  the  speculative 
dealer  who  operates  to  make  money  on 
the  growers'  product  rather  than  in  the 
interests  of  the  grower,  is  being  gradually 
eliminated  from  the  California  deciduous 
field,  a  condition  toward  which  all  other 
agricultural  industries  in  America  are 
striving  to  reach. 

The  difference  between  the  exchange 
system  of  marketing  and  the  commercial 
buyer  or  shipper  is  that  the  exchange  is 
composed  of  growers  representing  the 
producing  interests,  wdio  are  interested  in 
the  fruit  from  its  production  until  the 
time  it  is  sold,  while  the  commercial  buyer 
has  no  interest  in  the  fruit  except,  after  it 
is  packed  and  then  his  interest  is  purely 
on  a  speculative  basis  and  his  existence 
in  the  business  depends  upon  the  profit 
that  accrues  from  the  actual  handling  of 
the  fruit  after  it  lea\es  the  producer's 
hands. 

CO-OPERATION  DEFIES   AROUMENT 

The  policy  and  principles  of  the  ex- 
change, if  properly  fostered,  alone  insure 
its  success.  There  is  no  argument  against 
co-operation  in  the  handling  of  the  fruit 


industry  ;  no  argument  has  ever  l^een  ad- 
vanced why  the  control  of  the  marketing 
of  the  deciduous  industry  should  not  be 
in  the  hands  of  the  producer,  who  alone 
is  interested  and  who  alone  should  be 
benefited.  An  evident  fact  of  the  success 
of  the  exchange  is  demonstrated  by  its 
present  position  in  the  commercial  field. 
Its  business  has  increased  annually  and 
it  is  keeping  pace  with  the  increased  pro- 
duction. 

The  working  together  of  various  indi- 
\'iduals  in  the  sale  of  their  products,  par- 
ticularly of  those  engaged  in  horticultural 
and  agricultural  pursuits,  has  been  in 
practical  operation  in  various  forms  for 
a  great  many  years.  The  earliest  success- 
ful co-operative  efforts  of  this  character 
are  reported  from  Europe.  Denmark, 
Sweden  and  Norway,  France,  Ireland  and 
other  European  countries  have  taken  the 
lead  in  these  matters,  particularly  in  the 
preparation  and  marketing  of  their  butter, 
eggs,  poultry  and  like  products,  in  co-op- 
erative stores  and  in  co-operative  rural 
banking.  These  old-world  co-operative 
selling  and  ])usiness  organizations  have 
long  since  passed  the  formative  period  and 
the  difterent  lines  of  co-operation  have 
become  firmly  estal)lished,  until  there  is 
now  no  further  question  of  their  value  to 
the  producers  or  of  their  continuing  to  be 
a  strong  factor  in  the  business  life  of  the 
countries  in  which  they  exist. 

In  the  L'nited  States,  combination  and 
organization  of  cajMtal  has,  particularly 
during  the  last  thirty  }ears.  become  the 
order  of  the  day.  and.  if  the  tillers  of  the 
soil  are  to  hold  their  own  against  the 
other  highly  organized  industries  and 
business  of  all  kinds,  they  must  work  to- 
gether. That  the  people  themselves 
understand  the  necessity  for  such  action 
on  their  part  in  the  State  of  California 
alone  is  shown  by  the  organization  and 
success  of  the  California  Fruit  Growers' 
Exchange,  a  co-operative  organization  of 
six   thousand   growers  who    control    the 


508 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


marketing'  of  the  citrus  crop  of  this  State, 
and  the  organization  of  the  California 
Fruit  Exchange,  which  will  unquestion- 
ably, within  the  next  lew  years,  be  the 
leading  factor  in  the  marketing"  of  the 
deciduous  fruit  crop. 

The  California  Fruit  Exchange  has  ac- 
complished for  its  meml)ership  that  which 
could  be  secured  through  no  other  source 
- — a  most  efficient  distribution  of  its  prod- 
ucts at  the  minimum  cost  of  operation. 
\'ast  acreages  are  being  planted  to 
decidutnis  fruits  and  vines  in  California, 
which  indicates  that  within  the  next  few 
years  its  present  annual  tonnage  of  fifteen 
thousand  cars  will  be  at  least  doubled. 
It  has  been  demonstrated  in  other  states 
that  there  is  only  one  successful  way  in 
which  to  market  a  similar  output  and  that 
is  through  co-operation.  The  life  of  trade 
is  co-operation  and  the  stability  of  busi- 
ness is  co-operation.  These  facts  are 
daily  demonstrated  in  the  commercial  as 
well  as  the  agricultural  field.     Our  inter- 


ests  must  be  protected  and  can  be  only 
by  co-operation. 

The  growers  of  this  State  are  fortunate 
in  having  already  formed  and  at  their 
service  such  an  efficient  organization  as 
at  present  exists  already  prepared  to 
handle  and  market  ten  times  its  present 
()Ut])ut.  and.  with  increased  business,  as- 
sures its  members  of  a  still  lower  cost  of 
marketing.  The  growers  must  be  alive 
to  their  own  interests  at  all  times;  they 
must  absolutely  control  their  own  busi- 
ness and  stand  unitedly  together  in  these 
great  problems  of  distribution  and  market- 
ing that  will  become  more  difficult  to 
solve  w'ith  the  increased  production. 
With  a  falling  off  of  membership  in  the 
exchange,  disaster  to  the  industry  would 
be  invited,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  with 
a  constantly  increasing  percentage  of  the 
crop  to  handle,  it  will  be  possible  for  the 
exchange  to  plan  for  successful  future 
operation  which  will  yield  a  maximum 
benefit  to  the  industry  and  to  the  State. 


/^H,  THE  old  farm  days!  How  the  fragrance  of  them  still  lingers 
^-^  in  mv  heart !  The  Spring  with  its  sugar-making  and  the  general 
awakening  about  the  farm,  the  returning  birds,  and  the  full,  lucid 
trout-streams;  the  Summer  with  its  wild  berries,  its  haying,  its  cool, 
fragrant  w^oods ;  the  Fall  with  its  nuts,  its  game,  its  apple-gathering, 
its  holidays ;  the  Winter  with  its  school,  its  sport  on  ice  and  snow,  its 
apple-bins  in  the  cellar,  its  long  nights  by  the  fireside,  its  voice  of  fox- 
hounds on  the  mountains,  its  sound  of  flails  in  the  barn — how  much  I 
still  dream  aliout  these  things! — JoJui  Burroughs. 


How  the  California  Fruit 
Distributors  Distribute 

By  Charles  E.  Virden 

Gc'ncra]  Manager  of  the  California  Fruit  Distributors 


Editor's  Note:  In  a  tersely  written  article  Mr.  Virden  explains  the 
purposes  and  methods  of  the  California  Fruit  Distributors,  recount- 
ing its  inception,  growth,  and  present  extent  as  a  factor  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  deciduous  fruit  crops  of  the  State.  Interesting  facts 
and  figures  are  embodied  in  the  paper  which  is  certain  to  prove  valua- 
ble for  reference  to  those  who  are  interested  in  the  marketing  of  Cali- 
fornia's extensive  crops. 


THE  California  Fruit  Distributors 
came  into  existence  in  the  year  1902, 
being  incorporated  at  that  time  under  the 
laws  of  California.  The  object  of  the 
corporation  being  to  provide  a  central, 
neutral  marketing  and  selling  agency  for 
the  distribution  of  California  deciduous 
fruit  in  its  fresh  or  green  state.  No  stock 
dividends  are  paid  or  profits  undertaken. 
The  organization  does  not  buy  a  pound 
of  fruit  nor,  in  any  sense,  speculate. 

Prior  to  the  formation  of  this  organiza- 
tion, with  only  a  limited  amount  of  fruit, 
the  method  of  marketing  was  unsatisfac- 
tory alike  to  grower  and  shipper,  so  it  was 
found  necessary  to  form  a  central  distrib- 
uting organization  with  no  other  object 
in  view  than  proper  distribution  ;  to  serve 
and  serve  alike  all  of  the  members  of  the 
organization. 

At  the  time  this  organization  entered 
the  field  there  was  less  than  100  markets 
receiving  California  deciduous  fruit  in 
carload  lots,  and  the  greater  part  of  this 
was  being  handled  by  the  receivers  on 
consigned  basis,  or,  in  other  words,  being 
sold  for  the  account  of  the  shipper,  which 


means  the  grower  and  shipper  were  tak- 
ing all  the  chances.  Today,  with  a  ton- 
nage four  times  greater  than  twenty  years 
ago,  practically  every  pound  of  fruit  sold 
by  us  is  on  a  cash  basis  either  at  private 
sale  or  auction,  and  we  are  selling  in  more 
than  250  markets  and  are  steadily  engaged 
in  creating  and  opening  up  additional 
markets. 

The  organization  maintains  selling 
agents  in  all  markets ;  maintains  general 
traveling  salesmen,  who  are  engaged  in 
assisting  dealers  in  establishing  and  cre- 
ating a  demand. 

The  organization  through  its  traffic  de- 
partment has  obtained  better,  more  reg- 
ular and  dependable  railroad  service,  more 
complete  and  efifective  icing  service  and 
obtained  the  lowering  and  adjusting  of 
rates  on  a  reasonable  basis. 

The  benefits  to  the  grower  through  the 
operation  of  this  organization  are  direct 
and  are  invaluable,  as  the  organization 
aims  to  perform  the  most  efficient  service 
possible  in  the  handling  of  green  fruit ; 
working  for  standardization ;  improving 
the   pack,   quality,    loading   facilities ;   ob- 


510  CALIFORNIA'S  AIAGAZINE 

taining"  all  other  betterments  at  point  of  green  fruit  shipments  for  a  series  of  vears. 

origin;  obtaining  fair  rtnd  just  trans])or-  Such  comparisons  likewise  serve  to  indi- 

tation    rates;   obtaining   the   very   widest  cate  the  relative  shipping  importance  of 

distribution  on    a   safe    and    sane  basis ;  the   dififerent   fruits.     The   figures  are  in 

keeping   every    conceixable    market    fully  carloads,  each  car  containing  13  tons,  as 

supplied;    not    o^■er-sul)plied.    not    under-  follows: 

supplied.  1895          1913           1914 

The    organization    is    able    to    perform     -^P'^'^^ots  162  158  382 

,    '^    ,        ,      ,  ,  .    \.    .  ,      ,      Cherries  180  231  166 

service  tor  the  dealers  that  no  mdividual      Q^apes  1010  6363  8688 

grower  or  shipper  could  possibly  perform.      Peaches  1289  2359  2144 

We  are  in  position  at  all  times  during  the      ^'""''   ,fj,  \l^^  llf. 

^  .  *=  Pears  1187  2496  2/3o 

season  to  ship  promptly  any  number  of 

cars    of    straight    varieties,    assorted    or  Totals   4.293        13,33:^        16.011 

otherwise.     The  dealers  can  obtain  from  Apples  have  largely  a  different  shipping 

us    continuous    supplies,    thus    enabling  season  and  are  not  included, 

them  to  keep   California   deciduous  fruit  In  addition  to  the  shipment  of  fresh  de- 

constantly  before  the  consumer  from  the  ciduous  fruit  a  very  large  quantity  of  the 

first  to  the  last  day  of  the  season.  same  classes  of  fruits  is  produced  in  this 

The  California   deciduous  fruit   season  State   for    the    purpose    of    being  dried, 

opens  usually  in  the  month  of  May  with  canned  and  made  into  wine ;  hi  all  repre- 

the  shipment  of  cherries  and  closes  in  the  senting  a  gross  commercial  selling  value 

early  part  of  December  with  the  shipment  of  approximately: 

of  Emperor  grapes.  P^^^,^  $18,000,000.00 

CALIFORNIA    DECIDUOUS    FRUIT    SHIPMENTS—       Cured  or  Dried  18,0(X>.000.00 

EXCLUSIVE  OF  APPLES  Canned    8.000.000.00 

The  growth  of  this  branch  of  the  fruit      Wines  15.000.000.00 

industry  is  best  shown  by  comparing  of         Total   .r$59.000.000.0G 


t^/^ALIFORNIA  FRUITS"  by  Edward  J.  Wickson,  A.  M.,  is  a 
^-^  standard  of  authority  for  all  those  who  wish  practical  instruc- 
tion as  to  how  they  may  succeed  in  the  industry  of  fruit  producing  in 
this  State.  This  volume  has  received  the  highest  commendation  from 
press  and  public  alike.    Says  the  Auckland  (N.  Z.)  IVcckly  Nezi^s: 

"California  Fruits"  is  already  accepted  as  the  standard  horticultural  work  in  New  Zealand, 
and  though  its  author  may  not  be  aware  of  it,  his  book,  besides  having  many  admirers  here, 
has  had  a  marked  effect  on  tlie  development  of  our  orcliarding  industry. 

"California  Fruits"  may  be  ordered  direct  from  the  Book  Depart- 
ment of  this  pul:)lication.  Price  $3  per  copy  postage  paid.  It  is  a  1)ook 
of  more  than  500  pages,  size  6x9,  and  finely  illustrated. 


Co-operation  in  Selling 

California  Cured 

Fruits 

By  Henry  M.  Ellis 

General  Manager  of  the  California  Cured  Fruit  Exchange 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Ellis  presents  a  pointed  article  describing  the 
organization  and  operation  of  the  California  Cured  Fruit  Exchange. 
He  tells  how  it  came  to  be,  what  are  its  purposes  and  methods,  and 
its  achievements  thus  far  and  its  possibilities.  It  connects  the 
growers  in  a  non-profit  corporation  for  the  transaction  of  their  busi- 
ness, for  improvement  of  product,  etc.,  and  has  now  twenty-six  sub- 
sidiary associations  of  growers  and  a  membership  of  over  1400  pro- 
ducers. 


THE  California  Cured  Fruit  Exchange 
was  organized  because  California 
growers  of  cured  fruit  realized  that  they, 
as  well  as  other  growers  of  California 
products,  needed  to  be  better  informed 
about  the  markets.  Better  information 
and  closer  touch  with  the  markets  gives 
the  grower  knowledge  as  to  what  net 
price  he  ought  to  receive.  By  co-opera- 
tion —  working  together  —  each  learns 
something  from  the  other,  which  means 
better  care  of  their  orchards,  better  meth- 
ods of  drying,  all  making  for  higher  qual- 
ity, and  quality  is  what  makes  price. 

The  California  Cured  Fruit  Exchange 
is  a  purely  co-operative  body,  organized 
in  1912,  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
California,  as  a  non-profit  corporation, 
with  six  local  associations.  It  is  a  purely 
democratic  body,  owned  and  operated  by 
the  members  themselves.     In  1914  it  had 


grown  to  twenty-six  associations,  cover- 
ing the  State  of  California  from  north  to 
south,  and  having  over  fourteen  hundred 
members,  all  growers  and  driers  of  fruit. 
It  handled  for  its  members  in  1912  about 
four  million  pounds  of  dried  fruit — in 
1913  about  twelve  million,  and  in  1914 
about  twenty  million  pounds.  Its  main 
usefulness  is  to  dispose  of,  at  the  low^est 
margin  of  cost,  the  crops  of  cured  fruit 
belonging  to  its  members,  which  it  does, 
charging  them  only  actual  cost,  and  mak- 
ing no  profit  whatever.  In  other  words, 
it  is  a  clearing  house  for  the  members  of 
the  various  associations.  It  is  the  central 
link,  connecting  the  numerous  associa- 
tions scattered  over  the  State.  Its  by- 
laws are  in  harmony  with  those  of  its 
associations,  and  its  members  are  elected 
from  members  of  its  associations.  Any 
association  which  is  not  represented  by  a 
director  in  the  Exchange  is  entitled  to  a 


512 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


representative,  who  attends  the  mcetinc^s 
of  the  Board  of  Directors. 

The  niemlicrs  of  the  different  associa- 
tions appoint  their  own  officers  and  di- 
rectors, and  these  officers  and  directors 
appoint  one  of  their  raenibers  to  repre- 
sent them  at  the  meetings  of  the  Ex- 
change, and  from  these  representatives, 
the  directors  of  the  CaHfornia  Cured 
Fruit  Exchange  are  elected,  which  l^rings 
the  Exchange  at  all  times  under  the  direct 
management  of  the  growers,  who  own, 
control  and  operate  it. 

The  Exchange  endeavors  to  obtain  for 
its  members,  supplies,  etc.,  at  the  lowest 
possible  prices,  and  its  every  effort  is 
being  used  to  unite  more  strongly  cured 
fruit  people,  not  only  for  better  prices, 
but  for  the  results  that  come  from  closer 
contact  with  their  neighbors  and  a  better 
understanding  of  business  conditions. 

There  is  no  state  in  the  Union  or  coun- 
try in  the  world  where  so  large  a  variety 
of  fruit  is  grown  as  in  California,  and 
it  is  about  the  only  country  where  fruits 
can  1)6  dried  l)y  the  heat  of  the  sun  alone ; 
other  countries  have  to  depend  on  drying 
by  artificial  means,  so  it  is  natural,  there- 
fore, that  a  country  possessing  this  ad- 
vantage, over  all  others,  should  become 
the  world's  greatest  producer,  and  its 
fruit  find  its  way  into  every  civilized 
country  on  the  globe. 

The  Mission  Fathers  brought  with  them 
the  fig  and  the  grape,  then  came  the  prune, 
peach  and  apricot,  and  later,  the  Bartlett 
pear,  and,  while  these  command  a  market 
as  fresh  fruits  over  the  United  States  and 


have  attained  to  some  parts  of  Europe  as 
well,  it  is  only  for  a  short  portion  of  the 
year.  To  lengthen  the  time  that  the  peo- 
ple might  enjoy  the  fruit  of  this  Golden 
State,  the  canner  and  drier  came,  and  now 
the  output  of  these  preserved  fruits  runs 
into  millions  of  dollars  in  money  and 
thousands  of  carloads  in  weight. 

Cured  fruit,  being  the  easiest  handled 
and  the  cheapest,  is  now  becoming  a 
necessity  to  the  consumer,  as  it  contains 
the  same  healthful  (|ualities  that  are  found 
in  the  fresh  fruit,  for  it  is  not  picked  for 
curing  until  it  is  in  a  state  of  ripeness, 
and  it  is  only  a  part  of  the  moisture  which 
is  taken  away  when  it  is  cured. 

With  such  favorable  conditions  exist- 
ing in  this  vState,  it  is  only  natural  that 
many  should  try  and  get  some  of  the 
benefits.  This  has  led  to  hard  competi- 
tion among  those  engaged  in  marketing 
fruit,  and  has  resulted  in  cutting  of  prices, 
and  consequent  loss  to  the  producer, 
which  has  proved  to  them  the  necessity 
of  forming  an  organization  to  handle  their 
own  fruit. 

When  the  grower  markets  his  fruit 
through  the  commercial  packer,  he  has 
to  pay  the  interest  on  the  large  amount  of 
capital  the  packer  is  using  in  buying  fruit, 
because  the  interest  has  to  come  out  of 
the  price  at  which  it  is  sold.  When  the 
grower  markets  his  own  fruit,  he  requires 
only  capital  sufficient  to  cover  the  market- 
ing expenses,  because  he  does  not  have 
to  buy  his  own  fruit — in  other  words,  sell- 
ing his  fruit  at  even  no  better  prices  than 
the  packers  pay,  he  obtains  a  better  net, 
because  his  expenses  are  less. 


/^^  ALIFORXIA  is  particularly  forltuiatc  over  many  other  states  and 
^~^  countries  in  that  the  heat  of  the  sun  alone  is  stifBcient  to  dry  fruit 
which  is  intended  for  sale  in  cured  condition.  The  sun-cured  fruits 
of  California  are  celebrated  for  their  excellence  the  world  over. 


What  the  Railroads  Have  Done 

for  the  Fruit  and  Vegetable 

Industries  of  California 

By  J.  S.  Leeds 

Manai^cr  Santa  Fc  Refrigerator  Dispatch   Companx 


Editors  Note:  Mr.  Leeds  presents  a  succinct  sketch  of  the  special 
arrangements,  investments,  and  schedules  which  the  overland  rail- 
ways have  undertaken  and  operated  for  the  safe  and  Cjuick  movement 
of  fruits  and  vegetables  from  California  to  the  most  remote  parts  of 
the  country.  He  sketches  such  striking  things  as  special  rolling 
stock,  fast  schedules,  pre-cooling  plants,  facilities  for  distribution, 
etc.,  with  attractive  descriptive  statements  and  striking  statistics. 


/CALIFORNIA  is  a  favored  spot.  In 
^^-^  the  matter  of  climate,  regularity  of 
season,  quality  of  soil,  and  the  elements 
favorable  for  the  production  of  fruit  and 
vegetables  such  as  are  produced  therein, 
it  has  advantages  far  above  the  aver- 
age. On  the  other  hand,  it  is  the  most 
remote  of  any  portion  of  this  country  from 
the  markets  of  consumption. 

Of  the  commodities  grown  in  Califor- 
nia, a  production  and  marketing  of  vast 
proportions  has  been  developed.  These 
commodities  are  moved  over  long  dis- 
tances and  cover  a  very  wide  distribution, 
reaching  all  of  the  markets  of  the  United 
States,  Canada  and  Mexico.  The  princi- 
pal feature  to  this  end  has  been  the  devel- 
opment of  successful  transportation  facil- 
ities almost  wholly  by  railroad.  Perhaps 
no  more  striking  example  of  co-operation 
and  team  work  between  the  carriers  and 
producers  is  in  existence  than  that  which 
characterizes  the  transportation  and  mar- 
keting of  these  California  products.  This 
has  been  accomplished  in  the  evolution  of 


the  handling  of  this  business  covering  all 
of  the  years  of  considerable  production 
since  the  advent  of  the  railroads  into  the 
business. 

To  successfully  handle  these  products, 
they  must  be  placed  before  the  consumers 
in  a  sound  and  sanitary  condition  that 
renders  them  suitable  in  the  highest  de- 
gree for  human  food.  To  accomplish  this 
the  railroads  have  specialized  by  creating 
an  organization  making  this  branch  of 
their  service  a  feature  separate  and  dis- 
tinct, or  a  trade  within  itself.  This  or- 
ganization is  intended  to  and  does  look 
after  the  smallest  detail  which  is  neces- 
sary to  render  the  service  perfect  and  de- 
pendable. A  very  large  equipment  is  pro- 
vided, specially  planned  and  constructed 
for  the  transportation  of  California  prod- 
ucts with  special  adaptation  to  the  move- 
ment of  the  business  over  the  long  jour- 
neys which  it  must  take  to  reach  the  con- 
sumer in  the  populous  district  of  the 
country. 

Approximately  22.000  refrigerator  cars 


514 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


are  embraced  within  the  ef|uipinent  of  the 
CaHfornia  railroads  for  this  purpose,  in- 
volving- an  expenditure  of  something'  more 
than  $30,000,000.  Xo  detail  in  the  con- 
struction of  this  ecjuipment,  for  the  ser- 
vice which  it  is  tlesit^ncd  to  i)erform, 
has  l)ccn  o\erlooked  or  neglected.  It  is 
strongl\-  and  substantially  built  to  with- 
stand the  movement  in  hea\y  trams  for 
long  journeys  through  mountainous  coun- 
try ;  it  is  kept  clean  and  in  proper  physical 
condition  so  that  no  shipper  is  called  upon 
to  load  an  unsuitable  car.  The  cars  are 
constructed  to  carry  fruits  and  vegetables 
safely,  under  ventilation  in  winter  season 
to  protect  against  frost,  and  are  provided 
w^ith  refrigeration  devices  for  protection 
in  the  summer  against  heat  and  decay. 

The  construction  of  each  new  series  of 
cars  has  taken  up  and  used  the  latest  and 
most  approved  devices  for  the  service,  so 
that  each  lot  of  cars  constructed  is  in- 
tended to  be  better  than  those  previously 
built.  The  railroads  serving  California 
have  performed  their  service  so  well  and 
successfully  that  the  business  has  grown 
to  such  magnitude  that  the  requirements 
of  the  traffic  become  a  predominating  in- 
fluence in  providing  suitable  cars  and 
other  equipment.  This  equipment  is  pro- 
vided in  sufficient  volume  to  meet  all  of 
the  fluctuations  which  may  occur  by  rea- 
son of  volume  of  crop  to  move,  market 
conditions,  or  otherwise  to  promptly  sup- 
]dy  the  demands  of  the  business.  To  such 
an  extent  is  this  true  that  there  has  not 
been  a  shortage  of  cars  extending  over  a 
jjeriod  of  even  one  day  in  connection  with 
the  handling  of  the  crops  of  California 
fruits  and  vegetables  for  a  period  of  more 
than  seven  years. 

For  refrigeration  purposes,  large  icing 
facilities  are  jjrovided,  sufficient  to  meet 
the  maximum  demands  during  the  Inisiest 
portion  of  the  season  in  the  handling  of 
a  large  crop.  Re-icing  stations  are  pro- 
vided on  the  line  of  the  roads,  approxi- 
mately twenty  to  twenty-four  hours  apart. 


I'^or  maintaining  refrigeration  on  the 
journey  to  market,  the  cars  are  re-iced 
at  all  of  these  stations  to  the  full  capacity 
of  the  ice  bunkers.  In  transit  the  ice  in 
the  bunkers  of  the  cars  seldom  if  ever 
sinks  below  tlie  top  of  the  load  in  the 
car,  insuring  a  service  as  perfect  as  can 
l)e  performed  with  jiresent  up-to-date 
facilities.  These  icing  and  re-icing  facili- 
ties are  maintained  with  a  view  to  at  all 
times  having  an  ample  supply  of  ice  for 
the  protection  of  the  business  in  transit. 
They  involve  an  expenditure  of  a  large 
sum  of  money  and  their  maintenance  and 
operation  is  looked  after  in  a  manner  to 
insure  the  most  perfect  service. 

Pre-cooling  plants  have  been  con- 
structed in  California  for  the  purpose  of 
more  ])romptly  bringing  the  commodities 
under  refrigeration.  Pre-cooling  as  per- 
formed by  the  carriers  is  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  ordinary  cold  storage  and  is 
adapted  to  quick  transportation  direct 
from  the  packing  houses  to  market,  and 
is  growing  in  favor.  The  benefits  accrue 
almost  wdiolly,  if  not  entirely,  to  the  ship- 
pers. The  plants  were  constructed  as  a 
result  of  conference  with  and  at  the  re- 
quest of  a  majority  of  the  shippers.  Loss 
and  damage  claims  on  account  of  im- 
proper or  insufficient  refrigeration  in  cars 
pre-cooled  by  the  railroads,  are  prac- 
tically wholly  eliminated.  These  plants 
have  been  provided  including  the  ice 
making  attached  thereto,  at  an  expense 
of  from  half  a  million  to  eight  hundred 
thousand  dollars  each.  There  are  three 
of  them  within  the  State,  two  in  southern 
California,  and  one  in  northern  Califor- 
nia. This  pre-cooling  ;s  performed  as  a 
l)art  of  the  refrigeration  service  of  the 
carrier  and  for  which  no  additional  charge 
over  and  above  the  standard  refrigera- 
tion rate  is  made. 

Inspectors  are  maintained  at  every  icing 
and  re-icing  station  on  the  rails  of  the 
roads  serving  California,  and  each  indi- 
\idual  car  of  fruit  or  vegetables,  whether 


FRUIT  REFRIGERATION 


515 


moving  under  ventilation  or  refrigeration, 
is  inspected  as  it  passes  those  inspection 
and  icing  stations,  and  a  record  is  kept 
of  the  condition  and  of  the  service  per- 
formed at  that  point.  These  records  are 
at  all  times  available  for  the  information 
of  the  shippers.  It  is  almost  an  impossi- 
bilitv  for  a  car  in  transit  from  California 
to  the  eastern  market  to  pass  over  the 
rails  of  any  one  of  the  roads  serving  Cali- 
fornia business  without  receiving  proper 
attention.  The  inspection  records  are 
kept  in  permanent  form  so  as  to  be  avail- 
able for  reference  at  any  future  time. 

TRAIN    SERVICE 

The  trains  moving  these  California 
l)roducts  are  organized  under  fixed  fast 
schedules  as  to  time.  The  operating  de- 
partments of  the  various  roads  are  under 
obligation  to  pay  special  attention  to  the 
business  and  to  keep  those  trains  moving, 
as  nearly  as  is  practicable,  on  schedule 
time.  If  necessary,  in  order  to  do  so, 
tonnage  is  reduced  even  at  a  sacrifice  of 
tonnage  handled  per  train.  Train  sheets 
are  kept  covering  the  entire  journey. 
Daily  reports  are  made  based  on  these 
sheets  so  that  all  who  are  charged  with 
the  supervision  of  this  traffic  are  in  con- 
stant touch  with  it  and  any  lapses  which 
may  take  place  are  promptly  corrected. 
"Consists"  of  trains  carrying  fruits  and 
vegetables  are  telegraphed  from  points  of 
origin  and  promptly  recorded  at  eastern 
termini.  Passing  reports  are  wired  from 
\arious  stations  along  the  line.  In  this 
manner,  a  shipper  may  be  advised  within 
reasonable  limit  of  the  proximity  of  his 
car  at  any  point  along  the  journey  and 
that  without  delay.  The  regularity  in  the 
movement  of  these  trains  is  such  that  the 
California  shipper  or  producer  may  know 
with  reasonable  certainty  when  a  car 
leaves  his  station  in  California,  when  it 
will  be  at  its  destination  as  billed. 

The  privilege  of  diverting  from  one  des- 
tination  to  another  is   extended   to   ship- 


pers upon  a  very  liberal  scale,  and  such 
diversions  are  generally  made  without 
any  additional  expense  over  and  above 
the  rate  which  prevails  from  the  point  of 
origin  to  the  final  diverted  destination, 
thus  enabling  the  shippers  of  California 
to  reach  any  market  in  the  United  States 
or  Canada,  which  is  large  enough  to  con- 
sume a  carload  of  California  products. 
This  is  a  protection  to  the  shipper  against 
the  arrival  of  a  car  at  the  original  billed 
destination  covering  a  journey  of  several 
days,  upon  an  overstocked  or  low  market. 
It  is  equivalent  to  giving  the  shipper  a 
choice  of  markets  covering  all  of  the  time 
of  the  journey  of  his  car  in  transit.  The 
only  expense  to  the  shipper  over  and 
above  the  original  rate  for  transportation 
and  refrigeration  is,  in  the  case  of  re- 
frigerated stufif,  the  expense  of  refrigera- 
tion during  the  periods  of  detention  at 
intermediate  or  billed  destination  points, 
for  which  he  is  responsible. 

In  the  accomplishment  of  all  of  this 
service,  the  telegraph  service  of  the  car- 
riers is  made  use  of  without  restriction, 
and  to  an  extent  necessary  to  accomplish 
the  prompt  performance  of  everything 
undertaken  to  expedite  the  movement 
and  make  proper  disposition  of  the  com- 
modities without  loss  to  the  shipper.  In 
the  transportation  of  this  large  business, 
no  detail  is  neglected  which  will  contrib- 
ute to  the  successful  performance  of  the 
service.  There  is  no  parallel  in  this 
country  to  the  perfection  of  service  given 
by  the  California  railroads  in  the  foster- 
ing and  upbuilding  of  the  fruit  and  vege- 
table industry.  To  such  an  extent  is  this 
true  that  anyone  engaging  in  production 
can  proceed  with  his  enterprise  with  en- 
tire assurance  that  the  transportation 
feature  of  this  transaction  need  give  him 
no  concern.  He  knows  that  he  may  have 
the  advantage  of  all  of  the  markets  this 
country  afl^ords,  as  far  as  perfection  of 
service  can  render  them  available. 


Protecting  California  Producers 


By  Arthur  Dunn 


Sc'crr/dry  aiul  .]/ivU7i;i'r  Faniwrs'  Protcctirc  Lca\:,ui 


liditor's  Note:  Several  initiative  amendments  affecting-  the  agri- 
cnltural  interests  of  the  State  cropped  out  during  1^)14  and  to  meet 
them  and,  as  the  election  proved,  to  defeat  them  a  new  farmers'  organ- 
ization was  undertaken  and  gained  wide  support  and  large  memher- 
shi]i.  This  organization  is  to  be  maintained  to  advance  legislation 
which  is  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  industry  and  to  oppose 
that  which  is  directed  against  it.  Mr.  Dunn,  w^ho  led  the  organized 
eff'ort  of  1914,  discusses  the  |)ast  and  future  of  the  organization. 


THE  Farmers'  Protective  League  of  Cali- 
fornia is  the  outgrowth  of  a  campaign 
committee  appointed  by  the  State  fruit  grow- 
ers' convention  of  June,  1914,  to  oppose  pro- 
posed legislation  that  was  deemed  inimical  to 
the  agricultural  interests  of  California. 

lliere  was  such  a  widespread  demand 
throughout  the  State  for  an  organization  that 
would  voice  the  views  of  farmers  generally 
that  it  was  decided  to  organize  on  a  perma- 
nent basis  the  Farmers'  Protective  League  of 
California,  each  county  being  organized  as  a 
separate  unit,  having  its  own  officers  and 
directors  and  sending  representatives  to  the 
parent  organization,  which  maintains  head- 
quarters at  Sacramento,  the  State  capital. 

The  purposes  of  the  Farmers'  Protective 
League  are  strikingly  patriotic  and  progress- 
ive :  First,  to  improve  in  general  the  condi- 
tions under  which  agriculture  is  conducted. 
Second,  to  give  expression  to  the  spirit  of 
progress  which  animates  every  farmer  in  this 
great  State. 

Agriculturists  long  have  felt  the  need  of  an 
organization  that  will  deal  frankly  with  ques- 
tions, which,  essentially  economic,  have  a  po- 
litical aspect.  The  league  is  absolutely  non- 
partisan. Its  membership  is  concerned  only  in 
those  problems  which  affect  the  material  wel- 


fare of  the  whole  people  of  California.  The 
league  membership  is  kept  advised  of  what  is 
being  done  by  its  own  monthly  publication. 

The  officers  and  directors  of  the  league  serve 
without  compensation.  The  membership  is  not 
required  to  pay  fees  or  dues,  but  may  contrib- 
ute any  sum  as  each  individual  feels  he  or 
she  can  afford.  This  policy  has  made  for  a 
very  large  membership  which  ultimately  will 
include  virtually  every  farmer  in  California. 
Such  a  body  must  exercise  an  influence  for 
good.  Considering  all  phases  of  agricultural 
problems — state  farm  credits,  state  and  local 
taxation,  the  consolidation  of  the  many 
branches  administering  agricultural  affairs  in 
the  state  government,  economy  and  efficiency 
in  administration  of  public  afTairs — the  Farm- 
ers' Protective  League  has  a  permanent  pro- 
gramme of  progress  prepared. 

The  officers  and  directors,  who  sacrifice  their 
time  to  accomplish  the  upbuilding  of  the 
league,  are  actuated  by  the  highest  motives  in 
defining  the  policy  of  the  organization,  seeking 
no  personal  reward  save  that  which  comes  to 
each  who  does  well  the  service  exacted  of  him. 
They  have  launched  a  policy  which  can  only 
result  in  the  success  of  the  league  and  in 
the  permanent  advance  of  agriculture  in 
California. 


Factors  in  California's 
Canning  Industry 


By  Dr.  A.  W.  Bitting 

Food  Technologist  and  Expert  Chemist 


Editor  s  Note:  Doctor  A.  W.  Bitting  is  one  of  America's  fore- 
most food  technologists.  Together  with  Mrs.  Bitting,  who  is  an 
expert  microscopist,  he  is  in  charge  of  the  National  Canning's  exhibit 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  exposition.  Doctor  Bitting  excels  as  a  chem- 
ist and  has  applied  his  extensive  learning  to  the  preservation  of  fruit 
and  vegetables  and  the  resultant  chemical  changes  that  ensue.  His 
article  briefly  but  clearlv  tells  what  California  is  doino-  in  cannino-. 


SUCCESSFUL  canning  of  fruits  or  veg- 
etables depends  in  a  large  measure 
upon  the  raw  material,  in  the  capabil- 
ity which  it  possesses  of  retaining  char- 
acter and  flavor  after  sterilization.  While 
this  factor  should  appeal  to  packers  as 
self-evident,  it  is  frequently  ignored,  re- 
sulting in  injury  to  the  immediate  prod- 
uct and  suspicion  cast  upon  production 
which  may  be  good.  It  is  easily  pos- 
sible to  have  a  fruit  with  good  flavor 
and  beautiful  appearance  when  fresh,  and 
this  same  fruit  be  a  complete  failure 
when  canned,  through  loss  of  flavor, 
breaking  down  of  structure,  or  both. 
Scientific  food  preservation  seeks,  first 
of  all,  to  secure  varieties  of  fruit  and 
vegetables  which  have  distinctively  de- 
sirable characteristics  and  then  to  treat 
them  in  such  a  manner  that  these  quali- 
ties will  be  preserved  with  the  minimum 
of  change,  or  if  change  should  take  place, 
that  it  be  in  the  nature  of  an  improve- 
ment. 

California  ranks  first  as  a  canning  state, 
not  simply  because  fruits  are  grown    in 


abundance,  but  rather  because  their  char- 
acter is  such  that  they  lose  little  through 
preservation.  \'olume  of  fruit  alone  can- 
not create  a  demand  ;  it  can  only  satisfy 
the  want  after  it  has  been  stimulated  by 
quality.  The  diverse  climatic  conditions 
make  possible  not  only  the  growth  of  a 
greater  variety  of  fruits  than  is  found  in 
any  other  state,  but  also  provides  some 
locality  in  which  each  variety  attains  a 
very  high  degree  of  perfection.  The 
skilled  horticulturist  and  pomologist  have 
lent  their  aid  by  breeding  and  selecting 
types  which  are  particularly  suited  to 
canning.  The  effort  has  been  to  produce 
fruits  as  well  suited  to  canning  as  other 
sections  have  for  consumption  in  the  fresh 
state.  In  other  words,  some  varieties  of 
California  fruits  have  been  developed  as 
a  specialty  for  the  canner  and  he  is  not 
made  dependent  upon  the  surplus  of  crops 
grown  primarily  for  other  purposes. 
Herein  is  the  point  of  advantage  which 
the  local  canner  has  over  his  competi- 
tors. 

WHiile  vegetable  canning  is  not  of  the 


518 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


same  importance  as  fruit  canning",  the  noI- 
ume  is  rapidly  increasing.  Lalifornia  is 
pre-eminently  the  home  of  asparagus. 
]More  than  90  per  cent  of  the  entire  pack 
in  the  I'nited  States  is  grown  on  the- 
delta  lands  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
joacjuin  rivers.  The  conditions  of  soil 
and  climate  are  such  that  the  stalks  are 
in  ])erfect  condition  for  canning.  The 
I  Hue  Lakes  region  has  accjuired  a  reputa- 
tion for  a  superior  cpiality  of  string  Ijean 
and  the  indications  are  that  the  acreage 
will  increase  rapidly.  Santa  Ana,  while 
Y\cll  known  as  a  nut  producing  center,  is 
now  the  garden  spot  for  the  growing  of 
chilis  and  pimientos  for  canning.  A\'ith 
the  exception  of  corn,  every  vegetable  is 
grown  and  packed  in  the  State. 

A  second  essential  in  successful  canning 
is  that  the  fruits  and  vegetables  be  gotten 
into  the  cans  when  at  the  right  period  of 
development  and  soon  after  being  har- 
\ested.  Vegetables  like  asparagus,  beans 
and  peas  change  with  remarkable  rapid- 
ity in  the  young  and  tender  state.  The 
vascular  bundles  thicken  and  toughen  in 
asparagus  and  beans.  A  stalk  of  aspara- 
gus which  is  perfectly  tender  when  first 
cut  may  have  considerable  fibre  present 
in  twenty-four  hours;  beans  which  might 
be  called  stringless  when  picked  may 
have  a  considerable  proportion  of  strings 
present  after  standing  in  boxes  for  a  day. 
In  peas  there  is  a  decrease  in  sugar,  an 
increase  in  starch  and  a  toughening  of 
the  coat.  The  change  in  flavor  is  even 
more  marked  than  the  structure.  Aspara- 
gus becomes  bitter,  and  beans  and  ])eas 
lose  the  distinctive  flavor  associated  with 
the  fresh  garden  product.  The  California 
canner  has  learned  these  fa(?ts  from  ])rac- 
tical  experience.  The  very  remarkable 
results  achieved  by  Mr.  Ilickmott  wdth 
asparagus  are  due  to  taking  the  factory 
to  the  ranch  instead  of  carrying  the  prod- 
uct for  a  long  distance  to  the  cannery.  It 
may  truthfully  be  said  that  the  difference 


in  time,  three  to  four  hours  from  the  held 
to  the  can  instead  of  a  day  or  more,  has 
made  the  canned  article  a  matter  of  pref- 
erence with  connoisseurs,  even  during  the 
picking  season.  At  the  present  time  every 
packer  of  high-grade  asparagus  has  moved 
the  factory  to  the  growing  grounds,  e\en 
at  a  sacrifice  of  equipment  alread\'  in 
place  or  of  more  advantageous  labor  con- 
ditions. Canners  of  peas  and  beans  are 
now  following  the  same  practice  which 
has  proven  so  profitable  with  asparagus. 

The  cpiality  of  fruit  in  a  can  bears  a 
very  close  relation  to  the  condition  wdien 
picked.  An  apricot  picked  slightly  green 
and  permitted  to  stand  in  a  box  until  soft 
and  apparently  ripe  will  retain  some  of 
the  bitter  and  astringent  (|uality.  It  does 
not  develop  that  peculiar  and  delightful 
aroma  and  flavor  that  it  does  when 
ripened  upon  the  tree. 

If  canned  wdien  green  there  is  a  reten- 
tion of  the  green  taste,  regardless  of  the 
syrup  used.  If  canned  when  fully  ripe, 
there  is  a  preservation  of  the  luscious 
qualities.  The  same  observation  holds 
for  other  fruits.  The  actual  period  wdien 
fruit  may  be  packed  in  perfect  condition 
is  therefore  very  short.  The  advantage 
which  the  California  packer  has  is  that 
the  climatic  conditions  are  such  that  the 
ripening  period  is  prolonged  and  that  va- 
rieties have  been  developed  which  follow 
each  other  in  close  succession. 

THE    NATURAL    FLAVOR 

The  methods  of  canning  generally  fol- 
lowed are  those  which  experience  has 
demonstrated  to  be  safe.  Experiments 
conducted  during  the  past  twn:)  years  have 
shown  that  it  is  possible  to  preserve  some 
fruits  at  a  much  lower  temperature  than 
has  been  used  and  that  some  change  of 
a  \-ery  desirable  character  may  go  on 
within  the  can.  It  is  not  known  to  what 
action  these  changes  are  due,  but  it  is 
seemingly  enzymic,  as  the  flavor  has  the 


FRUIT  PRESER\^\TIOX 


519 


(luality  as  of  the  perfectly  ripened  fruit. 
The  changes  are  comparable  to  the  pro- 
duction of  the  bouquet  in  fine  wines  and 
liquors.  It  has  long  been  assumed  that 
canned  fruit  must  deteriorate  on  stand- 
ing, and  while  this  is  undoubtedly  true  for 
some  products  it  is  the  belief  that  the  op- 
posite condition  may  be  brought  about  by 
the  proper  treatment. 

California  has  added  her  quota  to  the 
new  products  offered  in  cans.  Three  re- 
cent additions  being  the  ripe  olive,  the 
chili  and  tuna.  All  of  these  products  have 
l)een   received  in   a   most   favorable   man- 


ner,  the   demand   being  in   excess  of  the 
supply,  for  the  first  and  last. 

Probably  one  of  the  most  important 
things  wdiich  the  consumer  is  learning 
about  canning  is  that  better  material  is 
used  than  is  generally  found  in  the  fresh 
market.  Instead  of  canning  the  left-over 
or  surplus  stock,  it  is  the  choice  material 
that  is  demanded.  The  removal  of  "no 
admittance"  signs  from  over  the  doors  and 
the  invitation  to  the  public  to  see  what 
goes  on  within  the  factory  is  doing  much 
toward  producing  a  proper  conception  of 
the  character  of  canned  foods. 


'*  I  ""  HOSE  who  would  make  money  from  the  soil  and  do  it  in  a  plea- 
''-  surable  manner,  should  try  ^^egetable  growing-  in  California. 
Secure  a  copy  of  Professor  E.  J.  Wickson's  volume,  "California 
Vegetables,"  and  you  will  avoid  many  costly  mistakes.  It  may  be  had 
from  our  Book  Department  at  the  price  of  $2  postpaid.  Hear  what 
the  press  says  of  it  : 

Of  great  value  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  cultivation  of  vegetables  either  for  market 
or  home  use. — IVatsouvillc  Paiaroiiiaii. 

It   should  be   in  the   hands  of  every   intelligent   and   progressive    farmer   who   believes    in 
mixed   farming. — Riverside  Press. 

A  volume  that  will  prove  of  much  value,  not  only  to  new-comers  Init  to   old   settlers. — 
San  Jose  Herald. 


No  one  intending  to  make  vegetable-growing  in  this   State  a  liusiness  should  be  without 
this  valuable  book. — J'isalia   Times. 


What  California  i\ 

Is  Doing  for  the 


World  in 


Raisins 


By  James  Madison 

Vice  President  and  Manager   California 
Associated   Raisin    Company 


Headquarters    of   the    California    Associated   Raisin 
Company,  Fresno,  Cal. 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Madison  gives  an  interesting-  account  of  Cali- 
fornia raisin  production.  This  g"reat  industry,  which  has  been  the 
chief  developing  force  in  the  heart  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and 
which  turned  back  the  tide  of  European  raisins  from  the  United 
States,  is  discussed  by  the  man  who  has  done  so  much  to  bring  the 
industry  to  its  present  phase  of  prosperity  through  effective  organi- 
zations of  the  producers  themselves.  Important  figures  are  given  of 
the  extent  of  raisin  growing,  the  chief  producing  districts,  and  the 
opportunities  which  exist  for  the  extension  of  California's  interest  in 
the  world's  raisin  trade. 


CALIFORNIA  is  a  state  of  superlatives. 
Whatever  it  earnestly  attempts,  it  leads 
in.  One  of  these  superlatives  is  California 
raisins.  The  raisin  is  one  of  the  best  and 
oldest  of  all  known  fruits.  It  is  mentioned 
in  the  Bible,  first  in  the  book  of  Numbers, 
and  later  in  the  book  of  Samuel,  thirty-five 
hundred  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  and 
one  has  only  to  read  the  references  to  it  to 
learn  that  in  these  early  days  of  human  history 
it  was  regarded  as  wholesome,  nourishing  and 
strengthening. 

During  all  the  intervening  centuries  it  has 
retained  its  hold  upon  humanity  as  an  article 
of  diet.     In  the  darkness  of  the  Middle  Ages 


from  the  fourteenth  to  the  sixteenth  centuries, 
it  was  regarded  as  an  article  of  high  com- 
mercial importance,  and  .ranked  as  one  of  the 
leading  articles  of  business  exchange. 

We  have  no  positive  knowledge  of  the  date 
when  the  raisin  first  made  its  way  into  West- 
ern Europe,  but  we  do  know  that  thousands 
of  years  ago  it  was  grown  extensively  in  the 
countries  of  the  Orient,  and  was  carried  by 
Oriental  invaders  into  Western  Europe,  finally 
resting  in  Spain,  which  afterward  became  the 
greatest  raisin  producing  country  in  the  world. 

THE  RAISIN   GRAPE   COMES  TO   CALIFORNIA 

From  Europe  the  vine  found  its  way  to 
California,  where  it  made  its  first  appearance 


;22 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


\\  In  1.    tin    \  iiics  cover  the  land  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach 

in  1S51.  having  been  introduced  by  Colonel  yards  in  that  excellent  district  were  planted 
Agostin  Haraszthy  of  San  Diego,  from  some  in  1884  to  1886.  In  1875  McPherson  Broth- 
muscatel  vines  and  seeds  of  Malaga  raisins,  ers,  at  one  time  the  largest  growers  and  packers 
In  March  of  the  following  year  he  imported  in  the  State,  planted  raisin  grapes  in  Orange 
the     Muscat    of    Alexandria    from     Malaga,  County. 

Spain.     Ten  years  later  during  a  visit  to  that  Soon  after  San  Bernardint)  and  Los  Angeles 

country  in  September,    1861,  he  selected  cut-  counties  went  into  the  raisin  vineyard  business, 

tings  of  the  Gordo  Blanco,  which  afterwards  but  the  ravages  of  the  Anaheim  disease  during 

were   grown   in   his   vineyards   in   San   Diego.  the   years    1884   to    1889   destroyed   thousands 


Consequently  he  was  the  first  man  to  introduce 
the  raisin  vine  in  California.  Another  im- 
portation of  the  Muscat  of  Alexandria  was 
made  and  planted  in  1855  near  San  Jose  by 
Mr.  A.  Delmas.  Mr.  G.  G.  Briggs  of  Davis- 
ville  also  imported  Muscatel  grapes  from 
Spain. 

The  first  public  exhibition  of  raisins  made 


of  acres,  and  led  almost  to  the  extinction  of 
the  raisin  vineyards  in  the  district,  which  is 
now  so  famous  for  its  citrus  fruit. 

THE    BEGINNING    IN    FRESNO 

In  1872  Mr.  Eisen,  while  experimenting 
with  vines,  planted  some  raisin  grapes  in 
Fresno  County,  and  in  the  third  year  he  sold 
the  raisins  rcadilv  to  a  number  of  San  Fran- 


from    Muscat    of   Alexandria   grapes   was    by      cisco   people.     Later   a   number   of   gentlemen 


Doctor  J.  Strenzel  of  Alhambra  Valley,  Contra 
Costa  County,  at  the  California  State  Fair  of 
1863.  He  also  showed  dried  grapes  of  other 
varieties  to  demonstrate  the  character  of  a 
true  raisin. 


in  that  city  bought  land  and  planted  some 
raisins.  So  in  1880  the  number  of  vineyards 
in  Fresno  County  had  reached  quite  respect- 
able proportions. 

A  Fresno  lady.  Miss  Hatch,  has  been  cred- 


In    1873   Judge   J.    W.    North,    founder   of  ited  with  being  the  first  individual  who  dried 

the  Riverside  colony,  first  planted  Muscat  of  and  packed  raisins  in  the  linited  States.    The 

Alexandria  grape  vines,  but  it  was  tliree  years  above  records  show  that  there  is  some  doubt 

later  before  the  grape  growing  in  tliat  district  as  to  whether  that  really  was   the  case,  but 

became  general.  there  is  no  question  that  she  was  the  pioneer  in 

In  El  Cajon  Valley  Mr.  R.  G.  Clark  planted  that  line  in  Fresno  County, 
raisin  vines  in  1873,  but  the. most  of  the  vine-  In  1876  Mr.  W.  S.  Chapman  imported  some 


RAISINS 


523 


of  the  best  obtainable  Muscat  vines  from 
Spain  for  the  Central  California  colony  in 
Fresno  County,  but  they  were  not  found  to 
be  any  different  from  those  already  growing 
here.  The  name  of  the  party  who  first  in- 
troduced raisins  in  California  has  not,  and 
probably  never  will  be,  satisfactorily  proven, 
but  what  is  of  chief  interest  to  us  is  the  fact 
that  California  has  taken  rank  as  the  greatest 
raisin  producing  country  in  the  world. 

The  first  considerable  raisin  vineyards  of 
the  State  were  those  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Briggs  at 
Davisville,  Yolo  County,  and  Mr.  R.  B.  Blow- 
ers of  Woodland.  Yolo  County,  the  former 
having  planted  principally  Muscats,  and  the 
latter  Muscatel  Gordo  Blanco.  After  years 
of  experimenting,  several  of  the  counties  in 
the  State  ceased  to  produce  raisins,  while 
others  are  doing  so  on  a  limited  scale. 

The  crop  of  1913  by  counties  is  estimated 
as  follows : 

PoiDtds 

Fresno    County 94.(X)0,000 

Tulare  County 25.000,000 

Kings    County 20,000,000 

Sutter  County 4,000,000 

San  Bernardino  County 3,600.000 

San  Diego  County 3,200,000 

Madera  County 2,400,000 

Yolo  County 2,000,000 

Kern    County 1,100,000 


It  is  not  definitely  known  when  raisins  were 
first  shipped  in  large  commercial  quantities, 
but  in  1875  New  York  recorded  that  up  to 
November  1,  6000  twenty-two-pound  boxes  of 
California  raisins  had  been  received.  In  1888 
Fresno  County  appears  to  have  shipped  its 
first  considerable  quantity.  In  1887  market 
reports  stated  that  "Fresno  raisins  of  excel- 
lent ciuality  are  now  on  the  market,  especially 
from  the  Forsyth  and  Butler  vineyards."  That 
was  in  the  days  antecedent  to  the  coming  of 
the  packers.  The  farmers  at  that  time  did 
their  own  packing. 

The  varieties  of  raisin  grapes  are  few  in 
number.  The  A\'hite  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 
and  the  Muscatel  Gordo  Blanco  fill  first 
places  :  Malagas  and  Faherzagos  are  used  to 
a  small  extent.  The  seedless  varieties  are  the 
Sultana,  which  is  grown  extensively  in 
Smyrna,  in  Asia  Minor,  and  which  was  first 
brought  by  Colonel  Haraszthy  to  California 
in  1861,  and  the  Thompson  Seedless,  so  named 
by  the  Sutter  County  Horticultural  Society 
after  Mr.  \\\  Thompson,  who  procured  the 
cuttings  from  Elwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester, 
N.  Y.  For  years  a  halo  of  mystery  as  to 
its  origin  hung  over  this  splendid  vine,  but 
the  pomological  experts  in  Washington  claim 
it  to  be  the  Sultanina  Blanco,  originally  a  na- 


Irrigatiiig   young  grape   vines   at   nurseries    in    Fresno   County 


U4 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZIXE 


tive  of  China,  and  known  to  have  flourished 
there  2000  years  ago.  Mr.  Blowers  of  Yolo 
County  also  introduced  a  pink  variety  of  the 
same  grape  on  his  ranch  in  Fresno  County, 
which  was  also  known  as  the  Sultanina  Rosea. 
In  the  earlier  period  of  raisin  history  in 
California,  San  Bernardino,  which  then  in- 
cluded what  is  now  Riverside  County,  pro- 
duced the  largest  quantity  of  raisins.  In  the 
first  si.x  years  the  progress  of  raisin  ])roduc- 
tion  was  slow,  but  later  the  growth  of  the 
industry  was  phenomenal.  In  1879  the  crop 
first  exceeded  1,000,000  pounds.  In  1885  it 
had  grown  to  9,000,000  pounds  and  in  1886 
to  14,000,000  pounds,  and  it  contiimed  to  in- 
crease yearly  until  it  has  now  reached  the 
enormous  total  of  180,000,000  pounds. 

FOREIGN    TRADE    IN    RAISINS 

It  is  interesting  to  note  how  the  importa- 
tions of  raisins  have  decreased  with  the  in- 
crease of  our  home  crop.  In  1873  we  produced 
about  100,000.000  pounds,  and  imported  over 
35,000,000  pounds.  In  1884  we  imported 
nearly  54,000,000  pounds.  Fifteen  years  later 
our  importation  had  dropped  down  to  a  little 
over  6,000,000  i)ounds.  Our  export  is  corre- 
spondingly increased.  In  1898  we  exported 
3,000,000  pounds,  and  in  I'HO  over  8,000,000 
pounds. 

Canada  is  our  best  foreign  customer  for 
raisins;  New  Zealand  comes  next,  followed  by 
Mexico  and  Japan. 

Great  Britain  is  tlie  most  extensive  con- 
sumer of  raisins  in  the  world,  but  buys  very 
few  from  us  because  of  the  close  proximity  of 
Spain,  and  the  lower  i>rices  at  which  they  can 
buv  the  Spanish  product. 

growers'  rffori's  at  marketing 

Many  plans  have  from  time  to  time  been 
tried  to  market  the  raisin  ])roduct  at  a  living 
price  to  the  producer.  (  )ne  reasonably  suc- 
cessful plan  was  under  the  leadersliip  of 
Mr.  M.  Theo.  Kearney  about  1895.  Shortly 
after  the  falling  to  pieces  of  bis  organization, 
raisins  were  known  to  be  sold  lor  as  low  as 
3/4  cent  per  i)ound,  cheai)er  than  potatoes,  and 
at  that  time  a  great  many  acres  of  vines  were 
pulled  uyi  and  the  ground  planted  to 
other  uses. 


Another  attempt  was  made  in  1905  to  or- 
ganize the  growers,  but  owing  to  a  prejudice 
among  them  against  co-operation,  only  38,000 
acres  signed  up,  and  therefore  in  May,  1906, 
it  was  again  dissolved. 

In  the  spring  of  1913  the  California  As- 
sociated Raisin  Cominuiy  was  formed  more  on 
commercial  lines.  The  raisin  growers  have 
paid  into  llie  corporation  $1,000,000  for  the 
purpose  of  financing  and  handling  tlieir  crops, 
and  the  Associated  Raisin  Company  has  con- 
tracts with  more  than  6000  growers,  more 
than  'M)  per  cent  of  the  output  from  the  State. 
.Absolute  necessity  compelled  the  growers  for 
their  own  protection  to  form  this  association, 
as  e\-erv  raisin  grower  wln)  had  no  otlier  means 
would  have  gone  bankrupt  or  gone  out  of  the 
raisin  business  if  something  had  not  been 
done.  A  product  that  under  the  management 
of  the  Associated  Raisin  Company  will  bring 
to  the  State  from  $8,000,000  to  $10,000,000 
annually  should  be  taken  care  of.  whereas 
formerly  it  would  only  bring  half  of  that  sum. 
and  all  of  this  can  be  done  without  making 
raisins  cost  the  consumer  one  penny  more,  and 
give  the  growers  a  price  that  will  pay  interest 
on  a  reasonable  valuation  of  his  vineyard  and 
comj^ensate  him  for  his  risk  and  labor. 
production  of  seeded  raisins 
A  great  change  in  the  raisin  industry  took 
place  in  the  late  '90's.  In  1896  the  seeding 
of  raisins  was  taken  up  in  a  commercial  way. 
It  has  been  known  for  twenty  years  prior  to 
that  time  that  the  seed  could  be  removed  from 
the  raisin  by  machinery,  but  it  had  never  been 
])ut  into  anv  practical  use.  .\t  that  time 
Colonel  Forsvth  of  Fresno  began  making  com- 
mercial use  of  machinery  to  remove  the  seed 
from  raisins,  and  some  600  or  "00  tons  were 
placed  on  the  market.  Tliat  has  gradually  in- 
creased annually,  until  in  the  year  1912  over 
40.000  tons  were  sold  in  that  condition,  and 
from  the  last  season's  crop  it  will  ])ractically 
be  about  the  same  amount. 

riie  raisin  industry  in  California  has  im- 
mense possibilities,  especially  for  the  counties 
suitable  for  that  business. 

Great  Britain  and  modern  Furope  use  about 
five   pounds   per   capita.     The    United   States, 


RAISINS 


525 


with  perhaps  100,090,000  people,  consumes 
less  than  one  and  a  half  pounds  per  capita. 
\Vith  a  consumption  brought  up  in  this  country 
to  equal  Great  Britain  you  can  easily  see  the 
possibility  for  the  California  vineyardist  and 
the  acreage  that  could  be  planted  to  vines. 

FOOD   VALUE   OF   THE   RAISIN 

The  value  of  the  raisin  as  an  article  of 
diet  can  not  be  too  strongly  impressed  upon 
the  people.  There  is  no  other  food  which 
contains  the  same  concentrated  strength  and 
nourishment. 

One  high  authority  says,  "The  food  value 
of  the  raisin  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
fruit  in  popular  consumption."  Its  superior 
nutritive  quality  is  due  to  the  large  amount 
of  sugar,  gluten,  mineral  salts,  and  fruit  acids, 
together  with  a  lesser  quantitv  of  water  than 
usual  in  fruits.  Grape  sugar  is  the  chief  nutri- 
tive constituent.  The  particular  advantage 
which  grape  sugar  possesses  over  all  other 
types  of  sugar  is  the  ease  of  its  assimilation. 

Probably  one  of  the  most  important  bulle- 
tins ever  issued  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Bulletin  142,  gives  the  comparative 
food  value  of  raisins  against  other  foods,  as 
follows : 

One  pounds  of  raisins  represents  a  food 
value  equal  to  each  of  the  following : 

Six  pounds  of  apples  ; 

Five  pounds  of  bananas  ; 

Four  and  three-quarters  pounds  of  potatoes  ; 

One  pound  of  bread; 

Four  pounds  of  milk  ; 

Four  and  three-quarters  pounds  of  fish  (edi- 
ble portion)  ; 

Two  pounds  of  eggs ; 

One  and  one-third  pounds  of  beef. 

An  important  medicinal  value  of  raisins  is 
tlieir  laxative  eflfect. 

An  eminent  medical  authority  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  London,  Doctor  Josiah 
Oldfield,  states:  "I  put  raisins  as  the  first  of 
all  fruits  that  I  know  ;  thev  are  far  superior 
to  grapes,  because  the  sugar  has  thoroughly 
matured  and  ripened,  and  transformed  ready 
for  digestion." 

Another  eminent  English  authoritv.  Sir  Wil- 


liam Gull,  in  giving  his  evidence  before  a 
royal  commission  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
stated:  "After  a  hard  day's  work  I  get  more 
strength  from  eating  a  few  raisins  than  I 
would  from  drinking  a  glass  of  wine." 

Mr.  Elbert  Hubbard  has  written:  "The  ex- 
treme prices  of  meat  and  bread  stuffs  are  giv- 
ing California  raisins  their  innings.  The 
raisin  is  the  finest  fruit  that  I  know  of.  It 
can  not  be  adulterated.  Your  children  will 
find  raisins  a  natural,  heaven-prepared  food." 

An  eminent  American  physician,  Doctor 
George  Still,  has  this  to  say :  "Raisins  never 
caused  appendicitis,  but  the  lack  of  them  may." 

RAISINS    IN     STATE    DEVELOPMENT 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  know  the  interest  that 
the  whole  State — yes,  the  whole  United  States 
— took  in  Raisin  Day.  That  is  the  beginning 
of  an  advertising  campaign  that  the  California 
Associated  Raisin  Company  contemplates  be- 
ginning for  the  purpose  of  increasing  consump- 
tion of  this,  our  beautiful  product,  so  that  we 
may  find  a  more  ready  market  for  all  we  now 
produce. 

From  $8,000,000  to  $10,000,000  per  annum 
is  brought  into  the  State  of  California,  real 
new  money — money  brought  out  of  the  earth 
by  the  raisin  grower.  That  is  the  class  of 
money  that  increases  wealth.  Most  of  the  busi- 
ness transactions  are  matters  of  exchange  of 
one  to  the  other  and  do  not  particularly  in- 
crease the  wealth  of  a  community,  but  money 
like  this  raisin  money  is  divided  up  and  even- 
tually every  person  within  the  State  gets  an 
indirect  benefit  from  it.  In  the  packing  season 
we  employ  over  4000  people  and  our  pay  roll 
is  over  $50,000  per  week. 

The  vineyards  of  California  have  been  from 
an  advertising  standpoint,  one  of  the  strongest 
and  most  inducing  and  convincing  evidences 
that  have  ever  been  sent  out  to  the  world  of 
our  beautiful  climate  and  of  the  productiveness 
of  the  soil  in  the  State  of  California,  and  that 
is  an  asset  of  incalculable  value. 

The  acreage  planted  in  raisin  grapes  in 
California  in  1914  is  estimated  at  120,000 
acres.  The  annual  crop  ranges  from  180,- 
000,000  to  200,000,000  pounds. 


The  Grape  /;/  California 


By  E.  M.  Sheehan 


Member  and  Secretarx  California  State  Baard  of   ]'iticultiiral  Coniniissiiniers 

Editor's  Xotc:  The  im])ortance  of  the  grape  in  Cahfornia  is 
graphicaHy  shown  in  Mr.  Sheehan's  article,  which  is  largely  statistical 
and,  hy  striking  facts  and  figures,  indicates  the  extent  to  which  the 
industries  dependent  upon  the  fruit  of  the  vine  have  been  carried.  As 
secretary  of  the  State  commission  which  must  care  for  the  problems 
of  the  grape  men,  Mr.  Sheehan  is  in  a  position  to  speak  authoritatively 
ui)on  the  subject. 


EXCELLING  in  cjuality  as  well  as  quan- 
tity of  product,  California  is  today  sup- 
plying the  United  States  with  the  bulk  of 
raisins,  wine,  and  table  grapes  consumed,  as 
well  as  shipping  great  cjuantities  of  vineyard 
products  to  other  parts  of  the  world.  It  is 
therefore  not  surprising  that  it  has  gained  the 
reputation  of  being  the  mart  of  the  North 
American  continent  for  this  variety  of  output. 

It  mav  not  be  amiss  to  commence  this 
pa})er  with  the  somewhat  startling  state- 
ment that  the  viticultural  industry  in  Cali- 
fornia represents  an  investment  of  $150,- 
000,000. 

More  than  half  the  entire  acreage  of  vine- 
yards in  the  State  is  planted  to  wine  grapes. 
The  best  estimates  place  the  total  area  at 
170,000  acres.  The  total  dry  wine  production 
in  1913  Avas  25,000,000  gallons.  To  produce 
this  quantity  about  180,000  tons  of  grapes 
were  required,  and  the  wineries  paid  to  the 
growers  for  this  tonnage  prices  ranging  from 
$10  per  ton,  as  a  minimum  in  sweet  wine  sec- 
tions, to  $27.50  per  ton  in  dry  wine  districts 
in  the  coast  counties.  Sweet  wine  grape  prices 
are  mentioned  in  this  connection  because  some 
of  the  districts  produce  also  a  large  gallonage 
of  dry  wine. 

The  production  of  sweet  wine  was  17,- 
134,988  gallons,  requiring  the  use  of  212,937 
tons  of  grapes.  The  price  paid  to  the  growers 
ranged  from  a  minimum  of  $10  per  ton,  on 
contracts,  to  $16  per  ton  for  choice  varieties. 


The  brandy  produced  and  placed  in  bonded 
warehouses  for  the  1913  season  was  1,544,245 
gallons.  To  produce  this  amount  51,475  tons 
of  grapes  must  necessarily  be  used,  and  these 
brandy  grapes  w^ere  paid  for  at  an  average 
y)rice  of  $10  per  ton. 

It  is  estimated,  therefore,  that  there  was 
paid  to  growers  during  1913  for  grapes  de- 
livered to  the  wineries  over  $6,000,000.  This 
raw  material  made  into  wine  at  the  700 
wineries  in  the  State,  aged  and  marketed,  rep- 
resents a  commercial  value  at  the  present 
market  selling  prices  of  close  to  $15,000,000. 

There  were  6363  carloads  of  table  grapes 
shipped  out  of  California  during  the  fall  of 
1913,  and  1000  carloads  either  consumed  in 
the  State  or  forwarded  in  less  than  carload 
lots  by  exjjress  shipments  to  various  sections. 
The  average  net  weight  of  table  grapes  in  a 
carload  is  26,000  pounds.  Therefore,  there 
were  191,438,000  pounds  of  table  grapes  sold 
as  such  commodity  by  California  vineyardists 
during  the  last  vintage  season.  The  fruit  ship- 
ping companies  of  the  State  are  authorities 
for  the  statement  that  the  average  gross  price 
realized  for  the  sale  of  a  car  of  table  grapes 
was  $1250,  making  the  gross  sale  of  table 
grapes  amount  to  $9,203,750.  Deducting 
freight,  refrigeration,  and  commission  for  sell- 
ing, it  is  estimated  that  the  grower  received 
for  his  ])acked  grapes  at  the  shipping  point 


GRAPES  AND  WINES 


527 


in  California  $950  per  car,  or  $6,994,850. 
The  money  value  of  the  crop  is  represented 
by  table  grape,  raisin  grape,  and  wine  prices 
during  the  season.  Ninety  per  cent  of  the 
entire  crop  is  sold  outside  of  California,  and 
the  value  all  told  of  the  above  three  commod- 
ities is  close  to  $30,000,000.  Of  this  amount, 
$27,000,000  of  outside  money  came  into  Cali- 
fornia on  account  of  its  table,  raisin,  and  wine 
grape  crop  of  1913.  The  estimated  total 
pounds  of  fresh  grapes  produced  in  California 
in  1913  is  1,800,000,000,  or  900,000  tons. 

In  California  there  are  330,000  acres  of 
land  on  which  grape  vines  are  growing; 
170,000  of  these  acres  are  planted  to  wine 
grapes,  110,000  to  raisin  grapes,  and  50,000 
acres  to  table  grapes.  At  $200  per  acre,  these 
vineyards  represent  a  valuation  of  $66,000,000. 
Some  of  the  vineyards  might  be  bought  for 
less  than  $200  per  acre,  but  many  of  them 
could  not  be  purchased  for  $500  per  acre,  so 
$200  is  considered  a  conservative  average  valu- 
ation. Packing  houses,  equipment  and  some 
700  wineries  throughout  California  represent 
enough  additional  valuation  to  bring  the  total 
viticultural  investment  to  $150,000,000  as 
stated  in  the  beginning. 

The  following  are  members  of  the  State 
Board  of  Viticultural  Commissioners :  Mr. 
C.  J.  Wetmore,  of  San  Francisco;  Mr.  H.  F. 
Stoll,  of  San  Francisco ;  Mr.  Paul  Masson, 
of  San  Jose ;  Mr.  Sheridan  Peterson,  of  Santa 
Rosa;  Mr.  Frank  T.  Swett,  of  Martinez; 
Mr.  C.  E.  Bundschu,  of  San  Francisco ;  Mr. 
Secondo  Guasti,  of  Los  Angeles;  Mr.  J.  E. 
Beach,  of  Fair  Oaks,  and  Mr.  W.  M.  Giflfen, 
of  Fresno. 

The  act  of  the  legislature  which  created 
this  board  carried  with  it  an  appropriation  of 
$7500  per  year,  but  the  sum  has  been  found 
inadequate  to  do  the  work  outlined  by  the 
board  of  commissioners.  To  as  great  an  ex- 
tent as  it  might  go  with  the  funds  at  its  com- 
mand, the  commission  endeavored  to  know 
each  individual  grower  of  grapes,  his  acreage 
in  vines,  his  varieties  and  other  details  re- 
garding his  vineyard  holding.  There  are 
thousands  of  these  vineyardists  in  the  State, 


and  it  has  been  a  never  ceasing  task  on  the 
part  of  the  viticultural  office  to  collect  this 
important  data.  Returns  are  complete  from 
some  sections  of  California,  but  in  other  sec- 
tions the  checking  work  is  still  going  on,  and 
in  many  parts  a  special  representative  was 
sent  into  the  field  to  meet  the  growers  and 
obtain  data  from  first  hands.  The  mails  are 
used  every  day  from  the  office  of  the  com- 
mission in  the  State  Capitol  Building,  Sac- 
ramento, in  the  endeavor  to  bring  the  desired 
information  from  the  growers,  and  before 
very  long  there  will  be  in  the  possession  of 
the  viticultural  commission  a  very  valuable 
roster  from  which  the  work  of  the  commission 
may  be  directed  with  greatest  accuracy. 

One  of  the  most  effective  accomplishments 
of  the  commission  has  been  the  standardi- 
zation of  table  grapes.  This  was  accomplished 
in  a  very  successful  manner  during  the  past 
vintage  with  the  assistance  of  the  fruit  pack- 
ing companies  throughout  California,  and  to 
verv  great  extent  the  growers  of  grapes. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  Eastern  marketers 
of  our  California  table  grapes  were  made 
aware  of  the  efforts  here,  and  the  Western 
Fruit  Jobbers'  Association  in  convention  in 
February,  1914,  in  Kansas  City,  applauded 
by  resolution  the  efforts  of  the  commission 
and  advised  that  every  handler  of  California 
table  grapes  should  use  his  influence  to  bring 
about  the  desired  result  in  the  standardization 
of  our  Tokay,  Malaga,  and  Muscat  table 
grapes. 

The  general  source  of  trouble  came  from 
the  shipping  of  the  early  varieties  of  table 
grapes.  From  almost  every  section,  we  found 
growers  anxious  to  put  their  grapes  into  the 
Eastern  market  early,  regardless  of  their  sugar 
content.  This  practice  demoralized  the  East- 
ern markets  because  of  the  bad  impression 
created  by  early  unripe  grapes.  Shippers  who 
followed  these  early  exports  with  better  grapes 
and  better  sugar  content  found  their  product 
almost  refused  because  of  skepticism  of  the 
consumer  brought  about  by  the  bitter  expe- 
rience with  the  first  shipments  of  unripe 
grapes. 


528 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


An  unsuccessful  effort  was  made  recently 
by  the  viticultural  commission  in  behalf  of 
the  wine  people  of  the  State  to  get  their  prod- 
uct into  Canada  on  a  competitive  basis  as  far 
as  custom  duties  are  concerned  with  the 
French  wines.  The  subject  was  placed  before 
the  Department  of  State,  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  and  no  satisfaction  was  obtained  be- 
cause of  the  fact  that  the  French  and  Cana- 
dian governments  have  a  reciprocity  agree- 
ment which  gives  the  better  of  trade  to  the 
French  exportations  of  wine  to  Canada. 
Later  on  we  may  be  able  to  remedy  the  ex- 
isting conditions. 

At  the  present  time  the  commission  is 
greatly  concerned  about  the  table  grape  situa- 
tion in  California,  and  is  endeavoring  to  re- 
lieve the  volume  of  what  appears  to  be  an 
over  production  of  table  grapes  in  the  State. 
It  has  been  learned  that  Spain  sends  to  the 
United  States  for  winter  marketing  each  year 
nearly  750,000  kegs,  or  drums,  of  Almeria 
table  grapes  packed  in  cork  dust.  These 
grapes  from  Spain  have  found  a  ready  market 
all  through  the  Eastern  section  of  the  country 
in  the  winter  season,  and  have  arrived  here 
in  a  very  good  state  of  preservation.  The 
prices  realized  have  been  entirely  satisfactory, 
and  we  have  thought  if  we  could  lay  aside  a 
certain  proportion  of  our  table  grapes  each 
vintage  season  for  marketing  in  the  East 
throughout  the  winter  and  spring  months  we 
would  relieve  the  situation  in  this  State. 

The  experiment  was  tried  last  year  in  Cali- 
fornia to  a  very  practical  extent,  and  our  best 
information  is  that  there  were  packed  here 
during  the  vintage  season  just  passed  between 
150,000  and  200,000  kegs,  or  drums,  of  Em- 
peror grapes.  There  was  some  packing  also  of 
our  Tokays.  We  do  not  have  the  cork  dust 
to  use  as  a  preservative,  but  we  substituted 
kiln-dried  redwood  sawdust  and  we  packed  our 
grapes  into  this  material  in  spruce  kegs  and 
veneered  drums.  The  actual  weight  in  a  keg, 
or  drum,  was  about  thirty  pounds,  and  the 
cost  of  the  drum,  the  sawdust,  and  the  pack- 
ing was  85  cents.  Reports  from  the  firms  in 
California  that  tried  the  experiment  exten- 
sively indicate  that  these  grapes  brought  $2.25 


f.  o.  b.  California.  If  the  cost  of  packing  were 
85  cents  per  drum,  the  net  figure  to  the  grower 
for  thirty  pounds  of  grapes  would  be  $1.40, 
which  is  a  very  satisfactory  price. 

The  0{)inion  of  the  members  of  the  viti- 
cultural commission  is  that  Tokay  grapes  may 
be  taken  care  of  in  this  way  if  they  are  picked 
and  packed  at  the  proper  time.  In  an  aver- 
age year,  the  Tokays  should  be  gathered  be- 
tween September  10  and  15,  just  before  they 
reach  the  time  of  maturity. 

It  is  probable  that  the  Panama  Canal  will 
be  used  in  the  forwarding  of  these  packed 
grapes.  Unfortunately,  the  past  season  a  few 
Tokays  shipped  in  that  way  did  not  arrive  in 
New  York  in  prime  condition  because  of  an 
unexpected  delay  caused  by  a  slide  in  the 
canal  at  the  very  time  the  ship  bearing  these 
grapes  was  about  to  enter. 

Another  year  may  bring  about  some  radical 
changes  in  the  method  of  drying  and  packing 
these  table  grapes  before  they  are  forwarded 
from  this  State.  One  authority  indicates  to 
us  that  much  may  be  accomplished  toward 
the  preservation  of  the  grapes  for  several 
months  by  the  use  of  alcohol  fumes ;  the  idea 
being  to  first  place  the  grapes  in  a  room,  or 
a  large  air  tight  box,  and  then  allow  a  certain 
quantity  of  alcohol  to  evaporate  within  the 
room,  or  box. 

Another  concern  much  interested  in  this 
method  of  marketing  is  going  to  suggest  a 
lighter  package,  or  drum,  so  that  some  freight 
may  be  saved.  It  is  claimed  that  if  a  paper 
drum  were  used  and  made  air  tight,  but  dur- 
able, less  sawdust  would  have  to  be  used,  and 
we  would  be  able  to  put  six  pounds  more  of 
grapes  in  the  same  size  package.  All  of  these 
things  will  be  worked  out  another  year,  and 
the  table  grape  growers  should  be  optimistic 
about  the  ultimate  results,  for  something  surely 
will  be  accomplished  in  their  behalf. 

The  raisin  branch  of  the  industry  was  never 
in  better  condition  than  during  the  last  three 
years.  The  Raisin  Exchange,  with  headquar- 
ters at  Fresno,  has  proven  an  active  and 
successful  marketing  organization  that  has 
brought  profit  to  those  who  entrusted  their 
production  to  the  exchange. 


The  California  Sugar 

Industry 

By  Robert  T.  Oxnard 

Vice  President  American  Beet  Sugar  Company  of  San  Francisco 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Robert  Oxnard  has  for  many  years  occupied 
a  leading-  place  among-  those  who  have  brought  capital  and  effort  to 
the  development  of  the  sugar  industry  of  California.  One  of  the  most 
wide-awake  and  thriving  towns  of  Southern  California  bears  his 
family  name.  It  is  a  by-product  of  the  sugar  industry  of  A/^entura 
County,  although  it  has  many  other  resources,  also.  Mr.  Oxnard 
discusses  interestingly  the  discovery  and  development  of  the  beet  as 
a  source  of  sugar.  He  discusses,  also,  the  adaptability  of  California 
to  the  industry  and  shows  that  California  could,  by  using  only  a 
fraction  of  her  suitable  land,  produce  all  the  sugar  consumed  in  the 
United  States. 


SUGAR  in  its  different  forms  belongs 
to  the  carbohydrate  group  of  food 
products,  as  does  also  starch,  and  together 
they  form  the  most  nutritive  element  in 
vegetable  products. 

The  word  sugar  however,  is  usually 
used  to  describe  "sucrose"  or  "sacchar- 
ose'' which  is  derived  principally  from 
the  sugar  cane  and  the  sugar  beet,  but  is 
also  found  in  a  few  products  of  secondary 
importance,  such  as  the  maple  tree,  sor- 
ghum, dates,  corn  stover  and  others.  Scien- 
tificially  however,  the  word  also  includes 
glucose,  which  is  the  sweetening  element 
found  in  almost  all  fruits  and  vegetables. 
Honey  also  belongs  to  the  glucose  group. 
Lactose,  as  the  name  implies,  is  the  sugar 
of  milk. 

The  different  starches  also  can,  by 
chemical  treatment  be  transformed  into 
glucose,  and  a  large  industry  has  been 
built  up  along  this  line,  while  sucrose  is 


also  transformed  by  acids  into  glucose. 
It  is  in  the  form  of  glucose  that  all  sugars 
are  assimilated  by  man  and  beast.  It  is 
therefore  necessary  that  in  the  prelimin- 
ary processes  of  nutrition,  both  sucrose 
and  starch  shall  be  changed  to  glucose, 
before  they  can  be  assimilated  by  the 
body.  Of  all  staple  food  products  sugai 
passes  into  the  circulation  and  is  trans- 
formed into  energy  the  most  quickly.  As 
an  example  of  this,  the  so-called  "raids"" 
or  long  distant  races  conducted  for  the 
cavalry  by  the  different  European  armies, 
and  which  extend  over  distances  of  sev- 
eral hundred  miles,  have  always  been 
won  by  horses  trained  to  drink  sugar  and 
water  during  the  journey  so  that  they 
could  be  supplied  with  immediately  avail- 
able food  and  stimulant. 

SOURCES  OF  SUGAR 

The  use  of  sugar  from  the  sugar  cane 
in  Europe  dates  back  to  the  middle  ages 


530 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


when  it  was  intrculuced  from  Asia,  but 
the  discovery  that  the  same  element  of 
sucrose  was  found  in  beets  was  only 
made  in  the  eighteenth  century  by  the 
German  chemist  MargrafT. 

I  will  note  in  passing  that  at  that  time 
the  sugar  beet  only  contained  5%  of 
sucrose,  while  in  1913  the  factory  of  the 
American  Beet  Sugar  Company  in  Ven- 
tura County,  California,  manufactured 
250.000  tons  of  beets  that  averaged  20% 
of  sugar.  This  metamorphosis,  for  it  can 
hardly  be  called  anything  else,  of  the 
sugar  beet  by  selection,  is  one  of  the 
great  triumphs  of  applied  science  in  the 
industrial  world. 

The  same  scientific  effort  has  not  been 
as  yet  applied  to  the  sugar  cane,  which  is 
today  substantially  what  it  always  has 
been. 

RISE  OF   THE   BEET  SL'GAR   INDUS  IRV 

The  discovery  of  beet  sugar  remained 
for  some  time  hardly  more  than  a  curious 
scientific  fact.  Outside  of  a  few  experi- 
mental endeavors  the  sugar  producing 
possibilities  of  this  new  plant  were 
neglected  until  necessity  forced  Napoleon 
to  utilize  them.  During  his  long  wars 
with  the  rest  of  the  European  nations, 
and  particularly  with  England,  which 
controlled  the  sea,  France  was  deprived 
of  sugar  through  its  inability  to  import 
it  from  the  West  Indies,  then  the  principal 
source  of  supplies.  It  is  a  tribute  to  the 
value  of  sugar  in  the  field  of  nutrition, 
that  this  was  a  great  hardship  to  the 
French  people.  Napoleon  by  the  offer 
of  extraordinary  inducements  obtained  a 
comparatively  rapid  development  of  sugar 
production  in  France  froni  the  beet. 

With  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  cane  sugar 
again  formed  the  ])rincipal  source  of  sup- 
ply and  beet  sugar  manufacture  received 
a  serious  set  back. 

Still  the  gradual  improvement  of  the 
quality  of  the  beet  enabled  it  to  struggle 
along  in  France,  its  original  hone,  from 


which  it  spread  slowly  to  the  other  con- 
tinental countries. 

After  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  Ger- 
many progressed  rapidly  along  the  path 
opened  by  France,  and  soon  took  the  lead 
in  beet  sugar  production,  which  it  holds 
to  this  day. 

AGRICL'I.rURAI.    IMPORIANCE   OF    BEET 
c;  ROW  I  NO 

If  some  Agricultural  Edison  had  pro- 
claimed to  the  world  at  that  time  that  he 
had  made  a  discovery  which  would  make 
two  blades  of  grass  grow  where  one  grew 
before,  no  reward  in  honor  and  riches 
would  have  been  considered  too  great  for 
him. 

This  however,  is  the  discovery  that  was 
made,  not  at  once,  but  gradually,  by  the 
scientific  agriculturists  of  Europe.  It  was 
accomplished  by  that  humble  vegetable, 
the  sugar  beet. 

It  was  found  that  the  introduction  into 
the  agricultural  rotation  of  the  continent 
of  Europe  of  a  hoed  root  crop  about  one 
year  in  four  had  unlocked  the  stores  of 
fertility  hitherto  lying  unavailable  and 
dormant.  The  intensive  and  deep  culti- 
vation required  by  beet  culture,  and  the 
net  work  of  fibrous  rootlets  left  in  the 
ground  by  40,000  beets  to  an  acre,  sup- 
plied nourishment  in  available  form  to  the 
following  crop  in  the  rotation,  and  also 
left  the  ground  honeycombed  with  minute 
channels  for  the  circulation  of  water  and 
air  in  the  soil. 

It  is  a  fact  that  there  is.  strictly  speak- 
ing, no  such  thing  as  a  worn  out  soil. 
Soils  that  fail  to  give  crops  in  paying 
quantities  may  still  contain  enough  nitro- 
gen for  fifty  crops;  enough  phosphoric 
acid  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  crops ;  and, 
in  California,  enough  i)otash  for  five  hun- 
dred crops.  The  dift'erence  between  the 
fertile  and  the  unfertile  soil  is  partly  that 
in  the  latter  the  plant  food  is  not  in  avail- 
able form.  It  is  this  function  of  making 
the  plant  food  in  the  soil  available  for 
the    next   crop   that   is    performed   in    an 


FOOD  MANUFACTURING 


531 


eminent  degree  by  a  root  crop  in  the  agri- 
cultural rotation. 

In  1870,  when  Germany  began  to  grow 
sugar  beets  actively,  her  yield  of  wheat 
was  about  seventeen  bushels  to  the  acre, 
the  same  as  it  produced  by  the  so-called 
virgin  lands  of  the  United  States.  Today 
Germany  has  doubled  her  yield  of  cereals, 
while  we  have  stood  still,  except  where 
beet  culture  has  been  introduced. 

\Mien  this  agricultural  phenomenon  be- 
came evident  to  the  scientific  agronomists 
and  political  economists  of  the  old  world, 
they  forced  the  production  of  beet  sugar, 
for  its  collateral  advantages,  until  the 
supply  overrunning  the  demand  brought 
on  a  crisis  and  prices  of  sugar  fell  to  an 
unremunerative  level.  To  prevent  any 
backward  step,  the  several  governments 
I)egan  to  give  bounties  to  their  sugar  pro- 
ducers, with  the  result  that  the  production 
of  beet  sugar  soon  passed  that  of  cane  in 
the  world,  and  cane  producing  countries 
were  driven  to  the  brink  of  ruin. 

WHY    ENGLAND    DID    NOT   TAKE    TO    THE 
SUGAR   BEET 

The  only  highly  civilized  government 
of  Europe  that  did  not  attempt  to  develop 
beet  sugar  production  was  that  of  Eng- 
land. This,  partly  owing  to  her  devotion 
to  free  trade ;  also  because,  climatically, 
it  is  very  problematical  if  the  industry 
can  be  successfully  established  there ;  and 
again,  because  the  turnip  crop  takes  the 
place  of  the  beet  root  in  her  agricultural 
rotation. 

England  therefore  became  the  dumping 
ground  for  the  surplus  production  of  other 
European  countries.  The  benefit  that  she 
derived  was,  that  her  people  had  cheap 
sugar  and  that  certain  industries  using 
sugar  as  a  raw  material,  such  as  the  mak- 
ing of  jellies  and  jams,  prospered. 

As  against  this,  her  sugar  refining  in- 
dustry was  very  seriously  crippled,  and 
her  cane  sugar  producing  colonies  were 
brought  to  the  verge  of  ruin.  Their  in- 
habitants applied  to  England  the  term  of 
"the  stepmother  country." 


Largely  as  a  result  of  this  latter  situa- 
tion, England  decided  to  take  steps  to- 
ward the  abolishment  of  bounties  in  Con- 
tiental  Europe  by  threatening  to  refuse 
to  import  bounty-fed  sugars. 

As  by  this  time  the  farmers  of  Conti- 
nental Europe  has  thoroughly  recognized 
the  indirect  advantages  of  beet  culture, 
and  sufficiently  to  prevent  the  decline  of 
the  industry  ;  and  as  on  the  other  hand  the 
Continental  governments  were  glad  to  be 
relieved  of  the  financial  strain  caused  by 
the  bounties,  the  so-called  "Brussels  Con- 
ference" established  an  agreement,  in 
which  England  and  all  the  principal  sugar 
producing  countries  of  the  continent,  ex- 
cept Russia,  participated,  this  resulted  in 
the  abolition  of  the  bounties,  while  leav- 
ing to  the  industry  of  each  country  a 
measure  of  protection  by  tariff  duties 
against  all  others. 

THE     BEET     SUGAR     INDUSTRY     IN     THE 
UNITED    STATES 

So  much  for  the  sugar  industry  of  the 
old  world.  Coming  now  to  the  United 
States,  and  leaving  aside  its  cane  sugar 
industry,  as  not  germane  to  this  article, 
it  is  enough  to  say  that  a  few  attempts 
were  made  from  time  to  time  in  the  last 
century  from  Maine  to  California  in  the 
production  of  beet  sugar.  They  were  uni- 
formly unsuccessful,  except  in  California 
at  Alvarado,  where  the  tenacity  and 
ability  of  Mr.  E.  H.  Dyer  enabled  him 
to  eke  out  a  precarious  existence  for  his 
small  sugar  factory,  until  the  tide  turned. 
The  industry  that  he  had  established  at 
Alvarado  finally  prospered  and  grew  until 
1913  when  it  succumbed  to  the  efifect  of  a 
reduction  of  the  sugar  tarifif,  and  the 
added  demoralization  produced  by  the  im- 
pending shadow  of  free  sugar  in  1916. 

The  turn  of  the  tide  in  beet  sugar  pro- 
duction in  the  Ignited  States,  spoken  of 
above,  came  in  1889,  when  owing  to  the 
gradual  improvement  of  the  quality  of  the 
sugar  beet  accomplished  in  Europe  and 
already  referred  to ;  and  further,  to  the 
improvement  made  in  the  processes  of  ex- 


S2>2 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


traction  and  manufacture,  American 
capital  became  interested  and  two  new 
enterprises  were  started  at  Grand  Island, 
Nebraska,  and  at  W'atsonville,  California. 
The  result  was  sufficiently  encouraging 
to  induce  at  once  further  ventures  at  Nor- 
folk. Nebraska,  and  Chino,  California. 
From  these  beginnings  others  took  en- 
couragement and  factories  multiplied  in 
rather  irregular  progression. 

EFFECTS  OF  TARIFF  TROUBLES 

At  times  it  would  seem  as  if  a  settled 
policy  of  protection  to  the  industry  was 
reasonably  assured,  and  the  factories 
would  spring  up  confidently.  Then  again, 
the  sun  of  protection  would  seem  to  be 
obscured  and  progress  would  be  halting 
for  awhile  and  sometimes  even  nil. 

The  necessity  for  protection  to  the 
home  sugar  industry  can  be  explained  in 
a  few  words.  The  production  of  beet 
sugar  on  its  agricultural  side  requires  a 
great  deal  of  actual  labor  of  the  hands. 
The  beet  seed  has  to  be  drilled  in  the 
ground  in  continuous  parallel  lines  and 
later  thinned  out  to  leave  one  strong, 
healthy  plantlet  every  ten  or  twelve  inches 
to  the  exclusion  of  90  per  cent  of  those 
originally  planted.  This  can  only  be  done 
by  actual  contact  of  the  hand  or  the  small 
hoe  in  the  hand  with  ]\Iother  Earth.  Then 
again,  after  the  crop  is  matured  and 
plowed  out,  each  individual  beet,  of  which 
on  an  average  there  are  two  thousand  to 
one  ton,  has  to  be  taken  up  by  hand  and 
the  leaves  and  crown  cut  ofif  with  a  knife. 
For  a  factory  using  3,000  tons  of  beets 
per  day,  this  means  6,000,000  such  opera- 
tions every  day. 

All  the  ingenuity  of  luiropean  and 
Atuerican  inventors  is  being  constantly 
exercised  toward  performing  this  work 
l)y  machinery,  but  so  far  without  success. 

So  that  in  the  beet  sugar  industry  it  is 
not  the  case  of  a  laborer  that  guides  a 
machine  that  performs  the  work  of  a  thou- 
sand men,  and  where  consequently  the 
wages  paid  for  that  laborer  are  not  ma- 


terial. Agricultural  laborers  in  the  beet 
fields  of  California  during  harvest  earn 
at  least  $2.50  per  day,  and  this  work  can 
be  equally  well  performed  by  European 
peasants  working  for  40c  or  50c  per  day, 
or  in  the  case  of  women,  for  30c  a  day. 

LABOR   COST   IS   THE   RULING   FACTOR 

To  go  further,  the  cost  of  everything 
used  and  of  every  operation  performed 
in  beet  sugar  manufacture  is  principally 
labor  from  the  "sowing"  of  the  seed  to  the 
"sewing"  of  the  sack  of  sugar,  and  if  we 
are  working  with  a  standard  of  20c  or  25c 
per  hour  for  labor  we  cannot  hope  to  com- 
pete with  the  standard  of  3c  to  10c  per 
hour  in  Europe;  or,  going  still  further, 
of  Ic  per  hour  in  Java. 

The  cost  of  factory  labor  for  the  actual 
manufacture  of  the  sugar  is  comparatively 
a  small  item,  and  not  a  serious  handicap. 
It  is  the  labor  cost  as  represented  in  the 
supplies  purchased  and  in  the  production 
of  the  beets  that  is  serious. 

CALIFORNIA'S   BEET  SUGAR  PROBLEMS 

As  was  inevitable  in  a  new  field,  many 
mistakes  of  location  have  been  made. 
Pioneering  in  any  line  is  usually  expen- 
sive to  the  pioneers,  and  the  rewards  gen- 
erally go  to  those  that  come  after. 

Thus  far  three  states  of  the  Union  have 
taken  the  lead  in  volume  of  output,  viz.  : 
Michigan,  Colorado  and  California.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  analyze  the  rea- 
sons for  this  grouping,  but  it  would  un- 
duly lengthen  this  article. 

California  agriculturally  is  superior  to 
either  of  the  others.  The  beets  exceed  in 
sugar  content,  and  are  of  fair  purity,  but 
commercially  California  is  badly  situated. 
Her  beet  factories  and  her  cane  sugar 
refineries  produce  already  far  more  than 
she  consumes,  and  the  bulk  of  the  product 
must  find  an  outlet  even  as  far  east  as 
Chicago  and  beyond,  at  much  greater  cost 
in  freight  than  her  other  two  competitors. 

The  beet  sugar  industry  of  the  United 
States  as   a   wdiole   sufifers   from   two   se- 


FOOD  MANUFACTURING 


533 


rious  disachantas^es  in  the  marketing  of 
its  product.  In  the  first  place,  the  bulk  of 
the  700.000  tons  of  beet  sugar  produced  is 
raised  in  the  sparsely  settled  country  west 
of  the  100th  meridian,  and  must  find  a 
market  to  the  eastward  far  from  the  place 
of  production.  In  the  second  place,  the 
bulk  of  the  beet  sugar  is  produced  in  the 
late  fall  and  winter,  at  the  time  of  the 
smallest  consumption  of  sugar.  It  is  a 
well-known  fact  that  the  consumption  of 
sugar  in  June,  July.  August  and  Septem- 
ber is  double  that  of  December,  January, 
February  and  March. 

Among  the  collateral  adxantages  of  the 
beet  sugar  industry,  not  the  least  is  the 
fact  that  it  reverses  the  drift  of  agricul- 
tural population  toward  the  great  cities, 
which  is  so  deplored  by  political  econ- 
omists. The  industry  is  essentially  one 
of  the  agricultural  regions,  and  yet  it 
builds  up  around  it  small  cities  of  two  or 
three  thousand  inhabitants,  to  whom  it 
gives  all  the  advantages  of  social  inter- 
course, education,  recreation  and  the  com- 
forts and  utilities  that  accompany  the 
grouping  of  men.  Yet  it  must  remain  an 
agricultural  community  to  some  extent, 
or  else  it  perishes. 

The  value  of  the  beet  crop  to  the 
farmer ;  the  improvement  in  other  crops 
that  go  hand  in  hand  with  it ;  and  the 
grouping  of  population  aroiuid  the  factory 
all  conspire  to  increase  the  \'alue  of  land, 
surely  and  rapidly.  This  has  been  the 
universal  experience  wherever  the  indus- 
try has  been  established. 

WHAT    CALIFORNIA    MIGHT    DO    WITH    BEET 
SUGAR 

Considering  now  the  sugar  industr}-  ex- 
clusively from  the  standpoint  of  Califor- 
nia, it  is  interesting  to  speculate  what  the 
possibilities  of  it  might  be  to  the  State. 

California  has  an  area  of  155.652  square 
miles,  or  say  100.000.000  acres.  It  pro- 
duces a  ton  and  a  half  of  sugar  to  the 
acre.  Consequently  it  could  produce  the 
4,000.000  tons  of  sugar  consumed  in  the 


United  States  on  approximately  two  mil- 
lion and  a  half  acres,  or  2><  per  cent  of  its 
area.  This  product  at  5c  a  pound  would 
have  a  value  of  $400,000,000. 

To  produce  this  quantity  of  sugar  would 
require  the  processing  of  250,000  tons  of 
beets  per  day,  or  say  only  two  hundred 
and  fifty  factories,  slicing  1,000  tons  of 
beets  per  day.  Certainly  California  could 
find  suitable  location  for  that  number 
within  her  hospitable  borders.  Each  one 
of  these  factories  would  give  of  itself 
through  the  activities  that  it  fostered  em- 
ployment to  1,000  men.  representing  a 
population  of  1,000,000  inhabitants  de- 
voted to  the  industry. 

These  factories  would  produce  as  an- 
other by-product  a  million  tons  of  mo- 
lasses that  could  be  converted  into  140,- 
000,000  gallons  of  alcohol,  or  otherwise 
devoted  to  increasing  the  ration  of  the 
steers  and  dairy  cows  of  the  State.  Inci- 
dentally, enough  cyanide  of  potassium 
could  be  produced  to  supply  all  the  gold 
mines  of  the  country — not  to  speak  of  sup- 
plying California  the  cyanide  which  is 
used  for  fumigating  fruit  trees. 

In  addition  to  this  it  would  produce 
25.000,000  tons  of  beet  pulp  and  8.000.000 
tons  of  the  beet  tops  and  leaves  left  in 
the  field  after  harvest,  with  which  it  could 
fatten  2.500,000  steers  annually.  The 
value  of  the  fat  steer  above  that  of  the 
feeder  is  approximately  $25.  which  would 
bring  an  added  profit  of  $62,500,000. 

\\'ithout  indulging  in  such  dreams  and 
speculations  it  may  be  said  with  the 
greatest  conservatism  that  if  this  indus- 
try were  given  proper  encouragement  in 
the  United  States,  the  share  of  it  that 
California  would  most  certainly  get,  ow- 
ing to  the  advantages  which  she  enjoys, 
would  make  it  the  greatest  and  most 
profitable  of  the  many  industries  and 
sources  of  wealth  that  she  ofifers  with 
lavish  hands  to  all  her  children,  native 
and  adopted,  present  and  to  come. 


Growing  Vegetables  for 

Distant  Shipment  in 

Southern  Cahfornia 


By  H.  S.  Hazeltine 

Secretary  California  Vegetable  Union 


Editors  Note:  Mr.  Hazeltine  has  prepared  an  exceedingly  inter- 
esting- review  of  the  production  of  the  chief  kinds  of  shipping  vege- 
tables in  the  eight  counties  of  Southern  California;  the  particular 
section  in  which  each  kind  is  chiefly  grown  and  the  varieties  which 
are  most  satisfactory  in  the  distant  shipping  trade.  He  also  indi- 
cates the  points  to  which  each  vegetable  is  chiefly  sent  for  sale  and 
pre])ares  a  table  showing  the  production  of  each  during  the  year 
ending  September  1,  1914,  aggregating  more  than  5300  car  loads  for 
this  section  of  the  State  alone  and  for  which  there  is  a  heavy  and 
continual  demand. 


SOMETHINCi  over  half  a  century  ago 
gold  seekers  who  came  to  California  from 
the  East  and  North  discovered,  after  planting 
vegetable  seed  brought  with  them  for  garden 
use,  that  California  soil  yielded  abundantly, 
and  that  the  vegetables  grown  were  not  only 
large  and  of  nice  appearance,  but  of  very  fine 
eating  quality.  This,  together  wnth  the  fact 
that  vegetables  can  be  grown  to  splendid  ad- 
vantage in  Southern  California  in  the  winter 
season  as  well  as  in  the  summer,  has  been  re- 
sponsible for  the  tremendous  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  the  vegetable  raising  industry 
in  the  State. 

The  growing  of  vegetables  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia offers  an  especially  attractive  field  for 
industry  and  energy  ;  in  the  summer  time  be- 
cause of  the  tremendous  local  demand,  and  in 
the  winter  time  because  of  both  local  demand 
and  heavv  Eastern  demand.    It  is  onlv  within 


comparatively  few  years  that  the  business  of 
raising  vegetables  for  winter  shipment  has 
become  an  important  one  in  California, 
although  the  first  winter  vegetables  were 
shipped  out  of  the  State  as  early  as  the  late 
70's.  As  California's  cities  developed,  the  de- 
mand increased,  and  acres  which  had  lain  idle 
were  put  under  cultivation  in  order  to  supply 
the  demand.  Soon  the  necessity  for  supplying 
Eastern  markets  opened  up  great  possibilities 
for  the  industry  of  vegetable  growing,  and  in 
a  comparatively  short  time  Southern  California 
was  in  the  midst  of  preparing  land  and  plant- 
ing, not  for  home  consumption  alone,  but  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  a  constantly  growing 
Eastern  demand.  It  was  early  in  the  80's  be- 
fore the  business  of  growing  vegetables  for 
Eastern  markets  was  put  on  anything  like  a 
working  basis,  and  the  development  of  the 
refrigerator   car  and  other   facilities  made   it 


VEGETABLES 


535 


possible  to  ship  tender,  green  vegetables  to 
far  Eastern  markets  without  endangering  the 
product  itself. 

First  attempts  at  shipping  vegetables  East 
met  with  failure,  as  the  method  of  handling, 
packing  and  loading  was  crude  and  inefficient. 
However,  experience  and  subsequent  efforts 
along  different  lines  brought  the  cars  not  only 
to  loading  stations  but  at  different  points  along 
the  line  of  travel  of  the  car  as  well.  Con- 
tainers in  the  form  of  crates  and  boxes  were 
manufactured ;  men  learned  how  to  properly 
pack  and  crate  the  vegetables  so  that  they  ar- 
rived in  Eastern  markets  in  satisfactory  con- 
dition, and  with  the  further  perfection  of  the 
refrigerator  car,  and  improved  methods  of 
growing,  came  success  to  the  shipping  indus- 
try, and  much  additional  land  was  brought 
into  use  for  the  purpose  of  raising  vegetables 
exclusively  for  Eastern  markets.  Cabbage  and 
potatoes  were  the  first  vegetables  shipped  out 
of  the  State,  and  on  account  of  the  fine  quality 
of  this  California  stock,  sales  were  ready,  and 
demand  for  further  supplies  followed. 

THE    SOUTHERN     CALIFORNIA    DISTRICT 

What  is  popularly  known  as  "Southern  Cali- 
fornia" consists  of  the  eight  counties  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  State.  Beginning  with  the 
most  northern,  they  run  along  the  coast  as 
follows :  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los  Ang- 
eles, Orange,  and  San  Diego.  These  are  flanked 
on  the  east  by  three  large  inland  counties  of 
San  Bernardino,  Riverside,  and  Imperial.  It 
is  Southern  California  with  which  this  article 
has  to  deal ;  not  the  entire  State,  although  the 
same  vegetables  are  grown  in  other  parts  of 
the  State. 

Celery — The  history  of  the  celery  growing 
industry  in  Southern  California  dates  back  to 
1889,  when  Mr.  D.  E.  Smeltzer  of  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  formerly  a  celery  grower  of  Michi- 
gan, discovered  wild  celery  growing  rank  in 
the  peat  lands  of  Orange  County.  Mr.  Smeltzer 
at  once  set  about  preparing  some  land,  and 
planted  a  small  field  of  celery.  The  experiment 
was  so  satisfactory  that  others  took  up  the  in- 
dustry, and  in  a  phenomenally  short  time  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  celery  were  planted  each 
season.     The  quality   of  the  celery  grown   in 


this  peat  land  was  very  fine ;  the  stalks  were 
long,  crisp,  and  sweet,  and  the  celery  had  a 
fine  heart.  Eastern  jobbers  ordered  freely,  and 
California  celery  met  with  a  ready  sale.  Sev- 
eral varieties  are  grown  in  Southern  California, 
the  most  popular  being  the  "Golden  Heart," 
which  is  grown  from  French  seed.  This  variety 
is  a  splendid  shipper,  and  of  fine  eating  quali- 
ties. In  recent  years  celery  growing  has  been 
extended  to  other  sections  of  California,  and 
at  this  time  considerable  land  is  planted  to 
celery  each  season  near  El  Monte,  Cal. ,  the 
peat  lands  of  that  section  being  well  adapted 
for  celery  growing.  The  present  season  will 
see  about  1500  acres  of  celery  produced  in  the 
El  Monte  district  alone,  and  the  acreage  is 
increasing  each  year. 

Much  individual  prosperity  among  Califor- 
nians  is  due  to  celery  raising  alone.  Growers 
consider  one  thousand  dozen  bunches  to  the 
acre  a  good  yield,  and  prices  have  ranged  for 
the  last  three  years  from  15  to  30  cents  per 
dozen  bunches,  according  to  the  season  and  the 
various  grades.  The  market  for  celery  is  vast, 
there  being  practically  no  market  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  which  does  not  call  for 
California  celery  at  some  time  in  the  season. 
California  celery  growers  and  shippers  are 
fortunate  in  that  they  can  grow  and  ship  celery 
at  a  time  when  it  matures  and  is  ready  for 
market  when  other  celery  is  either  gone  into 
consumption  or  not  yet  ready  for  shipment. 
The  California  season  is  usually  from 
November  1  until  March  1,  and  usually  by 
November  1  the  celery  crops  of  Colorado, 
Michigan,  and  New  York  state  have  been 
harvested  and  are  out  of  the  way.  Florida 
celery  does  not  make  its  appearance  on  the 
markets  until  around  the  first  of  February,  and 
the  larger  portion  of  the  California  crop  has 
been  moved  by  tliat  time.  California's  method 
of  grading  and  packing  celery  has  met  with 
the  greatest  favor  in  Eastern  markets.  When 
the  celery  is  cut  from  the  field,  the  roots  and 
outside  stalks  are  neatly  trimmed,  and  the 
celery  is  packed  into  crates  from  eighteen  to 
twentv-four  inches  high,  according  to  the 
length  of  the  celery.  The  large  and  small  sizes 
are  kept  separate  in  the  crates,  and  number  of 


536 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Luxuriant  (Irowtli   ol'  C-i'liTy,  stit'tching  away   lor  many  acres  in  apparently  converging  rows  i: 

actual   work  of  harvesting  bi 


dozens  to  the  crate  is  marked  on  the  crate  in 
plain  figures.  The  usual  carload  is  160  crates, 
and  refrigerator  cars  are  used  exclusively,  and 
kept  iced  to  full  capacity  until  they  reach 
destination. 

Potato — Dating  back  to  the  earliest  days  of 
American  settlement  of  California,  the  potato 
has  been  a  popular  and  profitable  crop,  and 
the  industry  has  thrived.  In  the  district  tribu- 
tary to  Los  Angeles  about  three  thousand  acres 
of  potatoes  are  planted  each  year.  About  one- 
half  of  this  acreage  is  in  the  San  Gabriel  Val- 
ley, the  balance  being  south  and  east  of  Los 
Angeles,  and  in  the  San  Fernando  Valley.  It 
is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  Los  Angeles 
market  alone  takes  about  ten  carloads  of  pota- 
toes daily  during  the  season.  The  average  yield 
is  around  one  hundred  sacks  to  the  acre,  and 
the  average  price  f.  o.  b.  loading  station  is 
around  $1.00  per  hundred-weight,  the  sacks 
containing  about  115  pounds  net.  In  Southern 
California  the  liest  variety  grown  is  the  \\'hite 
Rose,  and  it  has  proven  very  popular  and 
l)rofitable  as  well.  New  California  potatoes 
are  eagerly  sought  by  the  trade  on  account  of 
their  superior  eating  quality.  The  first  crop 
matures  in  June,  and  the  normal  shipping  sea- 
son is  from  June  15  to  August  15  ;    first  ship- 


ments being  packed  in  lug  boxes,  and  later 
shipments  moving  in  sacks.  In  the  San  Gabriel 
Valley  there  is  a  very  strong  organization 
known  as  the  San  Gabriel  Valley  Potato  Grow- 
ers' Association,  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
facilitating  the  handling  of  their  potato  crops. 
Practically  every  grower  of  potatoes  in  tlie 
San  Gabriel  Valley  is  a  member  of  this  asso- 
ciation, and  by  maintaining  a  high  standard  of 
([uality  and  keeping  their  output  rigidly  in- 
spected by  experienced  inspectors,  they  have 
won  high  favor  for  their  product  among  the 
buyers,  and  potatoes  bearing  their  brand  on 
the  sacks  bring  a  premium.  The  writer  men- 
tions this  one  association  to  indicate  what  can 
l)e  and  has  been  done  along  this  line  in  the 
vegetal)le  growing  industry.  Southern  Cali- 
fornia potatoes  are  marketed  for  the  most  part 
in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas,  North 
Pacific  points,  Utah,  Colorado,  and  Nevada 
taking  a  small  portion  of  the  crop.  Occasion- 
allv  there  is  a  demand  from  i)oints  along  the 
Missouri  River,  but  this  section  is  supplied 
usually  from  Eastern  Kansas  crops. 

W'ititcr  Mrloiis — 'i'he  peculiar  adaptability 
of  California  soil  and  climate  to  almost  any  va- 
riety of  vegetable  or  fruit  that  can  be  grown 
elsewhere  is  sliown  in  the  recent  development 


VEGETABLES 


537 


ifornia  field.    In  this  reniarkal)Ii'  panoramic  view  is  sliown  not  only  the  celery  growing  hut  the 
:king  for  market  as  well 


of  the  casaba  melun  industry  in  the  State. 
Originally  a  melon  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries, the  casaba  was  first  introduced  into  this 
State  about  twenty  years  ago,  and  while  first 
attempts  at  growing  it  resulted  in  failure,  sub- 
sequent efforts  proved  successful,  and  as  early 
as  seven  years  ago,  first  shipments  of  this  melon 
were  made  to  Eastern  markets.  It  has  been 
found  that  the  San  Fernando  Valley  is  par- 
ticularly well  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
casabas,  and  the  present  season  there  is  no 
less  than  2000  acres  of  these  melons  being 
grown  in  that  district,  where  they  are  planted 
between  the  trees  in  young  fruit  orchards.  The 
"Golden  Beauty"  and  "Pineapple"  are  per- 
haps the  two  most  ])()pular  casabas  of  the 
winter  variety.  They  are  ready  for  market 
about  the  middle  of  September,  and  bring 
very  good  prices  in  large  markets,  such  as 
Chicago.  Boston.  Philadelphia,  and  New 
York,  all  of  which  markets  use  straight  car- 
loads daily. 

Onions — In  the  Coachella  Valley  onion 
growing  has  been  profitable  in  recent  years. 
The  writer  recalls  one  instance  last  season 
in  which  one  onion  grower  near  Thermal 
realized  a  net  amount  of  about  $10,000  from 
twenty  acres  of  onions.    Of  course,  last  season 


was  an  exceptional  one,  owing  to  the  failure 
of  the  Texas  crop,  and  the  fact  that  import 
receipts  were  light.  However,  these  figures 
will  go  to  show  what  can  be  done  in  Southern 
California  by  growing  onions.  About  300 
acres  of  onions  are  grown  in  the  Coachella 
Valley  each  year,  producing  around  150  to  175 
carloads.  These  onions  are  grown  from  seed 
imported  from  the  Canary  Islands  and  Ber- 
muda, and  the  congenial  climate  and  soil  of 
the  Coachella  Valley  are  particularly  well 
adapted  to  their  development.  The  "Crystal 
Wax"  and  "Yellow  Bermuda"  are  the  two 
favorites  produced  in  this  section,  both  being 
large,  shapely  onions  of  splendid  fiavor  that 
has  made  them  tremendously  popular.  South- 
western markets  will  take  practically  all  of  the 
onions  that  Southern  California  produces  each 
season,  although  Missouri  River  markets  and 
as  far  east  as  Chicago  draw  their  supplies  of 
onions  from  California  at  the  time  these  are 
sliipped,  April,  May,  and  June.  Other  sec- 
tions of  Southern  California  produce  onions, 
but  the  best  stock  is  raised  in  the  Coachella 
Valley. 

Tonuitors — During  the  season  from  the  first 
of  (October  until  the  first  of  January,  and  fre- 
quently later  even  than  that  time.   California 


538 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


supplies  the  markets  of  the  East  with  tomatoes, 
and  there  is  always  a  lively  demand  for  Cali- 
fornia grown  stock  during  November  and  De- 
cember, The  foothill  districts  around  Los 
Angeles  provide  tomatoes  even  after  the  low- 
land stock  has  been  frost  damaged,  and  in 
this  way  California  is  able  to  furnish  the  East- 
ern dinner  table  with  its  tomatoes  until  after 
the  first  of  the  year.  The  practically  frostless 
foothill  districts  near  San  Fernando,  Whittier, 
and  Fullerton  produce  the  finest  tomatoes 
grown  in  the  State.  The  "Stone"  variety  has 
built  up  the  greatest  popularity  of  any  tomato 
known.  It  is  a  medium-sized,  round,  firm,  and 
heavy  tomato,  of  delicious  flavor,  and  very 
popular  in  the  markets  of  the  United  States. 
The  Los  Angeles  market  uses  large  quantities 
of  tomatoes,  and  growers  reap  a  nice  profit 
from  growing  this  fruit,  especially  those  who 
have  late  fruit  in  a  frostless  spot.  Practically 
every  mixed  car  shipped  out  of  the  State  con- 
tains tomatoes  as  a  part  of  its  load,  while 
several  hundred  straight  carloads  leave  the 
State  each  season. 

Caiilifloiver — In  the  district  lying  to  the 
south  of  Los  Angeles,  between  that  city  and 
the  ocean,  there  is  grown  each  year  a  tremen- 
dous quantity  of  cauliflower.  The  cool,  foggy 
nights  of  November,  December,  and  January 
produce  wonderfully  large  and  white  cauli- 
flower, and  there  is  a  marked  growth  in  this 
industry  each  year.  The  "Snowball"  variety 
is  most  popular  with  the  consumer  in  Eastern 
markets,  and  it  is  said  by  experts  to  be  the 
finest  cauliflower  produced  anywhere.  The 
marketing  season  generally  starts  in  October 
and  continues  until  late  March.  Three  crops 
are  planted  and  arranged  so  that  the  early 
variety  matures  in  October  and  November ;  the 
middle  variety  in  December  and  January,  and 
the  late,  in  February  and  March.  This  gives 
the  grower  the  benefit  of  prices  at  all  seasons, 
and  the  average  crop  of  cauliflower  produces 
very  satisfactory  returns.  The  market  for  Cali- 
fornia grown  cauliflower  extends  practically 
all  over  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
prices  f.  o.  b.  California  loading  stations  range 
from  25  cents  to  50  cents  per  dozen  heads. 
Two  packages  are  used  in  shipping ;    the  pony 


crate,  which  contains  about  one  dozen  heads, 
and  the  standard  crate,  which  contains  around 
two  dozen  heads. 

Cabbage — The  Orange  County  district  of 
Southern  California  has  always  been  consid- 
ered the  banner  cabbage  raising  district  of  the 
State,  and  during  the  season,  January  to  May, 
trainloads  of  California  cabbage  are  distri- 
buted over  the  South,  North,  and  East,  as  well 
as  the  Pacific  states.  Several  varieties  are  pro- 
duced, but  the  "VVinnigstadt"  variety  is  the 
best  shipper,  as  well  as  the  best  eating  cabbage 
grown  here,  and  its  popularity  is  great  all  over 
the  United  States  and  Western  Canada.  There 
is  some  "Cannon  Ball,"  "Scotch  Cross,"  and 
"Flat  Dutch"  cabbage  shipped  out  of  the 
State,  but  these  varieties  do  not  attain  the 
perfection  so  distinctive  of  the  "Winnigstadt." 
Various  markets  prefer  different  packages ; 
some  taking  the  standard,  or  150-pound  crate, 
while  others  take  the  half-crate,  containing 
about  ninety  pounds  net.  Good  prices  are  ob- 
tained from  the  sale  of  early  cabbage,  and 
sometimes  high  prices  prevail  throughout  the 
season.  In  addition  to  the  cabbage  raised  in 
Orange  County,  there  is  a  large  acreage  each 
season  in  Los  Angeles  County. 

Lettuce — Lettuce  is  grown  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia the  year  around,  but  for  shipping  pur- 
poses the  winter  variety  far  excels  the  summer 
variety,  on  account  of  its  hardiness.  Recent 
years  have  seen  a  tremendous  increase  in  the 
acreage  of  lettuce  grown  for  shipment  out  of 
the  State,  and  the  industry  will  continue  to 
grow  as  the  demand  increases,  which  it  has 
done  and  will  do  from  year  to  year.  The 
"Wonderful"  variety  of  head  lettuce  grown  in 
Southern  California  can  not  be  excelled  for 
quality,  and  it  is  a  heavy  favorite  in  Eastern 
markets.  Practically  every  market  in  the 
United  States  takes  California  lettuce  at  some 
time  during  the  season.  Pacific  Coast  points 
use  large  quantities  of  this  delicious  vegetable 
during  the  winter  months,  while  markets  along 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  order  it  in  large  quanti- 
ties as  well.  Los  Angeles  County  produces  the 
bulk  of  the  shipping  lettuce  grown  in  Southern 
California  ;  the  rich,  loose,  loamy  soil  of  this 
section  being  well  adapted  to  the  industry.  The 


VEGETABLES  539 

average  price  paid  the  grower  for  lettuce  is  COMMERCIAL     VEGETABLE 

about  15  cents  per  dozen  heads,  although  prices  p,  u  C^VVTIMC    R  "PP  TOKm    OF 

often  go  high  above  this  mark.  CALIFORNIA 

Other  Vegetables — There  is  some  asparagus 

raised  in  the  Imperial  Valley,  but  the  industry  Shipments  of  fresh  vegetables   from   Cali- 

has  never  been  fully  developed  as  yet.    Arti-  ^^^"'a  to   Eastern  markets   are   increasing   in 

chokes,  while  grown  to  best  advantage  around  volume  yearly.   The  principal  varieties  shipped 

San  Francisco,  can  be  grown  in  Southern  Cali-  ^"d  the  sections  in  which  they  are  raised  are 

fornia,  but  there  is  no  large  industry  here  on  ^^  follows,  according  to  information  furnished 

artichokes,  as  is  the  case  in  San  Mateo  County.  ^Y  the  California  Vegetable  Union : 

Beets,  carrots,  turnips,  cucumbers,  egg  plant.  Artichokes — San  Mateo  County. 

peas,  beans,  bell  and  chili  peppers,   rhubarb.  Asparagus — Delta  region  (Sacramento,  San 

spinach,    parsley,    radishes,    Hubbard   squash,  Joaquin,  and  Contra  Costa  counties),   Impe- 

Brussels  sprouts,   sweet  potatoes;     practically  rial  Valley. 

every  vegetable  known  can  be  grown  to  splen-  ^^,^,„^    (^^^hg^.   varieties    than    Lima)— San 

did  advantage  in  this  favored  section  of  Cali-  joaquin,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Sacramento,  Sutter, 

fornia  in  some  or  other  of  its  wonderful  soils,  Solano,    Contra    Costa,    Yolo,    and    Monterey 

and   there   is   a   continual   heavy   demand   for  counties. 

vegetables    of    all    varieties    in    mixed    and  ^            /  #•  •      \      tt     .           c^     ,      ^     ^ 

°  Beans    {Lima) — Ventura,    Santa    Barbara, 

straight  carloads.   It  would  be  hard  to  imagine  ^.              t        a        i            j  o       t^- 

°                                                                  °  Orange,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Diego, 
a  straight  carload  of  parsley,  yet  the  writer 

,               r   ^i           .-     •  w         1     J       j:           1^  Cabbage — Orange,    San    Mateo,    and    Los 

knows  of   three   straight   carloads   of   parsley  *                 °                             ' 

^1.1         u          1  •       J       <-     r  c     ..1         r-  ^■  Angeles  counties, 

that  have  been  shipped  out  of  Southern  Can-  '^ 

fornia  recently;    one  to  Chicago,  one  to  New  Cantaloupes— Imperml  Valley,  San  Joaquin, 

York,  and  one  to  Boston.  ^"d  Sacramento  valleys. 

Every    Southern    California   home    has    its  Cauliflower — Los  Angeles  and  San  Mateo 

vegetable   garden,   and  strawberries  here   for  counties. 

breakfast    on    Christmas    are   as    common    as  Celery — Orange,  Los  Angeles,  Sacramento, 

snowstorms  in  January  in  the  East.  and  San  Joaquin  counties. 

Figures  of  Shipments— To  give  some  idea  Lettuce— hos     Angeles     and     San     Mateo 

of  the  vast  proportions  to  which  the  vegetable  counties. 

industry  has  grown  in  Southern  California  the  Onions Delta  region 

waiter   has  prepared   a  table  showing   in  ap-  n  aj.          r\                c                <.            jc 

t^    t-                                       &           1  Feppers — Orange,     bacramento,     and     ban 

proximate  figures  the  number  of  carloads  of  j          •             .- 

^                     °  Joaquin  counties. 

each  vegetable  shipped  out  of  this  section  dur-  '     r,   .  ,          o       t          -r-./^.TM- 

^                  ^^  Potatoes — San  Joaquin.  Contra  Costa,  Mon- 

ing  the  season  beginning  September  1,   1913,  ^            ,c^^^       \      o     .      n     i           /t             \ 

^                          o          o       I  terey    (Saunas),    Santa    Barbara    (Lompoc), 

and  closing  August  31,  1914:  j  t        a        i 

®        ^  and  Los  Angeles  counties. 

A  limber 

Carloads  Rhubarb — Alameda,  Los  Angeles,  Imperial 

Commodity                                                   Shipped  Vallev. 

Assorted  Vegetables 1000  r,        ,      n  ^  ^           at         j          jc4.-i 

Asparagus.                                                            100  Sweet     Potatoes — Merced     and     Stanislaus 

Cabbage  500  counties. 

Cauliflower    500  ^.            t           \         ^         r-         ^         ht         a 

Qgjg^y                                                                    1500  Tomatoes — Los    Angeles    County,     Merced 

Lettuce  500  County,    Delta    region,    Yuba    and    Alameda 

Onions    400 

Potatoes 600  counties. 

Tomatoes    250  Watermelons — Stanislaus  and  Merced  coun- 

Total 5350  ties,  Imperial  Valley. 


The  Potato  in  California 

By  Eugene  H.  Grubb  and  W.  S.  Guilford 

Authors  of  "The  Potato.''  Fiihlishcd  by  Doiiblcday.  Page  &^  Co. 


Editor s  Note:  Messrs.  Grubb  and  Guilford  are  well  known  potato 
experts.  Their  joint  treatise,  entitled  "The  Potato,"  is  the  standard 
authority  on  American  potato  growing-.  Mr.  Grubb  is  a  practical 
])otato  o-rower  and  has  served  as  expert  on  the  tuber  for  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  as  consulting  expert  for  many 
enterprises,  public  and  private.  Mr.  Guilford  has  been  for  some 
years  director  of  agriculture  for  the  Sacramento  Valley  Irrigation 
Companv,  after  performing  similar  service  in  Idaho. 


IN  NO  OTHER  place  on  earth  where  po- 
tatoes are  grown  is  there  such  a  diversity 
of  conditions  and  methods  as  in  California. 
Potatoes  can  be  planted  and  harvested  every 
day  in  the  year  and  in  the  Delta  district  in  the 
San  loa^uin  and  adjoining  counties  they  are 
sometimes  being  planted  and  liarvested  the 
same  day  in  the  same  field. 

The  "Irish"  or  white  potato  is  a  cool 
weather  crop,  that  is.  the  tuber  develops  and 
matures  to  its  greatest  perfection  in  well- 
aired,  porous,  moist,  well-ventilated  and  fairly 
cool  soil,  with  warm  growing  days  and  com- 
paratively cool  nights.  Corn  or  melons,  on 
the  other  hand,  delight  in  hot  days,  hot  nights 
and  hot  soil. 

The  potato  thrives  in  the  Northern  hemi- 
sjihcre  in  Northern  latitudes  at  low  altitudes; 
in  Southern  latitudes  at  high  altitudes  and 
in  some  Southern  latitudes  at  low  altitudes 
where  fogs  or  other  coast  influences  prevail, 
or  where  moisture  conditions  maintain  a  cool 
soil  in  spite  of  climatic  conditions;  also  in 
low  altitudes  in  Southern  latitudes  during  the 
cool  season  of  the  year. 

In  the  high  mountain  valleys  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Coast  Range  mountains  ;  in  the 
hot  interior  valleys  ;  in  the  lower  coast  valleys, 
and  in  the  great  Delta  of  the  San  Joacjuin  and 


Sacramento     rivers — potatoes     are     profitably 
grown. 

WHERE    POTATOES    GROW    WILD 

In  the  high  valleys  potatoes  are  planted 
after  danger  from  frost  has  passed,  and  they 
grow  and  mature  in  110  to  120  days — requir- 
ing practically  all  of  the  growing  season  under 
these  conditions.  A  potato  of  fine  quality  is 
grown,  which  is  admirably  adapted  for  seed 
in  lower  altitudes,  and  if  proper  attention  is 
paid  to  seed  selection  and  cultural  methods, 
maximum  yields  may  be  obtained.  The  potato 
grows  wild  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  con- 
ditions similar  to  these — and  there  is  room  for 
greatly  enlarging  the  industry  in  these  favored 
sections  of  California.  This  is  practically  true 
of  the  seed  potato  business  for  supplying  the 
lower  districts. 

Two  districts  in  the  lower  valleys  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  are  noted  in  all  of  the  Western 
states  for  the  quality  of  the  potatoes  produced 
and  for  the  high  prices  paid  for  them.  These 
are  Salinas  and  Lompoc.  The  areas  are  com- 
paratively small,  but  a  combination  of  a  fine, 
easily  handled,  rich  soil,  and  a  climate  tem- 
pered l)y  the  ocean  to  just  the  right  degree, 
make  possible  the  production  of  a  large  ton- 
nage of  clean-skinned,  even  potatoes  that  are 
in  demand  bv  the  high-class  trade. 


VEGETABLES 


541 


On  sandy  loam,  alluvial  soil,  or  other  mel- 
low rich  soil  that  is  easily  worked,  in  the  hot 
interior  valleys  of  California,  two  very  satis- 
factorv  crops  of  potatoes  per  year  may  be 
grown  if  irrigation  water  is  available,  and  if 
thev  are  planted  very  early  and  very  late,  so 
that  the  intense  heat  of  the  midsummer  season 
is  avoided  and  advantage  is  taken  of  the  grow- 
ing weather  during  the  spring  and  fall.  The 
tirst  crop  is  planted  in  February  and  har- 
vested in  May,  the  second  crop  is  planted  late 
in  August  and  dug  in  November. 

In  the  great  Delta  region,  where  peat  and 
silt  deposits  of  ages  are  reclaimed  from  over- 
flow bv  levees  and  pumping ;  where  the  soil  is 
always  moist  and  cool,  potatoes  are  planted  at 
any  time  and  harvested  when  ripe,  or  later, 
if  the  market  conditions  are  not  favorable. 
This  is  the  largest  single  district  in  acreage 
and  tonnage  produced  in  the  State  or  in  the 
West.  Here  the  water  table  in  the  land  is 
lowered  by  pumping,  so  that  the  potato  plant 
may  root  and  produce  tubers,  and  when  irri- 
gation is  necessary  the  pumps  are  stopped  and 
the  water  table  rises,  thereby  supplying  the 
necessary  moisture.  The  land  is  held  in  large 
acreages  by  the  men  who  have  reclaimed  it, 
and  is  rented  to  tenants  for  cash  or  share  rent. 
The  tenants  are  largely  Japanese  and  Chinese. 

Growing  potatoes  in  California  is  much  the 
same  proposition  that  it  is  everywhere.  There 
must  be  a  mellow,  well-aired,  porous  soil — 
and  in  order  that  this  soil  may  be  kept  in 
proper  condition  of  health,  the  potato  crop 
must  be  one  in  a  rotation  that  includes  one 
or  two  vears  of  grass.  For  instance,  potatoes 
one  year,  possibly  two ;  grain  or  corn  one  or 
two  years  :  alfalfa  or  other  grass  one  or  two 
vears ;  then  potatoes  again.  Soil  fertility  must 
be  abundant  and  for  maximum  yields  growers 
should  not  hesitate  to  use  commercial  fer- 
tilizers to  supply  phosphorus  and  potash 
where  these  elements  are  not  readily  avail- 
able. 

The  best  yields  are  produced  when  an  ample 
supply  of  seed  is  used.  The  practice  of  the 
best  growers  everywhere  in  the  world  is  to  use 
whole  seed  :  That  is.  to  plant  the  whole  potato 
without  cutting.     This  requires  a  ton  of  seed 


or  more  per  acre,  while  if  the  tubers  for  seed 
are  cut  in  small  pieces  (to  one  or  two  eyes) 
only  500  to  600  pounds  per  acre  is  needed. 
The  reason  for  increased  yields  from  the  use 
of  larger  seed  is  that  the  additional  nutriment 
supplied  in  the  larger  seed  piece  makes  a 
stronger,  more  vigorous  and  more  capable 
plant. 

The  distance  of  planting  depends  on  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  somewhat.  There  should 
be  plants  thickly  enough  together  in  the  row 
to  fill  the  aerial  and  root  area — leaving  room 
for  the  formation  and  development  of  the 
tubers.  Rows  three  feet  apart  and  plants 
twelve  inches  apart  in  the  row  is  a  good  plant- 
ing distance.  It  is  important  that  there  be  a 
good  stand ;  lack  of  this  is  a  great  source  of 
decreased  yields.  Cultivation  must  be  suf- 
ficiently frequent  to  destroy  weeds  and  to  keep 
the  soil  mellow,  open  and  well  ventilated. 

Diseases  common  to  the  potato  in  all  parts 
of  the  world,  such  as  Rhizoctonia,  Fusarium, 
wilt  and  scab,  are  combated  here,  as  every- 
where, largely  by  the  use  of  clean  seed  on  clean 
land.  It  is  good  to  disinfect  seed  by  soaking 
it  for  two  hours  in  a  mixture  of  one  pint  of 
formaldehyde  and  thirty  gallons  of  water. 
Tuber-moth  and  eel-worm  are  also  present.  l)ut 
can  be  controlled  by  using  clean  seed  on  unin- 
fected land  and  using  care  in  the  storage  of 
seed. 

In  California  potatoes  yield  from  100  to  400 
or  more  sacks,  of  about  120  pounds  each,  per 
acre;  that  is,  12,000  to  48,000  pounds,  or 
200  to  800  bushels,  where  properly  grown. 
As  is  the  case  everywhere,  some  fields  always 
fail  from  one  sort  of  neglect  or  other.  It  costs 
from  $35  to  $60  per  acre  to  grow  a  crop. 
Prices  range  from  50  cents  to  $2  and  higher 
per  hundred,  depending  on  the  world's  crop 
and  the  local  supply  and  demand. 

The  potato  is  the  greatest  food  crop  grown 
in  the  world,  and  one  that  is  of  great  im- 
portance in  California  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 
By  increasing  the  acreage  in  favorable  terri- 
tory, not  now  growing  the  crop,  and  by  better 
cultural  methods  in  the  districts  now  famous 
for  the  production  of  the  crop,  the  yields  and 
total  tonnage  produced  can  easily  be  doubled 


Truck  Farming  in 
California 


By  E.  J.  Wickson 


(Editorial) 


'  I  "^RUCK  farming  is  an  important  industry 
-*-  in  all  parts  of  California  and  has  at- 
tained very  unique  and  profitable  development. 
A  large  export  product  is  sent  botli  by  rail  and 
sea  to  distant  markets — the  total  annual  ex- 
ports of  "green  vegetables"  aggregating  nearly 
1  5,000  carloads  when  growing  and  marketing 
conditions  are  favorable.  Of  this  amount 
usually  about  one-tenth  is  in  the  form  of 
"canned  vegetables."  the  balance  freshly  gath- 
ered from  the  fields. 

It  is  a  striking  fact  that  storage  of  fresh 
vegetables  is  not  necessary  in  California.  The 
mild  California  winter  does  not  freeze  hardy 
vegetables,  consecjuently  they  are  allowed  to 
grow  until  the  shipping  season  arrives,  as  in 
the  case  of  celery,  cabbage,  parsnips,  salsify, 
etc.,  or  are  gathered,  sacked,  and  placed  under 
some  cheap  shelter  from  the  rains,  as  in  the 
case  of  potatoes,  beets,  carrots,  etc.  No  storage 
pits  nor  cellars  are  thought  of.  In  fact,  the 
most  direct  and  cheapest  method  of  loading 
cars  is  employed  in  many  instances,  for  rail- 
way spurs  are  carried  right  into  the  center 
of  the  celery,  cauliflower  and  cabbage  fields, 
the  crates  filled  and  the  cars  loaded  from  the 
ground  on  which  the  crops  are  grown.  This 
not  only  reduces  the  cost  of  handling  and 
eliminates  the  cost  of  storage ;  it  enables  the 
grower  to  supply  the  winter  and  spring  mar- 
kets on  the  Atlantic  side,  in  the  Middle  West 
and  the  great  interior  plateau,  as  well  as  the 
North  Pacific  Coast  territory  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  with  vegetables  fresh  from 
the  soil. 

No  part  of  the  United  States  except  an  ad- 


jacent district  of  Arizona  and  the  south  end 
of  Florida,  enjoys  a  winter  temperature  which 
makes  such  a  traffic  possible,  and  even  those 
small  outside  areas  which  have  similar  tem- 
perature do  not  have  other  conditions  of 
growth  like  those  of  California.  It  is  evident 
that  in  the  future  development  of  the  ^^'estern 
half  of  the  continent  of  North  America  and 
in  the  unfolding  of  North  Pacific  countries 
generally,  California  is  to  be  the  source  of 
fresh  vegetables  during  the  many  months  of 
winter  which  prevail  in  those  Northern  lati- 
tudes. For  this  traffic  California  enjoys  not 
only  suitable  growing  conditions,  but  has  also 
the  advantage  of  nearness  and  of  transporta- 
tion by  water.  No  matter  how  great,  then, 
the  Eastern  movement  of  winter-grown  vege- 
tables may  become,  the  Northern  and  North- 
western movement  of  which  California  will 
have  a  monopoly,  will  induce  additional  pro- 
duction to  an  extent  which  can  not  now  be 
foreseen,  although  the  present  traffic  in  those 
directions  is  considerable  and  profitable. 

California  has  in  different  parts  of  the  State 
large  areas  of  land  excellently  adapted  to  the 
various  export  vegetables  which  are  proving 
profitable.  The  soils  are  various,  and  yet  all 
in  the  truck-farming  class,  viz. :  deep,  sandy 
and  medium  loams  of  the  plains,  warm,  easily 
worked  and  rich ;  alluvial  soils  of  both  ancient 
and  recent  origin,  holding  moisture  well  and 
full  of  plant  food;  peat  and  sediment  soils, 
reclaimed  in  vast  areas  by  dykes,  as  in  Hol- 
land, exceedingly  productive  and  particularly 
adapted  to  the  great  crops  of  celery  and  as- 
paragus which  are  made  on  such  lands.     All 


TRUCK  FARMING 


543 


such  soils  delight  the  truck  farmer,  each  ac- 
cording to  the  demands  of  the  plants  which 
he  chooses  as  his  main  lines,  and  they,  in  con- 
nection with  the  favoring  climate,  enable  him 
to  accomplish  greater  things  than  are  usually 
possible  elsewhere.  There  are  fine  opportuni- 
ties for  investment  and  effort  in  these 
directions. 

But  the  growing  of  thousands  of  carloads 
of  celery  for  the  Atlantic  cities,  beans  for 
Boston,  cabbage  for  St.  Louis,  potatoes  for 
Texas  and  all  these  and  other  things  for  dis- 
tribution from  Denver  and  Chicago,  does  not 
constitute  the  only  opportunity  in  vegetable 
growing  in  California.  The  output  of  canned 
asparagus,  peas,  beans  and  tomatoes  is  large 
and  canners  are  always  on  the  outlook  to  con- 
tract for  their  supplies.  Beyond  this,  how- 
ever, there  still  remains  market  gardening  to 
supply  California  cities  and  towns  and  the 
popular  resorts  of  tourists.  The  work  is  often 
very  satisfactory  and  profitable.  The  local 
supply  of  fresh  vegetables  is  scant  and  many 
towns  and  villages  are  largely  dependent  upon 
rail  shipments  from  distant  cities.  The  result 
is  that  the  consumption  of  vegetables  is  less 
than  it  should  be  and  less  than  it  would  be  if 
local  growers  would  bring  their  superior 
products  prominently  to  the  attention  of  con- 
sumers. 

Formerly  it  was  held  that  as  Orientals  and 
Mediterranean  people  were  growing  vegetables, 
settlers  of  other  nationalities  could  not  com- 
pete with  them,  but  it  has  since  been  demon- 
strated that  Americans  and  others  of  higher 
intelligence  can  successfully  compete  because 
they  make  better  use  of  implements  and  of 
water,  and  also  understand  better  the  impor- 
tance of  getting  the  best  seed  of  the  best 
varieties.  By  attention  to  these  matters,  better 
vegetables  are  produced  and  buyers  soon  learn 
to  discriminate  in  their  favor.  Many  fruit 
planters  have  supported  themselves  by  growing 
vegetables  and  small  fruits  for  sale  while  their 
fruit  trees  were  growing  and  some  have  found 
that  vegetables  paid  better  than  fruits,  as  in 
the  case  of  one  lemon  grower,  who  secured 
more  money  from  his  cabbages  than  from  his 
lemons.     Of  course,  vegetable  growing  is  not 


likely  to  be  profitable  unless  one  understands 
its  rec|uirements  and  is  willing  to  do  the  work 
which  it  calls  for.  But  with  good  land,  with 
irrigation  water  to  be  used  when  needed,  and 
with  enterprise  in  growing  the  best  and  in 
letting  people  know  it,  a  good  living  can  be 
made  in  many  places  which  at  present  have 
no  satisfactory  supply  of  garden  products. 

The  principles  underlying  success  in  veg- 
etable growing  are  universal,  but  the  methods 
in  California  are  quite  different  from  those 
applied  elsewhere.  Here  the  garden  runs  prac- 
tically all  the  year  in  the  open  air.  All  during 
the  winter,  except  on  the  mountains,  succes- 
sions of  hardy  vegetables  are  grown.  Green 
peas,  small  onions,  young  beets,  carrots,  new 
potatoes,  etc.,  can  be  ready  at  New  Year's  and 
continue  for  nine  months,  if  desired.  Aspara- 
gus begins  in  February  and  runs  until  May  or 
June.  Globe  artichokes  cover  about  the  same 
season.  Tender  vegetables,  sweet  potatoes,  to- 
matoes, beans,  corn,  cucumbers,  squashes, 
melons,  etc.,  are  safe  in  the  open  air  from 
April  till  October. 

Lettuce,  radishes  and  other  relishes  can  be 
had  all  the  year,  and  the  same  is  true  of  gar- 
nishing plants.  No  attempt  is  made  to 
enumerate  all  the  vegetables — just  enough  are 
named  to  give  the  reader  in  a  wintry  country 
a  clue  to  groups  which  he  can  fill  out  for 
himself  from  what  he  knows  of  other  plants 
similar  in  character. 

With  prompt  work,  energy  and  a  small 
irrigation  supply,  the  grower  can  double  his 
old  gardening  season  in  California.  As  a 
hardy,  winter-growing  crop  is  cleared  from  the 
ground,  its  place  is  taken  by  a  summer-growing 
crop,  and  as  that  matures,  the  ground  is 
cleared  again  to  start,  in  the  fall,  the  next 
winter-growing  crop — and  so  the  rotation  is 
continually  kept  up  until  it  is  desirable  to  take 
a  new  piece  of  land  for  garden  purposes.  This 
practice  can  be  pursued  on  small  beds  for  the 
house  garden  or  on  larger  areas  in  market 
gardening.  If  a  man  likes  to  have  something 
always  growing  and  if  he  wishes  always  to 
have  something  to  keep  him  profitably  busy  in 
the  open  air,  the  California  garden  and  truck 
field  will  please  him  to  the  utmost. 


The  Lima  Bean  in 
California 

By  Parry  R.  Cole 

Manager  The  Lima  Bean  Gro'n.'ers  Association 


Editor's  Note:  The  lima  l^ean  is  California's  greatest  bean — not 
because  one  can  have  fresh  fruit  from  this  delicate  plant  for  the  holi- 
day menu,  if  it  is  grown  in  our  thermal  places,  although  that  is  a 
distinctive  California  blessing.  Commercially  the  lima  bean  is  great 
for  its  dry  shipping  product,  because,  though  a  climbing  bean,  it 
can  be  grown  without  supports,  being  allowed  to  run  freely  over 
the  dry  surface  soil  without  danger  of  mildew,  because  our  summer 
air  is  so  dry.  And  yet  the  lima  bean  does  not  tolerate  high  heat  in 
its  dry  air.  Therefore  its  region  is  restricted  to  the  Coast  valleys. 
Mr.  Cole  not  only  describes  the  product  and  the  conditions  under 
which  it  is  produced,  but  discusses  the  growers'  achievements  in  its 
marketing. 


THE  LIMA  BEAN,  as  far  as  records 
show,  seems  to  have  its  starting  point 
in  Peru.  South  America,  and  it  is  generally  Un- 
derstood that  the  name  "lima"  is  taken  from 
the  city  of  Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru. 

It  seems  that  about  the  year  1870  a  sailing 
vessel  anchored  off  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara 
County  and  some  of  the  sailors  who  came 
ashore  near  Carpinteria,  at  that  time  a  small 
village  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  had  some  of 
the  Peruvian  dry  lima  beans  in  tlieir  pockets 
which  were  shown  a  rancher  who,  being  of 
an  experimental  mind,  persuaded  the  sailors 
to  let  him  have  all  the  beans  they  had  in  their 
pockets,  as  he  wished  to  plant  them  to  see 
if  they  would  grow  in  this  climate  and  be  of 
value  as  a  crop.  From  the  information  I 
can  gather,  the  first  crop  was  "poled,"  that  is, 
sticks  were  placed  in  the  field  so  that  the 
vines  could  climb  and  twine  around  them,  but 
by    continued    cultivating    and    experimenting 


this  same  bean  is  grown  without  poles  as 
supports  ;  owing  to  the  absence  of  rain  during 
the  growing  period  the  vines  can  trail  along 
the  ground  without  danger  of  damage  from 
moisture. 

These  beans  are  grown  to  some  extent  on  the 
Island  of  Madagascar,  off  the  Eastern  coast 
of  Africa,  but  there  is  no  place  in  the  world 
where  the  lima  bean  is  so  universally  cultivated 
as  in  the  United  States,  and  the  only  state 
that  grows  them  extensively  as  a  field  crop  is 
California.  Even  this  territory  is  limited  to 
a  very  few  counties,  of  which  Ventura  is  the 
largest  producer,  supplying  the  markets  of 
the  country  with  the  bulk  of  the  th-y  shelled 
lima  beans. 

The  other  counties  of  California  which 
grow  them  as  a  field  crop  are  Orange,  Santa 
Barbara,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Diego.  Even 
this  area  is  limited  to  a  narrow  strip  of  al)0ut 
twentv-five    miles    wide    from    the    coast    and 


LIMA  BEANS 


545 


250  miles  long,  but  the  bulk  of  the  beans  is 
grown  along  the  coast,  extending  not  more 
than  ten  miles  inland. 

A  Froihut  of  Climate — Climate  is  the  prin- 
cipal factor  for  the  production  of  lima  beans. 
All  varieties  of  beans  are  susceptible  to  cold, 
but  no  variety  is  as  easily  hurt  by  the  cold 
weather  as  the  lima  bean,  therefore  it  is  use- 
less to  plant  the  seed  until  the  ground  becomes 
warm  and  "mellow,"  because  the  seed  would 
be  likely  to  rot  and  not  germinate  and  even 
if  it  did  not  rot.  the  plant  that  did  come  up 
out  of  the  ground  would  be  stunted  by  cold 
and  would  not  produce  anything. 

Ventura  County  seems  to  be  especially 
adapted  to  the  growing  of  these  beans,  because 
in  this  county  the  crop  averages  from  twenty 
to  as  high  as  forty  80-pound  bags  to  the  acre, 
while  in  other  counties  the  average  is  from 
ten  to  twenty  80-pound  bags  to  the  acre. 

In  the  Eastern  part  of  the  United  States 
the  beans  are  grown  extensively  as  a  garden 
product,  the  gardeners  disposing  of  them 
mostly  as  green  shelled  beans  or  as  green  limas. 

The  production  of  lima  beans  is  limited ; 
owing  to  climatic  conditions,  as  already  stated, 
the  plant  can  not  stand  extremes  either  of  heat 
or  cold.  It  is  necessary  to  have  warm  summer 
weather  with  fogs  at  night  and  early  morning 
in  order  to  produce  a  crop.  This  is  why  these 
are  grown  along  the  California  coast,  where 
the  climate  is  of  a  moderate  temperature  with 
remarkably  constant  fogs  in  the  night  and 
morning  throughout  the  growing  period.  It 
has  been  stated  that  limas  will  "make  a  crop 
out  of  fog." 

Soil  of  course  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with 
the  profitable  production  of  a  crop,  but  not 
nearly  so  much  as  climate.  This  variety  of 
bean  is  grown  on  soil  ranging  all  the  w-ay 
from  sandy  to  adobe. 

Preparation  of  the  Land — The  fields  are 
plowed  as  early  as  possible  after  harvesting  so 
that  when  the  winter  rains  do  come  the  land  is 
in  shape  to  absorb  all  the  water,  and  the  rains 
soften  up  the  land  so  that  it  can  be  worked 
easily  and  made  as  mellow  as  silt.  The 
growers  have  learned  from  experience  that 
thorough   preparation  of  the  land  pays.      In 


fact,  the  land  is  cultivated  as  carefully  as  if 
it  was  a  small  garden  tract,  for  the  weeds 
must  be  kept  out  before  the  crop  is  planted  as 
well  as  afterwards,  and  you  might  say  the 
land  is  being  prepared  or  cultivated  contin- 
uously, except  winter  months,  from  one  crop 
harvest  until  next  crop  harvest. 

Planting — Planting  begins  about  the  middle 
of  April  and  continues  throughout  May  and 
sometimes  into  June ;  depending  on  weather 
conditions,  as  the  land  must  become  warm  so  as 
to  get  the  plant  up  out  of  the  ground  quickly. 

Years  ago  about  forty  pounds  of  seed  was 
planted  to  the  acre,  but  this  has  been  increased 
until  now  we  find  the  growers  planting  eighty 
and  a  hundred  pounds  to  the  acre ;  but  the 
growers  have  learned  from  practice  that  it 
was  to  their  advantage  to  increase  the  amount 
of  seed  per  acre,  for  they  got  a  better  "stand"  ; 
more  plants  come  up,  and  this  is  very  essential, 
as  a  good  "stand"  is  a  long  way  toward  a  crop. 
The  seed  is  put  into  the  ground  by  a  bean 
planter  in  rows  about  thirty  inches  apart,  three 
to  four  inches  apart  in  the  row,  one  or  two 
beans  being  dropped  in  a  place. 

There  is  some  dift'erence  of  opinion  as  to 
the  best  distance  between  rows.  Some  growers 
have  tried  planting  but  twenty-four-inch  rows 
with  good  success,  but  thirty-inch  rows  seem 
to  be  the  popular  planting  by  the  average 
grower. 

The  seed  is  put  into  the  ground  with  a 
planter  which  makes  a  furrow  or  ditch, 
depositing  the  seed  about  two  inches  under  the 
ground,  down  to  the  moist  soil  so  the  bean 
will  absorb  the  moisture,  germinate,  and  get 
up  and  out  quickly. 

Cultivation — When  the  plants  are  up  they 
are  cultivated  several  times,  keeping  down  the 
weeds  and  also  loosening  up  the  soil,  keeping 
the  moisture  near  the  top  of  the  ground.  Of 
course,  this  cultivating  ceases  when  the  plants 
get  too  large,  as  the  plants,  not  being  provided 
with  supports,  or  poles,  cover  the  ground  be- 
tween rows,  thus  using  the  land  to  climb  on  in 
place  of  poles.  Should  there  be  any  weeds 
come  up  after  cultivating  ceases  they  are  cut 
out  with  a  hoe. 


546 


CALIFORNIA'S  IMAGAZIXE 


As  there  is  seldom  any  rain  from  planting 
to  harvesting,  the  land  becomes  quite  dry, 
therefore  there  is  little  danger  from  moisture 
discoloring  the  beans  from  the  vines  trailing 
along  the  ground. 

The  past  few  years  artesian  wells  have  been 
put  down  and  the  growers  have  found  it 
profitable  to  irrigate  their  beans  during  the 
growing  period  and  in  many  fields  cri)ps  have 
been  increased  by  one-fifth  to  one-half.  One 
of  the  drawbacks  to  irrigation  is  making  weeds 
grow,  and  unless  the  land  is  cultivated  im- 
mediately afterwards  the  surface  becomes 
baked  very  hard,  allowing  the  moisture  to  dry 
out  quickly. 

Harvesting — The  beans  in  the  earlier  sec- 
tions ripen  about  August  15.  The  vines  are 
cut  with  a  sled  cutter  having  two  runners 
about  fifteen  inches  high.  On  the  inner  side 
of  each  runner  a  knife  is  fastened  diagonally, 
slanting  backw-ards  and  toward  the  center  of 
the  sled.  About  six  inches  above  the  knives 
are  two  small  rods  of  iron  which  push  the 
vines  into  the  center  as  cut,  making  one  wind- 
row out  of  the  two  rows  cut.  The  runners  on 
the  sled  cutter  are  far  enough  apart  to  cut 
two  rows  of  vines  at  one  time.  This  sled  is 
drawn  by  two  horses  and  the  knives  cut  the 
vines  just  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
One  cutter  will  cut  ten  acres  per  day.  The 
vines  after  being  left  in  windrows  for  a  few 
days  are  piled  by  hand  with  pitchforks,  usually 
three  windrows  into  one  row  of  piles  to  remain 
until  very  dry,  which  length  of  time  varies  with 
the  weather  and  maturity  of  the  beans,  but 
usually  two  to  three  w-eeks,  sometimes  even 
four  weeks.  ( )ne  man  w'ill  pile  on  an  average 
of  three  acres  per  day.  It  takes  at  least  three 
men  to  handle  the  cut  vines  from  one  sled 
cutter. 

After  the  vines  become  thoroughly  dried 
the  piles  are  gathered  up  by  men  with  pitch- 
forks into  a  wagon  with  a  bed  similar  to 
a  hay  rack,  and  taken  to  the  threshing  ma- 
chine. The  straw,  pods,  etc.,  are  separated 
from  the  dry  beans  which  are  sacked,  hauled 
to  the  warehouse  to  be  cleaned  by  the  bean 
cleaner,  which  takes  out  the  remaining  sticks, 
pods,  lumps  of  dirt,  small  and  split  beans,  and 


from  here  put  up  in  even  weight  bags  with  the 
net  weight  stenciled  on  each  bag,  loaded  into 
cars  or  on  steamers  and  shipj)ed  to  the  markets 
of  the  world. 

Valuable  Straw — The  bean  straw  which  is 
separated  by  the  threshing  machine  is  put  into 
bales  and  used  for  feed  for  cattle  and  horses. 
Of  course  a  great  deal  of  the  straw  is  scat- 
tered over  the  land  and  plowed  under  for 
fertilizer.  Years  ago  the  growers  used  to  burn 
this  straw,  but  they  learned  from  experience 
that  there  was  a  great  deal  of  nourishment  in 
this  for  cattle  and  that  they  would  get  fat  on 
it ;  also  today  there  are  more  growers  scat- 
tering this  straw  on  their  land  and  plowing 
under  than  ever  before  because  they  have  been 
taught  from  experience  that  it  enriches  the 
land. 

Striking  Facts — Possibly  to  the  majority  of 
people,  the  growing  of  lima  beans  in  California 
is  rather  small  farming,  because  they  have 
in  mind  the  growing  of  lima  beans  in  other 
sections,  but  all  one  has  to  do  is  to  get  on 
Coast  Line  train  at  Lompoc,  Santa  Barbara 
County,  during  May,  June,  July  or  August, 
and  ride  to  San  Diego,  a  distance  of  about  250 
miles,  and  on  all  sides  you  will  find  lima  beans 
growing.  One  will  ride  miles  and  miles  and 
see  field  after  field  without  a  fence  to  divide 
ownership.  These  will  appear  in  one  continu- 
ous green  stretch  as  if  a  lawn. 

South  of  Los  Angeles  is  one  ranch  which 
in  1914  had  in  lima  beans  about  20,000  acres. 
The  crop  off  this  ranch  was  nearly  250,000 
bags,  basis  eighty  pounds  each,  or  20,000,000 
pounds,  selling  for  nearly  $1,000,000. 

In  Ventura  County  the  returns  from  the  lima 
bean  crop  grown  by  individual  growers  range 
from  $2500  up  as  high  as  $125,000,  therefore 
if  any  one  thinks  bean  growing  in  California 
is  on  a  small  scale,  let  him  change  his  mind 
right  now. 

The  most  of  the  large  ranch  holdings  are 
rented  to  growers  in  from  50  to  300  acre 
tracts  on  a  crop  rent  basis ;  that  is,  the  renter 
delivers  to  the  landowner  a  certain  percentage 
of  the  crop  raised,  which  varies  according  to 
quality  of  the  land,  as  a  yearly  rental.  Some 
landowners   furnish  the  stock,   farming  tools. 


LIMA  BEANS 


547 


etc.,  while  others  make  the  renter  furnish 
everything. 

Marketing — Only  about  fifteen  years  ago 
lima  beans  were  a  drug  on  the  market,  with 
only  an  annual  crop  of  about  600,000 
80-pound  bags.  The  growers  could  only  get 
$1.15  to  $1.50  per  hundred  pounds  for  their 
beans  and  then  there  was  always  a  carry-over 
from  one  year's  crop  into  the  next  year  of 
from  50,000  to  100,000  bags,  but  in  the  year 
1909  the  largest  growers  in  Ventura  County 
got  together  and  made  up  their  minds  that 
they  were  tired  of  having  the  market  manipu- 
lated by  a  few  dealers  at  the  expense  of  the 
growers.  They  declared  that  co-operation 
among  the  growers  was  their  only  salvation 
if  they  expected  to  get  a  fair  price  for  their 
crops. 

They  called  a  mass  meeting  of  the  growers, 
incorporated  under  the  name  of  Lima  Bean 
Growers'  Association,  rented  an  office,  em- 
ployed their  help,  including  a  manager,  and 
appointed  brokers  in  all  cities  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  and  went  after  the  business 
the  same  as  the  dealers  were  doing,  but  in- 
stead of  working  a  few  markets  they  went 
after  all  markets,  opened  up  new  ones  by 
advertising,  demonstration,  and  shouting  to  all 
the  virtues  of  the  California  dry  lima  bean, 
and  today  I  venture  to  say  there  is  no  jobber 
in  the  United  States,  large  or  small,  who  does 
not  handle  California  dry  lima  beans. 

In  visiting  the  cities  of  the  United  States 
you  will  hardly  find  a  restaurant  or  hotel  that 
does  not  have  on  its  bill  of  fare  lima  beans  as 
one  of  its  vegetable  dishes. 

The  Groiifth  of  Production — Since  the  asso- 
ciation has  been  in  business  there  has  never 
been  a  year  with  a  carry-over.  Each  year's 
crop  was  cleaned  up  by  the  time  the  new  one 
was  ready  for  market. 

In  visiting  the  cities  of  the  United  States 
you  will  hardly  find  a  restaurant  or  hotel  that 
does  not  have  on  its  bill  of  fare  lima  beans 
as  one  of  its  vegetable  dishes. 


To  show  how  fast  the  consumption  and  crop 
have  increased,  the  following  figures  are  given, 
basis  eighty  pounds  per  bag : 
Year  Yield 

1907 900,000  bags 

1908 1,000,000     " 

1909 1,050,000     " 

1910 1,175,000     " 

1911 1.300,000     " 

1912 1,200,000     " 

1913 1,050,000     " 

1914 1,500,000     •• 

In  the  year  1911  the  total  acreage  was  about 
95,000;  in  1912,  103,000;  1913,  115,000; 
1914,  116,000. 

Estimated  yield  by  counties  of  1914  crop, 
basis  eighty  pound  bags : 

Ventura    1,000,000 

Orange   260,000 

Santa   Barbara 100,000 

Los  Angeles 75,000 

San   Diego 65,000 

1,500.000 
The  1914  crop  lima  beans  will  bring  to  the 
farmers  in  California  in  the  neighborhood  of 
$6,000,000  to  $6,250,000.  therefore  growing 
of  lima  beans  is  one  of  the  principal  industries 
in  California. 

A.  great  deal  of  the  acreage  planted  to  beans 
in  Ventura,  Orange  and  Santa  Barbara 
counties  is  in  orchards  where  they  either  have 
young  lemon  or  walnut  trees.  They  utilize  all 
the  space  in  between  the  trees  in  growdng 
limas  until  the  trees  get  so  large  they  shade  and 
draw  the  moisture  from  between  the  rows. 
When  this  time  comes,  of  course,  they  must 
quit  planting  anything  except  cover  crops 
there. 

If  the  consumer  would  only  realize  the  food 
value  of  lima  beans  he  would  find  them  one 
of  the  most  important  products  placed  on  the 
market  today  and  which  should  be  on  every 
family  table  in  some  form  or  other.  They  can 
be  served  boiled,  baked,  in  soup,  and  even  as 
lima  bean  pie,  which  is  one  of  the  tastiest  pies 
made  if  properly  prepared. 


CALIFURXLV  has  gathered  to  itself  the  prcxiucts  supposedly  limited  to 
many  other  climes  and  there  is  little  of  valtte  grown  in  the  tropics,  the 
Orient  or  in  European  lands  that  will  not  thri\e  in  this  State. 


Alfalfa  in  California 

By  Gerald  D.  Kennedy 

Field  Expert  of  the  California  Dcvclo pment  Board 


Editor's  N^ote:  Mr.  Kennedy  discusses  alfalfa,  the  greatest  forage 
plant  of  California,  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  recent  careful  and 
extended  survey  of  alfalfa  growing  in  this  State  made  by  the  experts 
of  the  State  development  board.  His  article  is  therefore  the  closest 
and  most  up-to-date  review  of  the  subject,  and  its  details  of  methods, 
policies,  and  appliances  will  be  found  of  the  highest  practical  value 
to  those  contemplating  investment  of  personal  enterprise  on  an  alfalfa 
basis. 


'  I  "^  HE  word  alfalfa  is  derived  from  the 
-*-  Arabic  nieaning  "good  fodder,"  and  in 
this  State  it  has  proven  itself  worthy  of  the 
name.  It  was  first  planted  in  the  inland  val- 
leys, but  at  the  present  time  it  is  a  staple  crop 
from  the  Mexican  border  to  the  Oregon  line. 
As  a  rule,  situations  open  to  direct  coast  in- 
fluences are  not  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
this  crop. 

CLIMATE   AND   SOIL 

A  long,  warm  growing  season  is  desirable, 
the  longer  and  warmer  the  summer  the  larger 
the  crop,  other  conditions  being  equal.  The 
only  effect  cold  has  on  the  established  plant 
is  to  stop  the  growth,  so  it  lies  dormant  during 
the  winter  months.  Frost  is  apt,  however,  to 
kill  the  young  plant  as  it  sprouts  through  the 
ground ;  it  is  not  free  from  danger  until  the 
third  leaf  has  appeared. 

The  ideal  soil  is  a  well  drained  loam  with 
a  depth  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.  However,  the 
crop  thrives  on  a  great  variety  of  soils,  from 
a  light  sandy  loam  to  a  heavy  adobe.  It  is  also 
grown  successfully  on  soil  only  four  feet  in 
depth.  Alfalfa  should  never  be  planted  in  soil 
where  the  water  level  is  within  four  feet  of 
the  surface  or  where  there  is  too  much  acidity 
in    the   soil    which   some  times   happens    when 


wheat  or  corn  has  been  grown  for  a  number  of 
years  on  land  not  naturally  well  drained.  It 
does  not  follow  that  all  worn-out  grain  land 
is  acid,  as  many  of  our  most  successful  plant- 
ings have  been  made  on  such  land.  A  simple 
test  for  acidity  is  to  make  a  cut  in  the  soil  and 
insert  a  piece  of  blue  litmus  paper.  After  re- 
maining in  the  ground  for  several  hours  the 
litmus  paper  should  be  examined ;  if  it  is  pink 
in  color,  it  is  proof  of  acidity.  The  remedy  for 
acidity  is  the  application  of  lime;  500  to  1000 
pounds  is  usually  sufficient  for  an  acre.  Our 
California  soils  usually  contain  enough  plant 
food ;  if  they  are  lacking  in  anything  it  is 
apt  to  be  humus,  which  may  be  replenished  l)y 
plowing  under  some  cover  crop.  For  quick  re- 
sults rye  is  very  effective.  Alfalfa  gathers  its 
nitrogen  by  means  of  bacteria,  which  are  found 
in  small  nodules  on  the  roots.  These  bacteria 
must  be  present  if  the  alfalfa  is  to  flourish  ;  if 
they  are  not  found  in  the  soil  they  must  be 
furnished  artificially.  Either  the  seed  or  the 
soil  may  be  inoculated.  Preparations  are  sold 
for  the  treatment  of  the  seed.  Soaking  the  seed 
in  solution  made  from  the  soil  of  a  healthy 
and  mature  alfalfa  field  is  an  economical 
method  of  inoculation.  Soil  from  an  old  stand 
of  alfalfa  is  sometimes  spread  to  the  extent 


ALFALFA 


549 


of  about  400  pounds  to  the  acre  before  plant- 
ing, or  manure  from  alfalfa  fed  animals  may 
be  used.  All  of  these  methods  have  given  sat- 
isfactory results.  Alfalfa  will  stand  a  little 
more  alkali  than  the  average  plant ;  this  is 
especially  true  after  the  field  has  a  start. 

WATER   REQUIREMENTS 

Irrigation  is  necessary  to  obtain  the  maxi- 
mum yield  in  this  State,  though  in  many  places 
it  flourishes  without  the  aid  of  it.  Hence  the 
first  thing  to  develop  on  a  prospective  alfalfa 
field  is  the  water.  On  unirrigated  fields  the 
gophers  and  squirrels  are  a  menace  and  it  is 
sometimes  necessary  to  apply  water  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  drowning  them  out.  The  only 
time  that  it  is  unadvisable  to  use  water  is  when 
the  alfalfa  is  being  grown  for  seed  purposes, 
because  a  thin  stand  is  desirable  and  the  seed 
is  hardier. 

Water  for  irrigation  may  be  obtained  in 
several  ways,  by  acquiring  a  ditch  right  in 
some  irrigation  system,  sinking  a  well  and 
pumping,  or  using  the  water  from  some  nearby 
stream.  \\'ater  from  a  ditch  costs  from  $1 
per  acre  per  year  up,  depending  on  the  location. 
Under  ordinary  conditions  the  cost  of  pumping 
water  is  about  $4  per  acre  per  year.  If  a  pump- 
ing plant  is  the  source  of  supply  it  is  always 
best  to  use  a  reservoir,  as  it  lessens  the  cost 
of  handling  the  water.  The  cost  of  installing 
a  pumping  plant  capable  of  irrigating  twenty 
acres  would  be  approximately  as  follows: 

SinkiriR  200  foot  well $300.00 

Installing  pit 50.00 

Motor  and  pump 300.00 

Reservoir  50x50x4 55.50 

Total $705.50 

If  a  gasoline  engine  is  to  be  used  the  cost 
would  be  about  $100  additional. 

It  is  impossible  to  state  the  amount  of  water 
that  is  necessary,  as  it  varies  under  different 
conditions.  Light  sandy  soils  require  more 
water  than  heavier  soils,  as  thev  do  not  hold 
the  moisture  so  well. 

In  order  to  facilitate  irrigation  the  land  is 
usually  checked,  the  details  of  which  will  be 
taken  up  later  in  this  paper.  It  has  been 
found  by  experience  that  frequent  shallow  irri- 


gations are  more  desirable  than  heavier  ones 
at  greater  intervals.  The  most  practical  way 
of  applying  the  water  is  after  each  cutting  as 
at  that  time  the  water  flows  quickly  over  the 
ground.  The  water  should  never  be  allowed  to 
stand  on  the  field  in  warm  weather  for  more 
than  a  day,  as  it  is  apt  to  kill  the  plant.  Young 
alfalfa  should  never  be  watered  until  it  shows 
signs  of  distress,  the  idea  being  to  make  the 
roots  go  down  and  seek  moisture.  Where  only 
a  small  quantity  of  water  is  used,  it  is  often 
applied  by  means  of  movable  slip- joint  pipe. 

PREPARATION    OF   THE    LAND 

Land  that  is  to  be  planted  to  alfalfa  should 
be  broken  a  year  ahead  of  time  if  possible. 
Deep  plowing  is  the  first  essential  in  prepara- 
tion. After  the  land  has  been  worked  up,  it  is 
ready  to  be  checked  and  leveled.  These  prepa- 
rations are  done  at  the  same  time,  the  checks 
are  made  by  throwing  up  small  levees,  rarely 
more  than  twelve  inches  high  as  the  mowers 
and  rakes  have  to  be  driven  over  them  in 
harvesting  the  crop. 

There  are  various  methods  of  checking;  in 
ground  with  an  even  slope,  strip  checks  may 
be  used,  25x300  feet  is  a  satisfactory  sized 
check.  In  fairly  level  land  the  square  check 
is  advisable;  80x80  feet  or  100x100  feet  are 
good  sized  checks.  \Miere  the  ground  is  rough, 
contour  checks  are  often  used.  The  idea  in 
checking  is  to  get  the  land  in  such  shape  that 
water  can  be  api)lied  economically  and  quickly  ; 
this  fact  should  never  be  lost  sight  of.  Ditches 
should  always  be  put  on  the  highest  ground 
and  if  the  fall  is  enough  to  cause  washing, 
"drops"  should  be  put  in.  Head  gates  to  con- 
trol and  facilitate  the  handling  of  the  water 
may  be  made  out  of  wood,  concrete  and  gal- 
vanized iron.  Tlie  cost  per  acre  for  concrete 
gates  is  about  $5  and  for  wooden  gates  $2. 
The  leveling  and  checking  is  done  with  a  four- 
horse  scraper  and  the  cost  varies  from  $5  to 
$35  an  acre,  figuring  the  man  and  scraper 
at  $6  per  day.  Light  sandy  soils  are  more  apt 
to  be  unlevel  than  the  heavier  lands,  there- 
fore there  is  more  dirt  to  be  moved.  "Hog 
wallow"    lands    are   very    unlevel,    but   those 


550  CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 

where  the  mounds  are  close  together  are  easier  it  is  apt  to  be  injured,  as  the  animals  will  eat 

to    level    than    are    those    where   they    are    far  too  close  to  the  crown.     Disking  the  field  m 

apart.    Before  seeding,  water  should  he  turned  the   winter  is  often  of  great   benefit  and  it  is 

into  the  checks  to  see  that  they  tlood  properly  ;  also  advisable  to  apply  all   of  the  manure  at 

a  good  stand  of  alfalfa  can   not   be  obtained  hand.     Superphosphates  can  be   used   to   good 

unless  this  work  is  well  done.  advantage  on   light    soils.      The  cost   is  about 

SEEDING  '^~*'  "^  ^*''^  "^^'^'^  ^^^''^  '^  sulVicient  for  six  or  seven 

Spring  seeding  is  preferable  in  most  parts  -i^tcs.  The  friability  of  heavy  soils  may  be 
of  the  State,  as' there  is  less  danger  of  frost  improved  by  applying  3l)U  to  400  pounds  of 
at  that  time.  Before  planting  the  ground  gypsum  to  the  acre;  the  cost  is  about  $10  a 
should  be  thoroughly  worked  and  the  under  ton.  The  common  practice  in  California  is  to 
surface  packed,  as  alfalfa  does  best  in  a  firm  m'h  lime  instead  of  gypsum. 
seed  bed.  The  seed  may  be  either  drilled  or  h-arvesping 
broadcasted.  Drilling  is  preferable  as  the  seed  It  is  very  important  to  cut  alfalfa  at  the 
is  scattered  more  evenly.  Twelve  to  fifteen  right  time.  It  has  been  found  that  the  most 
pounds  is  generally  sufficient  seed  to  sow  to  nutriment  is  in  the  hay  when  it  first  starts  to 
the  acre;  the  price  varies  from  15  cents  to  20  blossom;  at  this  time  the  young  shoots  are 
cents  a  pound.  The  cost  of  seeding  would  also  leaving  the  crown.  The  haying  season 
then  be  from  $2  to  $3.50  an  acre.  The  actual  starts  in  April  and  where  conditions  are  favor- 
cost  of  sowing  the  seed  is  negligible.  It  is  able  a  crop  is  cut  every  four  weeks  until  the 
never  advisable  to  sow  a  nurse  crop,  because  frost  comes.  One  man  and  a  two-horse  mower 
it  uses  moisture  and  food  that  is  needed  for  can  cut  eight  acres  a  day. 

the  voun"-  alfalfa  plant.  The  hay  is  allowed  to  lie  in  the  swath  until 

varieties  ^1^^  stems  can  be  bent  without  exuding  mois- 

The  alfalfa  that  is  ordinarily  grown  in  this  ture  which  usually  takes  a  day,  sometimes  less 
State  is  the  Chilean,  and  it  is  the  variety  that  ^t^d  sometimes  more,  depending  on  the  weather, 
has  proven  most  successful.  Turkestan  is  a  '^^^^  ^^^y  is  then  thrown  up  into  the  windrows 
hardier  variety  and  withstands  the  cold  and  •'>'  ""'^'^^"^  "^  ^  two-horse  rake.  A  rake  can  take 
drought  better,  but  the  quality  of  hay  is  not  ^^^^^  of  two  mowers;  from  the  windrow  it  is 
so  good.  Arabian  is  a  short-lived  variety  that  forked  up  into  small  shocks.  One  man  can 
is  used  to  advantage  for  rotation  purposes  ^l^«^-k  about  eight  acres  a  day.  The  hay  should 
where  the  stand  has  to  be  plowed  out  in  a  few  ^^^  removed  from  the  field  as  soon  as  possible, 
years.  Peruvian  alfalfa  is  still  in  the  experi-  '^'^^^  ^^oner  it  is  hauled  the  less  danger  of 
mental  stage  in  this  State.  The  advantages  lo^i"g  the  leaves,  which  contain  most  of  the 
claimed  for  this  variety  are  a  longer  growing  nutriment  and  the  sooner  the  water  is  applied 
season  and  therefore  a  greater  tonnage.  Before  ^he  better  for  the  next  crop.  Cost  of  harvest- 
planting   any   seed  it    is   advisable  to   send   a  ing  a  ton.  figuring  the  crop  on  a  two-ton  basis  : 

sample  to  the  University  of  California  to  have      Mowing     (8  acres  per  day) $  .25      per  Ton 

^  -^  Raking       (16  ) lz'4 

it  tested  for  weeds  and  germination.   This  does      Shocking  (8      "      "      "    ) 12'/2 

not  cost  anything  and  often  may  save  a  great      Hauling  and  stacking ^-^Q  ^ 

deal  of  trouble  and  expense.  $1.50 

CARE  OF  ..\LF.\LFA  If  the  crop  is  lighter  than  two  tons,  the  cost 

When    the   young   alfalfa   is   up    about   six      of  handling  would  be  about  the  same ;    there- 
inches  it  should  be  clipi)ed  to  strengthen  the      fore  it  would  increase  the  cost  per  ton. 
plant  and  to  delay  the  weed  growth.    It  should  yield 

never  be  pastured  the  first  year  or  when  the  The  first  year  only  two  or  three  cuttings  are 

ground  is  damp,   as  it  is  easily  tramped  out,      obtained  and  after  that  the  yield  varies  from 
especially  by  hogs.    By  pasturing  too  heavily      four  to  ten  tons  per  acre  per  year.    The  average 


ALFALFA 


551 


yield  throughout  the  State  is  3.5  tons,  though 
in  a  great  many  sections  the  yield  is  greater, 
in  fact  some  sections  average  ten  tons.  Under 
favorable  conditions  the  grower  can  expect  an 
average  of  six  or  seven  tons  to  the  acre.  The 
first  cutting  is  usually  weedy  and  often  used 
for  silage  on  that  account,  as  it  would  not 
command  the  same  price  for  hay  as  the  later 
cuttings. 

PRICE 

The  price  of  unbaled  hay  varies  from  $3  to 
$10  a  ton,  depending  on  the  season.  In  the 
stack  512  cubic  feet  is  considered  a  ton.  For 
shipping  purposes  the  hay  must  be  baled.  Bal- 
ing costs  from  $1.75  to  $2.00.  The  price  of 
baled  hay  varies  from  $6  to  $13  a  ton.  Small 
bales  weighing  from  sixty  to  eighty  pounds 
are  preferred.  A  man  can  secure  better  prices 
for  his  hay  by  feeding  it  to  dairy  cows  and 
hogs.  The  average  dairyman  estimates  that  his 
cows  pay  him  $12  per  ton  for  his  hay  only. 
This  depends  on  the  cow,  though  naturally 
alfalfa  and  dairying  go  hand  in  hand. 

PESTS  AND  DISEASES 

Dodder,  a  yellow  clinging  plant,  is  the 
worst  pest  of  alfalfa  in  the  State.  With  the 
proper  care,  there  is  no  danger  from  it,  for  it 
usually  comes  from  using  foul  seed  and  for 
this  reason  a  careful  test  of  the  seed  should  be 
made  before  planting.  Small  patches  of  it  in 
a  field  can  be  destroyed  by  heaping  straw  on 
the  affected  piece  and  burning  it.  Gophers  and 
sc]uirrels  are  serious  pests  in  unirrigated  fields  ; 
where  water  is  obtainable  they  are  easily  kept 
in  check.  In  some  sections  the  stand  is  fouled 
with  Johnson  and  Bermuda  grass.  Such  fields 
should  be  carefully  pastured  or  the  hay  cut 
early  in  order  to  keep  them  in  check.  To  eradi- 
cate them  entirely  would  necessitate  the  plow- 
ing up  of  the  alfalfa. 

RENTING    AND    SELLING 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  rent  alfalfa 
fields,  particularly  for  dairy  purposes.  The 
rental  depends  on  the  stand  of  alfalfa.  Some- 
times it  is  rented  on  shares,  but  usually  for 
cash,  to  be  paid  in  several  installments  through 
the  year.  The  price  is  from  $10  to  $25  per 
acre  a  year,  averaging  about  $15. 


Alfalfa  land  is  sold  at  all  prices  up  to  $300 
per  acre.  A  great  deal  of  it  is  held  in  the 
unimproved  condition  at  $150  per  acre,  and 
unless  the  price  is  influenced  by  proximity  to 
towns,  this  is  all  one  should  pay  for  such  land. 
Land  already  planted  to  alfalfa  can  be  bought 
for  $150  to  $400  an  acre. 

ALFALFA    SEED    PRODUCTION 

This  is  carried  on  extensively  in  Modoc, 
Lassen  and  other  mountain  counties  and  in 
the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 
Land  for  seed  production  should  not  be  wet 
and  yet  it  should  be  moist  enough  to  mature 
the  crop  without  irrigation.  Sandy  lands  are 
not  adapted  to  growing  seed  crops.  The  stand 
of  alfalfa  should  be  thin  so  that  the  sunshine 
and  air  can  reach  to  the  crown  of  the  plant 
and  the  seed  be  produced  the  entire  length  of 
the  stalk.  In  the  mountains  no  hay  is  cut 
when  seed  is  produced.  In  the  big  valleys  the 
third  crop  is  allowed  to  go  to  seed.  When  a 
crop  of  seed  is  produced  one  or  more  crops 
of  hay  are  sacrificed.  The  straw  has  some 
feeding  value  and  the  stockmen  will  pay  $4  a 
ton  for  it,  when  the  hay  is  worth  $8  per  ton. 
The  yield  of  seed  averages  500  pounds  per 
acre.  Some  seasons  the  seed  does  not  seem  to 
set  well.  So  each  year  the  grower  watches 
his  crop  carefully  and  if  the  seed  does  not  set 
it  is  cut  for  hay.  The  price  received  for  the 
seed  averages  13  cents  per  pound.  In  harvest- 
ing, the  crop  must  be  handled  with  care  to 
prevent  shaking  the  seed  out.  A  mowing  ma- 
chine that  bunches  is  desirable  ;  or  else  men 
follow  the  mower  and  set  the  seed-loaded 
alfalfa  to  one  side  in  small  bunches,  where 
it  is  carefullv  loaded  on  wagons  and  hauled 
to  the  thresher.  Seed  production  has  proven 
to  be  very  profitable  in  the  sections  adapted 
to  it. 

LIFE   OF   ALFALFA 

The  life  of  an  alfalfa  field  varies  greatly 
according  to  the  care  and  soil  conditions.  It 
is  safe  to  say  that  the  life  of  an  alfalfa  field 
in  this  State  would  be  from  ten  to  fifteen 
years  if  it  receives  the  proper  care.  Alfalfa, 
unlike  other  crops,  enriches  the  soil  instead  of 
depleting   it.     It   has   the  characteristic   prop- 


552  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

erty  of  legumes  of  being  able  to  extract  nitro-  only  a  roughage  and  that  to  obtain  the  best 
gen  from  the  atmosphere  and  put  it  intcj  the  results  some  concentrated  carbonaceous  feed, 
soil.  Nitrogen  is  the  most  expensive  of  soil  such  as  corn  or  barley,  must  be  fed  in  con- 
fertilizers  and  the  one  usually  most   needed.  junction. 

This  property  of  alfalfa  makes  it  of  iutinite  There    is   danger   of   bloating   either   cattle 

\alue  as  a  soil  fertilizer,  hence  its  popularity  or    sheep,    when    pastured   on    alfalfa.     They 

for  rejuvenating  the  soil.    Its  deep  rooting  ca-  should  be  carefully  watched  at  first  and  only 

pacity  permits  it  to  reach  to  great  depths  for  allowed  to  graze  a  short  time  until  they  get 

its  jdant  food.     Its  extensive  root  system  ere-  accustomed  to  it.    They  should  never  be  turned 

ates  and  puts  new  life  in  the  soil   and  when  in  to  graze  when  the  plant  is  damp, 

the  alfalfa  field  is  plowed  up  these  roots  decay  Most  of  the  alfalfa  in  this  State  is  used  for 

and   the    fertilizer   is   distributed  through   the  dairy  purposes.    A  good  stand  yielding  about 

soil.    Land  that  has  been  heavily  cropped  one  seven  tons   will  furnish  enough  feed  for  one 

year  after  another,  when  put  into  alfalfa  takes  cow.    It  is  figured  that  a  cow  will  eat  half  a 

on  new   life,     ^^'hen   grown   for   a   few   years  ton  a  month.     Hogs  are  usually   run   in  con- 

among  orchard  trees  and  plowed  under,  it  is  a  nection  with  a  dairy  ;    the  skim  milk  combined 

valuable  fertilizer  not  only  adding  nitrogen  to  with   some  grain  and  alfalfa  makes  an  ideal 

the  soil  but  also  improving  the  physical  con-  ration  for  hogs. 

dition.    Doctor  Hilgard  claims  that  the  crop  It  is  too  laxative  to  be  fed  in  large  quan- 

is  worth  $8  a  ton  as  a  fertilizer  to  plow  under.  titles  to  horses  doing  road  work,  but  for  work 

ALFA.LFA.  A.S  A  FEED  horses  and  brood  mares  it  is  of  great  value.    It 

„.       ^.,  ,           ,  .         ,             ,.   ■      1     •       inn  is  an  excellent  feed  for  anv  kind  of  growing 

Digestible     nutriments     contained     m     100  .                   fa           o 

,       ^                1,-1,-  stock  because  of  its  high  protein  content,  which 

pounds  of  green  alt  alt  a:  "     ^ 

^„  ^  „        ,  forms  the  bone   and  muscle.     Bees  make   ex- 
Dry  matter 28.2  rounds 

Protein 3-6        "  cellent  honey  from  it  and  it  is  unsurpassed  as 

Carbo-hydrates 12.1        ''  ^    green    feed    for    poultrv.     Sometimes    it    is 

Fat 4  '^                                ^           '     . 

ground   into  meal  to  make  it  more  palatable 

Digestible     nutriments     contained     in     100  for  some  kinds  of  stock,  such  as  hogs.    Alfalfa 

pounds  of  alfalfa  hay :  ^^^^^^^   combined   with  beet  molas.ses   makes   a 

Dry  matter 93.2  Pounds  ^.^j.^.    desirable   concentrate.     Some   alfalfa   is 

Protein 11-1 

Carbo-hvdratcs 39.1        "  used  for  silage  purposes,  but  the  most  advan- 

F«it ^-^  tageous  way  is  to  feed  alfalfa  hay  and  supi)le- 

The  above  tables   show   the   high   nutritive  ment  it  with  corn  silage, 

value  of  alfalfa,  either  as  a  green  food  or  as  At  the  present  time  there  are  about  600,000 

a  hay.    All  animals  like  it  and  without  doubt  acres  planted  to  alfalfa  in  this  State,  yielding 

it  is  the  best  roughage  we  raise  in  this  coun-  close  to  2.100,000  tons  of  hay,  or  an  average 

trv.     It  must  alwavs  be  remembered  that  it  is  of  three  and  one-half  tons  to  the  acre. 


TAI 
orchards  and  plowed  field.s.  let  us  rest  the  eye  a  moment  on  the  alfalfa 
lands  which  show  their  green  miles  in  every  corner  of  the  State.  After  three 
or  four  crops  are  ctit  in  succession  in  a  single  season,  the  happy  hogs  are 
turned  upon  the  land  for  a  few  months — turned  into  the  paradise  of  the  pigs. 
"Rut  lest  vou  should  think  that  alfalfa  growing  is  all  'velvet,'  please  note 
the  plaint  of  a  certain  grower.  '[  was  told  by  everybody.'  says  the  discour- 
aged farmer,  'that  after  I  had  done  the  ])lanting  and  got  the  water  going.  I 
would  have  it  easy.  But  this  is  not  so:  I  have  got  it  planted  and  I've  got  the 
water.  Yet  it  keeps  me  jumping  all  the  time  to  keep  the  alfalfa  cut.'  " — 
Edwin  Markham,  in  "California  the  Wonderful." 


"The  Farmer  on  the  Job!" 

In  a  recent  letter  to  the  salesmen  of  his  company,  E.  C.  Simmons,  president 
of  the  Simmons  Hardware  Company  of  Saint  Louis,  is  reported  to  have  written 
as  follows : 

"Don't  zi'orry.  11 'ar  or  no  zi'ar,  freight-rates  or  no  freight- 
rates,  tariff  or  no  tariff,  baseball  or  no  baseball,  grape  juice  or 
champagne,- — the  farmer  is  still  on  the  job." 

There  is  a  world  of  significance  in  that  statement,  which  the  undiscerning- 
might  regard  as  humorous.  The  farmer  is  on  the  job!  Never  forget  that.  He 
it  is  who  must  heal  the  scars  of  war,  whose  peaceful  occupation  means  the  saving 
of  the  nations. 


CALIFORNIA  FARMING 

Differs  from  farming  in  most  other  localities.  For  instance,  it  is  a  lot 
easier,  though  no  man  may  expect  to  sit  down  and  wait  for  things  to  grow 
without  applying  the  needed  labor.  As  Dean  Hunt,  of  the  University  of 
California,  says  in  his  article  in  this  number  of  California's  Magazine, 
"it  takes  more  than  a  wish  to  become  a  successful  farmer  in  California." 
But  no  man  with  red  blood  in  his  veins  would  be  happy  in  a  land  where 
there  was  nothing  to  do  but  eat  and  sleep  and  grow  plethoric  and  lazy.  The 
point  to  consider  about  California  farming  is  that  it  is  carried  on  under 
excellent  conditions,  with  a  minimum  of  difficulties,  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances and  a  maximum  of  production.  And  in  California,  the  farmer  is 
always  on  the  job^ — in  more  ways  than  one.  Not  only  is  he  a  successful 
farmer,  but  he  is  also  up  to  the  minute  in  most  other  things.  He  reads  and 
he  believes  in  education.  He  rears  his  children  to  become  successful  men 
and  women,  and  there  is  no  youth  of  the  present  day  who  is  not  proud  to 
say  that  his  father  is  or  was  engaged  in  farming  in  California. 


FIGURES  TELL 

IN  this  issue  of  California's  JMagazine  are  figures  showing  just  what  this 
State  is  producing  in  many  lines  and  furnished  by  the  producers  themselves. 
They  tell  the  tale.  And  there  are  openings  in  plenty  for  all  who  come.  This 
State  can  stand  ten  times  its  present  population  and  still  be  a  comfortable  place 
to  live  in.  The  man  who  comes  to  California  to  engage  in  farming  or,  indeed, 
any  useful  occupation  must  come  shod  with  confidence  and  with  the  germs  of 
success  in  him  ;  he  must  be  alive  to  opportunity's  knock,  awake  to  the  possibili- 
ties all  about  him.  To  such  men  (and  women)  California's  ^Magazine  offers 
the  aid  of  its  Readers'  Service  to  supply  information  or  arrange  for  the  realiza- 
tion of  their  ambitions  which  point  U'estrcard. 

READERS'    SERVICE,   CALIFORNIA'S   MAGAZINE 
New  Call  Building,  San  Francisco 


California's  Leadership 

in  Alfalfa 

By  E.  J.  Wickson 

(Editorial) 

/CALIFORNIA  has  two  main  points  of  able  acreage  of  young  alfalfa  and   is  re- 

^-^  interest    in    the    wonderful    advance-  duced  thereby.     A  conservative  estimate 

ment  of  alfalfa  as  a  forage  plant  for  North  of  the  field  value  of  the  annual  product 

America  during  the  last  half-century  :  of  a  good  stand  of  mature  alfalfa  would 

First,  the  relation  of  alfalfa  to  the  agri-  be  $40  per  acre  and  the  continued  profit- 
cultural  development  of  California.  able  life  of  the  plant  on  deep,  open  land 

Second,  the  importance  of  California's  well  irrigated  and  cared  for,  may  extend 

gift  of  alfalfa  in  the  development  of  ani-  to  twenty  years,  though  it  is  usually  an 

mal     industries     throughout     the     North  advantage  to  plow  up  at  shorter  intervals. 

American  continent.  either  to  get  the  advantage   of  rotation, 

WHAT  ALFALFA  HAS  DONE  FOR  CALIFORNIA  and   the  vastly  greater  product  of  other 

Of  the  debt  which  California  owes  to  crops  for  which  alfalfa  prepares  the  land, 
alfalfa  there  is  no  exact  measurement,  be-  or  to  replace  the  old  plants  with  youno-er 
cause  the  recent  progress  of  the  plant  in  and  more  vigorous  ones, 
our  agriculture  simply  outruns  the  stat-  In  California  the  alfalfa  plant  is  now 
isticians.  The  records  of  the  U.  S.  Census  largely  the  basis  of  the  following  products 
of  1910  show  that  in  the  preceding  year,  of  the  state,  as  reported  by  the  U.  S.  De- 
alfalfa  was  grown  on  19,904  farms  and  partment  of  Agriculture  for  1912  and  bv 
the  acreage  of  it  was  484,134  acres:  the  the  California  State  Dairy  Bureau: 

product  as  hay  and  forage  1,639.707  tons      Dairy   (product  1912)   $32  160  078 

valued  at  $13,088,530.     Since  that  date  we      ^''■^,  ^^''''Y  (o"  farms)   .'S'Z'Z  123,'o24;653 

,  ,      ,   r  r    11  ■  ,  Poultry    (on   farms)    3.844.526 

have  had  four  full  grownig  seasons— dur-      Eggs   (product  1909)   10.263,694 

ing  which  settlement,  irrigation  extension      Honey   (product   1912)    '739i793 

and  sub-division  of  farming  lands  have  It  may  seem  strange  at  first  to  credit 
proceeded  more  rapidly  than  during  any  eggs  and  honey  to  alfalfa,  but  things  are 
preceding  decade  in  our  history.  Esti-  rapidly  moving  that  way.  The  t^^  prod- 
mates  of  the  advancement  of  alfalfa  since  net  in  the  alfalfa  growing  districts  is  in- 
the  census  report  of  1909  vary  between  creasing  rapidly  and  even  in  the  coast 
50  to  100  per  cent  of  increased  area.  It  regions  where  alfalfa  is  little  o-rown, 
is  certainly  safe  to  estimate  the  standing  alfalfa  hay  and  alfalfa  meal  enter  lar^-ely 
of  alfalfa  as  a  California  product  in  1913  into  poultry  rations.  As  for  honey,  which 
to  be  an  acreage  of  three-quarters  of  a  was  formerly  made  on  wild  bee-pastura"-e. 
million  acres  and  an  annual  product  value  the  chief  products  come  now  from  the 
of  $20,000,000  in  the  field  where  it  grows  alfalfa  fields  of  the  irrigated  valleys, 
either  for  hay  or  pasturage.  The  market  Without  undertaking  to  elaborate  the 
value  would,  obviously,  be  much  greater,  theme  to  weariness  it  may  be  brieflv  and 
This  field  valuation  includes  a  consider-  confidentlv   declared: 


554 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


First :  that  no  single  plant  whatever 
(either  herb,  vine  or  tree)  is  producing 
so  g;reat  \aluc  in  California  as  the  alfalfa 
plant. 

Second  :  that  no  single  plant  comes  so 
quickly  to  the  home-maker's  help  on  irri- 
gated land  or  on  suitable  land  under  rain- 
fall, than  alfalfa  and  none  assumes  so 
many  forms  of  value. 

Iliird :  that  no  plant,  save  a  vine  or 
tree,  endures  so  long  in  profitable  service. 

Fourth:  that  no  ])lant  is  so  good  to  fit 
land  for  every  other  crop  known  to  the 
State. 

WHAT    CALIFORNIA    HAS    DONE   FOR   NORTH 
AMERICA  IN   ALFALFA 

Now  that  the  interest  in  alfalfa  covers 
the  United  States  and  the  plant  is  either 
established  or  undergoing  trial  nearly 
everywhere  from  the  Gulf  of  Alexico  to 
the  Canadas,  it  is  pertinent  to  point  out 
not  only  California's  leadership  in  the 
utilization  of  the  plant,  but  the  efYect 
which  California's  demonstration  has  ex- 
erted everywhere. 

About  sixty  years  ago  gold  seekers 
were  coming  to  California  by  all  available 
routes  and  food  supplies  were  ordered 
from  all  the  markets  of  the  world.  Either 
through  the  travel  for  gold  or  the  trade 
for  food,  there  came  to  California  knowl- 
edge of  a  strong  growing,  perennial  clover 
in  Chile  which  was  new  to  American 
eyes,  and  though  California  was  not  then 
generally  recognized  as  wonderfully  en- 
dowed for  agriculture,  there  were  a  few 
pioneers  who  saw  the  truth  and  made 
haste  to  take  advantage  of  it.  What 
seemed  to  them  little  less  than  a  calamity 
was  that  the  rich  fields,  which  grew  grass 
so  tall  in  the  rainy  season  that  riders  on 
horseback  and  grizzly  bears  could  not 
see  each  other  until  actually  encountered, 
should  be  bare  of  verdure  during  the  long 
summer  and  autumn  heat  which  the  grand 
valley  oaks  and  sycamores  showed  to  be 
so  good  for  foliage.  If  there  could  be 
found  anywhere  a  plant  which  would  not 
bleach  and  die  in  the  earlv  summer,  when 


l)lants  should  be  doing  their  best  grow- 
ing, surely  the  California  plains  could 
out-farm  any  country  where  grass  start- 
ed in  April  and  browned  in  September. 
Was  this  wonderful  clover  in  Chile  such 
a  plant?     Perhaps;  we  will  try  it. 

What  was  that  patch  of  green  in  the 
Sacramento  \^alley  just  below  Marysville 
in  1853?  Surely  someone  had  been  pour- 
ing water  on  it  from  a  well  or  from  the 
river.  No?  Well,  it  surely  is  a  wonder; 
worth  riding  miles  to  see.  And  they  rode 
miles  to  see  a  little  green  island  in  the 
midst  of  an  ocean  of  midsummer  yellows 
and  browns :  verdure  without  irrigation : 
a  plant  which  could  pump  its  own  water 
from  the  permanent  supply  when  it  oc- 
curs twelve  or  fifteen  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  a  soil  freely  open  to  root-penetra- 
tion. The  plant  for  which  the  pioneers 
pined  had  been  quickly  found !  It  is  pos- 
sible to  transform  the  sere  summer  as- 
pect of  the  plains  into  park-like  expanses 
of  verdure !  Though  the  plant  on  suit- 
able soils  will  do  this  by  its  own  powers, 
its  service  could  be  multiplied  by  irriga- 
tion and  extended  also  to  soils  on  which 
it  could  not  help  itself  to  moisture.  The 
crowning  need  of  the  whole  arid  region, 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  had  been 
supplied  through  the  optimism  and  en- 
terprise of  a  few  California  pioneers ! 

The  Mormons  at  Salt  Lake  were  pio- 
neers in  irrigation  on  the  Pacific  Slope, 
but  they  had  no  alfalfa  until  they  saw 
the  California  demonstration  and  profited 
by  it.  Then  alfalfa  followed  irrigation 
water  in  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyo- 
ming. Nevada,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico 
— not  in  the  order  named,  perhaps,  but 
all  of  them  following  California  and  Utah. 
Then  came  the  movement  eastward  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  Kansas  and  Ne- 
liraska  first  and  then  the  whole  sweep  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  then  to  the  Atlan- 
tic Slope  from  New  England  to  Georgia. 
Evervwhere  the  impulse  to  try  alfalfa 
came  from  what  people  east  of  the  Sierra 


ALFALFA 


555 


Nevada  had  actually  seen,  or  heard  about, 
as  done  in  California.  In  many  cases,  no 
doubt,  eastward-moving  Californians  per- 
sonally pioneered  the  alfalfa  movement  in 
distant  states.  I  remember  that  the  dem- 
onstrations in  Nebraska  and  Virginia  were 
first  made  by  ex-Californians. 

A    STRIKING    EVENT 

It  is  apparently  a  striking  event  in  plant 
movement  this  progress  of  alfalfa  east- 
ward across  the  United  States.  The 
course  of  economic  plants  beginning  in 
pre-historic  times  has  been  westward — 
not  only  from  the  traditional  birthplace 
of  the  race  in  Asia  Minor  as  commonly 
recorded,  but  from  China  westward  into 
India  and  thence  westward  in  the  move- 
ment of  the  Aryan  races.  And  yet,  stem- 
ming this  tide,  alfalfa  moved  eastward 
from  California.  A  few  other  things  have 
done  this  in  the  past  and  many  others  will 
do  in  the  future  as  there  is  realized  in 
California  the  center  of  a  new  and  unique 
American  civilization,  of  which  the  po- 
tentiality is  now  discernible ;  a  Pacific- 
American  type  of  thought  and  action,  of 
which  the  foundations  were  laid  when  the 
whole  world  came  to  California  seeking 
gold  in  1849. 

And  wdiile  all  this  is  true,  it  is  of  course 
a  fact  that  the  plant  known  in  Europe 
as  "lucerne"  reached  the  Atlantic  Coast 
many  times,  no  doubt,  prior  to  the  in- 
troduction of  Chile  "alfalfa"  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  names  apply  to  the  same 
plant,  but  "lucerne"  made  no  appreciable 
stand  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  nor  did  it 
move  westward  therefrom.  It  rested  un- 
der condemnation  for  inferiority  to  red, 
white  and  other  clovers.  In  1871  this 
writer  was  secretary  of  the  Central  New 
York  Farmers"  Club,  of  which  Mr.  Camp- 
bell, owner  of  the  New  York  Mills  herd 
of  Shorthorns,  was  president,  and  at  a 
meeting  of  the  club   someone   asked   Mr. 


Campbell  what  he  thought  of  the  plant 
"lucerne"  which  had  recently  been  re- 
ceived from  Europe.  "I  am  going  to  plow 
it  up,"  said  ]Mr.  Campbell ;  "it  is  not  as 
good  as  red  clover."  Mr.  Campbell  could 
grow  a  shorthorn  cow  which  sold  at  auc- 
tion for  $40,600,  but  he  could  not  see 
value  in  alfalfa.  This  was  evidently  the 
conclusion  of  others,  for  the  plant  as  in- 
troduced at  Atlantic  parts  never  estab- 
lished itself.  It  was  not  until  the  same 
plant  proceeded  eastward,  clad  in  the 
panoply  of  its  w^estern  victories,  that  it 
could  command  intelligent  trial  and  fair 
judgment.  Now^  it  is  engrossing  atten- 
tion everywhere,  even  in  the  states  where 
the  last  generation  condemned  it  as  un- 
desirable. 

Alfalfa  made  its  first  enduring  stand  on 
American  soil  in  California  and  the  Cali- 
fornia demonstration  of  its  value  lies  in 
the  foundation  of  the  present  popularity 
of  the  plant  because  of  its  usefulness  in 
stock  growing  and  feeding  enterprises  in 
all  parts  of  the  LTnited  States.  In  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  California  gave 
the  world  more  gold  than  it  previously 
possessed,  but  it  made  a  greater  contri- 
bution to  American  development  in  the 
gift  of  alfalfa,  because  alfalfa  will  grow 
each  year  in  volume  value  and  potenti- 
ality throughout  the  continent. 

But  though  California  experience  has 
thus  aroused  the  present  interest  in  alfalfa 
on  this  continent  and  though  great  value 
will  be  derived  from  the  plant  here  and 
there,  its  public  service  will,  in  the  nature 
of  things,  be  greater  in  California  than 
elsewhere.  California  cannot  distribute 
her  deep  free  soils  nor  her  amplitude  of 
heat  nor  her  freedom  from  frost  which 
insure  eight  months  in  the  year  of  alfalfa 
growing  and  hay  making.  To  reach  the 
fullest  benefits  of  the  plant  the  California 
climate  is  indispensable. 


■-s^m  ^ 


a 


==^'-^:^,::?^^::^-«>::^ 


The  California  Rice  Industry 

By  Theodore  Goodman 

General   Manai^er   of    California    Rice    Groupers'    Association 


Editor  s  Note:  ^Iv.  Goodman's  article  on  rice  growing  in  Cali- 
fornia is  an  interesting  sketch  of  California's  latest  agricultural 
specialty  by  a  representative  authority;  it  is  historical  of  the  way 
the  enterprises  now  flourishing  came  about;  descriptive  of  the  land 
and  water  conditions  required,  and  demonstrative  of  the  fact  that 
they  exist  in  this  State  as  shown  by  the  wonderful  increase  in  pro- 
duction, etc.  Mr.  Goodman  discusses  also  the  outlook  for  rice  in 
State  development. 


A  N  EXPERIMEN  T  yesterday,  an  actu- 
■*•  -^  ality  today — this  spells  the  history  of 
the  rice  industry  in  California.  It  is  true, 
however,  that  what  is  termed  an  experiment 
in  this  State  would  elsewhere  probably  be  con- 
sidered anything  but  that,  inasmuch  as  Cali- 
fornia's achievements  are  always  characterized 
by  their  magnitude.  However  that  may  be, 
rice  culture  here  has  outgrown  the  experi- 
mental stage;  no  longer  is  it  dependent  upon 
the  labors  of  experts,  or  even  the  co-operation 
of  the  United  States  government,  which  has  so 
materially  helped  the  work  heretofore.  Rice 
men  have  abandoned  their  swaddling  clothes, 
so  to  speak,  and  have  demonstrated  that  the 
culture  in  California  of  the  greatest  cereal  is 
not  only  practical  but  destined  to  take  a  place 
in  the  foreground  of  the  agricultural  activities 
of  the  State. 

An  idea  of  the  rapidity  of  the  growth  of 
the  industry  is  perhaps  best  gained  through 
the  following  figures  which  may  be  termed 
fairly  authentic.  In  1908  the  crop  was  neg- 
ligible as  was  the  acreage.  This  season's  rice 
crop  in  California  amounts  to  50,000,000 
pounds,  acreage,  1 5,000.  Experts  estimate  that 
the  next  crop  will  produce  double  the  amount 
and  that  a  corresponding  increase  in  acreage 
will  be  noted.  The  average  price  of  rice  is 
two   cents  per  pound,   thus   tlie  crop   mav   be 


said  to  have  had  a  total  value  of  $1,000,000. 
Which  is  not  so  bad  for  an  industry  that  is 
to  all  intents  and  purposes  but  three  seasons 
old.  This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  no 
experimenting  had  been  done  in  rice  culture 
prior  to  that  time ;  indeed,  experiments  are 
noted  as  far  back  as  1860,  when  the  total 
product  was  but  a  trifle  more  than  2000 
pounds.  Following  that  little  was  done  with 
rice  in  California  until,  in  1894,  efforts  were 
made  to  test  the  availability  of  the  peat  lands 
on  Union  Island  with  Honduras  rice.  These 
experiments  were  provided  for  by  congres- 
sional appropriation  to  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  obtained  by  Honor- 
able A.  Caminetti,  then  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  directed  by  Doctor  H.  W.  Wiley  in  con- 
nection with  sugar  beet  investigations.  Pro- 
fessor E.  J.  Wickson  being  in  charge  as  "spe- 
cial agent."  The  growth  was  rank,  but  failed 
to  head.  This  was  attributed  to  either  lateness 
in  planting,  the  character  of  the  grain,  or  both 
causes,  but  the  experiments  were  not  then  re- 
peated. Practically  the  first  crop  of  impor- 
tance was  produced  about  six  years  ago  west 
of  Biggs.  Butte  County,  by  William  Grant. 

GREATEST  CEREAL 

It  may  not  be  commonly  known,  but  is  no 
less  a  fact,  that  rice  forms  the  most  important 
cereal    and    is   more   widelv   used   than   either 


558 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


wheat  or  corn.  No  matter  how  great  may 
become  the  yield  of  rice  in  this  State  it  can 
not  affect  the  price  of  the  commodity,  owing 
to  the  great  and  ever-increasing  demand. 

If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another 
which  concerns  the  success  of  the  rice  inchis- 
try  it  is  water.  Irrigation  is  essential,  since 
rice  recjuires  to  develop  a  successful  crop  a 
great  deal  of  water;  indeed,  the  i)lants  must 
stand  in  water  constantly  for  from  ninety  to 
110  days.  Thus  far  practically  all  the  rice 
grown  liere  has  been  produced  upon  land  not 
previ(Hisly  irrigated.  The  continued  develop- 
ment of  the  industry,  then,  depends  largely 
upon  the  future  extension  of  the  facilities  for 
bringing  water  to  the  land.  That  this  enlarge- 
ment and  extension  will  come  to  pass  is  un- 
doubted, since  the  industry  has  been  proven 
profitable  and  has  opened  up  for  use  lands  that 
had  either  been  unused  or  abandoned,  owing 
to  years  of  constant  farming  which  had  robbed 
the  soil  of  so  much  of  the  available  plant  food. 

A  striking  fact  in  connection  with  the  cul- 
ture of  rice  in  California  is  that  in  quality 
the  yield  has  been  superior — almost  if  not 
quite,  equal  to  the  Japanese  ni  flavor  and  in 
cooking  quality.  The  richness  of  the  soil  has 
been  given  credit  for  much  of  this.  Rice  was 
shipped  from  California  to  Boston  and  New 
York  this  season  and  brought  good  prices. 

The  advent  of  rice  in  this  State  may  be  said 
to  have  marked  the  triumph  of  "adobe" — the 
soil  identified  with  California  in  song  and 
story,  since  it  formed  the  principal  ingredient 
in  the  materials  used  for  construction  of  the 
early  missions  and  other  buildings  which  are 
famous  as  landmarks  of  the  early  days,  the 
days  of  pioneers.  Adobe,  or  'dobe,  as  it  is 
commonly  abbreviated,  has  proved  itself  splen- 
didly adapted  to  the  growth  of  rice  and  as 
there  are  several  hundred  thousand  acres  of 
it  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  this  is  in  itself 
an  important  factor.  The  'dobe  soil  is  close, 
compact  and  when  wet  is  tenacious  and  jmtty- 
like.  It  is  underlain  at  a  depth  of  approxi- 
mately three  feet  by  a  sub-soil  that  is  practi- 
cally impervious  to  water  and  this  is  highly 
important,  since  it  prevents  the  loss  of  water 


by  percolation  downward.  It  may  be  men- 
tioned, however,  that  rotation  crops  will  have 
to  be  developed  as  the  same  land  will  not  go 
on  ])roclucing  rice  year  after  year.  This  prob- 
lem will  not  be  difficult  of  solution,  according 
to  exjjerts. 

There  have  been  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
rice  culture  here  ;  like  every  good  thing,  it  has 
not  been  attained  without  eft'ort.  I^elays  in 
planting  or  in  bringing  the  all-essential  water, 
lack  of  machinery  for  rapid  harvesting  when 
the  planting  had  been  late,  weed  pests,  etc., 
may  be  noted  as  the  principal  stumbling 
blocks.  None  of  these,  however,  has  proven 
insurmountable.  This  year's  seeding  was  be- 
gun earlier  and  machinery  is  arriving  by  car- 
loads. 

The  weed  pest  has  not  been  a  serious  draw- 
back ;  water  grass  (panicum  cms  galli),  known 
commonly  as  "wild  millet,"  has  been  the  chief 
offender  and  must  be  pulled  out  of  the  rice 
fields  by  hand.  The  cost  of  keeping  the  fields 
free  has  been  estimated  not  to  exceed  $2  per 
acre.  Red  rice,  another  dangerous  pest,  has 
not  yet  made  its  appearance  here,  and  extra- 
ordinary care  is  taken  not  to  introduce  it 
through  mixed  seed. 

Though  many  varieties  of  rice  exist,  and 
numerous  kinds  have  been  experimented  with 
here,  the  Wataribune,  a  Japanese  variety,  has 
proved  most  successful.  Experiments  are  un- 
der way  now  with  other  varieties  that  mature 
more  quickly,  a  desirable  feature  that  will 
enhance  the  industry  materially. 

SURPRISING    YIELD 

The  vield  in  California  has  been  little  short 
of  surprising ;  for  example,  the  rice  fields  of 
Louisiana  yield  from  1200  to  2500  })Ounds  per 
acre  per  year,  the  average  being  about  1 500 
pounds.  In  the  Sacramento  Valley  the  lowest 
vield  reported  where  there  was  any  pretense 
to  successful  crops,  was  2000  pounds  per  acre, 
while  maximum  yields  are  reported  to  have 
reached  8000  pounds  per  acre.  But  while, 
heretofore,  the  rice  production  has  practically 
been  confined  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  Butte 
and  Colusa  counties  standing  pre-eminently, 
it  must  not  be  imagined  that  the  cultivation 


RICE  IN  CALIFORNIA 


559 


of  the  cereal  is  restricted  to  those  districts. 
Indeed,  it  has  been  shown  that  other  districts 
and  other  varieties  of  soil  besides  'dobe  are 
suitable  for  rice  growing  and  the  Southern 
counties  have  begun  planting.  Clayey  soil, 
level  stretches  and  water,  water,  water — the 
one  great  essential — will  insure  good  rice 
crops ;  other  things,  such  as  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  planting,  or  seeding,  preparation 
of  the  land  prior  to  seeding,  leveling,  checking, 
etc.,  being  equal. 

Harvesting  is  a  feature  of  the  culture  of 
rice  that  needs  study.  This  is  done  with  a 
self-binder ;  the  grain  is  shocked  in  the  field 
and  threshed  with  an  ordinary  grain-thresher 
after  it  has  been  well  cured  in  the  shock. 

April  is  generally  considered  the  best  month 
for  planting  and  this  process  differs  little  from 
the  planting  of  wheat  or  barley.  After  the 
land  has  been  well  prepared  seeding  is  done 
with  a  grain  drill  or  broadcasted  at  the  rate 
of  eighty  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  rice  per 
acre.  Rice  when  seeded  in  April  and  handled 
properly  should  mature  during  the  first  part 
of  October.  Good  drainage  of  the  land  is  im- 
portant :  As  soon  as  the  rice  is  seeded  germi- 
nation should  begin.  If  the  ground  lacks  the 
necessary  moisture  and  there  are  no  spring 
rains,  it  is  necessary  to  flood.  After  flooding, 
the  checks  must  be  drained  rapidly.  After  the 
plants  have  been  well  tillered,  the  land  must 
be  kept  submerged  continuously  until  the  rice 
begins  to  ripen. 

The  by-products  of  rice  culture  are  consid- 
erable ;  of  these  bran  is  '  perhaps  the  most 
important,  besides  which  are :  polish,  broken 
or  brewer's  rice  and  hulls.  There  are  six  rice 
mills  now  in  the  State  and  more  will  spring 
up  continually  as  the  demand  increases 
through  the  increased  production,  for  mills 
are  an  essential,  since  rice  must  be  polished 
before  it  has  a  marketable  value,  for  table  use. 

An  estimate  from  the  owner  of  one  of  the 
finest  rice  fields  in  Butte  County  district  as 
to  the  actual  costs  incurred  bv  him,  and  which 


may  be  taken  as  fairly  representative,  shows 
the  cost  of  preparing  land  and  growing  the 
crop  to  have  been  $21.55.  The  cost  of  harvest- 
ing, threshing  and  hauling,  based  on  thirty-five 
sacks  per  acre  (3500  pounds),  $15.75.  Total 
for  growing,  harvesting  and  marketing  a  crop 
of  rice,  $37.10.  Product  in  good  condition 
brings  an  average  price  of  $2  per  hundred 
pounds.  Thus,  figuring  conservatively,  a 
thirty-five-sack  crop  will  yield  the  farmer  a 
net  profit  of  $32.90  per  acre. 

The  market  for  rice  is  assured  at  all  times, 
owing  to  the  importance  of  the  cereal  in  the 
world  markets,  as  already  intimated.  So  vast 
is  the  world  crop  that  any  quantity  produced 
in  California  can  not  affect  the  price.  There 
is  no  likelihood  of  over-production. 

RICE  HAS   COME  TO  STAY 

Pages  might  be  written  of  the  possibilities 
of  this  industry  in  the  future  development  of 
the  State,  but  it  is  enough  to  say  that  rice  has 
come  to  stay  as  one  of  the  staple  products  of 
California.  Much  could  be  told  of  the  influx 
of  foreign  buyers,  investors  and  others  ;  of  the 
demand  for  and  consequent  impetus  in  the 
manufacture  of  machinery  for  harvesting  and 
milling  rice ;  of  the  increase  in  land  values 
and  the  opportunities  presented  to  those  who 
contemplate  making  their  livelihood  from  the 
soil. 

In  this  brief  resume  of  the  situation  only 
a  tithe  has  been  told,  where  a  book  could  be 
written,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  prove  be- 
yond the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that,  in  the  cul- 
ture of  rice,  California  has  again  demonstrated 
that  as  a  State  she  is  equal  to  any  emergency, 
that  even  the  Orient  can  not  boast  of  greater 
richness  of  soil  or  more  benign  climatic  con- 
ditions, for  has  not  California  taken  a  promi- 
nent place  in  the  production  of  a  cereal  long 
identified  with  Cathay  and  Nippon? 

To  sum  up,  it  may  be  said  that  California, 
as  a  rice  producing  center,  has  proved  itself — 
the  future  of  the  industry  depends  upon  the 
man — and  not  the  State. 


The  Milling  Industry 
of  California 

By  Hon.  Horace  Davis 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Davis  is  one  of  the  best  known  citizens  of 
California,  having  been  a  pioneer  in  the  milhng-  industry  of  the 
State  and  having  added  to  commercial  and  manufacturing  activity 
during  his  long  career  the  duties  of  a  member  of  Congress,  the  presi- 
dencies of  the  San  Francisco  Produce  Exchange,  the  University  of 
California,  the  board  of  trustees  of  Stanford  University,  etc.  His 
career  is  a  striking  demonstration  of  the  efficiency  of  the  college  man 
in  industrial  and  commercial  and  in  public  affairs.  He  writes  of  the 
milling  industry  of  the  State  as  one  only  can  write  of  a  thing 
of  which  his  life  has  been  a  part,  and  the  sketch  which  we  publish 
will  be  accepted  by  all  future  historians  of  the  State  as  a  basis  for 
their  studies. 


THE  milling  industry  of  California 
really  begins  about  1854.  Under 
the  Spanish  regime,  prior  to  the  American 
occupation,  some  wheat  was  raised  and 
some  little  flour  was  made  in  a  crude, 
primitive  way,  but  the  amount  was  insig- 
nificant, and  the  business  came  to  an  end 
in  1848,  when  the  "gold  fever"  drew  to 
the  mines  the  whole  working  population 
of  the  Coast.  And  for  a  few  years  we 
lived  on  imported  breadstuffs. 

In  the  year  from  July,  1853,  to  June, 
1854,  we  imported  450,000  barrels  of  flour, 
but  that  was  practically  the  end  of  this 
wasteful  process.  The  laborers  returned 
to  the  farms  ;  little  mills  sprang  up  at  the 
wheat  centers  and  the  next  year,  1855-56, 
we  were  sending  flour  to  every  part  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean ;  in  small  quantities,  to 
be  sure,  but  the  tide  had  turned,  and  Cali- 
fornia had  become  a  producer  of  bread- 
stufifs.     Six  years  from  that  time,  in  1860- 


61,  we  exported  1,500,000  centals  of  wheat 
and  200,000  barrels  of  flour. 

The  production  of  wheat  increased 
quite  steadily  for  a  period  of  thirty  years, 
stimulated  by  good  prices  in  Europe,  ex- 
tension of  railroads  into  the  interior  val- 
leys and  a  steady  growth  of  population, 
till  in  1880  we  reached  the  maximum  in  a 
wheat  crop  of  32,537,360  centals. 

Meantime  the  flour  mills  had  increased 
in  number  and  capacity ;  the  foreign  de- 
mand was  large  and  the  number  of  mouths 
to  feed  at  home  was  increasing  every  year. 
The  export  of  flour  reached  high  water 
mark  about  the  same  time  as  the  wheat 
crop,  say  1883-85,  after  which  it  slowly 
fell  oft'.  The  main  causes  of  this  decline 
were  the  gradual  shrinkage  of  the  ship- 
ments to  England  and  the  entrance  of 
Oregon  and  Washington  into  the  Asiatic 
trade.  With  the  completion  of  transcon- 
tinental railways  to  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


562 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


direct  steamers  were  put  on  from  Colum- 
bia River  and  the  Sound  to  Hongkong", 
and  Oregon  flour  being  cheaper  largely 
displaced  ours  in  the  Asiatic  markets. 

But  the  foreign  demand  was  not  the 
only  factor  in  this  interesting  problem. 
The  population  of  the  State  was  increas- 
ing every  day  and  must  be  fed.  Now  the 
millers  figure  that  it  takes  a  barrel  of  flour 
a  year  to  every  inhabitant,  man,  woman 
and  child;  in  addition  to  this  we  must 
allow  for  seed,  feed,  distilling  and  waste. 
But  the  export  of  the  State,  in  flour,  at 
its  maximum  in  1884-85,  only  reached 
1,304,861  barrels,  while  the  population  in 
1891-92,  seven  years  later,  was  estimated 
at  1,319,338,  making  the  home  consump- 
tion greater  than  the  export  of  1884-85, 
and  the  population  was  steadily  increas- 
ing. 

WHEAT    GOES    DOWN 

Meantime,  in  the  latter  eighties,  the 
price  of  wheat,  which  had  been  pretty 
well  sustained  up  to  1885,  was  steadily 
receding  to  a  lower  level.  New  supplies 
of  wheat  from  India  and  Argentina  were 
flooding  the  European  market,  knocking 
down  the  price  to  a  constantly  lower  fig- 
ure, till  by  1894  it  had  got  down  to  90 
cents  per  cental  in  San  Francisco,  which 
was  less  than  cost  of  production.  The 
farmer  bore  it  patiently  for  awhile,  but 
ultimately  he  had  to  go  out  of  wdieat- 
raising  and  take  to  vines  and  fruit.  The 
miller  was  less  afifected  by  this  slump  in 
the  market,  because  the  price  of  flour  is 
regulated  by  the  cost  of  wheat.  But  a 
new  enemy  came  into  the  field  whom  he 
could  not  dislodge.  The  Oregon  millers, 
not  content  with  occupying  the  Asiatic 
market,  began  to  pour  their  surplus  in 
large  quantities  into  California.  We  had 
been  obliged  to  meet  this  competition  be- 
fore, but  the  Palouse  and  Walla  Walla 
districts  brought  vast  areas  of  new  land 
into  cultivation  and  gave  a  fresh  impulse 
to  the  import  of  Northern  flour  into  Cali- 


ft)rni<i.  which  has  steadil}-  increased  till 
last  year  it  amounted  to  over  a  million 
of   Ijarrels. 

yV.W   vs.    01. D    METHODS 

W  hile  all  this  reorganization  of  the 
lines  of  trade  was  going  on,  the  runious 
decline  in  the  ])rice  of  wheat,  the  falling 
ofl^  of  the  crops,  the  loss  of  our  foreign 
trade,  and  the  invasion  of  our  home  mar- 
kets— while  all  this  was  going  on,  we 
were  fighting  out  at  home  the  battle  be- 
tween the  old  system  and  the  new  system 
of  milling,  between  the  mill  stone  and  the 
steel  roller,  the  adoption  of  the  purifier, 
the  change  from  revolving  reels  to  shak- 
ing sifters — in  a  word,  from  the  old,  time- 
honored  method  to  new,  up-to-date  grad- 
ual reduction,  involving  entire  recon- 
struction of  our  mills  at  an  enormous 
expense. 

This  radical  revolution  in  our  mechan- 
ical methods  has  covered  a  period  of  thirty 
years  and  is  not  yet  entirely  finished,  but 
the  main  features  of  the  changes  are 
pretty  clearly  marked  out  and  from  now 
on  it  will  be  largely  a  matter  of  less  im- 
portant detail. 

But  while  all  these  serious  changes 
were  going  on  in  our  business  we  were 
up  against  a  graver  change  even  than 
any  we  have  noted.  During  this  thirty 
years  of  struggle  the  wheat  crop  of  Cali- 
fornia had  run  down  in  volume  from 
1,600,000  tons  to  an  average  of  al)out 
200,000  tons,  not  enough  to  supply  half 
the  annual  demand  for  food,  feed  and  seed 
inside  the  State.  By  a  curious  reversal, 
our  barley  crop  had  increased  during  the 
same  period,  roughly  speaking,  from  100,- 
000  tons  to  800,000;  that  helped  the 
farmer,  but  was  no  consolation  to  the 
miller,  who  couldn't  make  flour  out  of 
barley. 

So  the  miller  had  to  go  outside  of  the 
State  for  half  his  stock  of  wheat.  He  im- 
ported from  every  direction,  but  mainly 
from   Oregon  and   \\'ashington   for  ordi- 


MILLING  INDUSTRY 


563 


nary  stock  and  from  Kansas  for  superior 
glutinous  quality ;  and  at  once  we  were 
up  against  an  entirely  new  trouble.  AA  hile 
we  used  home-grown  wheat  that  we  were 
familiar  with  we  knew  just  what  it  would 
make,  but  when  we  came  to  handle  for- 
eign stock  we  were  in  the  dark  as  to  its 
composition.  So  we  had  recourse  to 
chemical  analysis,  to  the  laboratory  to  tell 
us  how  to  mix  these  strange  wheats,  and 
by  these  means  we  conquered  the  situa- 
tion. Today  the  California  miller  an- 
alyzes all  his  wheats  in  his  laboratory 
and  blends  them  under  the  direction  of 
his  chemical  expert.  This  radical  change 
in  the  method  of  mixing  wheats  has  been 
going  on  for  ten  years,  and  must  be  the 
rule  of  the  future,  for  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  practical  chemist  and  baker 
we  have  conquered  this  new  trouble  with 
foreign  wheat  and  are  making  better  flour 
than  ever.  In  one  word,  we  have  dropped 
the  old  rule-of-thumb  practice  and  are 
working  under  new;,  up-to-date,  scientific 
methods. 

HOW  THE    MILLER   WON   OUT 

This  story  of  the  battle  of  the  last 
thirty-five  years  has  been  very  interesting 
to  me.  One  by  one  the  obstacles  met  by 
the  miller  have  been  overcome.  Some  of 
them  were  serious,  some  seemed  almost 
fatal  to  the  industry,  but  they  have  been 
met  and  surmounted  by  patience,  perse- 
verance and  energy  till  today  the  milling 
interest  seems  to  be  on  as  secure  a  foun- 
dation as  any  of  the  California  industries. 
We  have  the  home  market  and  Arizona, 
and  across  the  sea  we  retain  considerable 
trade  in  Asia,  in  the  Pacific  Islands  and  in 
Central  and  South  America.  Our  flours 
are  higher  in  quality  and  our  methods 
of  milling  are  more  economical  than  ever 
before.  One  reform  remains  to  be  accom- 
plished. We  must  dispense  with  wheat 
sacks  and  prepare  to  handle  the  grain  in 
bulk.  Till  we  do  this  the  Pacific  millers 
cannot    compete    in   economy   with   their 


brethren  east  of  the  Rockies.  It  was  at- 
tempted many  years  ago,  but  did  not  suc- 
ceed. Recently  the  idea  has  been  revived 
at  the  north  with  considerable  success, 
and  the  millers  of  California  must  fol- 
low this  example  if  they  hope  to  compete 
with  their  Eastern  brothers  in  any  of  the 
Atlantic  markets. 

And  now,  in  conclusion,  what  are  the 
prospects  of  the  fviture?  AVe  have  met 
and  overcome  the  problems  of  the  past, 
the  present  is  bright  and  full  of  encour- 
agement. AAHiat  hope  does  the  future 
hold  out  for  us?  It  lies  mainly  in  the 
Panama  Canal,  which  l)rings  us  many 
thousands  of  miles  nearer  to  the  great 
world  markets  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  C)n  the  one  hand  armies  of 
immigrants  from  Europe  will  pour 
through  the  Canal  to  fill  up  our  sparsely 
occupied  territory ;  each  one  of  whom 
must  be  fed  on  California  products — and 
on  the  other  hand  it  shortens  the  distance, 
lessens  the  time,  and  cheapens  the  freight 
on  all  our  commodities  to  the  great  mass 
of  consumers  on  both  shores  of  the  At- 
lantic. A\"e  shall  have  a  fighting  chance 
at  the  Gulf  ports,  the  South  Atlantic 
States,  and  even  New  England,  and  we 
may  reasonably  hope  for  a  rate  of  freight 
to  Northern  Europe,  with  its  dense  popu- 
lation, that  will  compete  with  the  rates 
from  the  great  milling  centers  of  the  Mid- 
dle AA'est. 

It  is  idle  to  predict  the  future.  AA'ho 
would  have  imagined  in  1880  the  course 
of  events  of  the  last  thirty-five  years? 
AA'e  may  not  predict,  but  we  may  hope. 
And  the  same  energy  wdiich  has  turned 
the  disasters  of  the  past  into  ultimate  vic- 
tory— that  same  energy  will  continue  to 
animate  our  millers  and  will  go  a  long 
way  towards  turning  our  hopes  into 
fruition,  and  it  may  easily  be  that  the 
opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  will  usher 
in  an  era  of  lasting  prosperity  for  the 
milling  industry  of  California. 


Towcriiif:;   Hup   Vines   in   a   California    licld 


Hop  Growing  in  California 

By  E.  Clemens  Horst 

Frcsicli'iit  of  E.   Clcnioiis  Horst   iSr'  Co..  San  Francisco 


Editor's  Xotc:  Air.  Horst,  who  has  been  for  years  the  leading" 
organizer  of  enterprises  for  hop  production,  writes  a  striking  article 
on  California  hop  growing;  the  extent  of  the  industry;  the  distinctive 
character  of  the  product  and  its  place  in  the  world's  markets;  the 
original  things  which  have  been  done  to  make  the  crop  and  to  com- 
mand the  attention  of  distant  consumers;  the  enterprising  plans  for 
improved  production,  including  the  new  hop  picking  machine,  and 
presents  many  points  of  interest  to  readers,  especially  those  who  know 
hops  and  their  uses. 


*"  I  ""HE  hop  industry  ranks  first  as  a  pro- 
-*-  vider  of  employment  for  unskilled 
labor.  It  oft'ers  healthful,  open  air  employ- 
ment to  both  old  and  young,  irrespective  of 
sex,  and  at  a  wage  rate  that  yields  good  re- 
muneration for  the  service  rendered. 

There  is  probably  no  other  crop  grown  in 
California  that  takes  as  large  an  initial  invest- 
ment, involving  as  much  labor  and  expense, 
and  as  much  hazard,  in  the  growing,  harvest- 
ing, and  marketing  as  hops. 

In  addition  to  the  first  cost  of  the  land. 
say  $250  to  $400  per  acre  and  permanent  im- 
provements, which  improvements  alone  cost 
from  $160  to  $250  per  acre  according  to  their 
stability,  the  annual  expense  of  growing  and 
harvesting  a  hop  crop  often  runs  as  high  as 
$300  per  acre. 

Of  this  amount  close  to  two-thirds  is  labor. 
The  hop  growers  of  this  State,  with  its  9200 
odd  acres  of  hops,  pay  out  annually  about 
$2,000,000  for  labor  and  another  $1,000,000 
for  supplies,  such  as  stringing  twine,  hop 
cloth,  hay  and  feed,  spray  material,  fertilizer, 
and  all  sorts  of  accessories  to  keep  implements, 
etc..  in  repair.  Of  this  last  $1,000,000  annual 
expenditure  nearlv  all  would  again  resolve  it- 
self into  labor  expense,  if  corapletelv  analyzed. 


so  it  is  safe  to  state  that  practically  no  other 
agricultural  industry  puts  as  much  money  in 
circulation  among  the  working  classes,  per 
acre  of  land  under  cultivation,  as  does  hops. 

The  hop  root  cuttings  planted  in  California 
in  early  days  were  shipped  to  the  Pacific  Coast 
from  Europe  and  from  New  York  State.  The 
earliest  arrivals  were  planted  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  which  still  is  the  center  of  the 
industry — hop  yards  being  fairly  well  scat- 
tered along  the  Sacramento  River  from  Te- 
hama County  south  through  Butte,  Yuba, 
Placer,  Sutter.  Sacramento  and  Yolo  counties, 
as  well  as  along  other  rivers  in  these  various 
counties,  the  principal  other  valley  sections 
being  located  on  Bear,  Feather.  Cosumnes  and 
American  rivers. 

The  Sacramento  Valley  still  grows  those  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  hops  that  are  the  closest 
match  for  the  European  and  New  York  State 
hops.  The  hop  expert  can  correctly  i)ick  many 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley  hops  from  the  genu- 
ine New  York  State  hops.  It  will  require  only 
a  difference  in  the  methods  of  drying  and 
pressing  and  the  elimination  of  the  male-hop 
root,  so  as  to  stunt  the  hop,  in  order  to  make 
many  of  the  hops  now  grown  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  indistinguishable  from  the  best 


566 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


llauliiiti    Hops    :it    W  ln:ill;iiiil 

European  hops.  Since  the  industry  has  been 
established,  hop  growers  and  others  either  di- 
rectly or  iniUrectly  interested,  have  worked  on 
various  improvements  to  increase  the  quantity 
of  hops  grown  per  acre,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  lessen  the  expense  of  growing  the  crop.  As- 
sistance from  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  has  also  been  given  in  the  improve- 
ment of  quality  and  quantity  by  scientific  ap- 
plication of  fertilizers  and  selection  of  best 
producing  types  of  hop  plants. 

IMPROVEMENTS    MADE 

Both  short  and  long  pole  yards,  where  one 
pole  was  used  to  each  hill  of  hops,  have  about 
disappeared,  and  are  giving  way  to  wire  trellis 
eighteen  to  twenty  feet  high.  This  improve- 
ment increases  the  cost  per  acre  very  mate- 
rially, but  the  annual  saving  in  cultivating  ex- 
pense and  cost  of  stringing  and  training  the 
vines  up  to  the  trellis  wire  and  resultant  in- 
crease yield  per  acre  more  than  justify  the  ex- 
pense as  the  improvements  will  last  for  years 
and  are  considered  permanent  improvements. 

Methods  of  cultivation  have  also  been  ma- 
terially changed,  ever  with  the  idea  of  cutting 
down  the  hand  work,  but  at  the  same  time  in- 
creasing the  yield  by  the  use  of  better  imple- 
ments and  intensified  cultivation,  and  in  later 
years,  this  has  been  supplemented  by  consistent 
and  scientific  fertilizing  and  regular  yearly 
irrigation  with  most  excellent  results. 

Plowing  and  cultivation  by  tractors  has  al- 
ready commenced  and  will  soon,  no  doubt,  be 
quite  general  on  the  larger  yards  at  least. 

Harvest   labor   at  picking  time  has  always 


been  more  or  less  scarce  in  California,  and  was 
probably  most  acute  in  seasons  1905,  1906, 
and  1907.  New  York  and  other  hop  sections 
have  also  had  their  difficulties  at  harvest  time, 
and  many  hop  growers,  and  others  interested 
in  hop  growing,  have  for  years  worked  on  a 
machine-process  for  picking  hops,  in  fact  the 
earliest  hop  picking  machine  patents  werg  ap- 
jilicd  for  in  United  Slates  patent  office  over 
tifty  years  ago  and  new  applications  have  been 
made  yearly  since,  until  the  year  1908  when 
there  were  considerably  over  100  patents  on 
hop-picking  machines  and  appliances;  how- 
ever, none  of  these  earlier  inventions  were 
practical. 

The  scarcity  of  harvest  labor  in  1905,  1906 
and  1907  was  responsible  for  further  experi- 
ments looking  toward  the  invention  of  a  ma- 
chine that  would  successfully  pick  hops  on  a 
commercial  basis.  These  experiments  were 
carried  on  by  E.  demons  Horst  Co.,  which 
has  perfected  a  machine  that  will  pick  hops 
quicker,  more  cheaply  and  cleanly  than  the 
work  is  done  by  hand.  All  modern  hop  ranch- 
ers are  now  equipped  with  these  hop-picking 
machines  and,  as  the  large  growers  can  not 
continue  extensive  operations  without  some 
reasonable  assurance  that  they  will  be  able  to 
pick  their  crops  at  harvesting  time,  it  is  safe 
to  predict  that  the  hop-picking  machine  is 
here  to  stay. 

The  E.  demons  Horst  Co.  required  close 
to  8000  hand  pickers  to  harvest  their  own 
California.  Oregon  and  British  crops,  and  had 
thev   not   developed   hop-picking  machines   to 


Uiiloiuiiiif?  l)lossoins  of  the  hop  vines 


HOP  GROWING 


567 


their  present  high  standard  of  efficiency,  har- 
vesting all  the  hops  grown,  especially  those  in 
California,  would  be  extremely  uncertain.  The 
large  number  of  pickers  this  one  firm  would 
require  would  affect  any  other  grower  in  the 
respective  hop  sections. 

One  hop-picking  machine  running  ten  hours 
per  day  will  easily  harvest  1200  to  1500  bales 
of  hops  in  one  picking  season,  with  a  crew 
of  forty  men;  if  run  twenty  hours  per  day, 
will  handle  double  this  quantity  in  one  season. 
One  machine,  running  days  only,  with  a  crew 
of  forty  men,  takes  the  place  of  a  field  crew 
of  225  to  250  hand  pickers,  or,  if  run  twenty 
hours  with  two  shifts  of  forty  men  each,  takes 
the  place  of  450  to  500  pickers.  With  the 
latest  improvements,  machine  picking  is  much 
cleaner  than  hand  picking  and  should  the  crop 
mature  unevenly  or  faster  than  expected,  run- 
ning machines  overtime  saves  large  losses 
from  this  source.  The  hop  vines  are  cut  in 
the  field  and  hauled  to  the  machines  so  that 
the  respective  spots  can  be  treated  according 
to  their  condition.  All  leaves,  picked  vines, 
arms,  etc.,  are  cut  into  fertilizer  by  special  cut- 
ters, as  soon  as  hops  are  picked  from  them. 

METHODS  OF  WORK 

In  explanation  of  the  working  of  the  hop- 
picking  machine,  it  may  be  said  that  the  hop 
vines  are  first  cut  off  about  twenty- four  inches 
from  the  ground,  then  hauled  from  the  field  to 
the  machine  picking  plant,  and  there  fed  into 
machines  by  attaching  the  cut  end  to  a  vine 
grasper.  These  vine  graspers  travel  the  whole 
distance  through  the  machine,  the  vine  being 


A   i^alil.jriiia  Hup  licUl 


Hop    clcNatiiT-s      Iroin   kilns   to   cooling    rooms 

drawn  over  and  between  a  double  set  of  pick- 
ing drums  revolving  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  the  traveling  vine.  These  drums  are 
equipped  with  V-shaped  wire  fingers  so  con- 
structed that  the  hop  vine,  in  passing  over  the 
picking  drum,  lodges  hops  in  the  V-shaped 
fingers,  and  here  the  actual  picking  of  the 
hops  commences.  After  making  one  round  trip 
through  the  machine,  the  vine  is  discharged 
cleaner  picked  than  if  the  work  had  been  done 
by  hand.  Each  machine  is  equipped  with  suf- 
ficient number  of  vine  graspers  to  accommo- 
date sixteen  vines  continuously  and  will  pick 
twenty-eight  vines  per  minute.  Less  than  one- 
half  minute  is  consumed  in  picking  each  vine. 
Theoretical  capacity  of  each  machine  is  120,- 
000  pounds  green  hops  per  ten-hour  day,  ac- 
tual working  capacity  about  50,000  pounds, 
thereby  displacing  from  450  to  500  hand 
pickers. 

The  picked  hops  are  delivered  to  driers  by 
a  rubber  belt  conveyor  so  there  is  the  minimum 
handling  and  practically  no  waste  or  delay  in 
starting  the  curing  process. 

Extensive  improvements  in  the  curing  of 
hops  have  also  been  made  through  the  inven- 
tion of  air-driers  by  which  a  large  volume  of 
moderately  tempered  air  is  forced  through  the 
freshly  picked  hops  by  means  of  enormous 
blowers  or  fans.  This  new  method  of  curing 
permits  of  the  hops  being  cured  at  a  low,  even 
temperature  from  40  degrees  to  60  degrees 
lower  than  the  temperature  employed  in  the 
old  style  stove  kilns.  This  method  of  curing 
preserves   the  maximtim  brewing  qualities   in 


568  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 

the    dried    hops.     Other    important    improve-  The  quality  of  hops  produced  in  California 

ments  made,  and  in  general  use.  are  kiln-load-  is  equal  to  any  grown,  though  there  is  as  yet 

ing  and  unloading  elevators,  by  means  of  belts  a  prejudice  in  favor  of  European  hops  in  the 

or  chains,  and  the  electric  hop-baling  press.  minds  of  certain   American   brewers,   but  the 

Owing  to  tlie  large  vards  under  cultivation  United  States  government  experts  of  the  De- 

in  California,   tlie  development   of  better   and  jiartmetit  of  Agriculture  are  fast  dispelling  the 

faster  processes  has  been  favored  and  because  idea  that  geographical  origin  has  anything  to 

the  California  climate  is  ideal  for  hop  grow-  do    with   quality,    and    with    proper   handling 

ing.    there    being    practicallv    no    serious    hop  Pacific    Coast    hops,    and   especially   those   of 

pests  to  damage  (pialitv.   tlie   iiidustrv  should  California.   sliouUl   conimand   the   markets   of 

have  an  excellent  future  in  the  State.  the  world. 


H 


I'^RK  are  a  few  of  the  notable  acconi])lishnients  of  California  in 
1914-1915: 


Immediately  took  advantage  of  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal 
and  began  to  reaj)  the  benefits  of  the  improved  maritime  transportation 
facilities. 

Completed  the  two  greatest  world's  fairs  ever  held  and  opened 
their  gates  to  the  world. 

Gathered  and  marketed  a  fine  crop  of  oranges  and  lemons  at  nearly 
$50,000,000  for  the  whole  State. 

Produced  gold  to  the  value  of  $21,000,000,  a  gain  of  $500,000  over 
the  1913  production  and  beating  the  year  '49  by  more  than  two  to  one. 
The  1914  production  of  gold  w^as  the  largest  since  1883. 

Produced  105,000,000  barrels  of  oil  worth  over  $50,000,000,  a  gain 
of  over  5,000,000  barrels  over  1913.  California  is  far  in  the  lead  of 
all  other  States  in  oil  production. 

Increased  its  financial  and  banking  strength.  The  establishing  of  a 
Federal  reserve  bank  paved  the  way  for  the  release  for  development 
purposes  of  $50,000,000  held  in  reserve  by  the  banks  of  the  district 
served  by  the  new  institution. 

Expended  $20,000,000  on  highways  and  made  tremendous  progress 
in  the  building  of  a  magnificent  system  of  paved  roads  that  will  soon 
cover  all  the  State  like  a  network. 


Hay  in  California 

By  F.  A.  Somers 

President  Somers  cf  Co.  of  San  Francisco 


Editor  s  Note:  Air.  Somers  shows  how  it  comes  about  that,  aside 
from  alfah'a,  CaHfornia  makes  hay  from  entirely  different  plants  from 
those  used  for  hay  under  conditions  which  favor  the  production  of 
exceptionally  good  appearance  and  high  nutritive  quality.  He  ex- 
plains why  this  is  the  case  and  why,  also,  when  it  comes  to  alfalfa 
hay,  California  gets  several  times  the  weight  to  an  acre  in  a  year 
that  can  be  had  in  humid  climates.  Mr.  Somers  anticipates  that  by 
means  of  the  Panama  Canal  California  will  ship  vast  quantities  of 
hay  to  the  Atlantic  seaboards,  both  of  America  and  Europe. 


HAY  is  rather  a  dry  subject  to  the  average 
citizen,  and  in  California,  hay  is  dry, 
chemically  speaking,  for  the  product  of  this 
State  contains  a  minimum  percentage  of  mois- 
ture, and  thereby  hangs  a  tale. 

It  is  not  generally  realized  that  among 
the  great  fertile  states  of  the  Union,  California 
stands  rather  alone  and  unique  in  enjoying 
rainless  summers.  From  the  late  spring  show- 
ers in  May  until  the  equinoctial  disturbances 
of  late  September,  it  is  very  rarely  that  any 
rain  falls  in  the  great  valleys  of  California, 
with  the  consequence  that  we  are  enabled  to 
harvest  crops  with  facility  and  ease,  and  of  a 
type  that  is  sound  and  sweet. 

Owing  to  our  warm  climate,  it  has  been 
found  that  grain  hay,  rather  than  timothy,  rye 
or  prairie  hay,  can  be  grown  here  to  the  best 
advantage.  Consequently,  barley,  oats  and 
wheat  are  sown  in  large  quantities  each  season, 
in  many  instances  with  the  determination  of 
harvesting  hay,  but  frecjuently  with  the  idea 
of  the  grower  having  the  option  of  cutting 
his  crop  early  for  hay  or  letting  it  mature  for 
grain  according  to  tlic  condition  of  the  crop 
on  the  market. 

Occasionally,  mixtures  of  different  kinds  of 
grain  are  sown  and  quite  often  the  native  hay 


of  the  State,  wild  oat,  grows  naturally  with 
the  sown  grain,  so  that  we  have  mixtures  of 
barley  and  wild  oat,  wheat  and  wild  oat,  and 
cultivated  oat  and  wild  oat.  Under  good  nat- 
ural conditions,  it  is  possible  to  raise  an  ex- 
cellent crop  of  wild  oat  hay  without  sowing 
any  seed  and  very  often  crops  of  clean,  green, 
fragrant,  and  nutritious  wild  oat  hay  are  har- 
vested at  very  small  cost  to  the  producer. 
These  latter  are  termed  volunteer  crops. 

When  grain  is  sown  for  hay,  the  mowers 
are  sent  into  the  field  when  the  grain  is  in  the 
"milk"  or  in  the  "dough,"  at  which  stages 
of  development  the  stalk  or  straw  is  full  of 
nutritious  sap  and  has  a  bright,  green  color. 
By  raking,  shocking  and  stacking  the  crop  in 
proper  season,  a  final  product  is  developed  of  a 
beautiful  appearance  and  which  is  surpassed  in 
palatability  and  nutritive  qualities  by  practi- 
cally no  other  type  of  hay  grown,  with  pos- 
sibly the  single  exception  of  alfalfa. 

California  grain  hay  has  long  been  noted 
among  the  breeders  of  fancy  stock  for  its 
many  excellent  qualities,  and  a  few  years  ago 
when  all  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States 
held  their  regular  annual  racing  meets,  many 
carloads  of  California  grain  hay  were  shipped 
to    the    racincc    centers,     recfardless    of    high 


570 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZIXE 


freight  rates  or  ultimate  costs,  for  it  was  found 
that  nothing  else  could  be  obtained  that  would 
so  well  preserve  an  animal  in  good  health  and 
furnish  him  with  strength,  wind  and  staying 
qualities. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  California  pro- 
duces annually  about  5,000,000  tons  of  hay, 
of  which  3,500,000  tons  are  grain  hay.  More 
than  50  per  cent  of  this  grain  hay  is  fed  at 
home  on  the  farms,  but  there  is  quite  an 
active  trade  throughout  the  State  for  the  re- 
mainder among  the  orchardists,  dairy  farm- 
ers, etc.,  and  with  the  large  cities  and  towns 
throughout  California.  In  the  larger  cities, 
the  consumption  of  grain  hay  is  not  increasing, 
owing  to  the  general  introduction  of  the  auto- 
mobile. The  exportation  of  hay  is,  however, 
quite  an  important  industry,  large  quantities 
being  shipped  annually  to  Mexico,  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  the  Philippines,  Alaska,  etc. 

The  remaining  1,500,000  tons  of  the  esti- 
mated crop  of  5,000,000  tons,  is  alfalfa,  and 
the  production,  general  use  and  exportation  of 
this  particular  variety  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
California — in  fact,  alfalfa  is  such  a  wonder- 
ful plant  and  can  be  produced  so  abundantly 
and  cheaply  here  that  with  a  constantly  in- 
creasing demand,  it  can  be  safely  predicted 
that  within  a  comparatively  short  time,  its 
production  will  be  doubled. 

By  selecting  a  proper  variety  of  seed,  a 
stand  of  alfalfa  can  be  developed  that  wall 
produce  large  crops  for  many  years  without 
resowing.  Because  of  the  abundance  of  fer- 
tile land  in  California,  our  rainless  summers, 
and  our  abundance  of  w^ater  for  irrigation,  the 
alfalfa  crop  of  the  State  will  average  about 
five  cuttings,  and  in  some  especially  favored 
sections,  it  is  not  unusual  to  obtain  as  many 
as  seven  cuttings  per  year.  In  most  of  the 
other  alfalfa  growing  states,  but  two  or,  at 
the  outside,  three  crops  are  harvested. 

Alfalfa  must,  of  course,  have  an  abundance 
of  water  and  where  irrigation  is  practiced  the 
average  yield  of  our  alfalfa  lands  is  about  five 
tons  of  hay  to  tine  acre,  although  quite  a  num- 
ber of  our  farms  will  produce  year  after  year 
from  eight  to  ten  tons  per  annum.    Ordinary? 


care  and  judgment  enable  a  producer  to  prop- 
erly cure  his  crop,  which  will  show  up  with 
a  bright,  pea-green  color,  and  which  will  pre- 
serve its  color  and  its  nutritive  qualities  for 
years  if  protected  from  the  elements. 

Almost  every  kind  of  animal  will  eat 
alfalfa,  will  relish  it  and  thrive  on  it.  It  is 
fed  quite  freely  throughout  the  State  to  beef 
cattle,  milch  cows,  horses,  sheep,  hogs,  poul- 
try, and  even  to  rabbits  and  ostriches.  No 
general  farm  can  be  said  to  be  successful  with- 
out a  field  of  alfalfa,  and  now  that  other  por- 
tions of  the  United  States  and  foreign  coun- 
tries are  beginning  to  see  a  little  of  this  prod- 
uct, it  may  safely  be  predicted  that  an  ex- 
port trade  in  alfalfa  hay  from  California  will 
shortly  be  developed  which  will  prove  to  be 
one  of  our  most  important  industries. 

Alfalfa  hay  is  ground  into  meal,  there  be- 
ing about  fifteen  alfalfa  meal  mills  in  the 
State  at  the  present  time,  and  now  that  the 
Panama  Canal  is  opened,  this  product  is  be- 
ginning to  move  through  the  Canal  to  the 
Atlantic  seaboard ;  large  cities  like  New  York, 
Boston  and  Philadelphia  having  already  pur- 
chased several  thousand  tons  of  this  com- 
modity since  the  opening  of  the  Canal,  are 
earnestly  awaiting  further  supplies  which  will 
be  furnished  them  as  transportation  facilities 
develop. 

In  the  fall  of  1914  the  initial  shipment  of 
alfalfa  hay  and  alfalfa  meal  was  made  from 
San  Francisco  to  England,  in  which  country, 
as  well  as  in  all  the  principal  continental 
countries,  much  interest  has  been  evinced  in 
the  samples  of  alfalfa  that  have  been  quite 
generally  distributed  there,  the  experienced 
feeders  marvelling  at  the  beautiful  color,  fra- 
grance, and  splendid  analysis  of  the  California 
product. 

So,  although  California  has  a  dry  summer, 
which  permits  us  to  produce  dry  hay,  yet  it 
can  be  safely  predicted  that  the  steady  growth 
of  the  hay  trade  of  California,  more  particu- 
larlv  with  reference  to  alfalfa,  and  the  rapid 
growth  of  an  export  business  in  connection 
with  same,  will  furnish  anything  but  dry  read- 
ing matter  witliin  the  next  few  vears. 


Future  of  California's 
Cotton  Industry 

By  John  N.  Blackburn 

Field  Representative  "The  California  Almanac" 


Editor's  Note:  Although  cotton  has  been  grown  experimentally  for 
nearly  fifty  years  and  although  about  1870  there  was  a  shipment  of 
California  cotton  to  Liverpool,  and  although  the  census  report  of 
1880  by  Professor  Hilgard  showed  that  California  had  exceptional 
natural  adaptations  to  cotton  growing,  it  was  only  a  few  years  ago 
that  the  adverse  economic  conditions  in  the  lack  of  available  labor 
was  overcome  and  commercial  production  established  in  the  Imperial 
Valley. 


SINCE  Eli  Whitney  put  together  a  few- 
boards  and  made  a  machine  for  the  gin- 
ning of  cotton,  there  has  not  been  so  important 
a  development  in  the  history  of  the  industry  as 
the  fact  that  the  finest  grades  of  cotton  grown 
in  the  world  can  be  produced  with  success  in 
California — not  merely  cotton,  but  the  best 
grades  of  long  fiber,  the  Egyptian  and  Du- 
rango  varieties.  The  former  of  these  is  the 
most  valuable  cotton  grown  in  the  world,  and 
the  latter  ranks  next.  Several  years  of  gov- 
ernmental experimentation  has  proved  that 
these  two  valuable  long  fiber  cottons  can  be 
grown  with  greater  success  and  profit  in  Cali- 
fornia than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world. 
For  certain  purposes  Egyptian  long  fiber  is 
mixed  with  American  cotton  to  get  a  silkiness 
of  finish  that  brings  fancy  prices,  so  that 
American  manufacturers  annually  import  from 
50,000,000  to  75,000,000  pounds  at  a  cost  of 
between  $6,000,000  and  $11,000,000. 

It  was  in  1902  when  Imperial  Valley  still 
retained  semblance  to  a  desert,  that  a  few 
farmers  searching  about  for  new  fields  of  en- 
deavor  placed   a    few    cotton    i)hints    on    soil 


thought  to  contain  too  much  alkali  to  produce 
luxuriantly.  The  little  plants  surprised  the 
planters  who,  unknowingly,  became  the  fath- 
ers of  the  cotton  industry  in  California.  Since 
that  time  the  acreage  planted  in  cotton  has 
gradually  increased.  Now  the  industry  repre- 
sents an  investment  of  $10,000,000  and  an 
annual  crop  of  between  $3,000,000  and 
$4,000,000. 

There  are  certain  good  reasons  why  this  is 
the  most  important  development  in  the  cotton 
industry  since  the  first  rough  pattern  of  the 
cotton  gin  was  made.  These  are  that  the  best 
quality  of  cotton  grown  in  the  world  can  be 
successfully  grown  in  California,  that  the 
Durango  long  staple,  surpassed  only  by  the 
Egyptian  variety,  is  acclimatized  to  this  State, 
and  that  a  greater  yield  per  acre  of  these  two 
superior  qualities  is  grown  in  California  than 
elsewhere.  The  average  yield  per  acre  of  short 
staple  cotton  in  the  Southern  states,  where 
cotton  has  flourished  for  years,  is  approxi- 
mately 60  per  cent  of  a  bale  of  500  pounds,  as 
against  78.5  per  cent  of  a  bale  of  Egyptian 
and  from  one  and  a  lialf  to  two  and  one-half 


572 


CAl.llM  )RXIA'S   .MACAZlXli 


bales    per    acre    of    the     I  )urango    variety    in 
California. 

I'liis  demonstration  of  the  superiority  of 
California  in  cotton  growing  is  of  vast  im- 
portance not  only  to  those  who  are  now  en- 
gaged in  an  industry  still  in  its  infancy,  but 
to  those  far  Eastern  ports  where  for  years  the 
cost  of  transportation  across  the  continent  has 
been  enormous.  California  has  the  advantage 
of  being  50(H)  miles  nearer  to  the  most  ex- 
tensive cotton  consuming  countries  in  the 
world  than  the  Southern  states.  The  ports  of 
Los  Angeles.  San  Diego  and  San  Francisco 
are  in  direct  touch  with  India,  China  and 
Japan,  where  the  national  costume  of  all  the 
people  is  made  largely  from  the  cotton  fabric. 
The  California  cotton  grower  is  assured  of  the 
top  price,  an  unlimited  market,  together  with 
low  freight  rates  by  water  shipment. 

'llie  cotton  exports  to  the  Orient  from  va- 
rious centers  annually  approximate  $25,000,- 
000.  With  three  of  the  best  ports  in  the  world 
in  close  proximity  to  these  centers  of  trade  and 
cheap  water  transportation,  California  has  a 
greater  future  ahead  of  her  in  the  growing  of 
cotton  than  was  ever  dreamed  of  by  the 
Old  South. 

But  one  thing  stands  in  the  way  of  rapid 
develoiiment  of  the  Egyptian  cotton  industry 
in  California;  an  economic  condition,  a 
slightly  inadequate  supply  of  labor  necessary 
for  the  j)arti(ular  work  required  in  growing 
this  superior  grade,  and  this  condition  is  sub- 
ject to  elimination.  But  nothing  stands  in  the 
way  of  the  growing  of  Durango  cotton,  the 
long  fiber  which  holds  to  a  steady  premium 
of  ten  dollars  on  the  market.  This  superior 
fiber  combines  the  desirable  qualities  of  the 
short  staple  with  length  and  strength  of  lint. 
The  length  of  short  staple  lint  is  one  and  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  ;  Durango.  one  and  three- 
sixteenths;  Egyptian,  one  and  one-half.  As 
high  as  three  bales  of  Durango  have  been  pro- 
duced on  one  acre.  There  is  absolutely  no 
danger  of  low  grades,  say  government  experts, 
for  the  reason  that  there  is  very  little  rain  to 
tinge  or  rust  the  cotton,  nor  any  frost  until 
the  season  is  practically  over.    There  is  never 


a  heavy,   killing  frt)st.   therefore  the  growing 
season  is  long. 

( Growers  of  Southern  states  are  yearly  buy- 
ing more  and  more  Imperial  Valley  cotton  to 
raise  the  standard  of  ([uality  of  their  product. 
On  account  of  few  rains,  the  California  short 
staple  lint  is  nuuh  lighter  and  whiter  than 
that  of  the  Old  South  and  has  many  other  ad- 
vantages over  the  cotton  fron^  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  This  fact  was  demonstrated  in  1911 
when  Imperial  Valley  short  staple  took  the 
first  j)ri/ce  at  the  .\meriian  Land  and  Irriga- 
tion Exposition  at  Madison  Sipiare  Gardens, 
New  Vork. 

In  191-5  Imperial  \'allev  short  staple 
brought  a  premium  over  the  prevailing  market 
of  $3.65  on  a  bale  of  500  pounds.  This  was 
due  to  two  things,  the  superior  lint  of  the 
California  cotton  and  the  enormous  quantities 
of  low^  grades  in  the  South.  Even  during  the 
recent  crisis  in  the  cotton  market,  due  to  the 
European  difficulties,  California  has  main- 
tained a  standard  above  the  market.  This  was 
especially  true  of  the  higher  grades,  such  as 
Durango  and  P>gyptian. 

The  American  export  cotton  trade  amounts 
annually  to  between  six  and  seven  hundred 
million  dollars.  California's  contribution  of 
1913-14  amounting  to  more  than  20,000  bales, 
valued  at  $1,610,000.  was  scarcely  an  item  in 
this  vast  export,  but  this  beginning,  coupled 
with  the  fact  that  in  this  State  are  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  acres  capable  of  producing  a 
tT)tton  whifh  brings  a  premium,  whether  short 
staple,  Durango  or  Egyptian,  is  all  the  more 
reason  why  the  future  of  the  cotton  industry 
in  California  promises  an  achievement  at 
which  the  world  will  marvel.  It  is  the  reason 
why  these  superit)r  grades  producing  more 
to  the  acre  in  California  than  the  short  staple 
in  the  Old  South,  is  of  so  much  importance 
to  the  man  or  woman  who  contemplates  reap- 
ing a  fortune  from  the  districts  which  have 
})roved  adaptable  to  cotton  growing. 

To  the  west  of  this  cotton  center  is  the 
Orient:  China  with  its  404,000.000  inhabi- 
tants; Japan  with  96.000.000  inhabitants;  the 
Philippines.    India    and    Australia.     In    these 


COTTON  IN  CALIFORNIA 


573 


countries  California  will  come  into  competi- 
tion with  the  growers  of  the  Nile,  but  will 
be  competent  to  battle  for  trade  supremacy 
with  capital,  quality,  and  eventually  quantity 
of  cotton.  To  the  east,  since  the  opening  of 
the  Panama  Canal,  is  a  vast  field  of  com- 
merce in  cotton. 

Though  established  but  a  few  years,  Cali- 
fornia growers  have  shown  that  to  this  State 
belongs  the  lead  in  producing  early  crops. 
The  first  bale  of  cotton  ginned  in  the  United 
States  in  the  1914-15  season  was  taken  from 
the  presses  at  Calexico  on  June  17,  the  earliest 
previous  record  being  June  20,  1908,  when  a 
bale  was  ginned  at  Brownsville,  Texas. 

Cotton  brings  from  $60  to  $75  a  bale,  or 
approximately  13  cents  a  pound.  To  this  can 
be  added  about  $3.65  premium  for  California 
short  staple,  about  $10  premium  for  Durango, 
and  from  $15  to  $20  a  bale  for  Egyptian. 
The  average  cost  per  acre  for  cultivation  of 
cotton  is  $30.  Under  proper  conditions,  such 
as  scientific  and  intensive  farming,  two  bales 
of  short  staple  can  be  produced  on  an  acre. 
This  makes  a  gross  return  of  about  $150  per 
acre  or  perhaps  $120  net.  In  California  the 
premiums  for  the  kind  of  cotton  raised  should 
be  added  to  the  net  income.  The  cost  of  pro- 
ducing Durango  or  Egyptian  fiber  is  slightly 
more  on  account  of  greater  care  required  in 
picking  and  ginning,  but,  as  stated,  the  net 
profits  are  correspondingly  greater. 

Already,  cotton  growing  in  California  has 
produced  the  following  results:  i\bout  eight 
thousand  men  have  found  employment ;  four- 
teen ginning  plants  of  four  stands  each  have 
been  erected,  the  entire  industry  in  the  State 
representing  a  $10,000,000  investment;  two 
cotton  seed  oil  mills  and  one  cotton  mill  are 
operating ;  the  best  cotton  in  the  world  is  pro- 
duced, and  a  greater  yield  per  acre  is  the 
result. 

The  report  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture for  the  year  ending  June  1,  1914,  showed 
the  California  cotton  crop  100  per  cent  per- 
fect. This  means  that  the  cotton  from  this 
State  is  not  tinged  with  rust  and  not  affected 
by  rains  or  cool  nights.    California  is  at  the 


head  of  the  list,  while  the  general  crop  for  the 
United  States  was  74.3  per  cent  of  normal  or 
seven  per  cent  below  the  ten  year  average.  In 
other  states  than  California  the  cotton  crop 
was  the  lowest  of  any  time  since  1871  with  the 
exceptional  years  of  1903  and  1907.  These 
facts  would  indicate  that  in  California  are 
ideal  conditions  for  growing  cotton. 

When  Sir  William  Willcocks,  designer  of 
the  great  Assuan  Dam  in  Egypt,  visited  Im- 
perial Valley  he  was  struck  by  the  similarity 
of  the  soil  to  that  of  the  Delta  of  the  Nile. 
He  realized,  as  many  others  have,  that  another 
delta  has  appeared  as  a  competitor  in  the 
market  of  high-priced  cotton.  The  silt  is  about 
the  same  as  in  the  Nile  Delta.  Sully,  the  cotton 
king,  made  a  fortune  on  the  cotton  market  by 
estimating  the  amount  of  fertilizer  used  in  the 
Old  South  cotton  belt.  In  California  fertilizer 
is  not  used  and  will  not  be  for  many  genera- 
tions, the  silt  being  twelve  feet  deep  and  the 
water  used  in  irrigation  containing  a  large 
percentage  of  accumulating  silt. 

The  best  time  for  planting  cotton  is  from 
April  15  to  May  15,  but  success  has  been 
achieved  by  planting  before  or  after  these 
dates.  Some  farmers  have  reported  poor  suc- 
cess in  growing  cotton,  but  in  practically  every 
case  near- failure  was  due  to  inexperience,  and 
lack  of  scientific  methods.  Government  experts 
say  that  in  California  conditions  are  ideal  for 
the  growing  of  cotton.  There  is  practically 
no  rain  to  discolor  the  lint ;  there  is  ample 
water  for  irrigation ;  there  are  warm  nights 
and  sunlight  and  heat  in  day  time  for  a  maxi- 
mum yield.  The  country  is  free  from  pests. 
A  blight  has  never  occurred.  In  spite  of  this 
the  government  maintains  a  quarantine  on  all 
cotton  seed,  preventing  importation,  except  for 
experimental  purposes. 

A\'ho  w'ill  be  the  cotton  grower  of  Califor- 
nia? He  must  be  intelligent  and  must  know 
that  the  best  grades,  whether  Durango  or  short 
staple,  are  grown  in  California.  He  who  real- 
izes this  and  the  fact  that  the  present  valua- 
tion of  land  adaptable  to  cotton  growth  is 
between  $100  and  $200  is  the  man  who  will 
achieve  this  distinction  and  reap  the  profit. 


.?r  LI  i'^MI     .  3«  ,<'Jlli;»TI(R^--iW,     »  S^J^WFI-ff-i-* 


4    a 


California 
Range 
Cattle 


By  W.  Mayo  Newhall 

Vice  Prcsiih'iit  the  Nciohall  Land  and  Farming  Companx 


Editor's  Xotc:  ]\Ir.  Xewhall  has  conducted  a  large  cattle  range 
industry  for  many  years  and  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  scope 
and  details  of  the  business.  He  tells  why  California  is  unequaled  for 
beef  production ;  how  cattle  growing  began  and  has  been  continually 
improved  both  in  quality  of  stock  and  policy  of  handling  them,  and  he 
sketches  the  outlook  as  exceedingly  favorable  for  this  important 
branch  of  industry.  Even  the  romantic  phase  is  not  overlooked  by 
the  author  in  his  entertaining  contribution. 


EVER  since  California's  earliest  days  its 
remarkable  suitability  for  cattle  raising 
has  been  unqualifiedly  recognized.  The  com- 
parative mildness  of  its  winters  and  the  nutri- 
tive qualities  of  its  grasses  have  been  the  main 
factors  of  this  suitability.  The  principal 
grasses,  being  annuals,  are  self  seeding,  and 
germinating  during  the  winter  rains,  growing 
during  the  sunshine  of  spring,  and  maturing 
on  the  ground  during  the  rainless  summer  give 
continuous  feed  after  reaching  a  length  of  two 
inches,  and  until  destroyed  by  the  succeeding 
winter  rains  when  the  grasses  are  followed  by 
another  self-seeded  crop.  The  general  condi- 
tions for  cattle  raising  have  always  been  as 
nearly  favorable  as  ever  prevailed  where  un- 
aided nature  was  responsible. 

The  cattle  industry  on  the  range  has  always 
been  associated  with  a  certain  degree  of  ro- 
mance. The  touch  of  nature,  the  life  in  the 
open,  the  necessary  horsemanship,  the  occa- 
sional    hardships     and     the     not     infrequent 


demands  of  courage  have  been  elements  ap- 
pealing to  the  manly  romantic  side  of  the 
human  race. 

Nowhere,  perhaps,  was  this  life  more  at- 
tractive and  romantic  than  during  the  early 
pastoral  days  of  California.  From  the  days 
of  the  Mission  foundings  to  the  early  sixties 
cattle  raising  was  practically  the  only  industry 
of  the  people.  These  animals  furnished  food 
from  their  flesh  and  articles  of  certain  utility 
from  their  hides. 

During  the  thirties  a  trade  industry  opened. 
Ships  from  the  Eastern  seaports  found  their 
way  around  the  Horn  to  the  shores  of  Cali- 
fornia and  inaugurated  a  barter  business. 
Clothes,  certain  foods,  articles  of  utility  and 
ornament  were  exchanged  for  hides  and  tal- 
low ;  the  exchange  generally  being  on  the 
basis  of  these  articles  at  many  times  their  cost 
for'  hides  and  tallow  at  half  their  value.  This 
was  the  commencement  of  a  California  cattle 
business. 


576 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Prior  to  the  acquisition  of  California  by 
the  United  States  large  grants  of  land  had 
been  made  by  the  Spanish  crown  to  indi- 
viduals of  the  resident  population  for  tlie  spe- 
cial purpose  of  cattle  raising.  The  tracts,  as 
best  adapted  for  that  purpose,  were  usually 
the  first  ranches  or  grants  selected,  and  were 
in  area  from  about  8000  to  10,000  acres  to 
the  limit  area  of  50,000  acres. 

The  number  of  cattle  rapidly  increased  and 
in  addition  to  those  killed  solely  for  their 
hides  and  tallow,  quantities  were  frequently 
destroyed  to  prevent  overcrowding.  Cattle 
were  everywhere.  It  is  well  within  the  per- 
sonal remembrance  of  the  writer  when  such 
now  highly  cultivated  counties  as  Napa,  So- 
noma, Suisun,  and  Santa  Clara  were  merely 
cattle  pastures.  From  the  earliest  days  until 
into  the  sixties  the  cattle  were  of  inferior 
quality.  They  greatly  resembled  the  Arizonas 
of  former  years  and  the  Mexicans  of  today, 
length  of  horn  and  leg,  speed,  and  absence 
of  width  being  the  chief  characteristics. 

SPANISH    AND    AMERICAN    CATTLE 

In  the  thirties  or  forties  a  trading  ship 
would  occasionally  bring  two  or  three  head 
of  some  variety  of  breeding  cattle  from  the 
New  England  states.  Their  advent  was  a  sen- 
sation and  their  possession  eagerly  sought 
for.  Their  debut  upon  any  particular  ranch 
was  celebrated  by  fiestas,  barbecues,  and  occa- 
sionally by  a  mass  at  the  nearest  mission.  The 
owner  was  an  object  of  general  congratulation 
and  envy.  These  cattle  were  given  a  consid- 
eration to  the  fullest  extent  of  the  owner's 
resources,  and  their  direct  progeny  and  cross 
progeny  were  used  for  the  intended  betterment 
of  the  native  herds.  These  imported  cattle, 
of  no  matter  w'hat  breed,  were  universally 
given  by  the  Spanish  owners  the  compliment- 
ary title  of  "American  Cattle."  So  accepted 
was  this  name  that  subsequently  assessors  so 
designated  them  on  their  descriptive  list — and 
even  to  this  day  there  will  be  found  on  the 
assessors'  blanks  of  several  counties  the  term 
"American  Cattle." 

The  betterment  and  improvement  of  the 
native  cattle  were  slow  and  unsatisfactory.    It 


was  not  until  the  early  sixties  that  there  was 
any  general  or  noticeable  improvement  in  the 
cattle  of  the  State.  During  the  sixties  some 
of  the  American  rancheros  commenced  to  im- 
prove their  herds  by  having  bulls  brought  by 
ships  around  the  Horn,  or  by  purchases  of 
American  stock  brought  by  emigrants  across 
the  plains.  Naturally  these  animals  were  not 
of  the  best,  nor  was  there  available  in  America 
at  that  time  any  breeding  cattle  of  particular 
quality. 

It  was  only  some  years  after  the  opening 
of  the  transcontinental  railroad  that  any 
proper  importations  were  possible.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact  it  is  only  within  the  past  ten  years 
that  there  has  been  any  systematic  importation 
of  breeding  stock  of  proper  quality  of  various 
breeds  desired. 

In  the  improvement  and  development  of  the 
beef  cattle  from  the  native  stock  of  this  State 
the  several  beef  breeds  have  been  used,  by  the 
direct  breeding  of  one  strain  or  by  cross  breed- 
ing ;  the  result  being  that  for  commercial  pur- 
poses the  cattle  raised  in  this  State  are  today 
as  good  in  quality  and  character  as  necessary 
— especially  among  the  enterprising  and  con- 
versant cattle  raisers.  With  more  care  and 
attention  in  the  management  and  maturing  of 
animals  there  is  no  excuse  on  the  part  of  any 
one  in  not  having  beef  cattle  of  a  proper 
commercial  standard. 

THE    COMING    OF    THE    BREEDS 

In  the  earlier  seventies  there  was  a  some- 
what popular  wave  to  cross  the  Devon  breed 
upon  the  native  stock.  This,  except  for  an 
improvement  in  the  unimportant  matter  of 
color,  was  not  a  success.  Then  followed  the 
general  use  of  the  Durham  or  Shorthorn  breed. 
This  developed  at  once  a  marked  and  notice- 
able imjirovement — as  the  use  of  that  breed  on 
inferior  stock  always  does.  In  fact,  it  has  been 
proved  to  be  the  one  suitable  breed  for  the 
first  cross  on  inferior  stock.  From  his  expe- 
rience the  writer  has  had  occasion  to  untjuali- 
fiedly  recommend  to  some  Hawaiian  cattlemen 
and  to  an  agent  of  the  Japanese  government 
the  use  of  the  Durham  or  Shorthorn  breed  for 
the  first  two  or  three  crosses  on  their  native 


RANGE  CATTLE 


577 


cattle  as  a  proper  method  of  creating  from 
their  native  stock  a  suitable  basic  quality  of 
cattle. 

Following  the  first  improvement  of  the 
California  cattle  by  the  use  of  the  Durham 
or  Shorthorn  breed  other  breeds  were  used  on 
this  imported  stock.  The  Polled  Angus  cross 
on  grade  Durham  cows  produced  most  satis- 
factory animals,  but  for  range  uses  the  Angus 
was  not  entirely  satisfactory.  The  calf  crop 
was  always  short  and,  in  the  rougher  coun- 
tries, there  was  a  decided  tendency  for  these 
hornless  cattle  to  become  unduly  wild.  Of 
recent  years  a  cross  of  pure  bred  Herefords 
upon  the  grade  Durham  cows  has  met  with 
the  entire  approval  of  many  experienced  cat- 
tle raisers.  The  cross  of  the  Hereford  has 
made  a  somewhat  earlier  and  surer  maturing 
animal  and  better  rustler  on  the  range.  A  pos- 
sible objection  to  the  use  of  the  Hereford  may 
be  found  in  that  pure  bred  bulls  only  should 
be  used,  and  which  is  somewhat  expensive. 
High-grade  bulls  on  good  grade  cows  produce 
results  which  are  wholly  satisfactory.  In  fields 
with  plenty  of  feed  and  convenient  water  the 
straight  Durham  can  not  be  improved  upon. 
On  the  range,  however,  where  some  rustling 
for  food  and  water  is  generally  necessary  the 
cross  of  the  Durham  with  the  Hereford  seems 
advisable. 

The  ranches  or  ranges  with  open  hills  and 
with  a  certain  amount  of  brush  or  timbered 
hills  for  winter  shelter  seem  to  have  been  the 
best  adapted  for  the  cattle  industry  in  this 
State.  Not  infrequently  the  valleys  and  low- 
lands produce  a  growth  of  feed  often  too  rank 
for  best  maturing  and  fattening  results.  And 
for  the  reasons  of  better  quality  of  grasses  and 
for  winter  protection  of  cattle  many  of  the 
first  acquired  ranches  were  purposely  selected 
for  their  open  hills  and  timbered  tracts  in 
preference  to  lands  now  of  the  highest  agri- 
cultural use.  But  this  is  of  the  past.  This  is 
a  time  when  higher  development  did  not  exist 
and  of  a  time  when  the  meat  supply  was 
greater  than  the  demand. 

THE    CALIFORNIA    OUTLOOK 

But  what  of  the  future?  How  is  the  meat 
supply  to  meet  the   growing  demands?    How- 


are  the  large  areas  of  rougher  country  to  be 
utilized?  With  the  cutting  up  of  the  large 
tracts  and  the  diversion  of  those  parts  of  cattle 
ranges  adapted  for  agricultural  purposes  the 
area  for  the  breeding  and  fattening  of  cattle 
has  been  more  and  more  restricted. 

The  gravest  problem  confronting  the  in- 
dustry is  the  breeding  and  raising  of  sufficient 
cattle  to  the  age  of  one  year.  With  the  fields 
of  alfalfa  and  other  foods  under  irrigation 
there  is  no  diflficulty  whatever  in  the  feeding 
and  maturing  of  cattle.  The  problem  is  to  get 
the  cattle. 

The  breeding  and  raising  of  cattle  on  the 
range  requires  area.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
the  cattle  industry  in  the  future  will  be  di- 
vided into  tw^o  departments.  One  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  the  raising  of  cattle  and  the  sale 
of  them  as  weanlings  or  in  their  yearling  form 
for  feeders ;  the  other  devoted  to  the  maturing 
and  fattening  of  these  cattle  w'ithout  under- 
taking any  breeding.  Feed  and  climate  condi- 
tions, adaptability  of  sections,  qualifications 
of  men  would  almost  predict  this  method. 
Many  men  qualified  to  raise  cattle  are  not 
fitted  as  feeders  and  vice  versa.  And  many 
lands  suitable  for  the  mere  raising  of  cattle  are 
not  adapted  for  their  maturing  and  fattening. 
Some  owners  with  several  ranches  have  for 
years  followed  the  plan  of  devoting  certain 
ranches  exclusively  to  the  breeding  of  cattle 
and  used  other  ranches,  better  adapted,  ex- 
clusively for  maturing  and  fattening. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  area  devoted 
exclusively  to  the  cattle  industry  has  dimin- 
ished, nor  is  there  any  doubt  but  that  it  will 
continue  to  diminish. 

How  shall  the  situation  be  met? 

In  a  very  great  measure  it  may  be  met  by 
the  use  of  the  rougher  lands  exclusively  for 
the  breeding  of  cattle  and  by  selling  the 
progeny  as  weanlings  or  as  yearlings.  There 
are  thousands  of  acres  in  the  State  of  private 
or  government  ownership  suitable  for  the 
breeding  of  cattle  but  not  adapted  for  matur- 
ing or  fattening ;  and  this  is  also  emphatically 
the  case  with  many  ranches,  formerly  recog- 
nized as  good  stock  ranches,  where  consider- 
able parts  have  been  put  to  agricultural  uses 


578 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Will  the  breeding  of  calves  alone  pay?  On 
a  reasonably  good  range  with  a  carrying  ca- 
pacity of  100  head  as  a  unit  there  should  be 
turned  off  yearly  eighty  weanling  calves  at, 
say  eight  months  of  age,  for  a  total  of  $1600, 
or  $1750. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer  that  a  serious 
setback  to  the  production  of  cattle  in  this 
State  has  arisen  and  exists  today  in  the  at- 
tem])t  to  mature  and  fatten  on  ranges  suitable 
only  for  breeding,  and  that  a  much  greater 
area  in  the  State  could  be  utilized  if  used  for 
breeding  purposes  only. 

PRACTICAL  SUGGESTIONS 

To  those  who  might  engage  in  breeding 
only  and  selling  calves  as  weanlings  the  sug- 
gestions would  be — avoid  dairy  or  milking 
strain  cows — use  only  good  bulls  of  pure  bred 
or  high-grade  Durham  or  pure  bred  Hereford 
breeds — do  not  use  them  before  two  years  of 
age  nor  after  six  years  old.  Allow  one  bull 
to  every  twenty  or  twenty-five  cows,  according 
to  the  roughness  and  size  of  the  country.  Do 
not  breed  heifers  under  two  years  of  age  nor 
cow^s  after  their  eighth  year.  If  practicable 
keep  the  two-year-old  heifers  separated  from 
older  cows  during  their  first  season  of  breed- 
ing ;  put  the  two-year-old  bulls  with  the  two- 
year-old  heifers  the  first  season.  Reserve 
twenty  heifer  calves  for  each  100  head  of 
breeding  cows.  Sell  for  feeders  each  year  all 
the  dry  and  older  cows  in  excess  of  the  100. 
Take  out  the  bulls  in  the  fall ;  care  for  them 
during  the  winter,  and  turn  them  out  with  the 
cows  in  the  spring  so  that  calves  will  com- 
mence coming  in  January,  February,  or  March, 
according  to  the  average  weather  and  grass 
conditions  of  the  individual  ranges.  The  earlier 
calves  may  safely  come  the  better  so  that  the 
cows  may  get  the  benefit  of  the  spring  grass 
while  raising  their  calves.  As  a  general  rule 
it  is  safer  not  to  have  calves  come  before  the 
first  of  February.  The  calves  are  at  their  best 
weanling  and  salable  age  at  seven  or  eight 
months. 

If  the  range  is  not  more  than  say  ten  miles 


from  a  loading  point,  the  calves  niay  be 
shipped  to  purchaser  without  being  weaned  at 
home.  If  necessary  to  be  weaned  before  ship- 
ping, the  calves  should  be  put  and  kept  in  a 
tight  enclosure  for  two  weeks  and  fed  in  racks 
and  watered  in  troughs.  A  few  gentle  dry 
cows  put  with  the  calves  for  the  first  few  days 
has  a  cjuieting  effect.  If  alfalfa  hay  is  fed  to 
the  calves  straw  should  be  available  to  prevent 
possible  scouring.  The  calves  should  not  be 
driven  more  than  ten  or  twelve  miles  per  day 
to  the  loading  point,  and  food  and  water 
should  be  provided  for  at  camping  places. 

The  demand  for  weanlings  and  yearlings  is 
practically  unlimited.  Thousands  of  Arizona 
and  Mexican  cattle  are  brought  into  this  State 
every  year  for  maturing  and  fattening,  and 
from  Nevada  and  other  states  finished  cattle 
for  immediate  slaughter.  According  to  the 
best  available  information  there  was  brought 
into  this  State  for  maturing,  fattening,  and 
slaughter  during  the  twelve  months  prior  to 
October  1,  1914,  something  more  than  350,000 
cattle. 

Every  cattleman  would  greatly  prefer  na- 
tive stock  if  it  were  available.  There  is  not  a 
single  cattleman  having  facilities  for  the  ma- 
turing of  cattle  but  would  gladly  go  out  of 
the  department  of  breeding  to  the  full  extent 
to  which  his  needs  might  be  supplied  by  the 
opportunity  to  purchase  weanlings  of  desir- 
able kind. 

The  people  of  California  are  insatiable  beef 
eaters.  In  the  early  days  it  was  the  custom. 
From  a  custom  it  has  become  a  habit.  The 
habit  is  a  characteristic  of  the  country.  There 
is  a  popular  cry  for  more  cattle.  There  is  a 
demand  by  large  and  small  owners  in  the 
valleys  of  the  State  for  feeders. 

It  seems  proper  in  concluding  to  emphasize 
that  only  by  the  utilization  of  much  country 
suitable  for  breeding  alone,  and  the  making  of 
breeding  and  maturing  special  and  distinct  de- 
partments can  large  areas  of  this  State  be  bene- 
ficially used  and  an  increased  home  beef 
supply  be  expected. 


A  typical    Sli'irlliDin 


The 
Shorthorn 

in 
Cahfornia 

By  David  J.  Stollery 


Editor's  Note:  The  late  Mr.  Ed- 
ward ^^^  Howard  was  requested 
to  write  the  following  article, 
but  his  untimely  death  in  San 
Francisco  on  January  19,  1915, 
prevented.  Mr.  Howard  was 
president  of  the  Howard  Cattle 
Company,  ex-President  of  the 
California  Live  Stock  Breeders' 
Association,  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  California  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  and,  just 
'^  prior  to  his  death,  was  elected  a 
director  of  the  American  Short- 
horn Breeders'  Association.  By 
request  the  article  was  written  by 
Mr.  David  J.  Stollery,  who  as  as- 
sistant to  the  president,  has  been 
connected  with  the  Howard  Cattle 
Company  for  nearly  ten  years. 


THE  Shorthorn  has  more  largely  influ- 
enced cattle  production  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  than  any  other  type,  and  in  this  par- 
ticular has  perpetuated  the  general  traditions 
of  the  breed,  as  the  Shorthorn  is  the  most 
widely  distributed  and  numerously  represented 
of  all  British  cattle. 

The  original  home  of  the  Shorthorn  is  on 
comparatively  level  land,  rich  in  feeds,  both 
cultivated  and  natural,  and  the  adaptability 
of  the  breed  is  readily  appreciated  when  we 
take  into  consideration  the  different  conditions 
under  which  it  exists  in  our  own  State. 


In  so  far  as  beef  production  is  concerned 
the  name  of  the  Shorthorn  will  go  down  in 
history.  Evolution  is  slow,  and  while  in  Eng- 
land practically  all  cattle  are  pure  bred,  this 
is  a  result  of  very  many  years  of  close  care 
and  attention  to  breeding,  and  in  a  compara- 
tively small  way.  The  application  of  intensive 
methods  of  breeding  under  our  conditions  is 
more  difficult  than  in  older  countries. 

Here  our  cattle  of  necessity  receive  very 
little  attention,  because  of  the  vastness  of  our 
agricultural  enterprises.  In  the  inception  of 
California's  history  our  cattle  were  of  a  low 


580 


CALIFDRXTA'S  M.\(^,.\ZTXE 


straight    Archer    21st.     A    fine    type    of    Shorthorn 


Standard,  and  it  was  only  with  the  introduc- 
tion of  pure  breds — particularly  the  Short- 
horn— that  the  quality  of  our  range  cattle 
began  to  improve.  The  remarkable  faculties 
with  which  the  Shorthorn  is  endowed  in  the 
transmitting  of  his  own  excellent  qualities  to 
his  "get,"  and  the  handing  on  of  his  early 
maturing  powers  to  his  offspring,  was  one  of 
the  controlling  factors  in  this  improvement. 

When  one  considers  the  magnitude  of  the 
cattle  industry  in  this  State  the  importance  of 
such  improvement  is  readily  appreciated. 

There  are  a  number  of  corporations  on  the 
Pacific  Slope  which  each  own  a  half  million 
or  more  of  cattle.  It  is  difficult  to  realize 
what  a  problem  the  grading  up  of  such  vast 
numbers  presents,  especiallv  when  one  con- 
siders the  proportionately  small  production  of 
pure  bred  breeding  cattle  and  the  large  num- 
bers necessary  to  be  imported  in  order  to  bring 
about  this  indispensable   grading  up   process. 

Fifteen  years  ago  it  was  a  difficult  matter 
to  sell  a  pure  bred  registered  bull  for  range 
use,  but  the  meritorious  doctrine  preached  by 
our  breeders  of  pure  bred  cattle  has  had  a 
most  beneficial   effect  on   the  welfare  of  this 


important  branch  of  our  agricultural  industry. 
( )ur  State  Fair  has  done  much  to  extend  the 
doctrine  of  pure  bred  merit.  Since  its  in- 
ception the  strongest  representation  in  the  beef 
classes  has  been  made  by  the  Shorthorn,  which 
has  outnumbered  the  other  breeds,  probably 
four  to  one. 

Not  alone  must  the  beef  raiser  figure  on 
the  quantity  of  feeder  beef  which  he  has  in 
prospect,  but  he  must  also  figure  very  care- 
fully on  the  quality  of  his  breeding  plant.  The 
discriminating  stockman,  and  there  are  many 
such  in  California,  is  at  no  loss  to  perceive 
the  merit  in  the  use  of  pure  bred  sires.  For 
this  reason  the  breeders  of  pure  bred  breeding 
stock  are  unable  at  this  time  to  supply  the 
large  demand  for  good  bulls. 

The  general  desirable  physical  characteris- 
tics of  Shorthorns  eminently  fit  them  for  the 
conditions  which  they  encounter  within  our 
borders.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  breed 
that  will  produce  the  same  weight  for  age,  as 
does  the  Shorthorn.  The  problem  of  meat 
production  is  to  produce  the  greatest  amount 
of  merchantable  beef  in  the  shortest  possible 
time,  and  tin's  under  reasonable  conditions  the 


THE  SHORTHORX 


581 


Shorthorn  will  do.  Furthermore,  their  ability 
to  transmit  their  scale  and  substance  to  what- 
ever cattle  they  are  bred  to  has  made  them  of 
incalculable  value  in  the  grading  up  process, 
which  is  the  greatest  factor  to  be  considered 
in  states  like  this,  where  rapid  achievement  of 
good  results  is  all  important. 

Tremendous  numbers  of  native  Mexican 
cattle  have  been  brought  into  this  State  within 
the  past  few  years.  These  cattle,  while  well 
formed,  are  small  and  afford  verv  little  scope 
to  the  breeder,  because  of  their  slowness  in 
growth  and  their  relatively  light  weight  when 
at  last  ready  for  the  block.  Here  the  Short- 
horn has  shown  his  marked  abilitv  in  trans- 
mitting his  substance  by  crossing  with  cattle 
of  inferior  quality,  such  as  these.  This  is  in- 
contestably  shown  by  the  results  achieved. 

Because  of  the  proportionatelv  small  num- 
ber of  breeding  plants  within  this  State,  it  has 
been  found  necessary  to  make  importations  of 
large  numbers  of  males  to  distribute  through- 
out the  ranges.  For  this  purpose  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  West  states  have  been  habitually 
scoured  with  the  end  in  view  of  obtaining 
high-class  bulls,  suited  to  the  conditions  under 


which  we  operate.  Always,  in  our  investiga- 
tions, we  have  naturally  been  intiuenced  by 
the  law  of  supply  and  demand,  and  it  has  be- 
come, each  succeeding  year,  increasingly  dif- 
ficult to  obtain  desirable  Shorthorn  bulls,  not 
because  of  the  fact  that  fewer  have  been  raised, 
but  by  reason  of  the  tremendously  increased 
demand  for  bulls  of  Shorthorn  breeding. 

LATIN-AMERICAN     MARKET 

A  number  of  the  South  American  republics 
have  been  buying  largely  from  the  United 
States  within  the  past  decade,  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  states  have  been  shipping  quantities  to 
the  Hawaiian  and  Philippine  Islands. 

INTENSIVE    CULTURE    IN    THE    LIVE    STOCK 
INDUSTRY 

In  nearly  all  branches  of  agriculture  in- 
tensive principles  have  in  this  State  been  gen- 
erally applied.  However,  in  the  production  of 
beef,  owing  to  existing  conditions,  this  is  not 
generally  the  case.  The  reason  for  this  is  that 
there  still  exist  comparatively  large  areas  of 
land  not  useful  for  other  purposes,  which  can 
be  profitably  used  for  maintaining  herds  of 
beef  cattle  under  range  conditions. 

The  problem,  therefore,  has  been  to  select 


iLl.l 


^m^ 


Shorthorn  calf  herd 


582 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


cattle  which  will  i^rdduce  the  best  results  from 
the  resources  at  hautl  and  this  the  Shorthorn 
has  been  enabled  to  do  by  reason  of  his  vig- 
orous constitution,  assimilative  powers,  and 
remarkable  prepotency. 

There  is  now  just  beginning  a  tendency 
toward  the  application  of  more  intensive 
methods  to  the  cattle  industry  itself. 

Much  has  been  and  is  being  done  toward 
applying  principles  of  feeding  and  breeding 
w^hich  will  most  rapidly  bring  about  the  best 
results,  and  our  State  Farm  has  co-operated 
w-ith  many  of  the  breeders  toward  this  de- 
sirable end.  The  introduction  of  county  farm 
advisers,  of  whom  there  are  now  several  in 
this  State,  has  placed  the  stock  raiser  in  a  po- 
sition where  he  can  readily  obtain  a  fund  of 
practical  information. 

CALIFORNIA   SHORTHORN    INDUSTRY 

The  first  importation  into  California  of 
pure  bred  Shorthorns  was  in  1857,  when  the 
bull  Orion  and  three  cows  were  brought  into 
the  State  by  the  late  Mr.  William  D.  M. 
Howard.  With  these  as  a  nucleus,  Mr.  Howard 
established  a  pure  bred  herd,  the  descendants 
of  which,  augmented  by  many  other  importa- 
tions, are  now  owned  by  the  How-ard  Cattle 
Company,  and  at  present  constitutes  one  of 
the  best  herds  in  the  State.  Until  1887  the 
Howard  herd  was  kept  within  twenty  miles 
of  San  Francisco,  on  wdiat  was  known  as  the 
San  Mateo  rancho,  where  also  Mr.  Howard 
maintained  a  splendid  herd  of  dairy  Short- 
horns. 

PROMINENT     BREEDER 

In  the  annals  of  California  Shorthorn  his- 
tory the  name  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Ash- 
burner  stands  out  prominently.  His  operations 
were  confined  to  the  dairy  type  of  Shorthorn, 
and  upon  his  death  in  1907  the  herd  was  dis- 
persed. Much  credit,  too,  should  be  given  to 
such  breeders  as  the  late  Mr.  J.  H.  Glide  of 
Sacramento.  Cal..  his  wife  and  sons,  the  late 


Mr.  i'homas  (jibson,  the  Kern  County  Land 
Company,  and  to  Mr.  A.  W.  Foster,  all  of 
whom  devoted  themselves  to  the  industry  and 
went  to  great  lengths  to  secure  the  best  possible 
types  with  which  to  improve  their  herds. 

The  Paicines  rancho  has  been  instrumental 
in  bringing  into  this  State  a  large  number  of 
the  famous  Elmendorf  herd  from  Kentucky. 

California's  most  recent  acquisition  in  the 
field  of  Shorthorn  endeavor  is  the  Whitehall 
Estates  Company,  which  corporation  recently 
secured  a  ranch  near  Tracy,  Cal.,  where  it  is 
conducting  operations  on  a  large  scale,  hav- 
ing brought  out  a  number  of  the  cattle  bred 
by  the  firm  of  \Vhite  and  Smith,  of  interna- 
tional fame. 

As  typifying  in  some  degree  the  ciuality  of 
Shorthorns  imported  into  California  within 
the  past  few  years,  such  bulls  might  be  men- 
tioned as  King  Edward,  imported  Straight 
Archer,  College  Count  by  Lavender  Viscount, 
Signet,  Ring  Leader,  and  Music  Master,  both 
by  Ring  Master,  Fond  Lavender,  sons  of 
Choice  Goods,  etc. 

The  acquisition  of  bulls  of  such  breeding 
and  individuality  as  those  above  named,  in 
conjunction  with  Shorthorn  cows  of  like 
quality  and  breeding  clearly  indicate  that  ex- 
pense at  least  has  not  been  considered  in  the 
endeavor  to  evolve  and  perpetuate  the  best 
possible  types. 

The  cattlemen  of  California  are  looking 
forward  with  much  pleasurable  anticipation  to 
the  prospective  exhibits  of  Shorthorns,  which, 
from  far  and  near,  will  be  shown  at  the  Pan- 
ama-Pacific International  Exposition.  The 
cattle  thus  exhibited  should  display  all  that  is 
best  in  the  breed,  alTording  to  the  live  stock 
])roducers  of  this  great  State,  the  gratifying 
opportunity  of  observing  the  methods  em- 
ployed and  the  results  obtained  by  some  of 
the  greater  minds  engaged  in  the  industry, 
and,  by  applying  the  knowledge  thus  gained, 
pave  the  way  to  our  own  greater  achievement. 


The  Hereford  and  the 
Range  Interest 

By  J.  W.  Goodwin 

President  of   the    Oro   Electric    Corporation 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Goodwin  writes  as  an  owner  of  range  property 
which  he  has  developed  by  the  use  of  the  Hereford  breed.  He  pre- 
sents brief,  striking  statements  about  the  range  and  beef  stock  inter- 
ests of  Cahfornia  and  the  important  relation  of  the  Hereford  breed 
thereto.  He  describes  the  success  this  breed  has  scored  in  California 
and  how  it  is  used  to  best  advantage  in  the  range  industry  under  our 
conditions.  His  statement  will  especially  interest  Hereford  men  wher- 
ever thev  are  in  the  world. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  is  the  great  mother  of 
breeds.  To  her  we  owe  more  on  account 
of  the  origination  of  the  present  breeds  of  beef 
cattle  than  to  all  the  rest  of  the  world  com- 
bined. So,  from  Herefordshire,  sprang  what 
we  know  as  "Hereford,"  very  generally  known 
as  the  "white  face  breed."  And  well  they  were 
so  named,  as  the  characteristic  seems  to  be  very 
persistent  even  when  the  breed  is  crossed  with 
other  breeds. 

Mr.  John  Speed,  in  a  book  published  in  the 
year  1627,  speaks  well  of  the  Herefordshire 
cattle,  while  Marshall,  in  1788,  describes  the 
Hereford  in  a  way  that  would  very  well  an- 
swer as  a  description  of  these  cattle  for  the 
present  day. 

The  Herefords  descended  from  one  or  more 
of  the  original  breeds  of  Great  Britain  and 
show  a  common  ancestry  with  the  Devon  and 
Sussex  breeds.  Their  color  was  originally  red. 
but  at  an  early  period  they  were  crossed  with 
the  white  cattle  of  Wales  which  enlarged  their 
frames  and  imparted  a  tendency  to  white  mark- 
ings, and  the  white  markings  thus  originating 
were   further  fixed  and  intensified  by  white- 


faced  Flemish  cattle  imported  into  England 
from  Flanders  by  Lord  Scudamore,  in  the 
year  1671,  and  by  the  use  of  white-faced  bulls, 
which  were  collected  from  various  parts  of 
England,  probably  with  a  view  of  producing 
the  white  face  as  well  as  a  larger  size.  Their 
large  size  is  also  due  to  an  abundance  of  food 
in  Herefordshire,  as  well  as  crossing  the  origi- 
nal breed  by  animals  of  larger  build. 

These  cattle  were  noted  for  good  grazing 
and  beef  making  qualities  in  the  eighteenth 
century  and  were  much  sought  after  for  use 
as  oxen  at  a  time  when  oxen  did  much  of  the 
work  that  today  is  accomplished  by  the  tractor 
and  motor  truck. 

EARLY    BREEDERS 

Mr.  Benjamin  Tompkins,  who  lived  from 
1714  to  1789,  and  his  son  (1745  to  1815),  were 
the  principal  early  breeders  and  improvers  of 
Hereford  cattle  and  the  best  herds  built  up  in 
England  obtained  their  foundation  from  the 
herd  belonging  to  the  younger  Tompkins,  who 
built  up  and  improved  it  through  the  most 
careful  selection  in  mating  and  in  breeding. 
At  the   dispersion  sale   of  his   stock   in    1819 


584 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


his  breeding  animals  sold  at  an  average  of 
more  than  $700  each. 

During  the  lirst  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury Herefords  won  more  prizes  at  the  Smith- 
field  London  show  than  did  the  animals  of 
any  other  breed. 

The  first  accredited  importation  of  Hereford 
cattle  into  the  United  States  was  made  by  the 
statesman,  Henry  Clay,  in  1817.  Between 
1839  and  1843  Mr.  William  H.  Sotham,  who 
probably  did  more  than  any  one  else  to  advance 
the  Hereford  interests  in  the  United  States, 
made  three  successive  importations  into  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  from  these,  and  im- 
portations made  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Stone  of  On- 
tario, Canada,  many  of  the  herds  of  the  United 
States  have  been  built  up  or  enriched. 

The  American  Hereford  Cattle  Breeders' 
Association  was  organized  in  1881  and  the 
first  volume  of  the  "American  Hereford 
Record"  was  published  in  1880. 

CHARACTERS  OF   THE   HEREFORDS 

Herefords  readily  adapt  themselves  to 
changed  conditions  of  soil  or  climate  and  they 
are  exceedingly  docile,  which  is  favorable  to 
such  adaptability.  They  are  well  suited  to 
arable  countries,  either  level  or  gently  undu- 
lating in  character,  and  respond  well  to  rich 
production  of  pasturage.  They  have  proved 
themselves  eminently  fitted  for  range  condi- 
tions, such  as  prevail  in  the  Western  and 
Southwestern  states.  They  are  likewise  hardy 
in  northern  latitudes ;  they  are  better  adapted 
relatively  than  the  Shorthorns  to  warm  tem- 
peratures. 

In  average  size  and  weight  as  a  breed,  they 
are  almost  equal  to  the  Shorthorn.  In  early 
maturing  qualities  they  are  fully  ecjual,  and, 
like  the  latter,  with  good  feeding  they  may  be 
made  quite  ready  for  the  block  in  two  and  a 
half  years.  Their  grazing  qualities  are  much 
superior  and  they  take  on  flesh  rapidly  in  good 
pasture.    On  the  dry  and  sparsely  grassed  pas- 


tures of  the  open  range  in  the  Western  United 
States  and  Mexico,  they  have  largely  displaced 
all  other  breeds.  They  make  good  use  of  the 
food  given  them  and  lay  on  flesh  most  heavily 
un  tlie  part  of  the  frame  from  which  the  best 
meat  is  cut — the  back  and  the  loin.  Under 
heavy  forcing  they  are  somewhat  inclined  to 
paicliiness.  The  quality  of  their  meat  is  ex- 
cellent and  finds  great  favor  with  butchers  and 
consumers.  It  is  juicy  and  tender  and  the  fat 
and  lean  are  nicely  blended,  the  proportion  of 
the  lean  to  the  fat  being  relatively  large;  they 
dress  well,  the  dressed  weight  to  the  live  weight 
being  large. 

The  milking  (lualities  of  the  Herefords  were 
at  one  time  quite  good,  but  they  have  been 
bred  more  for  meat  producing  purposes  and  the 
milking  qualities  are  not  equal  to  those  of  the 
Shorthorn.  The  quality  of  the  milk  is  good, 
but  it  is  frequently  deficient  in  quantity.  The 
Herefords  cross  well  with  the  Shorthorn.  In 
crossing  with  the  latter  breed,  the  best  result 
has  been  obtained  when  the  male  was  a  Here- 
ford. Herefords  answer  well  for  crossing  upon 
grades  and  common  stock  when  meat  produc- 
tion is  the  object  sought. 

The  breeding  qualities  of  the  Hereford  are 
good  and  when  subjected  to  high  pressure 
feeding  they  still  breed  with  regularity  and 
frequently  to  an  advanced  age.  They  are  less 
subject  to  abortion  and  milk  fever  than  many 
other  breeds.  Compared  with  the  Shorthorn, 
they  are  ahead  in  breeding  and  grazing  quali- 
ties as  well  as  in  the  quality  of  meat.  In  size, 
adaptability,  maturing  and  feeding  qualities 
and  utilitv  in  crossing,  they  are  about  on  a 
parity  with  the  Shorthorn,  but  in  milking 
qualities,  as  already  stated,  they  are  scarcely 
ecjual.  The  hide  of  the  Hereford  makes  a  very 
superior  shoe  leather  and  is  much  sought  after 
for  this  purpose. 

In  color,  the  face,  throat,  chest,  legs,  lower 
part  of  body,  crest  and  tip  of  the  tail  are  a 
beautiful  white,  all  other  parts  being  red. 


Sheep  and  '"^^J: 
Wool  in 


California 


By  F.  A.  EUenwood 


Secretary   California   Wool   Groivcrs' 
Association 


A  patriarch  among  sheep 


Editor s  Note:  Mr.  EUenwood  is  clearly  the  Calif ornian  who  has 
given  fullest  and  closest  attention  to  the  agriculture  and  economies 
of  wool  growing  in  this  State.  He  has  been  for  years  a  leader  in 
the  effort  by  which  Californians  have  co-operated  with  the  national 
association  to  secure  protection  and  advancement  for  American  wool 
growing.  He  is  careful,  calm,  and  rational,  and  his  work  is  of  a  nat- 
ural character  while  at  the  same  time  full  and  dependable  with  refer- 
ence to  the  special  California  phases  of  sheep  husbandry. 


THE  sheep  business  in  Califurnia  is  no 
doubt  one  of  the  very  oldest  industries 
in  the  State,  if  not  the  oldest,  its  only  historical 
rival  being,  possibly,  the  cattle  business.  Sheep 
were  first  introduced  into  California  in  1773, 
having  been  brought  here  by  the  Spaniards 
from  Florida,  seventy-five  years  before  the 
discovery  of  gold.  The  number  of  sheep  in- 
creased cjuite  rapidly  in  early  days  as  there 
was  no  demand  for  the  meat  until  after  the 
arrival  of  the  miners  in  1849;  by  this  time 
California  had  about  1  7,000  sheep,  all  owned 
by  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans. 

PRIMITIVE    METHODS 

The  methods  of  handling  sheep  were  practi- 
cally the  same  as  prevailed  in  the  old  country 
hundreds  of  years  previous.  No  matter  how 
large  or  small  the  flocks,  they  were  camped 
or  bedded  in  the  same  place  together  at  night. 


If  there  were  3000  sheep  in  the  flock  with 
three  shepherds  to  care  for  them,  in  the  morn- 
ing one  shepherd  would  start  ahead  with  the 
sheep  following  him ;  after  about  one-third 
of  the  flock  had  followed  him.  another  shep- 
herd would  stop  them,  then  after  waiting  a 
few  minutes  would  start  in  another  direction 
witli  about  half  of  the  remaining  flock  fol- 
lowing him ;  likewise  the  last  man  went  in 
still  another  direction  with  the  remainder  of 
the  flock  following  him.  After  leading  their 
respective  flocks  to  the  best  feed  and  water  in 
the  dav  time,  they  all  came  back  and  camped 
together  again  at  night  in  one  flock. 

I'^ir  a  long  time  slieep,  like  cattle,  were 
raised  i)rincipallv  for  their  hides  and  tallow  ; 
however,  if  they  wanted  to  sliear  them  they 
never  tliought  of  a  shearing  shed  or  even  a 
^mall  corral,  where  thev  might  be  more  easily 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZIXE 


A    baiui   of    Shropshires 


caui,^ht.  Each  sheep  was  caught  with  a  rope 
by  lassoing,  the  same  as  cattle  were  in  brand- 
ing, and  pulled  up  to  the  shade  of  a  nearby 
tree  and  sheared,  generally  by  the  same  man 
that  roped  it. 

If  the  sheep  belonging  to  different  owners 
became  mixed  they  had  to  be  separated  by 
roping  each  individual  sheep  in  a  large  corral 
and  putting  it  on  the  outside  until  all  the 
sheep  of  one  mark  and  brand  were  on  the  out- 
side and  those  of  another  on  the  inside.  These 
methods  of  handling  sheep  prevailed  until 
about  1860,  and  even  later,  at  which  time  there 
were  in  California  over  a  million  sheep.  Al)Out 
this  time  the  pioneer  shepherds  from  the  East 
began  to  engage  in  the  industry  here,  some  of 
them  bringing  their  flocks  across  the  plains 
from  Missouri.  Think  what  it  meant  to  bring 
a  flock  of  sheep  across  the  plains  in  '57,  swim- 
ming creeks  and  rivers  and  crossing  tlie  desert 
in  addition  to  the  other  hardships  and  perils 
of  that  time! 

DEVELOPMENT    OF    THE    INDUSTRY 

The  period,  1860  to  1880,  marks  the  rapid 
increase  in  the  number  of  sheep  in  California 
as  well  as  the  change  in  methods  of  breeding 
and  handling.  Until  about  1860,  nothing  but 
the  native  Mexican  sheep,  shearing  about  two 
l)ounds  of  wool  annually,  could  be  seen.  Our 
pioneer  shepherds,  from  their  experience  in 
the  East,  knew  that  such  a  type  of  sheep  was 
not  a  paying  proposition,  or  at  least  there  was 
room  for  improvement.  They  immediately  be- 
gan to  import  heavy  shearing  Spanish- Merinos 
from  Vermont,  Cotswolds,  and  Lincolns  from 


England,  paying  $500  and  even  more  for  in- 
dividual rams,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
at  this  time  great  care  and  attention  was  given 
to  the  art  of  breeding,  even  more  so  than  a 
few  years  later  when  quantity  was  uppermost 
in  the  minds  of  sheepmen,  rather  than  cjuality ; 
thus  the  foundation  was  built  for  some  of  the 
best  flocks  in  tlie  \\'est  today.  After  a  few- 
years  of  careful  breeding  the  average  weight 
of  each  fleece  was  increased  about  50  per  cent. 
In  this  period  more  up  to  date  methods  of 
handling  sheep  were  brought  into  use.  Each 
man,  now  called  a  herder,  was  moved  to  a 
camp  bv  himself  and  his  band  kept  separate 
both  day  and  night  ;  other  men  called  camp 
tenders  would  look  after  the  herders,  usually 
there  being  one  camp  tender  tt)  three  herders. 
Rough  shearing  sheds  were  built  where  a  few 
sheep  could  be  penned  for  a  shearer  to  catch 
bv  hand  without  being  roped;  generally  from 
six  to  ten  shearers  would  work  in  the  same 
large  corral  together.  A  framework  would 
support  some  branches  of  a  tree  or  old  pieces 
of  canvas  for  a  roof  and  tlie  ground  would 
answer  for  a  shearing  floor. 

SEPARATING  THE  BANDS 

If  two  bands  of  different  marks  accidentally 
became  mixed  it  was  no  longer  necessary  to 
separate  them  by  roping  or  even  legging  them 
out  bv  hand.  A  corral  with  separation  chute 
thrt)ugh  which  the  sheep  were  forced  to  pass 
one  at  a  time  replaced  all  this.  A  chute  is 
about  twelve  feet  long,  usually  about  two  feet 
wide  at  one  end,  where  the  sheep  enter,  and 
perhaps  fourteen  inches  wide  at  the  other  end, 


SHEEP  AND  WOOL 


587 


where  the  sejiaration  is  effected  b_\-  a  dodge 
gate,  a  simple  contrivance  working  from  one 
side  to  the  other  of  the  chute.  As  the  sheep 
pass  througli  the  chute,  one  man,  operating 
the  dodge  gate,  c-atches  all  of  one  mark  on  one 
side  and  all  of  the  other  mark  on  the  other 
side,  so  that  when  thev  have  all  i)assed  through 
each  band  is  bv  itself  just  as  it  was  before 
getting  mixed.  This  could  all  be  accomplished 
now  in  less  than  an  hour  when  it  would  have 
taken  a  day  or  more  of  hard  work  a  few 
years  previous. 

This  period  also  designates  the  beginning  of 
our  present  necessary  (in  some  sections)  but 
somewhat  dangerous  system  of  taking  sheep 
to  and  from  the  mountains  for  summer  graz- 
ing. Prior  to  1870  sheep  w-ere  kept  practically 
in  the  same  localities,  summer  and  wanter,  but 
now  they  were  increasing  so  rapidly  some  other 
plan  had  to  be  devised.  In  the  month  of  May. 
which  usually  marks  the  beginning  of  the  dry 
season,  the  feed  on  the  winter  ranges  becomes 
perfectly  drv  and  would  burn  easily,  liut  in 
the  mountains,  perhaps  a  hundred  miles  dis- 
tant, where  the  winter  snow  has  just  melted, 
the  grass  is  green  and  water  plentiful  :  but 
between  the  green  feed  in  the  mountains  and 
the  winter  ranges  in  the  valleys,  there  is  most 
always  a  high  summit  to  cross,  with  little  or 
no  vegetation  thereon,  and  this  causes  the 
danger  in  driving  to  and  from  the  mountains. 
When  forced  to  leave  the  dry  winter  range  in 
May.   snow  storms  may  occur  while  crossing 


the  high  summits.  This  has  often  happened 
and  hundreds  of  sheep  have  perislied  in  a 
single  storm. 

MORE    ROOM    SOUGHT 

From  1860  to  1870  the  number  of  sheep 
had  more  than  doubled  so  that  some  sheep  men 
began  to  hunt  for  more  room  or  new  country. 
About  1872  bands  were  driven  to  Nevada  to 
experiment  in  wintering  in  the  sage  brush 
country,  but  after  trying  it  there  for  two  win- 
ters with  considerable  loss  these  men  returned 
to  California  with  the  remainder  of  their  sheep 
saying  that  sheep  could  not  be  wintered  in 
Nevada  successfully.  Think  of  this  and  com- 
pare it  with  the  fact  that  about  a  million  sheep 
are  wintering  in  Nevada  at  present ! 

In  the  last  ten  years  of  this  period,  from 
1870  to  1880,  the  number  of  sheep  again  more 
than  doul)led,  placing  California  in  the  lead 
over  other  states  in  the  Union  in  the  number  of 
sheep,  having  a  total  of  5,727,000  sheep,  pro- 
ducing annually  about  1 7,000,000  pounds  of 
wool.  This  placed  California  second  in  wool 
production,  ( )hio  being  first  in  this  respect, 
with  over  25,000,000  pounds. 

This  period  also  designates  the  high  wool 
market  of  all  times.  From  1870  to  1880  wool 
was  very  high,  due  partly  to  the  fact  that  the 
duty  of  1 1  cents  per  pound  on  grease  wool 
was  now  in  effect,  the  law  having  been  in 
operation  only  a  few  years.  The  duty  on 
grease  wool  at  this  time  enhanced  the  wool 
prices   here   verv  materially   as   the   manufac- 


Vermont  Merinos 


588 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


ffAi- 


o.sJiVits.-— TSi 


In    i\  li  ihitioii    form 


turers  and  importers  had  not  yet  applied  their 
effective  system  of  beating  the  tariff  by  im- 
porting liglit,  shrinking  wools  only,  as  they 
did  a  few  years  later. 

However,  this  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the 
tariff,  but  I  can  not  refrain  from  calling  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  high  wool  prices  do 
not  necessarily  mean  high  prices  of  woolen 
goods;  or.  in  other  words,  the  cost  of  the 
raw  material  has  but  little  to  do  with  the 
retail  price  of  the  finished  product.  As  an 
illustration,  one  of  the  pioneer  sheep  men, 
Mr.  J.  M.  Howell  of  Red  Bluff,  to  whom  I 
am  indebted  for  much  valuable  information 
on  this  subject,  sold  his  wool  in  1872  for 
50  cents  per  grease  pound,  tags  and  all,  just 
as  it  came  from  the  sheep's  back ;  at  that 
time  the  range  of  wool  prices  was  from  48  to 
52  cents  per  grease  pound.  This  same  year 
Mr.  Howell  bought  a  pair  of  all  wool  blankets, 
weighing  twelve  pounds,  and  paying  for  them 
$12,  or  just  $1  per  pound.  I'hey  were  the  very 
best,  in  fact  it  is  almost  impossible  to  secure 
such  blankets  at  any  price  today.  A  few  days 
ago  I  went  into  the  same  store  where 
Mr.  Howell  bought  his  blankets  forty-two 
years  ago  and  secured  a  pair  of  the  best  blank- 
ets there,  the  cost  of  which  was  $12,  the 
same  as  Mr.  Howell  jjaid,  but  how  much  did 
they  weigh? — five  and  one-half  pounds  I  Two 
dollars  and  eighteen  cents  per  pound,  more 
than  twice  as  much  per  pound  for  blankets 
todav   as   in    1872.    while    wool    at   present   is 


selling  at  from  16  to  20  cents  per  pound. 
Mr.  Howell  having  sold  his  this  year  for 
18  cents,  just  a  trifie  more  than  one-tlhrd  of 
the  price  received  by  him  in  1872.  Today  the 
raw  material  is  costing  just  a  tritie  over  one- 
third  as  much,  but  the  finished  product  is 
selling  at  retail  for  more  than  double  the 
jjrices  obtained  in  1872. 

CALIFORNIA    BUILDS    UP    OTHER    STATES 

The  period,  1880  to  1890,  is  remarkable 
from  the  fact  that  California  shows  a  marked 
falling  off  in  the  number  of  sheep,  while 
Montana.  I'tah,  Wyoming,  Idaho,  and  Ne- 
vada all  increased  in  the  number  of  sheep 
by  leaps  and  bounds,  Montana  having  eight 
times  as  many  sheep  in  1890  as  it  did  in  1880. 

In  this  decade  many  big  drives  of  sheep 
were  made  from  here  to  inter-mountain  states 
with  several  thousand  in  each  drive,  thus  re- 
ducing the  number  of  sheep  in  California  and 
assisting  materiallv  in  the  rajjid  increase  in 
the  inter-mountain  states.  Many,  if  not  most 
of  the  great  flocks  in  these  states  today  trace 
their  origin  to  California.  In  fact,  many  of 
the  sheepmen  in  the  inter-mountain  states  came 
from  California  or  are  the  sons  of  men  from 
California. 

In  the  last  twenty-five  years,  1890  to  1915, 
the  number  of  sheep  have  been  gradually  de- 
creasing, in  fact  rai)idly  in  the  last  ten  years, 
until  now  California  ranks  only  about  tenth 
in  the  number  of  sheep  having  only  in  round 
figures  about  one  and  one-third  million  sheep. 


SHEEP  AND  WOOL 


589 


There  are  many  causes  for  this,  chief  among 
them  being  constant  tariff  agitation,  increased 
cost  of  production  and  colonization. 

Constant  tariff  agitation  has  helped  to  re- 
duce wool  prices  from  an  average  of  about 
30  cents  per  pound  to  an  average  of  about 
16  cents,  and  at  the  same  time  the  cost  of 
production  has  been  rapidly  increasing,  thus 
forcing  manv  to  abandon  their  ilocks  ;  labor 
costs  more,  while  the  efficiency  is  much  less, 
provisions  of  all  kinds  are  higher,  feed  is  much 
more  expensive,  in  fact  every  cost  item  has 
materially  advanced.  The  principal  reason, 
however,  for  the  decline  of  the  sheep  industry 
in  California,  more  than  elsewhere,  is  the  fact 
that  many  of  our  former  sheep  ranges  have 
been  put  to  other  uses.  Orange  groves,  olive 
orchards,  hop  yards,  fruit  trees,  and  alfalfa 
fields  now  occupy  thousands  of  acres,  where 
only  sheep  once  grazed,  until  at  present  the 
sheep  occupy  only  the  poorer  or  rougher  sec- 
tions of  the  State. 

In  spite  of  this  the  importance  of  the  sheep 
industry  to  the  State  should  not  be  overlooked. 
The  amount  invested  is  small  compared  with 
some  of  the  other  industries,  possibly,  yet  it 
is  perhaps  greater  today  than  ever  before,  even 
with  fewer  sheep  than  formerly.  The  total 
investment    today    in    sheep,    equipment    and 


sheep  ranges  is  about  $20,000,000.  When  Cali- 
fornia had  over  5,000,000  sheep  the  total 
amount  invested  was  but  little,  if  any,  more 
than  it  is  today,  as  it  was  not  necessary  then 
to  have  much  invested  in  real  estate,  and  the 
value  per  head  was  much  less  than  at  present. 
Today  real  estate  represents  the  largest  part 
of  the  investment,  thus  giving  more  stability 
to  the  industry. 

Its  importance  to  the  State  in  another  way 
can  not  be  measured  in  dollars  and  cents. 
While  the  gold  dredger  tears  up  and  destroys, 
the  constant  production  of  grain  crops  im- 
poverishes the  soil,  the  sheep  is  always  adding 
to  its  richness.  Many  of  our  orchards  would 
not  be  so  productive  today  were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  sheep  grazed  there  for  years  and 
assisted  in  making  the  land  more  fertile.  Sheep 
ranges  that  have  been  in  constant  use  for  graz- 
ing for  over  forty  years  are  producing  more 
feed  today  than  ever  before.  The  government, 
once  radical  against  the  grazing  of  sheep  in  the 
national  forests,  now  recognizes  officially  that 
the  moderate  grazing  of  sheep  in  these  reser- 
vations increases  the  reproduction  besides 
adding  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  Travel 
through  New  England  and  the  South,  where 
land  was  farmed  constantly  for  years  without 
sheep    being    grazed    thereon    and    we    find 


'^?^2d^i^. 


I'lirc    lircd    Shropshircs 


>90 


CALIFORXIA'S   MAGAZINE 


abandoned  farms  today,  yes,  wIkiIl-  plantati(in> 
if  you  please.  Such  a  thing  is  nut  known  in 
California  where  sheeji  ha\-e  been  gra/inij  for 
over   1(10  years. 

l'"or  the  past  year  the  business  has  been  in 
(Urect  competition  with  the  ijreat  wool  and 
nuitton  jiroducing  countries  of  the  world  with 
no  protective  tariff  on  either  wool  or  mutton. 

Efficienc)'  and  determination  nuist  now  \)^i 
inscribed  on  the  banner  of  cwerv  successful 
sheepman.  Old  methods  must  give  way  to 
more  progressive  ideas;  shearing  sheds  are 
now  built  with  a  good  roof  and  with  shed 
room  for  the  storing  of  wool  :  each  shearer  has 
a  neat,  clean  pen.  with  a  board  floor,  bv  him- 
self, where  his  work  ma\'  be  inspected;  shear- 
ing machines  are  in  use  in  manv  places;  the 
wool  must  be  kejjt  clean  and  without  tags  ;  it 
nuist  be  free  from  insoluble  paint  brands: 
must  be  tied  with  paper  twine :  black  wool 
is  sacked  separately  ;  accounts  must  be  kej^t, 
and  every  branch  of  the  industrv  must  be 
looked  after  in  a  business-like  manner. 

For  a  great  many  years  prior  to  1910  wool 
had  been  a  fair  price  and  feed  quite  reason- 
able so  that  wool  was  the  principal  source  of 
income  and  mutton  the  by-product.  The  gross 
income  from  wool  was  about  double  that  of 
mutton  ;  wethers  were  kept  until  two  or  three 
and  even  four  years  old  for  their  wool  alone, 
before  being  sold  for  mutton.  Since  that  time 
wool  has  been  very  low  in  price  with  mutton 
advancing  slowly  so  that  conditions  had  been 
very  unsettled  and  the  sheepmen  were  at  a 
loss  to  know  what  type  of  sheep  was  best  to 
produce.  Now  the  demand  for  mutton  is  so 
ureat   that   mutton   is  the  chief  source  of   in- 


tC.  ^*ft**k. 


A   imriuu 

come  with  wool  as  a  by-i)roduct  ;  in  fact,  the 
int-ome  now  from  nuUton  is  double  that  from 
wool,  just  the  reverse  to  the  conditions  of  a 
few  years  ago.  This  fact  has  brought 
about  the  change  in  the  tyjje  of  sheep  now 
grown  from  a  wo(d  to  a  mutton  type.  The 
mutton  type  is  much  more  palatable  than  the 
wot)l  type  formerly  used  for  mutton  and  most 
of  our  mutton  is  now  shipped  before  it  is 
a  year  old. 

As  a  result  of  individual  experience  and 
scientific  investigation  by  various  state  insti- 
tutions, as  well  as  our  national  government, 
it  is  found  the  mutton  sheep  of  today  is  the 
most  healthful  meat  consumed  by  the  meat 
eating  public.  In  support  of  the  above  I  quote 
from  the  report  of  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  for  1911,  showing  the 
numl)er  of  carcasses  and  parts  of  carcasses 
condemned  for  disease : 

Xiiiiil>cr       Carcasses      Parts 
Aiiiinals  fiisf^.  Coiid.  Cond. 

Cattle  10.000.938        27.390         49.393 

Hogs   26,916.363        31,517        870,361 

Sheep    13.005,502  

These  are  facts  which  need  no  comment. 


/^NE  of  the  most  interesting^-  facts  l)roui;"ht  out  in  the  above  article 
^^  is  in  the  statement  that  at  last  mutton  displaces  wool,  the  latter, 
owing-  to  the  increasing'  cost  of  meat,  becoming  the  by-product.  With 
the  ever-decreasing-  rang-e  and  the  ever-increasing-  population,  the  de- 
mand for  good  mutton  increases.  The  time  has  arrived  \\hen  a  few 
high-class  mutton  shee])  can  be  kei)t  on  the  averag-e  farm  at  a  ])r()fit. 
The  farmers  of  our  foothills  and  interior  valleys  will  in  the  future  con- 
sider a  small  band  of  sheep  an  essential  part  of  their  stock,  just 
as  did  their  forefathers  from  the  Eastern  states  and  Western  Europe, 
in  the  past. 


Two  year  old  Berkshire  sow  and  litter 


Swine  Raising  in  California 

By  A.  M.  Henry 

President   CaHioniia   Swi?ie    Breeders'   Association 


Editor  s  Note:  Mr.  Henry  is  president  of  an  association  whose 
motto  is  "More  and  Better  Hogs"  for  California.  He  is  therefore 
representative  of  all  interests  involved  in  the  effort  to  replace  the 
millions  value  of  imported  pork — to  replace  with  a  home  product  and 
manufacture.  His  article  shows  how  inviting  a  field  swine  husbandry 
is,  not  only  because  of  market  conditions  but  because  climate,  soil,  and 
situation  give  the  swine  grower  such  marked  advantages  for  his  effort 
and  investment,  and  he  gives  many  practical  suggestions  about  mak- 
ing- a  start  in  this  business. 


O  WINE  raising  has  been  profitable  to  some 
^^  of  the  people  in  California  since  the  "Days 
of  Old,  the  Days  of  Gold,  the  Days  of  '49." 
Beginning  in  the  places  where  feed  neces- 
sary for  the  growth  of  the  hog  was  found 
without  much  effort  by  those  engaged  in  the 
industry,  and  then,  as  the  value  of  pork  pro- 
duction became  evident,  extending  to  the  ])opu- 
lous  places  where  the  demand  made  the 
industry  more  profitable,  hog  raising  in- 
creased in  popularitv.  until  now  it  is  one  of  the 
leading;  industries  of  the  State. 


^^'hen  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California 
brought  the  people  of  every  nation  to  this  State 
what  was  more  natural  than  that  some  who  did 
not  care  to  dig  in  the  earth  for  their  wealth 
should  see  the  way  to  riches  through  the  pro- 
duction of  the  food  the  miners  needed  and  for 
which  thev  were  verv  willing  to  pay? 

Consequently  the  land  of  grasses,  roots,  and 
acorns  in  close  proximity  to  the  market  led 
the  hog  raisers  to  begin  their  efforts  close  to 
the  mines.  The  demand  for  meat  was  so  great 
that  the   effort   to  produce  the  most  valuable 


592 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Champion    I'olaiid    (^hiiia    1 


Hampshire  boar  grand  champion  at  California 
State   Fair 


Young   Berksliires 


animals  aloiii;  hluod  lines  \vas  entirely  for- 
t^otten,  the  object  to  produce  the  most  progeny 
heinii;  the  desire  of  most  of  the  breeders.  Con- 
se(|uently  the  animal  produced  was  the  natural 
result  of  th.is  ])r()cess  of  creation. 

Imagine  an  animal  with  a  snout  capable  of 
extractiuL,'  an  acorn  from  a  small  crevice,  a 
frame  of  suflicient  breadth  to  enable  the  owner 
to  go  through  the  thickest  growth  of  brush, 
and  legs  sufliciently  long  to  enable  their  owner 
to  go  long  distances  in  search  of  food ;  a  pro- 
lificacy that  enabled  the  females  to  produce 
from  ten  to  fifteen  pigs  each  litter,  and  you 
have  the  genuine  mountaiit  razorback  hog, 
the  animal  on  which  our  forefathers  whetted 
their  teeth  and  which  perhaps  had  more  to 
do  with  their  scjuare  jaws  than  the  strong 
character  to  which  their  scjuare  jaws  are  held 
to  be  due. 

As  time  went  on  and  farmers  began  to  pro- 
duce grain  in  the  valleys  it  became  customary 
for  owners  of  large  numbers  of  hogs  to  buy 
the  stulible  fields  in  the  valleys  and  drive  their 
herds  there  for  the  summer.  The  writer  can 
remember  some  of  these  droves  that  came  to 
his  father's  ranch  in  San  Joaquin  County. 
With  frames  capable  of  holding  large  quan- 
tities of  grain,  and  an  appetite  that  was  ap- 
parently never  satisfied,  they  nevertheless 
seemed  utterly  incapable  of  properly  assimi- 
lating food.  After  spending  the  entire  sum- 
mer eating  grain  they  would  go  back  to  the 
mountains  in  the  fall  nearly  as  thin  as  when 
they  came  to  the  valley,  but  with  greatly  in- 
creased length  of  frame.  It  became  so  evident 
that  this  kind  of  hog  was  not  just  the  thing 
that  some  of  the  more  far-sighted  began  to 
infuse  a  little  Berkshire  blood  into  their  herds 
by  the  use  of  a  Berkshire  male.  My  father 
was  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  in 
our  vicinity  to  make  this  effort,  and  well  I 
remember  tlie  excitement  in  the  community 
when  the  i)ig  arrived.  The  neighbors  came 
from  far  and  near  to  see  Henry's  Berkshire 
pig.  He  caused  more  e.xcitement  in  our  com- 
munity than  the  advent  of  a  circus  would 
have  done. 

But    the    improvement    thus    begun    in    the 
various  localities  was  so  marked  that  it  was 


SWINE  RAISING 


593 


not  long  until  the  importance  of  blood  lines 
was  felt.  Gradually  the  improvement  in  both 
quantity  and  quality  of  pork  began  to  be 
noticeable  because  while  the  proliticacy  that 
was  so  evident  in  the  razorback  gave  way  to 
the  improved  strains  the  numbers  became  less 
noticeable  but  the  size  of  the  offspring  at 
certain  ages  was  so  much  greater  that  it  became 
evident  that,  even  though  numbers  were  less, 
more  pounds  of  good  pork  was  produced. 
Then  the  fairs  began  to  call  forth  an  effort 
by  the  swine  raisers  to  see  who  had  the 
best  hogs. 

NEW  TYPE  AND  NEW  INDUSTRY 

And  what  was  the  best  hog  for  the  produc- 
tion of  pork?  As  this  question  began  to  be 
felt  various  breeds  began  to  be  in  evidence  on 
account  of  the  importation  of  choice  indi- 
viduals by  the  breeders.  The  gradual  increase 
in  the  varieties  of  fruits  and  grains  and  above 
all  the  knowledge  that  alfalfa  can  be  profit- 
ably produced  in  nearly  every  part  of  Cali- 
fornia has  forced  the  knowledge  upon  our 
people  that  we  have  one  of  the  most  favored 
places  in  the  world  for  profitable  swine  raising. 

The  production  of  alfalfa  which  is  continu- 
ally advancing  our  dairy  industry  and  the  in- 
vention of  the  cream  separator  which  enables 


the  dairyman  to  separate  his  butterfat  from 
the  skim  milk,  has  also  brought  forth  an  in- 
teresting question.  Is  he  separating  his  butter- 
fat  or  is  he  separating  his  skim  milk?  With 
pork  prices  around  eight  and  ten  cents  per 
pound  as  it  has  been  during  a  good  part  of  the 
past  year  it  has  been  possible  for  a  man  of 
good  judgment  to  so  use  his  skim  milk  as  to 
produce  nearly  or  quite  as  great  an  income 
from  this  source  as  from  his  butterfat. 

The  combination  of  skim  milk  and  other 
kinds  of  feed  makes  each  of  such  greater  rela- 
tive value  that  the  skim  milk  produces  nearly 
as  many  pounds  of  pork  as  would  be  required, 
if  it  were  converted  into  money  at  the  market 
price  of  pork,  to  pay  for  the  butter  that  could 
be  made  from  the  same  milk.  By  combining 
skim  milk,  alfalfa,  and  any  kind  of  grain  that 
is  the  cheapest,  the  swine  raiser  can  produce 
the  ideal  ration  for  the  proper  growth  of  his 
hogs.  Coupled  with  this  is  the  fact  that  his 
land  will  be  constantly  growing  richer  on  ac- 
count of  the  return  to  the  soil  of  most  that  is 
taken  from  it  on  account  of  the  waste  from 
the  barns,  the  stock,  and  the  power  alfalfa 
possesses  of  extracting  from  the  air  and  con- 
veying to  the  soil  the  elements  that  are  needed 
for  the  growth  of  plant  life.    Then  what  is 


Berkshire  up  to   his  eyes   in   alfalfa,    California's  premier   llesh-niaking   forage,   which 
applies  to  all   kinds  of  live   stock 


594 


CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Rcacliiiit;    tlic    final    stage   of    pork    production 


more  natural  than  that  the  swine  industry 
should  be  one  of  the  leading  industries  of 
the  State. 

There  is  hardly  a  place  in  California  where 
the  swine  industry  is  not  profitable.  Which  is 
the  most  profitable  breed  to  raise  depends 
greatly  upon  the  abilities  of  the  person  doing 
the  raising.  If  a  person  likes  Duroc  Jerseys 
he  will  probably  do  better  with  them.  If  he 
likes  Poland  Chinas  he  will  do  better  with 
them.  And  so  on  through  the  list.  Any  breed 
that  will  do  well  anywhere  will  do  well  in 
California  as  we  have  here  every  variety  of 
soil,  water,  and  climate. 

THK    ECONOMICS    OF    HOG    RAISING 

What  number  of  hogs  can  a  man  hope  to 
raise  in  California  on  each  acre  of  land?  That 
depends  upon  at  least  two  things,  the  capa- 
bilities of  the  soil  and  the  skill  of  the  man 
who  raises  the  hogs.  Rich  land  that  will  yield 
large  crops  of  alfalfa,  grain  or  fruit  will  be 
sure  to  produce  large  numbers  of  hogs,  if 
properly  handled. 

On  one  and  one-eighth  acres  of  alfalfa  the 
writer  kept  from  fifty  to  seventy  head  of  hogs 
of  various  ages  continually  pasturing  for  two 
months  with  no  other  feed.  This  was  for  the 
purpose  of  experiment  to  see  just  what  could 
be  done.  The  alfalfa  was  flooded  lightlv  and 
often,  one-half  at  a  time,  while  the  hogs  were 
on  the  other  half.  They  were  registered  Po- 
land Chinas,  and  the  fact  that  I  sold  breeders 
from  the  l)unch  during  the  time  explaitis  why 


I  said  there  were  from  fifty  to  se\"enty  head. 
They  kept  in  good  condition  all  the  time,  and 
while  I  have  never  done  this  again,  as  I  think 
they  would  do  better  on  a  balanced  ration,  it 
shows  the  possibilities  of  alfalfa. 

In  other  places  where  grain  is  the  principal 
crop  grown,  a  person  would  have  to  handle 
the  hogs  in  such  a  way  as  to  have  them  eat 
most  of  the  waste  grain  and  carry  it  to  market. 
All  over  California  are  ranches  where  occa- 
sionally hogs  are  raised  in  conjunction  with 
other  products,  sometimes  on  grain  ranches, 
sometimes  on  fruit  ranches,  and  sometimes  on 
alfalfa  ranches,  but  invariably  in  a  way  to 
help  the  owner  reap  a  good  income  from  his 
land.  In  other  places  large  numbers  of  hogs 
are  raised  to  supply  the  home  market  for  pork, 
ham,  and  bacon.  This  is  a  market  that  is 
constantly  growing  as  the  population  is  rapidly 
increasing  and  what  market  is  so  good  as  a 
home  market? 

Beside  the  demand  for  pork  hogs,  the  market 
for  the  various  breeds  of  pure-bred  hogs  for 
stock  raising  is  constantly  growing.  Though 
almost  in  its  infancy,  the  demand  for  better 
hogs  greatly  exceeds  the  sui)ply  and  on  this 
account  the  different  breeders  of  pure  bred 
stock  are  doing  all  thev  can  to  keej)  up  with 
the  times  in  the  imi)rovement  of  their  herds. 
And  so  great  has  been  the  improvement  that 
where  only  a  few  years  ago  the  razorback  was 
in  evidence,  now  only  good  specimens  of  the 
various  breeds  are  seen  and  a  constant  efTort 


SWINE  RAISING 


595 


is  made  to  maintain  the  standard  of  the  herds. 
This  is  very  noticeable  at  the  state  and  county 
fairs  where  the  judges  are  often  from  the  corn 
belt  or  the  states  that  have  long  been  in  the 
lead  in  the  swine  industrv  and  thev  have  often 
been  heard  to  say  that  in  our  fairs  the  tjuality 
of  the  exhibits  is  fully  up  to  that  of  the  East- 
ern fairs.    ( )ur  numbers  are  rapidly  increasing 


and  at  the  same  rate  of  advancement  it  will  not 
be  many  years  until  California  will  come  into 
her  own  as  one  of  the  greatest  hog  states  of  the 
Union.  In  the  meantime,  those  who  are  in  the 
l)usiness  of  swine  raising  and  those  who  will 
be  in  it  have  nothing  to  look  forward  to  that 
is  discouraging,  but  instead  a  profitable  busi- 
ness in  a  delightful  land. 


VX/HILE  the  swine  industry  of  California  has  materially  increased 
'  ^  durino-  the  past  decade,  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  has  in  any  sense 
kept  pace  with  other  and  similar  industries.  The  traditions  have  all  been 
ao-ainst  the  hoo-.  The  tendency  to  develop  cholera  at  critical  times,  the 
lack  of  uniformity  in  the  C|uantity  of  ])roduction  and  the  o-enerally 
accepted  assertion  that  the  California-fed  i)ork  was  an  unknown  quan- 
tity so  far  as  c|uality  was  concerned,  that  it  mio-ht  be  hioh-class  or  it 
mio-ht  be  acorn-fattened  with  an  offensive  oily  flavor;  or  it  mii^ht  l)e 
tule-raised  and  taste  like  fish — all  these  have  combined  to  discourage 
the  systematic  and  intellio-ent  l)reeding  of  swine.  In  recent  years  a 
great  chang-e  has  taken  place  and  we  now  have  intelligent  organization 
and  concerted  effort  in  the  swine  industry,  as  well  as  in  dairying,  the 
raising  of  beef  cattle  and  other  kindred  industries.  In  Illinois  there  are 
sixty  hogs  to  the  square  mile;  California  has  eight,  and  we  import 
into  this  State  fifty  carloads  of  pork  products,  chiefly  hams,  bacon,  and 
lard,  besides  about  twenty-five  carloads  of  live  hogs — not  annually, 
but  weekly.  This  is  probably  more  than  half  the  local  consumption.  At 
the  rate  at  which  dairying,  particularly  butter  and  cheese  making,  is 
increasing,  more  hogs  will  be  needed  to  consume  the  by-products.  Corn 
is  not  a  successful  crop  in  California,  generally  speaking,  in  compari- 
son with  the  corn-belt  of  the  Middle  West.  It  grows  well  in  only  a  few 
localities  of  California.  And  corn  is  an  ideal  food  for  finishing.  Kafffr 
corn  is  a  good  substitute  and  Kaffir  corn  grows  successfully  and  lux- 
uriantly in  our  interior  valleys.  In  a  government  test  a  bushel  of  corn 
produced  11.9  i)ounds  of  pork,  while  a  bushel  of  Kaffir  corn  produced 
10.6  ])ounds  of  ])()rk.  The  l^est  results  were  obtained  with  Kaffir  corn 
and  skim  milk — an  ideal  combination  food  for  finishing.  With  our  ex- 
tensive and  ever-increasing  dairying  industry,  with  alfalfa  and  with 
Kaffir  corn,  California  should  be  second  to  no  state  in  the  Cnion  in 
the  production  of  the  liacon  hog. 


Work  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau 

of  Animal  Industry 

in  California 

By  Dr.  H.  H.  Hicks 

Inspector  in  CIiarf:;c'  of  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  at  San  Francisco 


Editor  s  Xotc:  The  bureau  of  animal  industry  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  A^'ricuhure  has  ahvays  co-operated  with  those  work- 
ing to  Imild  up  the  stock  interests  of  Cahfornia  and  through  years 
of  active  ]^articipation  in  the  work  Doctor  H.  H.  Hicks  is  admirably 
qualified  to  write  understandingly  upon  the  subject.  Doctor  Hicks 
has  been  in  the  government  service  many  years  in  California  and 
other  states  and  he  is  now  inspector  in  charge  of  meat  inspection  for 
the  bureau  at  San  Francisco.  He  is  a  ])rominent  member  of  the 
American  Veterinarv  Medical  Association. 


AS  MKiHT  be  supi)osed.  the  activities  of 
the  bureau  of  animal  industry  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  are 
somewhat  less  in  evidence  in  the  Pacific  Coast 
region  than  in  the  Middle  ^\'est.  where  the 
majority  of  the  great  slaughtering  and  packing 
plants  are  situated,  and  where  the  large  farm- 
ing operations  in  the  i)roducti()n  of  food 
animals  and  dairy  products  are  centered. 
Nevertheless  much  work  of  interest  and  im- 
portance to  the  farming  and  dairving  commu- 
nities, as  well  as  to  the  general  public,  who 
consume  the  meat  and  dairy  products,  is  being 
done  under  the  ausi)ices  of  the  bureau  in  the 
far  West. 

The  more  imjxirtant  of  these  lines  are  the 
federal  meat  inspection  ;  the  insj)ection,  regu- 
lation, and  cjuarantine  of  live  stock  for  the 
prevention  of  disease  ;  the  eradication  of  ani- 
mal diseases ;  and  work  in  the  interest  of 
dairy  farming  and  dairv  products. 

A  brief  outline  showing  the  salient  features 
of  the  bureau's  oj^erations  in  t'.ie  State  of  Cali- 
fornia follows : 


This  service  supervises  all  the  processes  con- 
nected with  the  slaughtering  and  packing  of 
meat  and  all  other  food  products  derived  from 
the  animals  slaughtered.  While  this  inspection 
is  primarily  concerned  only  with  products  that 
are  subject  to  interstate  trade,  it  is  nowhere 
in  force  unless  the  entire  operations  and  prod- 
uct of  the  establishment  are  sui)ervised  ;  and 
since  all  the  important  slaughtering  and  pack- 
ing establishments  are  under  government  in- 
spection it  usually  follows  that  the  greater 
jiart  of  the  meat  and  products  consumed 
within  a  State  are  federally  inspected.  As  a 
matter  t)f  fact  ajjproximately  6(1  per  cent  of 
all  animals  slaughtered  for  food  in  the  United 
States,  including  the  farm  kill,  come  under  the 
government  ins])ection. 

KFI'K  IK  N  r    I()R;;K. 

In  California  during  the  past  fiscal  year 
ins[)ection  was  conducted  at  twenty  establisli- 
ir.ents,  located  at  San  Francisco,  San  Diego, 
l.os  Angeles.  Areata,  and  Pomona.  There  were 
engaged  in  this  work  nineteen  veterinary  in- 
spectors, and  twenty-seven  t)ther  inspectors  and 


DR.  H.  H.  HICKS 


597 


Inspecting   Sheep   at    tl 


it    of   the    Sierra    Nevada   Mountains 


employees,  besides  the  necessary  office  forces. 
There  is  also  a  meat-inspection  laboratory  at 
San  Francisco,  with  the  proper  force  and 
equipment  to  carry  on  the  analytical  and  bac- 
teriological work. 

The  number  of  animals  slaughtered  and  the 
quantity  of  the  various  products  prepared  un- 
der inspection  in  California  during  the  fiscal 
year  1914  were  as  follows: 

INSPECTION    OF    ANIMALS    AT    SLAUGHTER    IN 
CALIFORNIA 

Passed 
for  Food 

Cattle  137.923 

Calves    17.117 

Sheep    561,283 

Goats   367 

Swine  190.080 


Con- 

demned 

Total 

587 

138,510 

36 

17.153 

467 

561.750 

1 

368 

1,216 

191,296 

Total    906,770        2,307        909,077 

MEAT   FOOD    PRODUCTS    PREPARED   OR   PROCESSED   IN 
CALIF0RNL\ 

Products  Pounds 

Beef,  cured 1,284.155 

Beef,  canned 295,297 

Pork,  cured 9.677.053 

Pork,  canned 53,350 

Sausage,    chopped 4,609,876 

Lard    7,204,761 

Lard  oil 6.420 

Lard  stearin 6.707 

Lard  compound 161 .382 

Compound — lard   substitute 17.906  786 

Oleo  stock  and  edible  tallow 4.835.966 

Oleo  oil 729.727 

Oleo   stearin 602  079 

Miscellaneous    products 39,570,802 

Total   86,943,361 

Of    the    foregoing    there    were   condemned 
205,521  pounds. 


IXSPECTIOX  OF  IMPORrED  MEAT 

The  trade  in  meat  from  foreign  countries 
with  the  port  of  San  Francisco  bids  fair,  when 
the  conditions  are  again  normal,  to  become 
more  and  more  important.  At  the  present  time 
it  is  greatly  restricted  owing  to  the  war.  All 
of  this  meat  is  rigidly  inspected.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  consignments  consist  of  beef 
from  Australia,  a  considerable  part  of  which 
is  canned  beef.  Canada  supplies  cured  hog 
products,  bacon,  etc.,  in  increasing  quantities. 
This  foreign  meat  trade  is  of  importance  not 
only  to  California  but  to  other  parts  of  the 
country  as  well. 

The  quantity  of  meat  imported  and  in- 
spected at  San  Francisco  from  the  beginning 
of  1914  is  as  follows : 

IMPORTS    OF    MEAT    AT    SAN    FRANCISCO 

Total  Con- 
Imported,  demned, 
1914                                                Pounds  Pounds 

Januarv   2.720.276  4,574 

February   242.638  9 

March    1,613,074  40,790 

April 1,710,730  31,708 

Mav    473,469  7,086 

Jime   563.710  147 

Julv 1,137,189  3,612 

August  1,690,479  868 

September  543,369  592 

October  884,698  50 

November  283,826  

Total   (eleven  months) ...  11.863,458        89,436 

IXSPECTIOX    AXD    QUARANTINE    OF   LIVE    STOCK 

This  branch  of  the  bureau  work  consists 
of  the  inspection  of  all  animals  imported  into 


598 


CALTFORXIA'S  ^TAGAZINE 


or  exported  from  the  United  States,  and  in- 
cludes the  inspection  of  vessels  carrying  export 
stock.  It  also  includes  the  inspection  and  dis- 
infection of  imported  hay.  hides,  wool,  and 
other  substances  throu^di  which  it  is  possible 
that  contagious  animal  diseases  may  enter  the 
countrv. 

In  California  this  work  is  centered  in  San 
Francisco  and  San  Diego.  A  veterinary  in- 
spector is  in  charge  of  the  operations  along  tlie 
Mexican  border  from  San  Diego  eastward  to 
\'uma.  Ariz.  There  is  also  the  tuberculin  test- 
ing of  cattle  and  the  mallein  testing  of  horses 
(for  the  detection  of  tuberculosis  and  gland- 
ers, respectively),  for  shipment  to  Hawaii  and 
foreign   countries,   including  Canada. 

eOMBAIIXG    STOCK    DISEASES 

An  imi)ortant  means  of  conserving  the  live 
stock  of  the  country  and  encouraging  the  rais- 
ing of  meat  animals  is  to  eradicate  diseases  of 
a  communicable  nature.  As  a  part  of  its  coun- 
trv-wide  work  of  this  character  the  bureau  of 


animal  industry  is  operating  in  California 
against  cattle  ticks,  sheep  scab,  and  hog 
cholera. 

The  ticks  not  only  spread  the  disease  known 
as  Texas  fever  of  cattle,  somewhat  similar  to 
malaria  in  people,  but  do  damage  as  blood- 
sucking parasites  and  stand  in  the  way  of  the 
l>roduction  of  good  cattle.  Systematic  work 
for  exterminating  these  ticks,  which  infested 
most  of  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States 
from  California  to  Virginia,  was  undertaken 
in  1906  by  co-o]>eratii)n  between  the  federal 
government  and  the  atfected  states.  At  that 
time  the  ticks  were  found  in  about  half  of 
California  (the  southern  portion).  vSo  well 
has  the  work  progressed  that  only  one  county 
(  San  Diego),  now  remains  in  quarantine.  The 
work  is  being  continued  there  by  a  force  of 
four  federal  inspectors. 

Sheep  scab  at  one  time  was  so  general 
throughout  the  West  that  nearly  all  the  coun- 
try  west   of   the   Mississippi   River,   including 


Dressing  Beef  under  government   inspection 


DR.  H.  H.  HICKS 


599 


An   involuntary   Bath — Dipping  cattle 

California,  was  placed  under  federal  quaran- 
tine. Most  of  this  territory  has  now  been  re- 
leased. About  half  of  California  is  still  under 
quarantine  and  the  federal  work  in  that  State 
is  being  carried  on  by  a  force  of  six  inspectors 
with  headquarters  at  Sacramento. 

Following  the  discovery  by  the  bureau's 
scientists  of  a  method  of  preventing  hog 
cholera  by  the  use  of  a  protective  serum,  expe- 
riments have  been  undertaken  in  selected 
localities  in  various  parts  of  the  country  with 
a  view  to  applying  this  treatment  in  a  prac- 
tical wav  toward  the  prevention  and  the 
eventual  eradication  of  that  disease.  The  work 
in  California  is  carried  on  in  co-operation  with 
the  State  agricultural  experiment  station  at 
Berkelev.    This  work  is  both  demonstrational 


and  educational,  the  object  being  to  show 
farmers  how  they  may,  by  their  own  efforts, 
reduce  the  losses  from  hog  cholera.  The  treat- 
ment with  the  serum  is  demonstrated  at  suit- 
able places,  and  demonstrations  are  given  on 
farms  of  methods  used  in  ridding  infected 
premises  of  the  infection  of  hog  cholera 
through  cjuarantine  and  sanitation. 

SCIEXTIFIC    IXVESTIGATIOX    OF    POULTRY 
DISEASES 

The  bureau  of  animal  industry  and  the 
experiment  station  are  jointly  maintaining  at 
Berkeley  a  research  worker  who  is  concen- 
trating his  attention  upon  the  poultry  diseases 
known  as  roup,  diphtheria,  and  chicken  pox. 
This  group  of  diseases  constitutes  one  of  the 
most  important  sources  of  loss  in  poultry.  The 
large  industry  which  exists  in  California  is 
therefore  vitally  concerned  as  well  as  the 
country   generally. 

DAIRY   DEVELOPMENT 

^^'ork  for  the  development  of  dairy  farming 
and  the  study  of  market  milk  problems  in  the 
far  West  is  being  carried  on  by  a  force  with 
headquarters  at  Salt  Lake  City. 


Inspt'cting   Muxiciui   Tiaui^u   cattlf 


'Hp'HE  DANGER  of  purchasing  impure 
^  or  diseased  meats  is  entirely  removed 
by  the  United  States  Government,  which 
inspects  all  meats  sold  for  food  and  stamps 
in  purple  the  accompanying  mark  on 
every  piece.  It  is  the  government  guar- 
antee insuring  the  .people  against  unscru- 
pulous or  careless  individuals.  In  Califor- 
nia this  work  is  carried  on  with  the 
utmost  attention  to  detail  and  regard  for 
the  rights  of  every  one  concerned.  The 
importance  of  careful  supervision  of  an  industry  as  widespread  as 
that  of  live  stock  in  this  State  can  not  be  overestimated. 


600 


CALIFORNIA'S  IMAGAZIXE 


Shire  stallion,  "Ncwaii   Hillside,"   imported  by  Henry   Whealley 


Shire  mare,  "Lady  Redlvmli,      .,l    Salvador   Stock   Tarms.     (.Iiaiupiun   (.;ilil(irnia   State   I'air  1913-14 


(Juiirtct  ol    Sliiru   Marcs   at    work    on    llic    larm 


The  Horses  Which  Move 
CaHfornia  Industries 

By  Henry  Wheatley 

President    California   Horse   Breeders'   Assoeiation 


Editor s  Note:  Air.  Wheatley,  who  is  well  known  as  an  importer 
and  breeder  of  the  style  of  horses  which  move  things,  sketches  strik- 
ingly the  relation  of  the  draft  horse  to  better  farming  and  the  oppor- 
tunity which  invites  the  larger  production  of  such  horses,  both  in  the 
land  and  in  the  trade.  There  is  no  reason  why  Pacific  countries 
should  depend  upon  Europe  for  such  breeding  stock.  Proper  pro- 
duction would  secure  for  California  leadership  in  this  great  industry. 
Mr.  Wheatley  gives  advice  and  suggestions  to  those  who  can  put 
time,  land,  and  money  into  this  line  of  production. 


THE  future  development  of  California  cultivation.     But  a  very  small  part  of  it  is 

is  dependent.  princi])ally  upon  more  producing;"  all   it   is  capable  of.     In  order 

thorough    farming.       Practically    a    very  to  get  the  most  out  of  the  land  it  is  neces- 

large   part  of  the   suitable   land   is   under  sary   to   work   it   deeply   and   thoroughly. 


602 


CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


This  cannot  be  done  satisfactorily  or  eco- 
nomically without  a  good  supply  of  heavy 
horses.  Therefore,  I  feel  justified  in  say- 
ing that  the  development  of  California  is 
largely  dependent  on  the  draft  horse. 

In  luirope.  the  home  of  the  draft  horse, 
he  is  invariably  to  be  found  at  his  best  in 
the  most  i)roductive  part  of  the  different 
countries;  for  instance  the  shire  horse 
will  be  found  at  his  best  on  the  rich 
])astures  of  the  Midland  countries  and  in 
the  reclaimed  land  of  the  Fen  District. 
The  Belgian  is  also  largely  bred  in  the 
moist  i^astures  behind  the  levees  and  the 
Percheron  comes  from  the  best  grass  land 
of  France. 

WHY    CALIFORNIA    SHOULD    H.WE    BETTER 
DR.\FT    HORSES 

In  all  of  these  countries  it  is  considered 
profitable  to  devote  a  considerable  part 
of  their  best  land  to  the  raising  of  draft 
horses.  In  California  we  have  immense 
tracts  of  land  as  good  as  their  best  and  a 
climate  which  is  ideal  for  the  purpose,  for 
while  we  do  not  have  the  summer  rains 
which  keep  the  pastures  of  Europe  green 
the  year  round  we  usually  have  an  irri- 
gation ditch  or  a  pumj)  at  our  service 
which  enables  us  to  apply  water  when- 
ever it  is  required. 

To  sum  up  the  situation,  there  is  no 
reason  wdiy  we,  in  California,  cannot  raise 
draft  horses  of  as  good  a  quality  as  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world  and  at  a  cost  which 
will  enable  us  to  compete  with  other 
countries. 

There  probably  never  was  a  time  wdien 
Lhe  prospects  for  the  draft  horse  breeder 
were  more  promising  than  they  are  at 
present,  both  for  pure  breds  and  grades. 
In  fact,  it  is  imperative  that  more  atten- 
tion be  given  to  the  horse  business  of 
the  State.  The  great  increase  of  poi)ula- 
tion  which  is  sure  to  come  in  the  near 
future,  now  that  the  Panama  Canal  is 
open,  and  which  will  be  largely  agricul- 
tural, and  the  higher  edtication  of  the  ])co- 
ple  along  agricultural   lines  will   without 


Salvador  Forest  King,  champion  shirp  stallion,  Cali- 
fornia State  Fair,  1914 

doubt  tend  toward  smaller  farms  and  more 
thorough  cultivation.  This  will  create  a 
largely  increased  demand  for  horses, 
mostly  of  the  draft  type. 

The  war  now  being  carried  on  in  Europe 
will  have  a  very  marked  eft'ect  on  the 
horse  business  all  over  the  world.  It 
will  affect  us  in  two  ways.  In  the  first 
place  it  will  cut  off  the  supply  of  breed- 
ing stock,  upon  which  we  have  relied  for 
many  years ;  secondly,  it  will  make  a  de- 
mand for  horses,  both  for  the  war  itself 
and  to  replace  the  waste  when  the  war  is 
over,  which  will  absorb  our  surplus. 

Another  condition  which  will  have  its 
eft'ect  on  the  supply  of  the  future,  is  the 
shortage  and  consequent  high  price  of 
meat.     The  natural  result  is  that  ranges 


Gaer  Conqueror,  champion  London  Shire  Horse 
Show,  1910-11 


THE  DRAFT  HORSE 


603 


are.  to  a  great  extent,  being  used  for  rais- 
ing cattle  and  sheep  and  a  very  much 
smaller  iiumber  of  horses  are  being  raised 
on  the  ranges. 

These  conditions  point  to  a 
largely  increased  demand  during 
the  next  ten  years  with  no  corre- 
sponding increase  in  the  supply 
and  as  a  result,  high  prices. 

There    is   one   branch   of    horse 
breeding    which    has    been    very 
much     neglected     in     this     State, 
namely,  the  raising  of  pure  bred 
stock  for  breeding  purposes.     Up 
to  the  present  time  we  have  de- 
pended almost  entirely  upon  Eu- 
rope for  our  breeding  stock.    Now 
the    producing    of    this    class    of 
stock   is   one   of  the   most   profit- 
able   as    well    as    the    most    interesting 
branch  of  the  industry  and   they  can  be 
raised    in    California   just    as    well   as    in 
Europe    if    sufficiently    high    class    foun- 
dation   stock   is    secured,    but    if   this    in- 
dustry is  to  be  established  on  a  perma- 
nent basis  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that 
we   produce   horses  as  good  as   the   best 
that  we  can  import.     In  order  to  do  this 
it  is  essential  that  both  mares  and  stal- 
lions of  a  very  high  standard  be  secured. 
Only  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  pure 
bred  mares  of  this  State  are  good  enough 
to  be  stallion  producers.     It  is  far  better 


Three  imported  shire  mares  at  worli 

to  commence  with  one  or  two  first  class 
mares  than  with  a  dozen  inferior  ones. 

A  few  good,  pure-bred  mares  will  un- 
doubtedly be  a  good  investment  to  the 
farmer  who  is  suitably  located  and  under- 
stands the  business,  but  to  make  a  suc- 
cess of  this  branch  of  farming  consider- 
able capital  and  some  enterprise  are  re- 
quired, for  the  necessary  breeding  stock 
are  not  easy  to  find  and  when  found  not 
always  easy  to  buy.  However,  the  man 
who  undertakes  and  makes  a  success  of 
it  will  not  only  realize  a  nice  profit  but 


Shire    mares    at    Salvador    stocli    farm,    Napa,    California 


r.04 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


w  ill  ha\c  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that 
he  has  done  some  real  good  for  the  >tate. 

There  is  no  {|uestion  th;it  the  draft  stal- 
lions rec|uired  by  California,  if  raised  at 
home,  conld  he  sold  at  less  than  one-hall 
of  the  present  cost  to  the  farmer  and  at 
the  same  time  leave  a  handsome  profit 
for  the  l)reeder.  The  hiL'ii  ])rices  at  which 
the  imported  horses  are  sold  is  due  in 
])art  to  the  cost  of  buying  in  Europe. 
trans])ortation.  etc..  hut  also  in  great 
measure  to  the  unbusinesslike  manner  in 
w  hich  the  farmer  buys  from  the  im])orter. 
Stallions  are  ])eddled  round  the  country 
and  s(tld  on  long  term  notes  which  must 
be  heavily  discounted.  All  this  increases 
the  cost  of  stallions  and  is  an  unnecessary 
tax  on  the  business  which  would  soon  be 
eliminated  if  the  bulk  of  stallions  were 
raised  at  home. 

The  other  branch  of  the  heavy  horse 
business,  the  production  of  mares  and 
geldings   to   do   our    farm    work    and    the 


hea\y  hauling  in  our  cities,  is  one  which. 
U)  be  made  profitable  on  the  high  priced 
lands  of  California,  should  be  done  in  con- 
junction with  general  farming,  so  that 
the  mares  will  be  able  to  pay  for  their 
feed  by  their  work  and  the  young  stock, 
after  three  years  old  will  also  be  self  sup- 
porting till  they  are  old  enough  to  be 
sold.  In  this  way  a  few  brood  mares  will 
materially  help  to  make  the  farm  profit- 
able. It  will  sur])rise  many  to  learn  that 
tor  many  years  California  has  not  pro- 
duced enough  heavy  draft  horses  for  its 
own  use  and  buyers  have  l)een  compelled 
to  go  back  to  the  Aliddle  West  for  horses 
to  work  on  our  streets  and  they  have  paid 
prices  for  them  which  would  have  been 
very  profitable  to  California  farmers. 

There  is  probably  no  branch  of  farming 
more  profitable  than  the  breeding  and 
raising  of  high  class  draft  horses  and  cer- 
tainly none  from  which  more  pleasure  can 
l)e  derived. 


T?()R  MANY  years  California  has  not  succeeded  in  ])roducino-  enotigh 
-*-  lieavy  draft  horses  for  use  in  the  State;  and  yet,  such  horses  may 
I)e  l)red  and  raised  here  with  the  greatest  success.  Moreover  it  is  a 
profitable  and  interesting  industry.  Here  is  a  "word  to  the  w^se" : 
Our  .Service  Department  will  tell  you  where  good  locations  for  stock 
farms  may  be  obtained. 


nP^^T^J^'^^  ^  *^^* 


Claude,    Dainty,    Stroller,    Royal    Rogue,    KeniUvorth,    Bombardier,    Military    Man 

The  California  Trotting  Horse 

By  Will  M.  Neal 


Editor  '"The  Breeder  and  Sportsman' 


Editor's  Note:  Mr.  Neal's  striking  article  is  warmly  commended 
by  Mr.  W.  F.  Kelly,  secretary  Pacific  Coast  Trotting  Horse  Breeders' 
Association,  and  it  deserves  it.  It  is  a  masterly  sketch  of  the  origin 
and  development  of  the  fast  horses  which  have  given  California  lead- 
ership in  the  United  States — second  only  to  Kentucky.  Mr.  Xeal 
also  cites  the  achievements  upon  w^hich  this  position  rests,  so  that 
one  gets  the  whole  great  subject  at  one  glance  of  the  eye.  The 
article  is  a  model  of  condensed  construction  and  closes  with  a  ring- 
ing paragraph  of  what  California  has  done  for  the  world. 


FROM  the  earliest  history  of  the  horse  Spaniards,  in  their  occupation  of  the  great 

in  California,  one  salient  feature  has  ranges  so  naturally  adapted  to  stock  rais- 

stood  ever  to  the  fore,  that  only  the  best  ing,  brought   with   them   the  best  of  the 

were  good  enough  for  Californians.     The  contemporary  equine  families  of  old  Spain, 


606 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


recruited  from  the  desert  countries  l)or- 
derinff  upon  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
Gulf  of  Arabia  and  transported  over  seas 
to  carrv  Spanish  ca\aHers  in  the  con(|uest 
of  their  vast  domain  in  the  new  world. 
Crowding"  hard  upon  them,  generations 
later,  came  the  adventurous  hordes  of 
Anglo  -  Saxon  pioneers  —  fighters,  gold 
seekers,  cowmen,  home  luniters — a  class 
of  men  in  whose  veins  ran  instinctively 
the  appreciation  of  good  horseflesh  for 
what  it  was  truly  worth  in  frontier  service 
and  the  innate  love  of  a  good  horse  for 
the  horse's  ow'u  sake. 

The  horse  of  the  early  Californian  must 
needs  be  one  of  speed,  stamina,  and  in- 
telligence, so  it  is  but  natural  that  the 
initial  importations  should  have  been  from 
the  pick  of  what  the  East  and  Central 
West  had  to  offer.  Shortly  came  the 
knowledge  that  on  California  grass  and 
grains  and  in  her  invigorating  atmosphere 
horses  developed  in  a  gratifying  manner 
unknown  in  older  sections,  and  horse 
breeding,  at  a  very  early  date  in  our  his- 
tory, received  an  impetus  that  carried  it 
and  has  maintained  it  among  the  most 
im])ortant  of  the  widely  varied  industries 
of  the  State.  The  light  harness  horse,  the 
thoroughbred,  the  gaited  saddler  and  the 
drafter,  all  were  soon  represented  in  the 
Golden  State  by  the  best  obtainable  indi- 
\idnals  of  their  families,  and  wdiile  all 
thrived  in  surpassing  measure  it  remained 
for  the  trotter  to  achieve  the  greatest  and 
most  lasting  fame. 

CALIFORNIA    AND    THE    TROTTING    HORSE 

The  development  of  the  trotter  into  a 
distinct  type  from  an  amalgamation  of  the 
best  of  several  breeds  and  families, 
and  the  progress  of  California  from 
a  chaotic  state  of  semi-civilization  to 
her  ]:)resent  proud  position  in  the 
honor  roll  of  states  were  contempo- 
rary achievements,  and  so  clearly  are 
they  linked  that  the  history  of  one  is  as 
the  history  of  the  other.  The  "days  of 
gold"  were  the  days  of  popularity  of  the 


Black  Hawks,  with  Rysdyk's  Ilamble- 
tonian  a  yet  unheard  of  suckling  in  the 
Sugar  Loaf  hills  in  faraway  New  York ; 
the  trotter,  as  we  of  today  know  him,  was 
merely  a  "horse  in  the  making."  and  the 
story  t)f  the  part  ])layed  by  California  in 
the  ui)building  of  this  newest  and  greatest 
of  equine  houses  is  one  of  the  wonder 
tales  of  her  history.  The  men  who  estab- 
lished the  trotter  on  the  Golden  Slope 
were  the  men  who  were  ever  foremost  in 
building  up  the  State  as  well,  and  the  ob- 
stacles surmounted  by  St.  Clair,  Bucca- 
neer, General  Taylor.  Rifleman,  Comet, 
John  Nelson,  George  M.  Patchen,  Jr., 
Williamson's  Belmont  and  many  others 
ran  in  lines  parallel  in  nature  to  those 
adversities  faced  and  conquered  by  their 
masters  in  their  irresistible  onward  march. 
From  the  fusion  of  the  blood  of  the 
pioneer  stock  many  fast  and  useful  horses 
manifested  themselves  at  an  early  date, 
but  it  remained  until  the  fall  of  73  for 
a  "strictly  home  product"  to  achieve 
championship  honors,  when  the  brown 
gelding,  Occident,  a  grandson  of  St.  Clair 
(one  of  the  original  forty-niners)  pulled 
George  Tennant  the  full  mile  over  the 
Sacramento  track  in  2:16^,  equaling  the 
world's  record  of  Goldsmith  ]\Iaid.  estab- 
lished the  previous  year.  From  that  date 
the  California  trotter  has  remained  ever  in 
the  limelight. 

GREAT  BRERDIXO  FARMS  ESTABLISHED 

The  years  immediately  following  the 
performance  of  Occident  witnessed  the  es- 
tablishing of  the  first  of  the  great  breed- 
ing farms  that  were  to  draw  the  eyes  of 
the  world  u])on  C\Tlifornia — Palo  Alto.  For 
some  time  Governor  Stanford  had  been 
breeding  horses  in  a  minor  way  on  the 
Sacramento  with  the  stallions.  Monroe 
Chief,  2:18i4.  and  General  Benton,  but  in 
'76  he  selected  Palo  Alio  as  a  more  fitting 
location  for  his  ojierations  and  in  the  suc- 
ceeding year  established  at  the  head  of  his 
stud  the  then  nine-year-old  Electioneer. 

The  time  required  for  the  son  of  Ham- 


THE  TROTTING  HORSE 


607 


l)letonian  10  and  Green  [Mountain  Maid 
to  demonstrate  the  soundness  of  Mr.  Stan- 
ford's judgment  in  his  selection  of  a  sire 
was  short,  for  in  1880  the  two-year-old 
Fred  Crocker — forerunner  of  the  long  line 
of  Electioneers  that  were  to  achieve  at 
some  time  in  their  careers  every  trotting 
record  of  their  day — burst  into  fame  with 
a  mile  in  2:25^4'  reducing  the  world's  re- 
ord  of  2  :26j/2  made  only  sixty  days  pre- 
viously by  the  other  great  California  two- 
year-old.  Sweetheart,  by  Sultan  2  :24,  bred 
and  owned  by  L.  J.  Rose  of  Los  Angeles. 
From  that  date  the  future  of  Palo  Alto 
was  assured,  the  farm's  glory  reaching  its 
height  in  1891  when  Charley  Marvin  re- 
turned from  his  season's  campaign  with 
every  trotting  record  in  the  possession  of 
the  Stanford  stable.  At  this  time  the 
number  of  horses  owned  by  Governor 
Stanford  ran  well  over  the  one  thousand 
mark. 

But  Palo  Alto  w'as  not  alone  in  Califor- 
nia in  the  production  of  champions  of  the 
harness  horse  world.  L.  J.  Rose  of  Los 
Angeles  with  Sultan,  2  ;24 ;  A^  illiam  Cor- 
bitt  of  San  Mateo  with  Guy  Wilkes, 
2:15j^;  ]\Ionroe  Salisbury  with  Director, 
2:17.  and  Count  Valensin  with  Sidney, 
2:19;)4'  a'l  were  producing  performers 
whose  names  figure  variously  in  the  tables 
of  fastest  records,  and  any  number  of 
breeders  who  were  operating  on  a  less 
pretentious  scale  were  developing  horses 
that,  while  not  achieving  actual  champion- 
ship honors,  were  only  seconds  or  frac- 
tions thereof  removed  from  the  circle  of 
celebrities  and  were,  in  many  instances, 
proving  greater  campaigners  and  actual 
money  winners  in  competitive  races  than 
the  headliners  themselves.  California 
horses  went  to  Eastern  sale  rings  in  solid 
trains,  and  everything  carrying  California 
blood  lines  was  eagerly  sought  for.  Then 
it  was  that  the  breeding  of  the  trotter 
gained  its  coveted  position  among  the 
three  leading  industries  of  the  common- 
wealth. 


Nor  is  it  to  be  forgotten  that  while  the 
get  of  these  pioneer  horses  were  at  the 
height  of  their  glory  another  family  was 
being  established  on  the  Golden  Slope, 
quietly  but  steadily ;  a  family  that  was 
destined  to  exert  an  equally  wide  influ- 
ence in  the  world  of  the  trotter — that  of 
Mc Kinney,  the  bay  son  of  Alcyone  and 
Rosa  Sprague,  brought  to  California  as 
a  two-year-old  in  1889  by  Charles  A. 
Durfee.  The  story  of  his  house,  one  of 
the  most  potent  and  prolific  of  the  pres- 
ent day.  occupies  one  of  the  principal 
chapters  in  trotting-horse  annals.  At  this 
time  McKinney  ranks  as  the  world's 
greatest  progenitor  of  2:10  speed,  almost 
every  one  of  the  sons  and  daughters  ap- 
pearing in  the  "charmed  circle,"  having 
been  bred  on  California  soil,  an  1  his  blood 
is  more  widely  disseminated  on  the  Coast 
and  plays  a  more  potent  part  in  Califor- 
nia's breeding  industry  of  today  than  does 
that  of  any  other  one  horse. 

THE  DAINTY  LOU  DILLON 

Many  times  had  the  get  of  our  home 
stallions  and  matrons  drawn  by  the  ex- 
cellence of  their  performance  the  atten- 
tion of  sportsmen  wherever  the  trotter 
was  known,  but  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  the 
Golden  State  to  achieve  her  most  start- 
ling success  in  the  eyes  of  the  whole  world 
in  the  way  of  speed  production  when,  on 
August  24,  1903,  at  Readville,  Mass.,  the 
dainty  Lou  Dillon  (herself,  her  sire  and 
her  dam  California-bred)  settled  once  and 
for  ever  the  long-mooted  question  of 
wdiether  the  "two-minute  trotter"  should 
be  classed  as  a  reality  or  merely  as  the 
product  of  enthusiastic  and  optimistic 
conjecture.  Piloted  by  Millard  Sanders 
(a  long-time  resident  of  the  AA^estern 
Coast,  and  who.  a  round  dozen  years  be- 
fore, had  driven  Frou  Frou,  another  and 
earlier  member  of  the  great  family  of 
Sidney,  to  the  then  world's  yearling  rec- 
ord of  2:25l^),  she  swept  to  the  quarter 
post  in  :30t4.  to  the  half  in  1  -.03^4,  to 
the   three-quarters  in   1  :31.   and   came   to 


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CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Electioni'iT,    famous  head   of  the  Stud   of  Stanforil   ranch   in  the  early   years   of  trotting  horse 

Ijreeding  in  California 


the  wire  in  an  even  2:00,  later  in  the  same 
year  reducing-  that  mark  to  1  :58^.  There 
it  still  stands  as  a  record  for  trotting 
mares,  and  there  it  stood  as  a  record  for 
all  trotters  until  1912,  when  Uhlan,  trac- 
ing in  direct  line  to  Electioneer,  clipped 
the  half  second  and  established  the  pres- 
ent figures  1  :58. 

Though  Californians  luue  ever  been 
partial  to  the  pure-gaited  trotter  and  have 
spent  the  best  of  their  efforts  to  produce 
horses  with  the  "one,  two,  three,  four" 
way  of  g-oing,  the  C"alif(jrnia-l)red  ])acer 
has  kept  abreast  of  those  from  sister 
states  most  worthil}-.  Colt  records,  sea- 
son (  hampionships,  heat  records  and  manv 
other  laurels  have  fallen  to  them,  and  in 
a   majority   of    the     hardest    fought   and 


fastest  contests  which  men  remember 
longest  they  have  borne  the  1)runt  of  the 
battle  and  emerged  with  honors,  while 
from  a  California-bred  sire  has  the  won- 
derful Directum  I  received  the  speed  in- 
heritance that  has  made  him  the  king  of 
racing  pacers. 

WHAT     CALIFORNIA     HORSES     HAVE     DONE 

Reluctantly  disregarding  the  lunidreds 
of  horses  bred  on  California  soil,  both 
trotters  and  pacers,  that  are  spoken  of 
daily  wherever  great  racing  deeds  are 
reviewed,  the  following  synopsis  is  pre- 
sented showing  those  actually  achieving 
recognition  as  "champion  trotters"  at  va- 
rious ages,  regardless  of  sex  classifica- 
tion : 

Yearlings  : — Pride      2  AA-yz      by      Buc- 


THE  TROTTING  HORSE 


609 


L        7.- 


Sidiioy   Dillon,  noted   sire 

caneer,  1881  ;  Hinda  Rose  2:36^  by  Elec- 
tioneer, 1881  ;  Freedom  2 :29M  by  Sable 
Wilkes  2:18,  1890;  Bell  Bird  2::6'4  by 
Electioneer,  1891;  Frou  Frou  2:2554  by 
Sidney  2:19^,  1891;  Adbell  2:23  by  Ad- 
vertiser 2:15>4,  1894;  Wilbur  Lou  2:19V^ 
by  Kinney  Lou  2:0734,  1910. 

Two-year-olds: — Sweetheart  2  :26j^  by 
Sultan  2:24,  1880;  Fred  Crocker  2:25i4 
by  Electioneer,  1880;  Wildflower  2:21  by 
Electioneer,  1881  ;  Sunol  2  :18  by  Election- 
eer, 1888;  Arion  2:10^  by  Electioneer. 
1891. 

Three-year-olds: — Hinda  Rose  2:19^2, 
1883:  Sable  Wilkes  2:18  by  Guy  Wilkes 
2:LSi4,  1887;  Sunol  2:101/,  1889:  \rion 
2:1014,  1892. 


of  the  first  2:00   Trotter 

Four-year-olds:  —  Bonita  2:18->4  by 
Electioneer,  1883;  Sally  Benton  2:17^  by 
General  Benton,  1884;  I'vlanzanita  2:16  by 
Electioneer,  1886;  Sunol  2  :10i/l.,  1890;  Di- 
rectum 2:05H  by  Director  2:17,  1893. 

Aged  :— Occident  2:1634  by  Doc,  1873; 
Sunol  2:084,  1891  ;  Lou  Dillon  1  :58>4  by 
Sidney  Dillon,  1903. 

Stailion :— Palo  Alto  2:08^  by  Elec- 
tioneer, 1891;  Directum  2:05  4,  1893. 

In  addition  to  these  horses.  California 
trotters  figure  prominently  from  year  to 
year  in  the  "season  championships"  for 
all  ages  and  sexes,  over  all  kinds  of  tracks, 
in  all  localities  where  racing  is  conducted. 
Year  after  year  the  great  families  founded 
on   the   Golden   Slope   furnish   from   their 


610 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


diverse  ramitications  the  leading"  contest- 
ants for  the  premier  honors  of  "fastest 
performers,"  or  for  the  spoils  of  battle  to 
be  wrung"  from  the  winning  of  rich  stakes. 
Of  all  the  horse-producing  states,  only 
Kentucky  ranks  California  in  prestige  in 
the  realm  of  the  trotter.  To  a  thousand 
farms  across  the  mountains  and  deserts 
to  the  East,  to  the  countries  of  the  old 
world  where  harness  racing-  flourishes,  to 
the  breeding-  centers  of  Australia  and  to 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific  where  the  Ansflo- 


Sa.xon  has  carried  with  him  his  favorite 
sports.  California  has  given  of  her  bounty 
in  speed-producing  blood  until  today, 
when  cham])ion  upon  champion  appears, 
born  without  her  confines,  perhaps,  but 
owning  l)lood  allegiance  to  the  great 
houses  of  Electioneer,  Guy  Wilkes,  Sid- 
ney, Director,  Stein  way,  Mc  Kinney,  Dex- 
ter Prince  and  others  of  an  equally  last- 
ing- though  slightly  lesser  luster,  the  debt 
of  the  world  to  California  and  her  horses 
and  horsemen  is  incalculable. 


T  N  JUDGING  horses  so  much  stress  is  usually  placed  upon  the  im- 
^  portance  of  good  legs  and  feet  and  general  conformation  that  the 
head,  which  is  just  as  much  an  index  to  character  in  horses  as  is  the 
face  in  humankind,  is  often  overlooked.  We  are  likely  to  inspect  a 
horse  from  the  ground  upward,  and  though  we  admire  a  good  head 
W'C  regard  it  in  the  light  of  an  additional  rather  than  a  necessary  virtue. 
From  the  tips  of  a  horse's  ears  to  the  end  of  his  nose,  every  line  has 
some  meaning  well  worthy  of  consideration.  The  ears  are  important. 
From  the  manner  in  which  they  are  carried  we  learn  not  only  much  of 
the  animal's  character — whether  he  is  intelligent  or  stupid,  timid  or 
fearless,  lazy  or  ambitious — but  also  what  he  is  going  to  do  under 
various  circumstances.  The  eye  of  the  careful  driver  is  never  off  his 
horse's  ears  for  anv  length  of  time. — Country  Gentleman. 


The  American  or  Five-Gaited 
Saddle  Horse 

By  Hon.  E.  A.  Bridgford 

For  Six    Years  President  of  Pacific   Coast   Gaitcd  Saddle   Horse  Association 


Editor s  Note:  Judge  E.  A.  Bridgford  has  been  for  a  generation 
a  strong  force  in  the  building  of  the  hve  stock  interests  of  CaHfornia. 
During  the  last  six  years  of  his  presidency  of  the  association  named 
above  his  interest  has  dwelt  largely  with  the  saddle  horse.  Whence 
came  the  grand  creature  known  as  the  gaited  horse ;  what  are  his 
characteristic  traits  and  c|ualities  among  other  equine  classes ;  W'hat 
he  means  to  the  heart  of  a  man  and  particularly  to  a  Californian, 
where  conditions  favor  the  closest  association,  and  why  such  a  horse 
can  never  be  displaced  but  w^ill  grow^  in  favor — such  are  a  few  of  the 
considerations  which  Judge  Bridgford  urges  forcibly  and  eloquently. 


THE  saddle  horse  has  been  the  com- 
panion of  man  throughout  the  his- 
torical age  of  the  workl,  and  there  may 
1)6  seen  evidences  of  the  same  conditions 
in  pre-historic  times.  Xo  history  of  wars, 
ancient  or  modern,  may  be  found  except 
there  is  depicted  therein  the  accompani- 
ment of  the  horse  in  the  great  achieve- 
ment of  man.  He  has  been  man's  greatest 
friend  in  times  of  war  and  in  times  of 
peace  ;  in  civiHzed  and  cultured  communi- 
ties, and  on  the  frontier  and  the  field  of 
the  savage.  You  may  see  the  illustrious 
of  all  ages  pictured  as  mounted  upon  a 
beautiful  and  fearless  charger. 

But  we  are  to  treat  more  particularly 
of  the  special  breed,  "the  American  saddle 
horse."  He  is  peculiarly  an  American 
product.  He  has  reached  his  greatest  per- 
fection in  the  Middle  West,  notably  in  the 
states  of  Kentucky  and  ^lissouri ;  he  is 
not,  however,  by  any  means  confined  to 
these  states.  The  states  of  Tennessee, 
Illinois.   Iowa,   Indiana,  Ohio  and  Texas 


are  quite  extensively  interested  in  their 
breeding.  California  is  also  making  rapid 
progress  in  this  line. 

HOW   THE   BREED   ORIGINATED 

The  gaits  of  the  American,  or  five-gait- 
ed,  saddle  horse  consist  of  the  (1)  flat- 
footed  walk.  (2)  trot,  (3)  canter,  (4)  rack. 
(5)  fox-trot,  running  walk  or  stepping 
space,  any  one  of  the  last-mentioned  three 
being  permissible  as  constitutmg  one  of 
the  five.  The  number  mentioned  comprise 
seven  gaits,  but  only  five  are  required  to 
bring  an  animal  within  the  class. 

The  American  saddle  horse  is  no  acci- 
dent. He  grew  out  of  the  pride  and  neces- 
sities of  man.  In  the  early  settlement  of 
the  Middle  West  practically  all  of  the 
means  of  transportation  were  necessarily 
on  horseback ;  there  were  no  railroads, 
very  little  staging,  few  buggies  or  light 
wagons — this  was  necessarily  so.  There 
were  heavy  rains  at  short  periods  through- 
out the  year ;  the  soil  of  the  country  was 
such  that  the  highways  were  almost  im- 


612 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


l\v\  McDonald,  Chanipiou  livc-gaitcd  Saddli-  Stalliuii 
of  the  world. — From  copi/righted  photo  by  George 
Ford  Morris  in  the  "Saddle  Horse  of  America  and 
the  Morgan  IIor.se" 

possible  of  passage,  and  only  in  a  prac- 
tical way  by  means  of  horseback.  This 
condition  of  the  roads  remained  in  many 
places  until  very  recent  years,  and  in  many 
localities  even  to  this  day,  so  the  necessity 
compelled  people  to  take  the  back  of  the 
horse  as  the  most  convenient,  safe  and 
comfortable  way  of  travel. 

The  result  was  that  all  classes,  particu- 
larly the  rural  classes,  made  use  of  the 
saddle  horse;  women  and  children  were 
no  exception.  Whether  they  went  to 
neighboring"  village,  to  the  schoolhouse 
entertainment,  to  the  church — practically 
all  went  on  horseback.  If  the  family  could 
not  afford  a  horse  for  each  member,  then 


two,  sometimes  three,  would  ride  one 
horse.  If  your  best  girl  did  not  have  a 
horse,  she  was  requested  to,  and  not  in- 
frequently did,  ride  behind  you  on  your 
horse.  In  that  case  she  was  the  one  to  do 
the  arm-encircling  act  instead  of  the 
young  gentleman.  Those  who  were  in 
more  fortunate  circumstances  each  had 
tlicir  own  horse.  Naturally,  there  grew 
u])  a  rivalry  among  the  young  people  for 
the  possession  of  the  best  animal.  1  have 
known  families  of  three  to  one-half  dozen 
boys  each  with  his  own  saddle  horse.  If 
they  were  not  able  to  buy  one,  then  the 
next  best  thing  was  to  raise  one — and,  of 
course,  the  effort  was  to  produce  the  best 
the  circumstances  and  judgment  would 
admit. 

I  have  attended  country  churches  many 
times  when  two-thirds  of  the  people  in  at- 
tendance would  come  on  horseback.  This 
same  custom  of  attending  church  was  also 
true  of  all  picnics  and  schoolhouse  enter- 
tainments. 

( )f  the  older  classes  of  people,  physi- 
cians took  more  pride  in  their  saddle 
horses.  Of  course,  physicians  have  al- 
ways desired  to  appear  distinguished,  and 
the  better  and  more  stylish  his  mount,  the 
more  attention  he  attracted,  and  the  more 
he  was  talked  of,  the  better  advertised. 
In  this  way  there  sprung  up  among  the 
physicians  a  rivalry  for  the  ownership  of 
the  best  and  most  beautiful  saddle  horse. 
They  paid  the  best  prices  for  suitable 
mounts,  thus  creating  a  market  for  supe- 
rior animals.  It  was  not  only  desirable 
for  them  to  have  a  handsome  animal,  but 
one  that  would  carry  his  rider  with  ease, 
comfort  and  rapidity.  The  horse  seem- 
ingly best  suited  to  these  requirements 
was  one  with  a  rapid  walk,  growing  into 
a  stepping  pace  or  running  walk  ;  these 
gaits  were  cultivated  more  and  more  as 
they  became  known  to  the  people.  The 
physicians  doing  more  constant  riding 
than  the  people  generally,  and  feeling  the 
necessity  for  such  gaits,  bought  and  paid 


THE  SADDLE  HORSE 


613 


good  prices  for  horses  with  these  charac- 
teristics. 

The  physicians  also  being  the  most 
prominent  men  of  the  community  by  rea- 
son of  their  supposed  learning  and  skill, 
created  a  desire  among  other  classes,  and 
particularly  the  young  men,  to  emulate 
them  in  the  possession  of  the  handsomest 
and  best-gaited  saddle  horse. 

As  time  went  on  the  rivalry  waxed 
warm — many  warm  discussions  being  had 
as  to  which  had  the  best  animal.  It  was 
necessary  that  there  be  some  method  de- 
vised for  determining  this  important  and 
mooted  cjuestion.  The  country  fair  seemed 
to  be  the  time  and  place  to  settle  it.  So 
$5.00  premiums  or  other  small  amounts 
were  offered  for  the  best  saddle  horse. 
Many  were  the  early  mornings  and  late 
evenings  occupied  by  the  young  man  in 
the  caretaking  of  his  horse  in  preparation 
for  this  most  important  event. 

THE    CONTRIBUTION    OF    THE    THOROUGHBRED 

At  that  time  the  now  characteristic 
gait,  to  wit,  "The  Rack,"  of  the  gaited 
horse  was  not  known ;  but  instead  he 
went  the  "'side  pace."  By  and  by  some 
one  developed  a  horse  that  went  what  we 
now  call  "the  rack,"  wdiich  is  the  most 
graceful  of  all  the  gaits,  and  particularly 
of  the  rapid  gaits.  Indeed,  this  is  the  dis- 
tinguishing gait  of  the  American  saddle 
horse.  In  the  early  days  of  the  settlement 
of  the  ^Middle  West  there  had  already  de- 
veloped in  the  South  Atlantic  States  the 
love  for  and  interest  in  the  running  of 
thoroughbred  horses,  which  were  used  for 
racing  purposes.  These  thoroughbreds, 
as  a  rule,  were  originally  imported  from 
England,  and  later  extensively  bred  in 
America.  The  other  source  of  importa- 
tion of  horses  was  from  Canada.  The 
Canadian  horse  was  usually  the  more 
compact  and  serviceable  animal.  ]Many 
of  them  had  an  easy  pace  or  amble  that 
made  them  sought  after  as  saddle  horses. 

The  source  of  the  saddle  horse  may  be 
generallv  traced  to  these  Canadian  mares 


mated  to  thoroughbred  stallions,  or  thor- 
oughbred mares  mated  to  Canadian  stal- 
lions. Alost  generally,  however,  the  sire 
was  a  thoroughbred.  There  was  also  fre- 
quentlv  a  cross  of  the  Morgan  horse, 
which  was  a  trotter. 

The  American  Saddle  Horse  Associa- 
tion adopted  in  1902  as  its  revised  founda- 
tion stock  for  its  register  ten  stallions.  Six 
of  these  ten  animals  trace  to  Sir  Archy,  or 
imported  Diomede,  the  sire  of  Sir  Archy, 
while  two  of  the  remaining  four  trace  to 
thoroughbreds  which,  if  further  traced, 
may  be  found  also  to  go  to  the  same 
source.  While  these  horses  traced  largely 
to  thoroughbreds,  they  have  come  to  be 
known  as  a  familv  bv  the  name  of  Den- 


C  a  r  o  1  i  ii  a,  live-gaited  Mare — General  Castleinou, 
founder  the  American  Saddle  Horse  Register,  in 
tlie  saddle. — From  copyrighted  photo  by  George 
Ford  Morris  in  "The  Saddle  Horse  of  America  and 
the  Morgan  Horse" 


614 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


marks.  The  predominating  blood  of  the 
saddle  horse,  as  well  as  the  standard-bred 
trotter,  will  be  found  to  be  thorough-bred. 
The  high  standard  of  beauty  and  action 
reached  by  the  saddle  horse  has  been  se- 
cured by  selection.  The  best  and  most' 
noted  of  the  saddle  breed  and  the  stand- 
ard breed  trace  to  the  same  source,  but 
have  been  developed  along  different  lines. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  great  interest 
manifested  in  the  American  saddle  horse 
in  the  Middle  West,  your  attention  is  di- 
rected to  the  fact  that  at  least  ten  county 
fairs  in  the  State  of  Missouri  in  the  year 
1914,  in  addition  to  giving  many  smaller 
saddle-horse  premiums,  gave  a  single 
prize  of  $1,000.  Two  county  fairs  each 
gave  a  prize  of  $1,500,  besides  a  $500  purse 
and  many  lesser  ones.  The  state  fair  of 
Missouri  gave  a  single  purse  of  $2,500, 
while  the  state  fair  of  Kentucky  gave  a 
purse  of  $3,000. 

A   WIDE-SPREAD    INTEREST 

As  an  indication  of  the  interest  in  and 
value  of  these  horses,  attention  may  be 
called  to  some  sales  that  have  been  re- 
cently made.  In  1913  the  stallion  "My 
Major  Dare"  sold  for  $10,000,  and  his  pur- 
chaser since  that  time  refused  an  offer  of 
$15,000  for  him;  "Kentucky's  Best"  sold 
in  1913  for  $7,500;  the  mare  Hazel  Dawn 


California's  Best  at  three  months  of  age — Sired  by 
Don  Castano,  champion  saddle  stallion  of  Califor- 
nia, owned  by  Judge  Bridgford 


Le  (Irande  McDonald  at  four  months  of  age — Sired 
by  Grand  McDonald,  champion  of  three  States, 
and  who  was  sired  by  Rex  McDonald,  owned  by 
Judge  Bridgford — From  copyrighted  photo  by 
George  Ford  Morris  in  "The  Saddle  Horse  of 
America  and  the  Morgan  Horse" 

sold  in  1913  for  $4,000;  the  gelding  Jack 
Barrymore  sold  in  1914  for  $5,000.  Many 
others  might  be  named  for  which  long 
prices  were  paid,  but  those  noted  are  suf- 
ficient to  show  that  the  interest  exists  at 
this  writing. 

It  is  apparent  that  the  automobile  has 
not,  and  in  my  opinion  never  will,  depose 
the  high-class  saddle  horse.  The  automo- 
bile is  an  inanimate  thing,  possesses  no 
intelligence  and  can  engender  no  feeling 
of  affection  or  companionship  such  as  ex- 
ists between  the  owner  and  user  of  a  fine 
saddle  horse  and  his  mount. 

There  is  nothing  more  healthful  than 
horseback  exercise ;  every  muscle  of  the 
body  is  brought  into  action  without  effort 
on  the  part  of  the  rider.  There  is  a  dis- 
tinction in  the  possession  or  use  of  a  fine 
saddle  horse  that  does  not  and  cannot 
exist  in  the  use  of  a  mere  machine  which 
any  one  with  the  necessary  means  can 
duplicate.  It  is  human  nature  to  desire 
something  distinct.  We  no  longer  envy 
or  ask  who  it  is  in  the  passing  automobile ; 
Intt  not  so  with  the  equestrian  mounted 
on  a  beautiful  horse. 


THE  SADDLE  HORSE 


615 


There  are  more  people  to  be  seen  on 
horseback  in  the  parks  today  than  at  any 
time  in  the  past.  This  is  particnkirly  no- 
ticeal)le  in  Golden  Gate  Park.  There  are 
to  be  seen,  among-  others,  a  large  number 
of  girls  daily  riding-  in  this  park.  This  not 
only  imparts  health  and  vigor,  conse- 
quently that  feminine  charm,  beauty,  but 
self-confidence,  grace  and  the  recognized 
accomplishment  of  good  horsemanship. 

The  busy  American  must  have  some 
diversion,  some  relief  from  the  great  nerv- 
ous strain  that  is  put  upon  him  by  the 
pressure  of  business.  The  youth  of  the 
land  are  encouraged  now  as  never  before 
in  the  n-iatter  of  out-of-door  life,  entertain- 
ment and  exercise.  The  public  is  going 
wild  after  baseball,  and  is  largely  inter- 
ested in  football,  golf,  polo,  tennis  and 
other  outdoor  sports,  llie  interest  in  the 
saddle  horse  possesses  a  large  hold  upon 
the  public,  which  will  increase  as  the 
years  go  by. 

IMPORTANCE    TO  CALIFORNIA 

As  an  evidence  of  the  increasing  inter- 
est on  the  Pacific  Coast  attention  is  di- 
rected to  the  fact  that  the  State  fair  of 


California  and  other  more  local  tairs  are 
annually  increasing  their  premium  lists 
for  this  class  of  horses,  and  the  exhil)itions 
thereat  are  becoming  more  and  more  pop- 
ular. There  were  some  seventy  head  of 
saddle  horses  exhibited  at  the  California 
State  Fair  in  the  year  1914,  and  many  of 
the  classes  would  have  done  credit  in  any 
company. 

The  Pacific  Coast  Gaited  Saddle  Horse 
Association,  organized  some  six  or  seven 
years  ago,  has  done  much  and  is  doing 
niuch  to  enhance  the  interest  on  this 
coast.  This  association  is  a  regularly  in- 
corporated company  and  has  established 
a  register  for  the  registration  of  properly 
qualified  animals,  and  are  thus  encourag- 
ing the  breeding  of  these  animals.  There 
are  a  number  of  established  breeding 
farms  in  California  which  possess  some 
as  fine  animals  as  may  be  found  in  any 
portion  of  the  United  States.  The  breed- 
ing of  these  animals,  w^atching  their  de- 
velopment, and  cultivation  of  their  in- 
spiring action  tends  to  make  country  life 
more  pleasing,  and  hence  tends  to  encour- 
age the  movement  "back  to  the  land." 


A  MOXG  the  numerous  attractions  of  California  to  the  visitor  or 
^  resident,  that  of  horseback  riding  is  prominent.  It  is  true  that 
the  automobile  has  captured  many  who  were  thorough  devotees  of  the 
horse,  but  there  are  many  who  still  retain  their  love  of  that  form  of 
exercise  and  recreation  and  the  parks,  the  winding  foothill  roads,  the 
valleys  and  the  broad  boulevards  are  sought  by  men,  women  and 
children  with  their  steeds  for  a  gallop  during  the  hours  of  playtime. 
California  has  always  been  a  horse-land.  In  early  days  the  Indian, 
the  vaquero,  and  the  grandee  w^re  the  horsemen ;  today  the  'puncher 
in  the  cattle  districts  still  rides  like  a  centaur.  But  the  love  of  good 
horseflesh  is  a  heritage  from  the  romantic  times  of  California  and  will 
never  utterly  die  no  matter  how  persistent  the  inroads  of  the  motor 
driven  vehicle. 


616 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


Fine  dairy  cow  at  Davis  University  Farm — Merinaiilen's  Fern,  year's  record:  1)770.5 
pounds   of  milk;    528.2  pounds  of  butterfat 


*i 

8L^ 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Ih 

• 

^1^  " 

^^■■■mP^^HIi^^^^BI 

- 

■  ^m    ■    1    !  ^^ 

Brown  Hessie  Gaylarlv      record:    r)12  pounds   l)utterl'at  in  eleven  montlis.     At   University   Farm 


CALIFORNIA   COW   HOLDS  WORLD^S   RECORD 


TILLY  ALCARTRA,  who  became  the  world's  champion  milk  producer  over  all 
breeds  November  13,  1914.  A  year's  semi-official  test  was  completed  with  a 
production  of  30,452.6  pounds  of  milk.  Tilly  Alcartra  is  the  property  of 
A.  W.  Morris  &  Sons  of  California. 


It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  not  so  many  years  ago  the  cow  which  could 
produce  20,000  pounds  of  milk  in  a  year  was  regarde:l  as  a  marvel.  Today 
the  30,000-pound  cow  is  realized  in  this  Holstein-Friesian.  whose  annual  pro- 
duction of  milk  exceeds  that  amount  and  contains  butter  fat  equal  to  more 
than  half  a  ton  of  butter.  Tilly  Alcartra  thrives  on  the  food  and  sunshine 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  and  her  record  was  not  the  result  of  pampering 
or  forced  feeding. 

NOTE. — Dairying  being  one  of  the  most  important  and  rapidly  growing  industries  in  California,  dairy 
experts  are  employed  in  our  Scrx-ice  Department  to  supply  any  information  required  by  readers  of  this 
publication. 


Opportunities  in  California 
Dairy  Farming 

By  Wm.  H.  Savior 

Fonncrlx    Secretary    Calif ornia   State   Dairy   Bureau:     Publisher    and 
Editor  "Pacific  Dairy  Revieia" 


Editor's  Xofc:  Air.  Savior  officially  served  the  dairy  industry  of 
California  for  a  score  of  years.  For  many  years  he  has  published  the 
leading  dairy  specialty  journal  of  the  State  and  has  recently  been  an 
owner  and  operator  of  dairy  property.  He  is  therefore  broadly  qual- 
ified to  write  a  review  of  this  important  industry,  setting-  forth  its  pe- 
culiar local  phases,  its  problems,  its  wonderful  advancement,  and  its 
outlook.  He  is  well  known  not  only  for  his  intimate  knowledge  of 
his  subject,  but  for  his  ability  to  present  important  and  interesting 
considerations  in  a  tellino-  manner. 


I'i'  IS  generally  accepted  that  in  establishing 
one's  self  in  some  line  of  business,  capital 
is  an  essential.  Failure  in  farming  has  par- 
ticularly been  credited  to  the  fact  that  it  is 
too  often  undertaken  with  a  lack  of  sufficient 
capital.  I  want  to  point  out  that  there  is  at 
least  one  line  of  industry  and  one  part  of  the 
country  where  success  may  come,  and  has  come 
in  abundance  where  the  only  capital  consists 


of  strong  arms,  intelligence  and  determination 
and  California  furnishes  the  theater  where  it 
can  be  done.  In  substantiation  of  this  claim,  I 
want  to  point  to  at  least  five  thousand  exam- 
ples of  its  proof  among  the  present  dairymen 
in  the  State,  all  of  whom  it  may  be  said  en- 
gaged in  the  business  at  some  stage  with  the 
"capital  stock"  above  enumerated. 

Let  us  take  a  typical  case — it  will  probably 


Well  bred  dairy  heifers   earn  money   while  growing;    a   choice  lot   of  two-year   olds 


618 


CALIFORNIA'S  AIAGAZINE 


■ceding  allalta  and   otlicr  crops   liy  tlic   soiluiK   system   means  larger   yickls   ol    milk   and   more   Iced 
to  the  acre.    These  California  cows  produce  Ijetter  than  400  pounds  of  butterfat  per  year 


be  some  young  man  just  past  his  majority,  who 
arrived  from  Portugal,  from  Switzerland,  or 
possibly  Denmark  or  Germany.  This  young 
fellow  loses  no  time  on  his  arrival  in  a  new 
country,  everything  in  which  is  strange  to  him 
except  work ;  that  he  has  a  thorough  acquain- 
tance with  and  he  finds  it  in  abundance  in  the 
demand  for  workers  on  the  dairy  farms  of 
California;  in  fact,  he  was  sure  of  a  job 
before  he  left  the  old  country,  and  at  any  rate 
he  is  here  but  a  few  days  when  he  is  out  in 
the  open  country — in  California's  sunshine — 
extracting  the  liquid  sunshine  from  the  Cali- 
fornia COW'S. 

At  the  end  of  his  first  month  he  is  handed 
his  pay — forty  dollars,  and  perhaps  forty-five. 
His  eyes  are  opened  by  the  shining  "twenties." 
The  energy  of  his  arms  and  the  enthusiasm  of 
his  willing  mind  are  being  converted  into  cash 
capital.  A  year  rolls  by  and  he  has  five  hun- 
dred dollars;  he  has  it  in  some  bank  domi- 
nated by  the  people  of  his  nationality  where 
it  is  drawing  interest  with  the  exception  of  a 
small  proportion  that  goes  for  the  purchase  of 
clothes  and  the  few  pleasures  he  craves  aside 
from  the  satisfaction  that  he  finds  in  the  fact 
of  making  financial  progress.    He  puts  in  a 


second  year  and  possibly  a  third  in  the  same 
way,  and  likely  on  the  same  dairy  farm.  Then 
he  takes  stock  and  finds  himself  possessed  of 
a  fortune  amounting  to  a  thousand  or  fifteen 
lumdred  dollars.  We  will  put  it  at  three  years 
and  credit  him  with  the  latter  sum. 

During  his  employment  as  a  milker  on  a 
dairy  farm  he  has  taken  one  of  his  brother 
milkers  into  his  confidence  and  plans  for  his 
future.  His  friend,  too,  is  likely  possessed 
of  a  similar  "pile"  in  the  bank.  The  result 
of  this  mutual  planning  is  a  partnership 
backed  by  sufficient  capital,  especially  by  ex- 
ercising their  borrowing  capacity — and  this 
class  of  industrious  young  men  generally  have 
credit  to  buy  cows  and  equipment  to  conduct 
a  leased  dairy  farm  on  a  fifty,  seventy-five  or 
hundred  cow  basis.  Perhaps  they  rent  from 
their  former  employer,  who,  seeking  retire- 
ment, is  pleased  to  turn  the  place  over  to  them, 
for  he  knows  them  and  the  "stuff"  they  are 
made  of.  Maybe  it  is  some  disgruntled  Ameri- 
can farmer  or  dairyman  who  wants  to  get 
away  from  the  "drudgery  and  bother"  of  run- 
ning a  dairy ;  in  which  case,  as  likely  as  not, 
the  new  partnership  picks  up  a  "snap." 

Meanwhile    the   probabilities   are    that    ro- 


DAIRYING 


619 


mance  has  been  at  work  and  our  erstwhile 
young  foreigner,  combining  good  business  with 
romance,  has  sent  word  to  his  old  sweetheart 
at  home  to  come  to  California  and  join  for- 
tunes with  him,  and  in  short  she  is  installed 
as  the  life  partner  of  one  of  the  members  of 
the  firm  and  chief  of  the  household  depart- 
ment of  the  dairy  establishment. 

The  fat  bimonthly  checks  come  from  the 
creamery  or  city  milk  dealer.  The  "veal 
wagon"  makes  its  regular  visits,  leaving  liberal 
checks,  while  the  boys  go  on  accumulating 
pork ;  at  the  same  time,  something  else  is  going 
on  ;  the  heifer  calves  are  being  raised  and  in 
a  few  years  the  original  herd  has  outgrown 
the  farm.  Something  must  be  done ;  the  part- 
ners again  confer  and  finally  decide  to  break 
the  enterprise  into  two  units  ;  one  acquires  a 
lease  on  another  piece  of  property,  the  checks 
continue  to  come  in,  the  bank  accounts  accmii- 
ulate,  as  does  also  each  herd.  The  next  step 
has  arrived  and  all  of  a  sudden  the  local  com- 
munity is  surprised  that  the  Portuguese,  Swiss, 
Scandinavian  immigrant,  or  whatever  the  na- 
tionality may  be,  of  only  a  few  years  ago, 
has  purchased  a  farm  and  completed  the 
transition  from  a  poor  and  modest  but  willing 


wage  earner,  to  an  employer  of  labor  and  a 
person  of  business  standing  in  the  community. 
I  take  this  course  of  presenting  dairy  op- 
portunities in  California,  not  out  of  mere 
fancy,  but  because  it  corresponds  with  facts. 
Go  into  any  Bairy  community  in  the  State 
and  you  find  it  exemplified — in  fact,  the  dairy 
industry  of  California  rests  on  just  this  line 
of  experience.  It  rankles  an  American  some- 
what to  admit  the  success  of  this  thrifty  for- 
eign-born element.  But  it  is  true.  The 
American  youth  comes  to  California  looking 
for  the  easy,  cuff-and-collar  job ;  in  too  many 
instances  he  fails  to  land  it,  and  while  he 
drifts  to  lower  strata  of  labor,  he  does  it  with 
disgust  in  his  heart,  ambition  dies  out,  while 
the  young  foreigner  finds  in  the  humble  work 
on  a  dairy  farm  his  opportunity. 

FUNDAMENTAL  FACTORS  OF  SUCCESS 

And  how  do  we  account  for  this  success  and 
wherein  is  the  opportunity?  I  have  only  space 
in  which  to  present  a  few  pertinent  facts.  I 
shall  leave  out  of  discussion  that  portion  of 
California  known  as  the  native  pasture  dairy 
sections,  as  they  have  already  reached  a  fair 
degree  of  development,  and  confine  myself  to 
the   irrigated   dairy  sections   of  the  State   in 


r^'fc^SR*' 


Holstein   cows    yield    from    ten    thousand    to    thii-ty    thousand    pounds    of   milk    per   year    and    are 

preferred  for  city  milk  production 


620 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


The    iinsiinitary    dairy    barn    is    giving    way   to   modern    methods    in    which    light,    cleanliness    and 
convenience  are  the  first   considerations 

which    alfalfa    grows    to    perfection.       Land      by  underflow  through  the  soil  yields  from  five 
under   either   surface  irrigation   or  moistened      to  eight  tons  of  hay  to  the  acre,  while  ten  tons 


Hi 


Restrained    but    as    comfortable    as    though    feeding    in    a    meadow 


DAIRYIX'G 


621 


one  cow  to  the  acre  of  a  fair  alfalfa  yield  is 
a  liberal  one.  There  are  dairymen  who  keep 
two  to  the  acre ;  there  are  others  who  use  two 
acres  or  more  to  one  cow  and  fail  at  that. 
Good  management  and  a  thorough  understand- 
ing of  soils  and  cropping  account  for  the 
difference. 

And  what  can  the  California  cow  do  with 
this  alfalfa?  A  few  figures  will  show  it.  In 
Tulare  County  they  have  a  body  of  dairymen 
who  have  banded  themselves  together  to  sys- 
tematically "test"  their  cows  through  the 
medium  of  an  official  tester  in  order  that  each 
cow   in  the  herds  may  be  made  to  stand  on 


A  thousand  dollar  California  heilir 


Large  herds   on   specialized   dairy   farms  mean   efTieiency   and  big  "cream  checks" 

is  not   an  exceptional  yield  under  ideal    con- 
ditions. 

The  scientists  will  tell  us  that  a  ton  of 
alfalfa  hay  contains  210  pounds  of  digestible 
carbohydrates,  what  might  be  termed  the  re- 
fined products  out  of  which  milk  and  meat  are 
made  in  the  animal  body.  At  five  tons  to  the 
acre  it  means  approximately  1000  pounds  of 
digestible  protein  and  4000  pounds  digestible 
carbohydrates  to  the  acre.  These  same  scien- 
tists tell  us  that  a  fairly  good  dairy  cow  can 
do  good  work  with  three  pounds  of  the  pro- 
tein and  fifteen  pounds  of  the  carbohydrates 
a   day,   and  hence  the   accepted   standard   of 


The  Guernsey  cow   is  popular  in  California 


622 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 
\ 


A  co-operative  creamery  in  California 


her  individual  shovvinjf  for  butterfat  produc- 
tion. Thirteen  herds  have  completed  a  year's 
work  with  an  average  production  of  272.5 
pounds,  fed  exclusively  on  alfalfa.  The  stat- 
istician of  Stanislaus  County  found  that  it 
produced  7,541,900  pounds  of  butter  in  1913 
from  30,228  cows  in  the  county,  making  an 
average  yield  of  248  pounds  per  cow  besides 
supplying  local  needs  in  the  way  of  milk  and 
cream. 

Up  in  the  Eel  River  Valley,  Humboldt 
County,  where  clovers  take  the  place  of  al- 
falfa, eight  herds  entered  in  the  Ferndale  Cow 
Testing  Association,  representing  609  cows, 
averaged  291  pounds  of  butterfat  in  a  year. 

Taking  yields  of  individual  cows,  we  have 
some  striking  records  to  show  what  a  good  cow 


can  do  on  an  exclusive  alfalfa  ration.  The 
best  producing  cow  in  the  Tulare  Testing  As- 
sociation referred  to,  a  Jersey,  made  437 
pounds  of  butterfat  in  a  year.  In  the  Fern- 
dale  Association,  one  herd  developed  cows 
with  yearly  yields  of  butterfat  amounting  to 
544,  464,  456,  and  458  pounds.  A  cow  in  the 
writer's  herd  made  444  pounds  of  fat  in  a 
year.  In  fact,  reports  of  cows  yielding  over 
400  pounds  of  butterfat  in  a  year  on  exclusive 
alfalfa  feeding  are  numerous,  and  nothing 
can  better  proclaim  California's  claim  as  the 
ideal  home  of  the  dairy  cow  and  the  way  in 
which  she  compensates  for  them  in  profits. 

GROWTH    OF   THE   CALIFORNIA   DAIRY   INDUSIRY 

The  result   is   shown   in   the  rapidity    with 
which  the  State  has  forged  ahead  in  the  dairy 


..;.'::^<.U^M*iU^ 


Iluiiliiig  the  shade  after  a  lull    meal 


DAIRYING 


623 


1 


Dairy  Shorthorn 


business,  a  business  that  represents  $40,000,000 
annual  gross  income  to  the  industry.  From 
a  butter  production  of  28,783,859  pounds  for 
the  year  1900,  it  has  grown  to  59,286,460 
pounds  for  the  year  ending  October  1,  1914; 
butter,  by  the  way,  being  the  principal  avenue 
through  which  the  product  of  the  cows  of 
California  is  disposed  of.  The  gain  during 
the  years  shown  above  represents  in  the  main 
the  development  of  the  dairy  industry  in  the 
irrigated  portions  of  the  State. 

Coincidentally  with  the  increase  in  impor- 
tance and  extent  of  the  dairy  industry  in  Cali- 
fornia has  been  the  progress  in  better  methods, 
in  a  better  and  more  profitable  class  of  dairy 
cows  and  in  sanitary  and  well-equipped  dairy 
plants.  She  has  models  of  the  last  mentioned 
and  some  of  her  breeding  herds  are  world 
famous.  How  much  our  climatic  and  feed 
conditions  contribute  to  the  evolution  of  a 
better  race  of  dairy  cattle  Californians  are  too 
modest  to  make  claims.  The  fact  remains, 
however,  that  the  breeding  of  registered  ani- 
mals of  the  purely  dairy  breeds  of  cattle  is 
one  of  the  profitable  and  attractive  features 


of  the  business.  The  local  demand  for  breed- 
ing stock  has  been  strong,  while  an  export  de- 
mand is  ready  to  take  our  breeding  stock  as 
soon  as  we  get  in  a  position  to  supply  it. 

With  the  splendid  success  that  dairymen  have 
made  in  the  past  in  California  and  the  rapid 
development  that  the  industry  has  undergone, 
tlie  question  naturally  presents  itself  as  to  the 
permanency  of  this  prosperous  condition  and 
the  prospects  for  continued  profitable  returns 
from  the  dairy  herds  of  the  State.  The  alarm 
about  overproduction  is  always  present  with 
the  pessimist.  I  heard  it  twenty  years  ago 
Avhen  California  produced  less  than  one-third 
of  the  butter  she  produces  at  the  present  time. 
It  prevailed  at  a  time  when  the  dairy  industry 
was  confined  to  less  than  a  dozen  counties 
along  the  immediate  coast,  whose  produce  did 
not  only  supply  the  urban  population  of  the 
State,  but  much  of  which  was  shipped  into 
some  of  the  interior  counties,  some  of  which 
are  now  producing  as  much  butter  as  any  two 
counties  in  the  older  dairy  territory  referred  to. 

California  is  not  developing  along  single 
industrial  lines.     At  one  time  it  appeared  as 


624 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


though  this  might  be  the  case,  and  that  she 
would  become  one  vast  combination  orchard 
and  vineyard,  and  decreased  returns  in  these 
lines  of  agricultural  activity  have  often  been 
pointed  to  as  examples  of  what  may  happen 
to  the  dairy  business  as  a  result  of  its  rapid 
expansion.  Each  decade  we  have  seen  the 
dairy  output  of  the  State  double,  but  each 
one  has  also  seen  the  consuming  industries 
other  than  those  strictly  agricultural,  incident 
to  our  apparentlv  inexhaustible  supply  of  min- 
eral oil.  the  utilization  of  our  vast  stt)res  of 
still  undeveloped  electric  power,  the  expansion 
of  our  domestic  and  overseas  commerce,  devel- 
oping a  non-agricultural  population  in  Califor- 
nia that  has  forced  the  prices  of  staple  farm 
products  upward  instead  of  downward. 

\\"hen  we  have  supplied  the  demand  in  Cali- 
fornia for  butter  we  can  turn  to  cheese  pro- 
duction. The  State  still  imports  two  pounds 
of  cheese  to  every  one  that  we  produce,  and 
fiftv  cans  of  condensed  milk  for  every  one  of 
local  production.  When  we  have  fully  supplied 
these  channels  an  Eastern  demand  eagerly 
awaits  our  supplies  of  dairy  products.  Vacant 
areas  of  land  throughout  the  country  are  being 
occupied.  The  beef  industry,  which  is  so 
closely  correlated   to   that   of   dairying,   is  no 


longer  a  matter  of  free  ranges.  The  smaller 
farms  nuist  supply  the  meat  for  the  people, 
and  the  attractive  prices  for  beef  are  holding 
development  of  the  dairy  industry  in  check  in 
the  big  states  of  the  Middle  East,  and  in  con- 
seiiucnce  of  whicli  the  price  of  dairy  products 
is  approaching  prohibitive  figures  in  the  great 
consuming  centers  of  the  East.  These  offer 
great  opportunities  for  California  dairy 
products.  And  fortunately  she  is  able  to  take 
care  of  this  demand  at  its  best,  which  is  during 
the  midwiiUer  of  the  East,  where  severe 
weather  makes  dairying  a  matter  of  small 
profits  in  winter,  while  the  California  cow, 
living  in  the  open  winter  and  perpetual  sun- 
shine, gives  as  good  an  account  of  herself 
during  the  winter  months  as  at  any  other.  In- 
deed, California  can  have  somewhat  of  a 
monopoly  on  fresh-made  winter  butter  of  high 
quality  if  her  people  see  fit  to  develop  it.  It 
pays  to  raise  oranges  and  other  fruit  to  ship 
to  the  Eastern  markets.  A  carload  is  w-orth 
from  $200  to  $800,  and  sometimes  there  is 
nothing  left  after  paying  handling  and  trans- 
portation charges.  A  carload  of  butter  is 
valued  at  from  $5000  to  $7500,  and  the  sale 
of  it  at  a  distant  point  is  bound  to  leave  some 
part  of  it  for  the  producer.    There  are  in  Cali- 


Waiting  to  enter  the  barn  to  deliver  the  goods 


DAIRYING 


625 


fornia  millions  of  acres  of  rich  valley  lands 
still  waiting  to  be  irrigated  on  one  hand  and 
to  be  drained  of  excessive  water  on  the  other. 
Barring  occasional  areas  of  land  of  indif- 
ferent and  even  inferior  quality  which  are 
too  often  unloaded  on  unsuspecting  settlers, 
these  areas  are  ideal  for  dairy  farming.  They 
yield  alfalfa,  the  incomparable  dairy  forage, 


to  perfection ;  in  like  manner  corn  for  ensi- 
lage, root  crops  and  other  forage.  Her  in- 
dustries offer  the  by-products  of  sugar  fac- 
tories, flouring  mills,  oil  mills  and  breweries. 
For  external  comfort  and  internal  nutrition  the 
California  cow  is  blessed  above  all  dumb  ani- 
mals, and  when  the  cow  is  right  she  responds 
generously  to  her  owner. 


Y^/  E  LIV^E  in  revolutionary  times,  peaceful  here  in  California,  but 
none  the  less  revolutionary.  In  no  line  of  industry  has  that  fact 
been  more  marked  than  in  the  dairying  industry.  Immigration  made 
possible  alfalfa  and  the  kindred  dairy  herd  foods,  with  the  result  that 
there  are  probably  more  farmers  using  the  sanitary  separator  today 
than  used  the  old-fashioned  dasher  churn  a  generation  back.  The 
farmer's  butter  of  the  past  has  disappeared  and  it  is  well  it  is  so,  for 
today  with  the  high-class  products  of  the  modern  creamery,  the  butter 
of  the  past  would  find  no  market.  The  quantity  has  increased  while  the 
quality  has  risen  so  that  today,  while  the  consumption  per  capita  has 
materially  increased,  the  supply  at  last  serves  the  local  demand.  With 
a  soil  and  climate  that  produce  six  crops  of  feed  per  annum  the  price 
of  the  high-class  finished  product  has  tended  downward ;  with  a  prac- 
tically inexhaustible  water  supply,  with  wide  areas  of  still  virgin  soil ; 
with  Alaska,  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific,  the  Philippines,  and  the  main- 
land of  the  Orient,  for  a  market;  with  a  transportation  rate  East  via 
the  Panama  Canal,  that  makes  it  possible  to  send  the  products  of  early 
spring  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  while  yet  the  winter  snow  is  on  the 
ground,  the  dairying  industry  of  California  has  a  future  as  boundless 
as  the  sea. 


Dairy  Products  from  the 
Cow  fo  the  Consumer 

By  Ed  H.  Webster 

General  Siil^eriiiicndcnt  California  Central  Creameries 


Editors  Note:  Few  men  on  the  Pacific  Coast  are  as  well  informed 
in  the  dairying  business  as  Mr.  Webster,  who  has  studied  the  indus- 
try from  almost  every  possible  angle.  For  four  years  he  held  the 
important  post  of  chief  of  the  dairy  division  of  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture;  a  similar  length  of  time  was  spent  by  Mr. 
Webster  as  director  of  the  Kansas  experiment  station,  and  for  two 
years  he  acted  as  associate  editor  of  Hoarst's  Dairyman,  an  official 
paper  of  the  industry.  For  five  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  the 
practical  business  department  of  dairying.  His  paper  which  follows 
is  thoroughly  dependable,  though  written  in  terms  that  any  one  may 
coniDrehend. 


IN  OUR  grandmothers'  day,  yes  in  our 
mothers'  day,  butter  and  cheese  were  home- 
made products,  and  these  same  mothers  were 
the  dairy  maids.  The  old  dash  churn  and  the 
simple  cheese  hoop  and  improvised  press  pur- 
chased for  the  price  of  a  few  pounds  of  butter 
or  cheese,  constituted  the  factory  equipment. 
Even  in  our  day  (and  we  do  not  have  to  go 
back  so  very  far),  ranch  butter  and  cheese 
made  up  the  bulk  of  trade  in  these  products. 
Many  men  still  in  the  wholesale  dairy  produce 
business  began  as  handlers  of  ranch  products. 

Not  long  ago  the  dairyman  delivered  his 
milk  direct  to  the  consumer.  A  milk  pail,  a 
can  and  a  tin  dipper  made  up  his  equipment. 
Because  the  milk  soured  quickly  he  made  two 
deliveries  a  day. 

In  those  days  the  cream  separator  and  the 
Babcock  tester  were  unknown.  Milk  would 
sour  then  as  now  but  a  passing  thunder  shower 
and  hot  weather  were  supposed  to  be  the  con- 
tributing causes.  No  one  knew  anything  about 
bacteria  or  microbes. 


The  evolution  in  the  dairy  business  has  been 
marked  by  an  almost  complete  abandonment 
of  the  old  methods  and  ideas  and  the  substi- 
tution of  the  factory  for  the  manufacture  and 
distribution  of  all  dairy  products.  The  farmer 
no  longer  sells  butter  and  cheese,  but  takes 
his  cream  to  the  creamery  and  his  milk  to  the 
cheese  factory.  The  milkman  who  now  leaves 
the  bottle  of  Pasteurized  or  certified  milk  at 
the  consumer's  door  is  not  the  farmer,  but  the 
agent  of  a  great  milk  plant,  which  gets  its 
supplies  from  the  farmer  at  wholesale. 

Because  of  these  changes  we  have  today, 
butter  and  cheese  of  uniform  quality  and  milk 
that  is  rendered  pathologically  safe  by  Pas- 
teurization and  produced  under  modern  ideals 
of  sanitation. 

The  modern  creamery  or  butter  factory 
buvs  the  raw  material  from  the  farmer  in  the 
form  of  cream.  This  cream  must  be  clean  and 
in  good  condition  or  it  can  not  be  made  into 
fine  butter.  The  amount  of  butterfat  in  the 
cream  is  determined  bv  the  Babcock  test  and 


DAIRYING 


627 


the  scales,  and  the  farmer  is  paid  a  price  pro- 
portional to  the  price  of  butter  in  the  whole- 
sale markets  of  San  Francisco  and  Los  Ang- 
eles. The  price  for  a  pound  of  butterfat  varies 
from  2  to  5  cents  above  the  wholesale  price 
of  a  pound  of  butter. 

The  cream,  in  the  best  factories,  is  Pas- 
teurized, that  is,  heated  to  a  temperature 
which  will  destroy  most  of  the  bacteria  which 
it  contains,  and  cooled  to  the  churning  tem- 
perature. 

The  modern  machinery  and  appliances  for 
this  work  are  the  marvel  of  the  novice  and 
the  despair  of  the  old  time  butter  maker.  But 
the  processes  used  insure  a  healthful  and  fine 
butter  of  uniform  quality.  The  butter  maker 
in  such  a  factory  must  know  how  to  make 
fat,  salt,  moisture,  and  acidity  determinations, 
all  of  which  are  the  application  of  chemistry 
to  his  work.  He  must  be  a  good  judge  of  the 
quality  of  cream  and  butter  and  know  enough 
plain  arithmetic  to  calculate  his  results  and 
bring  his  computed  work  to  a  uniform  stand- 
ard of  quantity  and  quality. 

California  has  some  of  the  most  complete 
and  down  to  date  butter  plants  and  some  of 
the  most  expert  and  skillful  butter  makers  to 
be  found  in  the  country. 

Sixty-seven  million  pounds  of  butter  were 
made  in  the  State  in  1914,  but  not  all  of  it 
was  of  the  high  quality  above  mentioned. 
There  are  too  many  old-fashioned  butter 
makers  and  too  many  poorly  ec^uipped  cream- 
eries. No  state  in  the  Union  can  produce 
butter  more  cheaply  nor  is  any  other  great 
butter  state  better  situated  for  reaching  the 
great  markets  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  than 
California.  By  way  of  the  canal  we  can  put 
butter  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  Washington  at  less  cost  than 
any  of  the  great  Central  butter  states.  Our 
opportunity  lies  in  producing  the  fine  quality 
demanded  by  these  great  markets.  California 
is  destined  to  become  the  greatest  butter  pro- 
ducing center  in  the  whole  world. 

The  cheese  industry  of  the  State  is  still  in 
the  stage  of  evolution  between  the  ranch  and 
the  factory.  Some  of  the  finest  cheese  is  made 
in   California.    We  have  great   opportunities 


along  that  line  but  the  crude  methods  must 
give  way  to  the  more  modern  cheese  factory 
and  the  skill  that  can  be  there  applied  in  the 
manufacture  of  a  uniform  high  quality. 

Not  many  Calif ornians  are  aware  of  the 
fact  that  we  have  in  this  State  the  largest 
dry  milk  factory  in  the  United  States.  Dry 
skim  milk  is  rapidly  becoming  a  standard 
article  in  the  home,  the  bakery,  and  in  many 
food  manufacturing  concerns.  The  California 
product  is  sold  throughout  the  East  and  South 
in  direct  competition  with  Eastern  manufac- 
turers. The  output  of  this  product  in  the  State 
now  amounts  to  2,000,000  pounds  per  year, 
with  possibilities  of  great  development.  The 
product  is  from  pure  skim  milk  and  is  so  per- 
fectly made  that  the  addition  of  water  to  the 
dry  powder  brings  it  again  to  the  form  of 
skim  milk.  (July  an  expert  could  tell  it  from 
the  original  article  from  which  it  was  made. 

No  branch  of  the  dairy  business  has  gone 
through  so  great  an  evolution  and  has  so 
changed  for  the  better  as  the  distribution  of 
market  milk.  The  days  of  the  dipper  and  can 
have  forever  passed  in  California.  City  and 
State  inspection  compels  clean,  sanitary  barns 
and  handling  on  the  ranch.  Nearly  all  of  the 
large  milk  plants  now  have  complete  Pas- 
teurizing apparatus  which  enables  them  to  put 
out  a  milk  which  may  be  guaranteed  to  be  free 
from  disease  germs. 

Large  centrifugal  machines  are  used  to 
clarify  the  milk.  These  machines  remove  any 
sediment  or  solid  particles  that  may  be  in  the 
milk  and  which  in  fact  are  normal  to  all  milk 
but  not  necessary  for  its  purity  as  food  value. 
The  milk  is  then  heated  to  140  degrees  Fahren- 
heit for  twenty-five  minutes  and  then  cooled 
to  less  than  fifty  degrees  Fahrenheit.  This 
heating  and  cooling,  called  Pasteurization,  de- 
stroys all  possible  disease  germs  which  in  spite 
of  the  most  careful  watchfulness  may  enter  the 
milk  from  the  clothing  or  hands  of  the  milk- 
ers or  from  the  udder  of  the  cow,  and  de- 
stroys also  most  of  the  other  bacteria  which  are 
present  in  all  milk  a  few  hours  old. 

The  rapid  and  complete  cooling  keeps  any 
organisms  not  destroyed  from  developing. 
Such  milk  is  absolutely  safe  for  drinking  by 


628 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


babies  or  older  children.  The  present  day 
method  of  distributing  milk  is  in  sterilized 
bottles.  Milk  i)roi)erly  Pasteurized  and  placed 
in  such  bottles  and  tightly  capjied  will,  if  kept 
cold,  remain  a  perfect  food  for  many  hours. 
It  can  be  safely  asserted  that  the  milk  supply 
so  handled  is  a  much  safer  food  for  children 
than  that  obtained  in  the  smaller  towns  where 
the  expense  of  modern  milk  plants  is  not  a 
commercial  possibility. 

J'hus  has  the  dairy  business  of  California 
developed  from  a  farm  to  a  factory  propo- 
sition and  in  such  development  the  producer 
and  the  consumer  are  better  served.  It  has  re- 
moved much  hard  work  and  drudgery  from 
the  shoulders  of  the  farm  women  and  at  the 
same  time  furnished  the  women  of  the  State 
purer,  more  dependable,  and  better  dairy 
products. 

By  this  means  alone  has  it  been  possible 
to  build  up  a  great  dairy  industry  in  Cali- 
fornia. As  great  as  the  industry  is  at  the 
present  time  it  is  still  in  its  infancy  so  far  as 
the  possibilities  of  development  are  concerned. 

In  the  rapid  growth  of  our  population  and 
the  varied  industries  of  our  State,  dairying  did 
not  keep  pace  with  other  developments  until 


within  recent  years.  The  result  was  a  shortage 
of  supplies  for  home  consumption  and  because 
of  our  distance  from  other  dairy  centers,  high 
prices  for  all  dairy  products  were  the  rule. 
They  were  much  higher  tlian  in  l<>astern 
markets. 

With  the  wonderful  development  of  the  past 
six  or  eight  years,  however,  we  have  reached 
a  point  where  we  have  a  small  surplus  of 
butter,  and  as  a  result  lower  prices  rule  than 
formerly.  We  are  just  at  the  transition  stage 
in  this  respect.  There  is  as  yet  too  little  sur- 
plus of  butter  to  establish  permanent  and  regu- 
lar trade  with  the  great  Eastern  markets.  As 
a  consequence  our  prices  rule  lower  in  propor- 
tion to  Eastern  markets  during  the  summer, 
the  period  of  our  greatest  production. 

With  enough  surplus  product  to  establish 
such  trade  channels,  however,  California 
stands  on  better  ground  than  any  of  the  butter 
states  of  the  Middle  West. 

The  temper  of  the  California  people  to  do 
things  in  a  big  way  will  be  exemplified  in 
dairying  as  it  has  been  in  fruit  growing  and 
general  ranching.  The  future  looks  good  for 
the  dairyman  and  the  establishment  of  a 
greater  dairv  industrv  is  well  under  way. 


Holstein  Friesian  Cow 


Dairy   school   class,   1914 


Dairy  Instruction  at  the 
University  Farm 

By  Prof.  H.  E.  Van  Norman 

Vice   Director  and  Dean  of   University  Farm   School  at  Davis,   Cal., 
and  President  National  Dairy  Slioiv 


Editor's  Xotc:  His  position  as  vice  director  and  dean  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  farm  school  fits  Professor  A^an  Norman  most 
excellently  to  write  upon  the  subject  of  dairy  instruction.  The  im- 
portance of  the  industry  to  this  State  renders  particularly  interesting 
any  information  upon  what  is  being-  done  to  educate  the  people  in 
the  most  modern  and  successful  methods  of  dairy  farming.  Pro- 
fessor Van  Norman  shows  why  the  development  of  the  industry  is  a 
necessity. 


''  I  ""HE  rapidly  increasing  amount  of  land 
-*-  being  brought  under  irrigation  and  the 
cultivation  of  alfalfa,  make  the  development 
of  the  dairy  industry  of  the  State  of  California 
an  economic  necessity,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
increasing  market  for  dairy  products,  espe- 
cially ice  cream  and  market  milk,  as  the  popu- 
lation of  the  State  gro\vs. 

The  competition  of  products  from  outside 
the  State,  notably  butter,  from  across  the 
Pacific,  makes   it  imperative  that  the  quality 


of  California's  products  shall  be  of  the  best. 
Wlien  the  product  is  scarce  the  buyer  is  not 
critical,  at  least  not  as  critical  as  when  the 
market  is  generously  supplied  and  he  may 
choose  the  best. 

The  instruction  facilities  provided  by  the 
State  at  the  university  farm  at  Davis  are 
planned  to  assist  the  practical  dairyman  in 
more  successfully  overcoming  the  difficulties  to 
be  met  with  in  ordinary  practice,  and  to  attain 
that   excellence  of   product   which   commands 


630 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


Butter  making  at  Univeisity  Farm 


the  highest  price  in  the  face  of  competition. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  only  the  best 
product  can  be  shipped  across  the  continent, 
or  across  the  Pacific.  Therefore,  the  nearby 
creamery  or  dairy,  face  to  face  with  foreign 
competition,  finds  only  the  best  quality  to  com- 


pete with.  To  make  the  highest  quality  re- 
quires an  understanding  of  principles,  and  a 
control  of  conditions.  It  is  to  supply  this 
knowledge,  together  with  sufficient  practice  to 
make  it  clear,  that  the  instructional  work  and 
equipment  at  the  university  farm  are  planned. 


Separating  milk  and  washing  utensils  at  University  Farm 


DAIRYING 


631 


Making  ice  cream  at  University  Farm 


This  plant  comprises  a  ranch  of  nearly  800 
acres,  part  of  which  is  devoted  to  investiga- 
tional and  educational  work,  with  fruits  and 
crops,  while  the  remainder  is  producing  feed 
for  the  herds  and  flocks. 

The  dairy  herd  includes  excellent  groups  of 
the  leading  breeds,  notably  Holsteins,  Jerseys, 
Guernseys,  and  a  few  Ayreshires ;  also  some 
grades  in  feeding  experiments.  Excellent  in- 
dividuals are  to  be  found:  Pietertje  Bloom, 
66816,  has  a  record  of  23,591.2  pounds  of 
milk,  and  783.35  pounds  of  butter  fat; 
Colantha  Fourth's  Lad  Mercedes,  a  four-year- 
old  heifer,  has  a  record  of  17,126  pounds  of 
milk,  and  611  pounds  of  butter  fat.  These  are 
all  Holsteins,  while  the  young  Jersey  cow, 
Mermaiden's  Fern,  has  produced  9,770.5 
pounds  of  milk,  and  528.2  pounds  of  butter 
fat;  and  Brown  Bessie  Gaylark  has  produced 
500  pounds  of  butter  fat,  and  has  several 
weeks  to  go  before  completing  the  year. 

A  creamery  building,  equipped  with  the 
latest  apparatus  for  the  churning  of  butter, 
making  ice  cream  and  cheese,  together  with 


the  testing  of  all  kinds  of  butter  products,  is 
available  for  instruction  and  investigation.  The 
cream  or  milk  from  some  eighty  ranches  is 
regularly  brought  to  this  creamery,  so  that 
every  day  there  is  available  material  for  stu- 
dent practice.  When  the  students  are  not  there 
the  regular  employees  and  instructors  perform 
the  work,  thus  the  students  receive  instruction 
from  men  who  are  in  daily  practice  in  the 
actual  handling  of  dairy  products.  During  the 
present  fiscal  year  something  over  $60,000 
worth  of  butter,  ice  cream,  cheese,  milk,  etc., 
has  been  sold. 

DIVISIONS    IN    INSTRUCTION 

The  instructional  work  may  be  divided  into 
three  classes — that  for  the  university  farm 
school  students,  young  men  who  are  eighteen 
years  of  age  or  older,  and  who  may  not  have 
completed  a  high  school  course,  or  otherwise 
not  fulfilled  the  requirements  for  admission  to 
a  college  course  in  agriculture,  yet  are  too  old 
to  go  to  high  school  for  further  preparation. 
To  these  men  is  offered  three  years  of  train- 
ing in  agriculture,  with  an  opportunity  to  de- 


632 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


vote  their  attention  chieBy,  either  to  liorlicul- 
ture  or  live  stock,  or  to  dairy  work. 

In  the  second  group  are  the  students  who, 
having  completed  two  and  one-half  years  in 
the  regular  courses  of  the  college  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California,  come  up  to  the  university 
farm  for  that  training  in  agricultural  suhjects 
which  requires  for  its  most  ctficient  practice  tlie 
use  of  the  creamery  equipment,  the  herds  and 
flocks,  the  pouhry.  the  swine  herds,  the  or- 
chards, and  tlie  fields. 

The  third  group  are  the  short  course  stu- 
dents who  come  for  six  weeks  in  the  fall. 
These  are  divided  into  two  groups — those  who 
are  preparing  themselves  to  go  into  commer- 
cial creameries  as  helpers  or  foremen,  and 
those  who  are  going  out  on  the  ranches  to 
handle  the  herds,  produce  milk  for  a  creamery, 
cheese  factory  or  the  city  milk  plant,  grow 
grain,  stock  or  fruit. 

The  relatively  large  proportion  of  students 
of  the  farm  school  who  have  devoted  much 
attention  to  the  dairy  subjects  in  the  few  years 
of  the   scliool's   existence   is   evidence   of   the 


widespread  interest  in  this  line  of  farm  busi- 
ness and  educational  wt)rk. 

Correspondence  courses  dealing  witli  dairy 
productions  are  also  offered,  and  are  being 
taken  by  a  large  number. 

At  stated  periods  the  butter  makers  of  the 
State  are  invited  to  send  in  samples  of  tlieir 
product  for  exanniiation  l)y  commercial  judges 
with  criticisms  and  suggestions  for  improve- 
ment by  members  of  the  staff  of  the  dairy 
division. 

Some  forty-odd  butter  makers  took  part  in 
these  scoring  contests  during  the  past  year. 
Those  who  completed  the  year  participating  in 
every  contest,  received  a  certificate  of  merit  for 
proficient  work.  Nearly  half  of  those  partici- 
pating this  year  took  part  in  one  t)r  more  pre- 
ceding years'  contests. 

The  greatest  need  of  the  dairy  industry  in 
California  is  pure  bred  sires  at  the  head  of  the 
herds,  together  with  the  use  of  the  scales  and 
the  lead  pencil,  to  the  end  that  we  may  have 
more  and  better  cows,  and  that  more  atten- 
tion be  paid  to  tlie  handling  of  the  product. 


Dairy  Mamiracturcrs  1911 — California   Dairy   School 


SUPPLY  AND  DEMAND 

RE  you  aware  that  California,  despite  its  large 
output  of  poultry  and  eggs  —  amounting  in 
money  to  $18,000,000  a  year,  approximately  — 
has  never  produced  sufficient  quantities  of 
either  to  supply  the  demand? 

THAT  IS  WHY  EXPERTS  DECLARE  THAT  "CALIFORNIA 
OFFERS  A  WIDER  AND  MORE  INVITING  FIELD  FOR 
FUTURE  DEVELOPMENT  IN  THIS  BRANCH  OF  AGRICUL- 
TURE THAN  ANY  OTHER  STATE  OF  THE  UNION  !'^ 

npHERE  is  not  a  section  of  the  State  where  healthy  and 
thrifty  poultry  cannot  be  produced.     This  includes 
the  sea-coast,  the  so-called  desert  sections,  and  the  moun- 
tainous districts. 

We  Need  More  Eggs  and  Therefore  More  Chickens 

nr^O  meet  the  growing  demand,  there  must  be  an  ade- 
quate supply.  California  should  not  be  compelled  to 
draw  upon  other  sections  of  the  country  for  that  supply. 
And  it  can  be  truthfully  said  that  for  anyone  who  wishes 
to  make  a  pleasant  and  comfortable  living,  with  possibili- 
ties for  development,  there  are  few  businesses  superior  to 
poultry  culture — in  California. 

Our  Readers'  Service 

has  a  staff  of  expert  poultrymen  who  are  ready  to  answer 
any  of  your  questions  concerning  the  poultry  industry  of 
this  State.  You  are  invited  to  make  use  of  this  service, 
whether  you  are  already  a  resident  of  California  or 
whether  you  are  living  elsewhere;  whether  you  are  al- 
ready in  the  poultry  lousiness  or  merely  contemplating 
going  into  it.   Address  : 


READERS'  SERVICE 

CALIFORNIA'S     MAGAZINE 

NEW  CALL   BUILDING 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


r 


The  Poultry  Industry 
in  California 

By  George  H.  Croley 

President   Federated  Poiiltr\    Assoeiation   of   California 


Editor  s  Note:  Few  men  are  so  well  and  w^idely  known  in  connection 
with  the  beg-innino-s  and  wonderful  development  of  the  poultry  in- 
terests of  California  as  is  Mr.  Georg-e  H.  Croley.  He  has  been  in  close 
touch  with  both  production  and  trade  for  more  than  forty  years.  He 
knows  the  fanciers,  the  large  scale  specialty  producers  of  fowls  and 
eggs,  and  those  who  are  growing  poultry  products  on  mixed  farms. 
Beyond  this  he  knows  California  conditions  under  which  all  have  done 
their  parts  in  building  of  the  great  production  which  is  now  realized. 
His  article  is  a  clear  picture  of  the  industry  in  its  present  phases  and 
the  opportunities  it  offers. 


IN    COMPILING   the    following   informa-  by    any    interested    reader    will    result    in    his 

tion   we   have   made    an   earnest   effort    to  finding  nothing  overrated ;    in  case  of  error  it 

place  before  those  who  may  be  considering  the  will  be  found  on  the  side  of  conservatism  and 

raising  of  poultry  in  California,  as  a  business  not   in  the  column  of  exaggeration, 
or  as  a  side  issue,  an  honest  and  simple  state-  magnitude  and  economic  value 

ment   of  conditions   as   we    find   them   at   the  The  various  reports  that  we  have  been  able 

present  time,  and  if  given  careful  investigation  to  obtain  indicate  that  the  commercial  value 


634 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


of  poultry  and  c-gi^'s  produced  in  California 
is  about  $US.tH )().()( 10  pt'r  year,  based  on  the 
price  paid  to  the  producers,  but  we  believe 
that  if  exact  fitiures  could  be  obtained  it  would 
be  found  tn  be  in  excess  of  this  amount. 

in  some  districts  of  this  State  nearly  all 
the  poultry  product  is  marketed  locally,  etich 
section  having  some  peculiar  method  of  distri- 
bution which  renders  it  difficult  to  obtain  sta- 
tistical returns,  and  no  doubt  for  this  reason 
they  are  scarcely  considered  in  the  reports  w-e 
use  in  making  our  estimate,  notwithstanding 
they  are  ra])idly  becoming  important  poultry 
centers. 

For  the  entire  Cnited  States  the  estimates 
of  the  anK)unts  ])aid  to  the  producers  of  poul- 
try and  eggs  reach  the  vast  sum  of  $1,040,- 
000.000  annually. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  return  is  greater  than 
the  initial  revenue  from  any  other  one  in- 
dustry or  single  agricultural  product  of  this 
country  except  Indian  corn. 

Notwithstanding  this  great  direct  return  to 
our  poultry  raisers  we  should,  in  computing 
the  importance  of  this  branch  of  agriculture, 
take  into  account  certain  economic  benefit  ren- 
dered to  the  commonwealth  and  which  gain 
can  not  satisfactorily  be  expressed  in  figures. 

To  illustrate :  We  have  no  means  of  esti- 
mating how  many  men  and  women  in  the 
United  States  make  the  production  of  poultry 
an  exclusive  business,  but  there  must  be  many 
thousands  of  them,  while  the  industry  affords 
partial  employment  to  over  5.000,000  people. 
And  because  of  peculiar  conditions  surround- 
ing many  of  these  persons  they  find  in  this 
[)articular  outdoor  industry  the  only  avenue  of 
employment  open  to  them.  A  very  large  part 
of  this  sum  furnishes  the  sole  income  of  a  very 
large  number  of  these  jteople  and  renders  them 
contented  and  jjartially  or  wholly  self  sup- 
porting. It  enables  them  to  maintain  their 
ambition  and  self  respect  because  of  this  op- 
portunity to  remain  welcome  and  useful  mem- 
bers of  the  community  and  who  would,  if 
deprived  of  this  means  of  earning  their  share 
of  this  money,  become  dependents,  a  burden 
instead  of  a  benefit  to  the  State.* 


It  is  ^particularly  essential  that  we  consider 
these  factors  as  of  genuine  importance  for  the 
reason  that  it  is  now  deemed  the  duty  of  the 
jteople  as  a  whole — the  State — to  save  waste 
and  use  preventive  measures  to  avert  poverty 
and  delincjuency  as  well  as  to  correct  and 
punish;  therefore,  this  industry  should  be  of 
sufficient  ultimate  value  to  the  jjeople  of  every 
commonwealth  to  warrant  the  constant  and 
systematic  attention  of  all  state  governments. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  community  to  more  or 
less  su])ervise  the  conduct  of  this  scattered  but 
peculiarly  beneficial  branch  of  agriculture; 
to  gather  and  disseminate  reliable,  concrete 
information  and  advice;  to  encourage  these 
small  producers  and  endeavor  in  every  proper 
way  to  assist  them  to  help  themselves,  thus 
preventing  failure  on  their  part. 

In  defense  of  our  contention  we  particu- 
larly refer  to  a  foregoing  statement  regarding 
the  importance  of  poultry  raising  to  a  very 
large  number  of  individuals  to  be  found  in 
many  towns,  but  more  particularly  in  ever\- 
rural  district  who  find  in  poultry  raising  theii 
only  available  source  of  employment. 

Furthermore  the  i)0ultry  industry  is  largely 
maintained  with  what  would  otherwise  be  more 
or  less  waste.  Much  unsalable  product  of  the 
farm  is  valuable  for  feed.  But  it  is  not  only 
a  source  of  direct  wealth  and  economy ;  it  is 
also  the  medium  of  salvage  and  redemption 
in  more  ways  than  one.  At  times  it  supplies 
the  means  to  forestall  the  foreclosure  of  a 
mortgage,  saves  the  farm  or  homestead  and 
thus  prevents  ensuing  poverty.  The  orchard- 
ist  many  times  tides  over  the  barren  period 
between  tree  planting  and  paying  crops  with 
poultry,  and  frequently  continues  to  jointly 
conduct  both  busines.ses  permanently.  By  keep- 
ing even  a  small  flock  the  housewife  and  chil- 
dren on  the  new  farm,  that  is  as  yet  only 
sufficiently  developed  or  equipped  to  yield  a 
bare  living,  are  ahle  to  secure  many  little 
necessities  and  comforts  or  educational  advan- 
tages that  otherwise  they  could  not  enjoy,  and 
the    helji    thus    afforded    these   individuals    in 


*Wc'  include  in  tliis  statement  those  who  are 
engaged  in  breeding  rabbits,  bee-keeping,  etc.,  as 
well  as  fowls  and  pigeons. 


POUT.TRY 


635 


some  remote  way  benefits  every  member  of 
the  community. 

Many  other  similar  examples  could  be  cited 
to  emphasize  the  importance  of  this  branch  of 
agriculture  to  the  people  of  the  State  at  large, 
whether  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  socio- 
logical benefits  or  direct  commercial  gain. 

As  a  further  direct  benefit  to  society  we 
might  state  that  many  boys  find  in  the  poultry 
business  on  a  small  scale  the  opportunity  to 
begin  a  useful  business  career.  Hundreds  of 
our  self-made  and  prosperous  men  in  Califor- 
nia owe  their  success  and  important  positions 
to  the  experience  and  primary  commercial 
schooling  secured  by  them,  as  boys,  in  the 
breeding  of  fowls,  to  say  nothing  of  the  mis- 
chief they  may  have  escaped  because  of  their 
application  to  an  interesting  and  profitable 
little  business — all  their  own. 

Owing  to  this  peculiar  distribution  of  bene- 
ficial infiuences  among  a  class  so  urgently  re- 
cjuiring  them  we  believe  that,  fundamentally 
at  least,  poultry  raising  is  the  most  important 
industrv  in  America  todav  and  that  California 


offers  a  wider  and  more  inviting  field  for  fu- 
ture development  in  this  branch  of  agriculture 
than  any  other  state  of  the  Union. 

THE  BEST  LOCATION 

Poultry  raising  has  now  been  sufficiently 
tested  in  every  section  of  California  to  dem- 
onstrate that  it  is  possible  to  produce  healthy 
and  thrifty  fowls  in  any  part  of  the  State.  In 
this  statement  we  include  the  extreme  sea  coast 
along  its  entire  length  of  nearly  one  thousand 
miles  of  actual  shore  line;  the  so-called  desert 
sections,  as  well  as  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  up  to 
5000  feet,  which  is  about  the  limit  for  agri- 
cultural efforts. 

It  is  therefore  only  necessary  for  the  pros- 
pective poultry  raiser  to  investigate  the  possi- 
bilities of  economically  marketing  his  product 
and  obtaining  equipment  and  provisions  for 
the  fowls  at  reasonable  cost  in  order  to  de- 
termine his  selection  of  a  location.  It  is  the 
existence  of  these  favorable  conditions  that 
has  caused  the  growth  of  the  industry  in  the 
districts  which  supply  the  poultry  products  of 
tlie  State  at  the  present  time. 


Three  tliousaiul   baby   cliicks   one   ami   ouc-hall    ila\  .s   oUl   iiail.\    loi    .shipimiit 


636 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


POULTRY  DISTRICTS  OF  CALIFORNIA  IN  THE  ORDER 
OF  THEIR  IMPORTANCE 

THE  following  classiflcalioii  and  briol"  description  ol"  the  present 
poultry  districts,  in  the  approximate  order  of  their  importance  and 
value  of  product,  should  enable  the  reader  to  form  a  fair  idea  of  the 
distribution  of  the  industry  at  this  time  and  the  o])portunities  for  future 
development. 

1.  Petaluma  District,  including  Santa  Rosa  and  Sebastopol. 

2.  California  south  of  Tehachapi — Eight  counties. 

3.  Hayward-Livermore,  including  the  suburbs  of  the  city  of  Oakland. 

4.  Santa  Cruz-Watsonville-Salinas. 

5.  San  .lose-Ciilroy-Hollister  (Santa  Clara  Valley). 

6.  Sacramento-Stockton. 

7.  San  Joaquin  Valley,  excepting  that  portion  included  in  district  No.  6. 

8.  Sacramento  Valley,  excepting  that  portion  included  in  district  No.  6. 

9.  Sonoma-El  Verano-Napa. 

10.  Santa  Maria-Arroyo  Grande. 

11.  Martinez-Concord-Walnut  Creek  (San  Ramon  Valley). 

12.  Northwestern  Coast  District. 

13.  Northeastern  Mountain  District. 

14.  Eastern  Mountain  District. 


PEIALUMA  UISIRICT 

PETALUMA  claims  to  be  the  greatest 
poultry  center  in  the  world  and  this  is  no 
doubt  true  when  measured  l)y  the  number  of 
fowls  for  each  square  mile  of  the  district, 
Avhich  occupies  a  small  area  in  comparison  with 
most  of  the  other  sections  mentioned  above. 
This  tendency  to  concentrate  is  due  to  the  de- 
sire to  get  as  closely  els  possible  to  Petaluma, 
which  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Peta- 
luma River  only  thirty-seven  miles  north  of 
San  Francisco. 

It  is  also  on  the  main  line  of  the  North- 
western Paciiic  Railway  and  the  terminus  of 
the  Petaluma  and  Santa  Rosa  Electric  Railway 
system.  These  railways  with  their  branches 
afford  rapid  and  modern  passenger  and  freight 
.service,  while  the  water  transportation  supplies 
cheap  freight  service  to  and  from  a  very  large 
portion  of  the  central  part  of  the  State.  This 
is  a  very  important  consideration  as  the  great 
bulk  of  the  poultry  food  is  shipped  to  this 
district  from  San  Francisco  or  from  those 
portions  of  the  State  that  are  reached  by  boats 


or  barges.  Two  steamers  which  make  daily 
trips  between  San  Francisco  and  Petaluma 
carry  passengers  and  freight  and  seldom  sail 
without  full  cargoes.  A  number  of  smaller 
power  craft,  sailing  vessels,  and  flats,  are  also 
permanently  employed  between  these  two  ports. 

This  cheap  and  frequent  water  service  also 
makes  the  cost  of  marketing  the  eggs  and  poul- 
try nominal.  A  single  case  of  eggs  can  be 
shipped  to  San  Francisco  and  the  empty  case 
returned  for  a  charge  of  only  15  cents,  and 
in  large  lots  as  low  as  4^4  cents  per  case, 
while  a  crate  of  fowls  costs  but  30  cents,  in- 
cluding the  return  of  the  empty  crate. 

Petaluma  has  every  benefit  of  climate,  soil 
and  water  for  poultry  production  and  several 
other  stimulating  factors  influenced  the  growth 
of  the  industry,  but  even  with  all  these  en- 
couraging features  it  would  never  have  become 
the  great  poultry  center  without  the  advan- 
tages offered  by  cheap  transportation  and  easy 
and  (juick  communication  with  the  great 
markets. 

We  might  use  the  entire  space  allotted  to  the 


POULTRY 


637 


poultry  division  of  this  publication  with  matter 
pertaining  to  Petaluma  and  not  include  half 
that  could  be  said  regarding  the  "Egg  City," 
but  so  much  information  has  been  so  widely 
published  regarding  this  section  we  will  let 
these  few  statements  serve  to  illustrate  the  im- 
portance of  this  district. 

SOUTHERX   CALIFORNIA   POULTRY  DISTRICT 

TN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  the  pouL 
-*-  try  industry  has  not  as  yet  assumed  the 
degree  of  concentration  that  exists  in  certain 
districts  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State, 
nevertheless  the  tendency  to  cluster  is  very 
marked  and  becoming  more  so,  influenced  by 
advantages  of  markets,  favorable  climatic  con- 
ditions, and  the  further  benefits  beginners  se- 
cure by  their  proximity  to  established  poultry 
ranches.  Throughout  the  eight  counties  com- 
prising this  district  the  various  centers  of 
population  now  have  their  established  poultry 
sections  which  supply  the  home  demand  for 
eggs  and  poultry  as  far  as  possible  and  during 
the  season  when  there  may  be  an  over-produc- 
tion, ship  their  excess  to  the  city  of  Los 
Angeles  which  is  ahvays  ready  to  take  any  of 
the  surplus  products. 

There  has  been  much  dissatisfaction,  how- 
ever, with  the  manner  of  establishing  market 
quotations,  at  least  during  a  part  of  the  vear, 
for  the  reason  that  during  the  winter  months 
the  local  supply  of  ranch  eggs  in  all  these 
sections  is  so  inadequate  to  the  demand  that 
none  of  this  grade  reaches  the  Los  Angeles 
exchange,  and  the  traffic  is  confined  entirely  to 
storage  and  imported  eggs,  while  the  pub- 
lished quotations  indicate  that  local  fresh 
ranch  eggs  have  been  included  in  the  trading. 
These  ambiguous  reports  and  artificially  cre- 
ated prices  are  misleading  because  the  highest 
quoted  price  is  accepted  by  the  public  as  the 
proper  and  official  value  of  the  choicest  fresh 
ranch  eggs  and  tends  to  unjustlv  influence  the 
price  of  this  grade  in  the  outside  markets 
which  absorb  all  of  the  product  during  the 
winter  period  and  this  misunderstanding  often 
results  in  the  poultry  raiser  receiving  much 
less  for  his  eggs  than  thev  are  worth. 

In  order  to  distiniruish  the  fresh  frcjm  the 


storage  and  imported  eggs ;  to  secure  an  estab- 
lished correct  quotation  daily,  thus  securing 
full  protection  for  the  winter  home  product, 
the  leading  poultry  raisers  have  taken  steps 
to  form  an  association  which  will  furnish  the 
exchange  with  the  product  from  about  200,000 
hens  daily.  Each  member  of  the  organization 
will  pledge  a  certain  percentage  of  his  output 
to  go  toward  the  required  amount.  This  sup- 
ply will  create  a  new  grade  of  eggs  for  quo- 
tation by  the  exchange  and  will  materially 
assist  in  protecting  both  consumer  and  pro- 
ducer. It  will  also  be  the  object  of  the  new 
association  to  secure  such  legislation  as  may 
be  necessary  to  protect  the  industry  and  also 
to  make  prosecutions  for  violations. 

The  above  facts  should  be  proof  to  any  one 
contemplating  establishing  in  this  field,  that 
this  industry  is  far  from  being  overdone  in  the 
South  and  that  with  this  improved  method  of 
rendering  quotations,  the  opportunity  for 
profit  is  enticing. 

The  poultrymen  of  the  southern  district 
deserve  great  credit  for  the  practical  manner 
in  which  they  keep  in  touch  with  one  another 
and  benefit  by  educational  co-operation.  They 
fully  realize  the  necessity  for  protective  or- 
ganization and  their  efforts  in  this  direction 
place  them  ahead  of  any  other  large  section 
of  the  State. 

It  is  claimed  there  are  seventy-six  standard 
breeds  raised  in  Southern  California.  Many 
large  varieties  possessing  fine  table  qualities 
are  in  favor,  Avhile  in  most  all  other  parts  of 
the  State  a  larger  proportion  of  smaller  fowds 
are  kept — chiefly  for  eggs. 

The  industry  is  making  a  steady  and  healthy 
growth  and  shipments  of  Eastern  poultry 
products  are  as  steadily  decreasing. 

A  very  large  percentage  of  those  who  take 
up  this  branch  of  agriculture  with  little  or  no 
previous  experience  are  successful,  due  no 
doubt  to  the  spirit  of  unity  and  helpfulness 
that  is  universally  prevalent  in  that  district. 

San  Diego,  at  the  extreme  southwestern,  and 
Imperial  \'alley,  at  the  extreme  southeastern 
portions  of  this  section,  are  to  a  certain  extent 
separate  and  distinct  from  the  remainder,  but 
the   same  .iieneral    conditions    exist.     In    fact, 


638 


CALTFORXIA'S  ^lAGAZIXE 


local  opportunities  or  b'jiieficial  inliucuces  of 
one  sort  or  another  make  almost  any  settled 
part  of  Southern  California  a  good  location 
for  poultry  raising  on  a  small  or  moderate 
scale  if  not  as  a  regular  or  exclusive  business. 

Coiiiiiirnts  by  an  H-xprrt — iho  above  descrip- 
tion of  Soutliern  California  conditions  was  sul)- 
niittcd  to  Mr.  A.  R.  Jack.son  of  Long  Beach, 
the  well-known  engineer  and  expert  on  feed 
valnes,  and  who  is  also  an  experienced  and  suc- 
cessful poultryman.  His  rejjort  and  answers  to 
several  general  questions  follow  : 

Description  of  territory  adapted  to  the  industry 
is  correct  as  given  except  that  attention  should 
be  called  to  the  fact  that  even  in  the  same  dis- 
trict some  locations  are  preferable,  depending 
upon  sunny  exposures,  shelter  from  wind,  drain- 
age due  to  soil  and  topography. 

While  it  is  perfectly  possible  to  successfully 
raise  poultry  on  a  heavy  soil,  it  is  easier  to 
keep  a  looser  soil  sweet  and  pure  and  with  less 
attention  and  expense.  Sandy  soil  is  not  advisable 
owing  to  the  possibility  of  the  presence  of  fleas, 
which  are  very  detrimental,  especially  to  the  young 
stock.* 

Has  Califoniia  Poullry  Industry  Great  Oppor- 
tuiiitics.' — At  the  present  time  the  poultry  industry 
offers  to  any  individual  who  thoroughly  under- 
stands the  business  or  to  any  one  adapted  to  the 
industry  who  is  determined  to  succeed,  the  highest 
possible  returns  on  the  capital  invested. 

There  is  a  large  importation  of  poultry  and 
eggs  annuallj'  which  in  itself  is  sufficient  argument 
against  a  possible  immediate  overproduction. 

Furthernxore  it  is  one  of  the  few  industries 
that  will  pay  interest  on  land  worth  a  thousand 
dollars  per  acre,  and  in  certain  sections,  in  order 
to  secure  all  the  advantages  offered  by  pro.ximity 
to  market  and  cheap  transportation  of  feed  and 
products,  are  located  poultry  farms  on  land  of 
even  greater  value. 

Like  any  other  industry,  it  must  be  properly 
financed  before  undertaken,  as  a  large  percentage 
of  the  failures  are  due  to  the  failure  to  recognize 
this  fact. 

What  Advantages  Has  California  in  Climate.'— 
There  are  decidedly  no  disadvantages  and  every- 
thing is  exceptionally  favorable  in  the  matter  of 
climate  for  poultry  raising,  as  an  equable  tem- 
perature mu-st  be  maintained  whether  natural  or 
artificial  for  the  best  results  in  the  industry,  and 
this  temperature  can  be  maintained  at  a  less  cost 
for  heat  under  the  equable  climatic  conditions 
existing  in  this   State. 

What  Advantages  Has  California  in  Produc- 
tion of  Poultry  Feed? — Experimentally  it  has  been 
determined  that  a  constant  supply  of  natural  green 
feed  has  given  a  substantial  percentage  in  added 
egg  production  above  parallel  tests  wdierein  no 
green   feed  was  employed. 

With  little  effort  it  is  possible  to  secure  an  all- 
year  supply  of  succulent  green  feed. 

The  most  valuable  poultry  grain  products  pro- 
duced   in    California   are   barlev   and    the   various 


*These  poultry  Heas  can  be  quickly  destroyed  l)y 
.spraying  the  premises  a  few  times  with  a  solution 
of  one  gallon  of  common  salt  in  four  gallons  of 
water. — Susan  Szcaysgood  in  "California  Poultry 
Practice." 


members  of  the  broom  corn  family,  of  which 
Egyptian,  Kaffir  and  Milo  Maize  are  some.  All 
these  grains  have  a  very  uniform  analytical  value 
in  protein  and  carbo-hydrates.  Tests  demonstrate 
that,  on  an  average,  slightly  better  than  8  per 
cent  of  the  total  weight  of  these  grains  is  di- 
gestible protein  and  about  65  per  cent  digestible 
carbodiydrates,  thus  putting  these  grains  in  the 
class  with  high  fuel  value  or  the  nearest  substi- 
tutes for  Indian  corn,  than  which,  when  used  in 
proper  proportion,  no  more  valuable  grain  exists. 
The  Indian  corn  raised  in  California  on  the 
average  is  not  of  as  high  a  quality  as  that  imported 
from  the  corn  states  of  the  East,  and  as  the  price 
of  Indian  corn  has  been  very  high  for  the  past 
two  years  the  State  is  fortunate  in  having  a  local 
supply  of  grains  that  are  almost  perfect  substi- 
tutes for  corn  and  may  be  obtained  on  the  average 
at  a  much  less  price. 

Oats,  another  of  the  grain  products  of  Cali- 
fornia, finds  its  greatest  use  to  the  industry  of 
poultry  raising  in  its  value  as  a  feed  for  growing 
stock.  Oats  have  a  high  digestible  protein  con- 
tent, averaging  above  9  per  cent,  and  a  carbo- 
hydrate value  of  only  45  per  cent,  thus  making 
them  an  ideal  tissue  builder  and  non-fat  producer, 
which  is  just  the  combination  ideally  suited  to 
growing  stock.  Their  fuel  value  is  too  low  to 
use  in  large  quantities  for  laying  stock,  especially 
in  winter. 

Better  wheat  is  shipped  to  us  from  other  jKirts 
of  the  Pacific  Coast  than  is  raised  here. 

H.WW.^RD-LIVERMORE    DISlRK'l 

THE  complete  history  of  the  rapid  and 
surprising  growth  of  the  Hay  ward- 1. iv- 
ermore  poultry  section  w'ould  read  like  a 
romance.  Lack  of  space  forbids  little  more 
than  brief  mention  of  this  fact. 

The  writer  well  remembers  his  first  visit  to 
Hayward  thirty  years  ago.  The  little  city  had 
reached  the  "parting  of  the  ways."  Until 
shortly  l)efore  it  had  been  the  clearing  house 
for  the  grain  and  hay  crops  of  that  section, 
but  constant  cropping  had  reduced  the  yield 
and  new  methods  of  transportation  had  di- 
verted the  limited  production  to  other  centers 
or  markets.  Ex-en  the  brick  grain  warehouse 
had  to))pIe(l  over  from  evident  lack  of  sup- 
port. Ikisiness  was  certainly  dull.  So  far  as 
commercial  acti\itv  is  concerned  it  resembled 
a  Scotcdi  \-illage  on  a  Sabbath  morning. 

We  \-isitcd  the  section  in  the  capacity  of 
what  might  be  termed  a  "jjoultry  missionary." 
and  like  all  advocates  of  something  strange 
but  better,  received  little  encouragement. 

\\'e  particularK-  remember  pointing  out  the 
evident  possibilities  of  the  Castro  \"alley  as  a 
fa\-oral)le  ])oultr\-  section,  but  the  natives  were 


POULTRY 


639 


equally  positive  it  would  "never  do  for  chick- 
ens." Thev  said.  "Why.  even  the  soil  is  natural 
poison  to  hens."  At  present,  however,  the 
entire  valley  is  mostly  chickens  and  the  land 
has  increased  in  value  from  ten  to  fifty-fold 
according  to  location. 

It  was  a  warm  day  in  July  and  after  an 
inspection  of  the  "valley,"  being  tired  and 
hungry,  we  were  attracted  by  a  sign.  "Meals  at 
All  Hours,"  attached  to  a  small  cottage  lo- 
cated under  an  immense  shade  tree  in  a  large 
yard  at  a  point  that  is  now  the  center  of  the 
business  section  of  the  city.  Not  wishing  a 
heavy  meal  we  called  for  two  poached  eggs 
and  a  cup  of  tea.  The  old  lady  who  enjoyed 
the  combined  title  of  proprietress,  cashier, 
head  waiter,  and  chef,  appeared  rather  stunned 
but  managed  to  say,  "I  have  only  one  egg  and 
that's  all  there  is  in  this  town,  but  you  can 
have  it  if  you  will  take  it  scrambled."  We  did. 

It  was  a  number  of  years  before  the  poultry 
industry  became  much  of  a  real  business  in 
that  district,  but  when  once  started  the  growth 
was  rapid  and  permanent. 

At  present  the  Poultry  Producers'  Associa- 
tion maintains  in  Hayward  a  central  poultry 
food  warehouse  and  egg  receiving  station 
equipped  with  all  conveniences,  including  a 
railway  spur  track.  It  supplies  feed  to  mem- 
bers to  the  extent  of  about  $150,000  per  year. 
In  addition  several  merchants  make  the  sale 
of  poultry  feed  and  the  handling  of  eggs  their 
chief  business. 

As  a  further  means  of  illustrating  the  pres- 
ent magnitude  of  the  business  in  this  section 
we  might  state  that  a  large  motor  truck  labeled 
"Three  tons  of  eggs  from  Hayward  for  (name 
of  consignee),  Oakland,"  may  be  seen  daily 
traveling  along  the  main  avenue  between  Oak- 
land and  Hayward.  And  this  is  onlv  one  of 
a  number  of  means  used  to  transport  the  eggs 
to  the  various  markets. 

This  district  is  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Western  Pacific  railway  and  is  also  served  by 
several  branch  lines  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
company.  Boat  landings  on  San  Francisco 
Bay  afford  water  transportation.  Hayward  is 
also  the  terminus  of  the  main  interurban  elec- 


tric line  of  the  Oakland  Traction  Company, 
while  the  Hayward  branch  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  interurban  electric  system  is  now  com- 
pleted nearly  to  San  Leandro.  which  is  in- 
cluded in  the  Hayward  district. 

What  we  have  stated  regarding  Hayward 
applies  practically  to  Livermore  and  the  terri- 
tory between.  As  one  of  the  oldest  inhabitants 
puts  it — "it's  chickens  all  the  way  from  Hay- 
ward to  Livermore,  but  they  are  mostly  at 
both  ends." 

The  climate  of  this  district  can  not  be  sur- 
passed for  poultry  raising  and  comfort.  Be- 
ginning at  the  bay  shore  of  Richmond,  West 
Berkeley,  Oakland,  and  Alameda,  which  have 
seaside  summer  resort  conditions,  the  tempera- 
ture gradually  rises  until  at  Livermore,  only 
forty-five  miles  distant,  it  is  almost  semi- 
tropical. 

SANTA    CRUZ-WATSONVILLE-SALINAS   DISTRICT 

THE  Santa  Cruz-Watsonville-Salinas  dis- 
trict is  one  of  the  very  latest  sections  to 
quickly  grow  from  a  moderate  to  a  large  pro- 
ducer of  eggs.  It  is  only  during  the  past  two 
or  three  years  that  it  has  progressed  from 
eighth  to  fourth  rank  as  a  poultry  center,  and 
if  it  can  keep  up  its  present  stride  will  out- 
rank Hayward  by  the  end  of  another  two  or 
three  years,  unless  the  Alameda  County  people 
increase  their  speed. 

This  is  one  of  the  sections  that  owes  its 
present  growth  to  cheap  water  transportation 
and  nearness  to  markets.  Santa  Cruz  is  a 
seaport  served  by  coasting  steamers,  while 
Watsonville  and  Salinas  are  not  directly  on 
the  coast,  but  receive  water  freight  by  steam- 
ers to  Moss  Landing  and  a  short  rail  haul. 

The  Santa  Cruz  end  of  this  district  is  grow- 
ing more  rapidly  than  the  southern  portion, 
owing  to  the  advantage  of  cheaper  freight  on 
feed  from  San  Francisco. 

This  part  of  California  is  also  served  by  the 
Pajaro  Valley  railway  and  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific company — that  part  of  the  system  known 
as  the  "Road  of  a  Thousand  Wonders." 

The  distance  by  the  shortest  route  between 
San  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz  is  eighty  miles. 
It  also  has  the  advantage  of  interurban  elec- 


640 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


trie  railway  service  fur  a  short  tlistaiuc  down 
the  coast. 

Santa  Cruz,  Seahright,  Capituhi,  Del  Monte. 
Monterey,  and  Pacific  Grove,  all  located  on 
Monterey  Bay,  are  famous  summer  rest)rts,  and 
to  a  certain  extent  winter  resorts,  and  natur- 
ally great  quantities  of  eggs  and  fowls  are 
consumed  by  visitors.  The  bathing  season, 
which  draws  a  greater  number  of  people  than 
the  winter  attractions,  ct)ntinucs  here  for  a 
much  longer  time  than  in  the  Eastern  states. 
Owing  to  the  tempering  sea  breezes  and  occa- 
sional fogs  it  has  a  spring-like  climate  during 
almost  the  entire  year.  These  are  also  the 
factors  that  permit  of  the  production  of  berries 
of  various  kinds  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  entire  twelve  months  of  the  year. 

SAN     JOSE-GILROY-HOLLISTKR     DISTRICT 

THE  Santa  Clara  Valley  was  one  of  the 
first  sections  in  California  to  undertake 
poultry  raising  as  a  real  business.  Originally 
most  of  the  poultry  farms  were  located  near 
San  Jose,  but  during  the  past  ten  years  the 
business  has  spread  over  the  entire  valley  until 
the  industry  reaches  up  the  peninsula  to  San 
Francisco  and  south  well  into  San  Benito 
County.    And  it  is  steadily  growing  in  volume. 

The  climate,  soil,  and  favorable  location  for 
markets  encourage  the  farmers  to  produce  a 
very  great  variety  of  crops,  and  many  of  them 
find  most  of  their  time  and  efforts  absorbed 
with  orchards  producing  assorted  kinds  of 
fruits.  For  these  reasons  the  attention  of 
county  folks  is  in  many  instances  drawn  away 
from  the  poultry  business,  otherwise  this  dis- 
trict Avould  hold  a  still  more  important 
position. 

This  section  is  particularly  noted  for  the 
great  variety  of  standard  bred  fowls  that  are 
reared  in  large  flocks.  E.xcepting  Southern 
California,  in  the  other  parts  of  the  State, 
poultrymen  of  each  section  more  or  less  con- 
centrate on  one  or  two  breeds. 

In  the  Santa  Clara  \'alley  one  may  see.  in 
nearly  every  neighborhood,  from  half  a  dozen 
to  forty  pure  bred  varieties,  each  in  a  separate 
flock,  and  usually  only  one  variety  on  each 
place. 


I  his  district  is  served  l)y  the  main  coast 
lines  of  the  Southern  Pacific  company  and  a 
number  of  branches  beside  a  very  complete 
interurban  electric  railway  service. 

In  many  respects  the  conditions  surround- 
ing the  poultrymen  of  this  section  more  re- 
semble Southern  California  than  any  other 
part  of  the  State.  Fowls  may  be  successfully 
and  profitably  raised  anywhere  in  the  valley, 
and  much  of  the  product  is  marketed  locally 
at  top  prices. 

SACR.'VMENTO-STOCKTON    DISTRICT 

IN  THE  Sacramento-Stockton  district  we 
include  most  of  that  part  of  the  State  east 
of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers 
and  thirty  miles  north  of  Sacramento  city  and 
fifty  miles  southeast  of  Stockton.  This  may 
seem  a  more  or  less  arbitrary  separation  from 
the  other  interior  districts,  but  from  a  com- 
mercial point  of  view  it  is  correct  for  the 
reason  that  most  of  the  poultry  products  of 
this  section  are  handled  by  the  large  towns 
and  cities  in  that  interior  region  of  the  State 
while  the  trade  of  the  divisions  we  term  Sac- 
ramento Valley  and  San  Joaquin  Valley  dis- 
tricts are  handled  locally  or  through  the  large 
coast  cities. 

Conditions  under  which  poultry  raising  is 
conducted  in  this  district  are  very  diversified. 
This  applies  to  varieties  of  climates,  ample 
or  sparse  transportation  facilities,  in  the  va- 
rious parts  as  well  as  to  other  local  factors, 
particularly  in  the  foothill  portions.  In  some 
parts  very  few  fowls  are  kept,  while  in  others 
there  are  quite  important  poultry  centers. 

The  average  cost  of  feed  in  this  section  is 
verv  reasonable  because  much  of  it  is  produced 
in  that  section.  One  locality  south  of  Stockton 
produces  nearly  all  of  the  sunflower  seed  used 
as  poultry  feed  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  hundreds 
of  acres  being  devoted  to  this  crop. 

Taken  as  a  whole  this  district  oft'ers  many 
opportunities.  In  the  way  of  climates,  ex- 
cepting that  of  a  seaside  summer  resort,  one 
may  find  somewhere  in  this  section,  a  mate 
for  that  of  almost  any  part  of  the  world.  A 
very  large  portion  also  enjoys  remarkable 
transportation    facilities    embracing    the   most 


POULTRY 


641 


modern  interurban  electric  and  steam  railway 
lines,  among  them  three  transcontinental  sys- 
tems. Western  Pacific.  Southern  Pacific,  and 
Santa  Fe,  as  well  as  many  wonderful  water 
routes. 

Most  of  these  water  ways  are  effected  and 
kept  permanently  available  to  steamers  by  the 
tides  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  but  some  routes 
depend  on  the  rainfall  in  the  rainy  season  and 
melting  snow  on  the  mountain  tops  in  the  dry 
period  or  summer  season.  It  might  be  interest- 
ing to  state  one  item  taken  from  the  United 
States  ^^'eather  Bureau  report  to  illustrate  the 
enormous  water  storage  capacity  of  the  Sierras 
that  supply  the  summer  flow  of  the  streams, 
as  follows:  "Snowfall  of  1911  at  8000-foot 
altitude,  near  Tamarack,  in  Alpine  County, 
sixty-five  feet,  six  inches." 

SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY  DISTRICT 

THE  San  Joaquin  Valley  district  is 
bounded  on  three  sides  by  high  moun- 
tains;  on  the  west  by  the  Coast  Range;  on 
the  east  by  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  including  Mt. 
Whitney,  the  highest  in  the  United  States, 
and  on  the  south  by  the  Tehachapi  Moun- 
tains. On  the  north  it  extends  along  the  west 
and  south  banks  of  the  San  Joaquin  River  to 
tidewater  on  Suisun  Bay.  This  gives  it  a 
length  of  over  250  miles  and  a  varying  width 
averaging  probably  thirty-five  or  forty  miles 
of  level  and  rolling  lands.  It  has  an  almost 
constant  gradual  fall  from  400  feet  altitude 
at  the  foot  of  the  Tehachapis  to  the  Suisun 
Bay  level  at  the  north,  which  makes  it  appear 
in  most  places  as  level  as  a  floor. 

The  great  mountain  range  on  the  east  is  the 
big  reservoir  that  supplies  water  for  irrigating 
these  plains.  These  towering  heights  are  cov- 
ered with  perpetual  snow  and  ice  which,  dur- 
ing the  rainless  period  in  the  valley,  partially 
melt  and  supply  the  water  just  when  it  is 
most  needed. 

Not  many  years  ago  this  region  was  famous 
for  its  great  grain  ranches  and  numerous  herds 
of  cattle  and  flocks  of  sheep.  At  present  it 
is  world  renowned  for  its  vineyards  and  or- 
chards, but  it  also  yields  many  other  farm 
products  in  large  quantities,  including  various 
live  stock,  butter,  poultry,  and  eggs.   Soil,  cli- 


mate, and  water  for  irrigation  make  it  possible 
to  raise  almost  anything  that  can  be  produced 
on  a  farm  anywhere. 

In  early  days  the  poultry  industry  expe- 
rienced more  "ups  and  downs"  in  this  section 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  State.  In  many 
spots  the  conditions  for  raising  fowls  was  so 
inviting  that  most  beginners  first  raised  the 
fowls  and  then  looked  about  for  a  market  for 
their  poultry  and  eggs. 

Until  recently  conditions  for  profitably 
marketing  the  product  and  economically  ob- 
taining a  proper  variety  of  feed  were  very 
unfavorable,  particularly  in  the  lower  half  of 
the  district,  but  matters  have  now  greatly 
changed  for  the  better  and  are  improving 
steadily.  This  is  due  to  several  causes ;  the 
local  demand  is  rapidly  increasing;  trans- 
portation facilities  have  vastly  increased,  and 
rates  are  more  reasonable,  beside  the  poultry 
producers  have  fairly  well  organized.  We 
might  add  that  the  Santa  Fe  Railway  system 
also  helps ;  it  has  men  in  the  section  whose 
sole  business  is  to  assist  and  advise  agricul- 
turists who  locate  in  the  territory  served  by 
its  roads. 

Both  the  Southern  Pacific  and  Santa  Fe 
system  main  lines  traverse  the  center  of  this 
district  and  each  has  numerous  branches  and 
loops  serving  all  the  settled  portions. 

The  southern  two-thirds  of  this  section  has 
no  water  routes,  but  a  good  share  of  the 
northern  third  enjoys  excellent  water  service. 
At  times  during  high  water  the  San  Joaquin 
River  is  navigable  as  far  as  Hill's  Ferry,  195 
miles  from  its  mouth,  but  regular  steamer 
traflic  is  maintained  for  only  a  comparatively 
short  distance. 

The  following  extract  from  the  report  of 
the  California  State  Board  of  Agriculture  in- 
dicates that  this  may  soon  be  greatly  improved. 
"The  navigation  of  the  upper  part  of  the  San 
Joaquin  River  is  now  engaging  serious  atten- 
tion bv  those  interested  in  the  development 
of  this  great  valley,  and  a  determined  effort  is 
being  made  to  accomplish  this  great  work,  by 
taking  actual  steps  to  prove  its  feasibility,  and 
to  induce  the  federal  government  to  assist  in 
promoting  the  undertaking  by  making  the  river 


642 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


navigable  as  tar  as  HltiuIdii,  if  necessary  1)_\' 
canal  fur  a  portion  of  the  distance."  When 
this  is  accomplislied  the  writer  would  like  to 
own  a  well  equipped  railway  along  its  banks. 
As  a  carrier  of  high-class  freight  and  passen- 
gers, such  a  road  should  be  a  steady  dividend 
winner. 

However,  the  rail  rates  on  poultry  food  are 
not  excessive.  From  San  Francisco  to  Fresno 
in  the  center  of  the  vallev  the  rate  is  $2.75 
per  ton  and  to  Hakersfield  at  the  upper  end, 
$3.35  per  ton.  From  Los  Angeles  to  Hakers- 
field. $3.20  per  ton.  These  are  the  rates  in  car- 
loads of  fifteen  tons- or  more. 

SACR.A.IVIKN  TO    \A1.1.EV     DISIRRT 

P(_)l'I/rRV  raising  in  the  Sacramento  Val- 
ley has  passed  the  trial  or  experimental 
stage  and  with  all  former  objection  or  excuses 
answered  or  disposed  of  by  successful  poultry- 
men  it  is  now  acknowledged  one  of  the  most 
attractive  and  safe  fields  for  i)oultry  culture. 

For  forty  or  fifty  years  this  section  has  fur- 
nished the  major  portion  of  all  the  turkeys 
consumed  in  California  and  we  never  remem- 
ber hearing  any  statements  as  to  the  climatic 
conditions  adversely  affecting  the  successful 
conduct  of  this  branch  of  the  business  in  any 
part  of  the  valley,  but  with  chickens  it  has 
been  different. 

Up  to  about  ten  years  ago  comparatively 
few  people  in  this  district  raised  chickens, 
pigeons,  or  rabbits.  "The  climate  is  too  hot," 
the  doubters  would  say,  or,  to  be  more  exact, 
they  meant  to  refer  to  the  great  length  of  the 
warm  period  and  natural  lack  of  protection 
from  the  sunshine.  By  way  of  explanation  to 
those  who  are  not  acquainted  with  the  peculi- 
arities of  California  climatic  conditions  w-e 
might  explain  that  the  whole  Sacramento  Val- 
ley is,  strictly  considered  from  an  Eastern 
poultryman's  point  of  view,  a  winterless  dis- 
trict, even  well  up  into  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  the  Coast 
Range.  Other  conditions  and  not  latitude  gov- 
ern the  temperature,  growing  and  ripening 
periods.  For  instance :  It  has  been  correctly 
stated  that  the  varieties  of  vegetables  for  mar- 
ket that  may  be  safely  planted  in  the  open 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  valley  near  Red 


Hlutf  include  for  November  planting  eight 
sorts,  for  December  five,  January  ten,  and  for 
February  eleven  varieties.  As  another  illus- 
tration: ( )n  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific 
railway  near  Summit,  in  Placer  County,  at 
an  elevation  of  7017  feet,  where  nearly  all 
the  natural  ice  is  produced  that  is  consumed 
in  California,  the  annual  snowfall  amounts 
to  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet,  while  at  Rocklin 
in  the  same  county,  on  the  same  railway,  and 
only  twenty-nine  and  one-half  miles  west  of 
Summit  the  lowest  temperature  record  we  can 
find  is  twenty- four  degrees  above  zero.  At  the 
same  time  that  one  lot  of  men  are  cutting 
ice — real  ice — near  Summit,  those  of  another 
neighborhood  around  Rocklin  are  busy  gath- 
ering the  orange  crops  for  market. 

This  is  wandering  somewhat  from  i)oultry 
matters,  but  the  conditions  are  so  peculiar  it 
seems  necessary  because  it  is  this  long  con- 
tinued period  of  warmth,  extremely  short  pe- 
riod of  near  winter  conditions,  and  the  knowl- 
edge that  our  domesticated  fowls  are  jungle  or 
forest  creatures  and  not  natives  of  the  plains 
like  prairie  chickens,  that  created  the  doubt 
as  to  the  successful  conduct  of  poultry  raising 
in  this  valley. 

It  is  true  that  fowls  must  in  the  interior 
valleys  be  furnished  with  abundant  shade, 
fresh  water,  and  every  means  to  keep  com- 
fortable or  they  will  not  be  thrifty  and  profit- 
able. This  is  very  simple  and  inexpensive  so 
far  as  building  construction  is  concerned  and 
for  that  matter  constantly  growing  green  shade 
can  readily,  with  little  eflFort,  be  maintained 
the  year  around. 

In  all  sections  of  the  valley  electric  power 
is  abundant  and  wonderfully  cheap,  therefore 
water  for  irrigation  can  be  obtained  and  eco- 
nomically pumped  owing  to  this  low  cost  of 
energy  and  because  it  is  near  the  surface.  In 
some  parts  it  is  just  under  the  top  soil  or  will 
rise  to  that  level  from  a  depth  of  thirty  or 
forty  feet  following  the  sinking  of  a  well.  In 
many  places  water  can  be  had  from  mountain 
streams  and  also  drawn  or  pumped  from  rivers. 
There  is  no  lack  of  water  in  this  valley  and 
some  seasons  it  has  too  much  of  this  good 
thing.    In  so  far  as  a  constant  growing  and 


POULTRY 


643 


varied  supply  of  green  feed  stuff  is  concerned 
the  Sacramento  \'alley  is  simply  a  paradise 
for  chickens,  but  it  is  up  to  tlie  poultrymen 
to  use  sufficient  forethought  in  planning  to 
supply  the  proper  rotations  of  green  feed  crops 
and  water  to  irrigate  during  the  rainless 
period.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  with 
unlimited  and  varied  green  feed  fowls  pro- 
duce maximum  results  with  only  two-thirds  of 
the  grain,  meat,  and  mill  feed  stuff  they  would 
otherwise  require,  and  furthermore  they  are 
healthier  and  the  flesh  and  eggs  are  of  superior 
quality. 

In  many  respects  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys  are  similar.  They  are  shaped 
and  bounded  very  much  alike  and  their  crops 
and  climatic  conditions  resemble  each  other  to 
a  considerable  degree.  In  transportation,  how- 
ever, the  Sacramento  Valley  enjoys  a  much 
greater  extent  of  water  routes.  This  compari- 
son applies  particularly  to  tlie  portions  of  the 
two  valleys  farthest  removed  from  tidewater. 

"The  water  of  the  Sacramento  River  is  sup- 
plied in  the  winter  season  l)y  rainfall  and  in 
the  summer  season  b\'  melting  snows  in  the 
surrounding  mountain  heights  which  renders 
it  navigable  for  steamers  to  Chico  Landing, 
273  miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  during  the 
entire  year,  and  one  coastwise  shipping  firm 
runs  one  of  its  ocean  steamers  from  coast  ports 
to  Sacramento  city.  The  Sacramento  River, 
when  compared  with  all  navigable  streams  in 
the  United  States,  ranks  fourth  in  tonnage. 

This  is  the  last  grand  division  of  California 
to  cut  its  great  land  holdings  and  invite  set- 
tlers to  undertake  intensive  cultivation  of  spe- 
cial crops  on  smaller  farms. 

Professor  Elwood  Mead  states  as  his 
opinion  that  when  the  complete  utilization  of 
the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers,  for 
both  traffic  and  irrigation,  is  accomplished, 
California  will  possess  the  largest  rural  popu- 
lation of  any  state  in  the  Union. 

Rail  service  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  is 
also  abundant.  The  Southern  Pacific  system 
has  through  main  lines  and  numerous  branches 
on  each  side  of  the  river,  and  tlie  \\'estern 
Pacific  main  transcontinental  line  traverses  the 
eastern  portion.     In  this  section  also  is  to  be 


ft)und  some  of  the  most  modernly  efficient  and 
extensive  electric  railways.  To  describe  them 
as  interurban  lines  would  scarcely  convey  the 
proper  idea.  They  are  real  railway  systems 
operated  by  electric  power  generated  by  the 
melting  snow  in  the  high  mountains  bounding 
the  valley  on  the  east. 

^^'e  have  mentioned  that  this  is  the  State's 
greatest  source  of  supply  for  turkeys.  The 
Sacramento-Stockton  district  and  San  Joaquin 
Valley  also  supply  large  numbers  and  in 
quality  and  size  of  individual  flocks  they  com- 
pare with  those  of  Sacramento  Valley.  In  all 
these  sections  many  flocks  may  be  seen  that 
contain  hundreds  of  birds  in  each  band  and 
some  breeders  own  flocks  of  nearly  2000  tur- 
keys. The  poults  are  given  most  careful  at- 
tention while  small  in  quarters  usually  near  by 
the  owner's  residence,  but  as  soon  as  w'ell 
weaned  they  are  herded  like  sheep  over  the 
plains  and  lowlands  in  search  of  insects,  wild 
seeds,  grasses,  and  waste  grain  lost  in  the 
process  of  harvesting  the  cereal  crops  on  the 
large  ranches. 

For  size  and  beauty  the  ordinary  California 
turkey  is  some  bird  and  exceptional  specimens 
are  wonders.  The  writer  once  owned  a  Mam- 
moth bronze  tom  that  weighed  forty-two 
pounds  ^vhen  only  in  ordinary  condition  ;  has 
seen  one  that  scaled  fifty-six  pounds,  and  has 
read  of  one  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  that 
weighs  sixty  pounds. 

Several  localities  in  the  Sacramento  Valley 
district  have  already  developed  into  important 
and  profitable  poultry  centers  and  find  an  ex- 
cellent local  demand  for  the  product  in  the 
valley  as  well  as  in  San  Francisco,  but  the 
development  has  only  begun. 

The  rail  rates  on  feed  to  the  extreme  north- 
ern end  of  the  valley  beyond  the  water  routes 
are  parallel  with  those  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley. 

SOXOMA-EL  VERAXO-XAPA  DISTRICT 

THE  Sonoma-El  Verano-Napa  district  is 
near  by  and  similar  to  the  Petaluma 
section.  A  good  share  of  this  section  also  en- 
joys the  same  benefits  of  steamer  service  and 
excellent  steam  and  electric  railways. 

Poultry  raising  and  diversified  farming  are 


644 


CALI F( )RXI A'S  MAGAZINE 


rapidly  taking  the  place  of  the  former  large 
ranches.  Good  transportation  facilities  and 
nearness  to  markets  insure  a  steady  and  per- 
manent growth  of  the  industry  in  this  district. 

SAMA   MARlA-ARR(JVO   C.RANUE   DIsrRIcr 

THE  Santa  Maria-Arroyo  Grande  district 
is  a  more  or  less  isolated  section.  I'"reight 
rates  on  feed  from  San  Francisco  are  higher 
than  to  the  extreme  ends  of  the  great  interior 
valleys,  but  notwithstanding  the  disach-antages 
of  remoteness  and  high  rates  of  transportation 
these  poultrymen  are  prosperous  because  they 
are  better  organized  than  any  other  district 
and  exercise  genuine  economy  both  in  buying 
supplies  and  in  selling  the  i)roduct. 

MARTINEZ-CONCORD-WALNUr  CREEK  DISl'RICT 

THE  Martinez-Concord-AValnut  Creek 
district  (San  Ramon  Valley),  is  lo- 
cated near  the  large  cities  on  San  Francisco 
Bay,  but  is  separated  from  them  by  the  Oak- 
land Mountains.  Until  recently  it  required  a 
considerable  roundabout  journey  over  a  branch 
railway  to  get  to  these  markets  from  the 
greater  portion  of  this  section,  but  now  these 
mountains  have  been  tunneled  both  for  vehicle 
traffic  as  well  as  for  the  Oakland,  Antioch 
and  Eastern  Electric  Railway,  which  extends 
from  Oakland  to  Sacramento  and  which  with 
its  branches  serves  practically  all  of  the  San 
Ramon  Valley  and  reduces  the  time  by  rail 
from  hours  to  minutes. 

Naturally  this  section  is  enjoying  a  great 
boom  and  along  with  the  general  improvements 
the  poultry  industry  is  making  a  very  rapid 
growth. 

In  regard  to  transportation,  we  should  state 
that  a  branch  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
railway  extends  the  full  length  of  the  valley 
and  the  Santa  Fe  system's  main  overland  line 
passes  over  the  northern  portion.  Water  trans- 
portation is  also  available  at  Martinez  and 
Antioch. 

NORTHWESTERN    COAST   DISIRK   1 

THE  Northwestern  Coast  district  is  di- 
vided into  several  small  sections,  each 
of  which  is  served  by  small  steamers,  all  of 
which  are  operated  by  lumbering  companies 
excepting  several  lines  running  to  Eureka. 


Most  of  this  coast  district  is  heavily  tim- 
bered and  lumbering  is  the  great  industry. 
Some  poultry  produce  is  sent  to  San  Francisco 
but  a  \ery  large  portion  is  consumed  at  or 
near  the  localities  where  it  is  produced.  The 
oidy  exception  to  this  general  statement  is 
in  regard  to  Eureka  and  vicinity  on  Humboldt 
Bay.  This  thriving  section  is  served  by  several 
regular  coasting  steamship  lines,  and  in  ad- 
dition the  recently  completed  extension  of  the 
Northwestern  Pacific  railway  established 
through  rail  passenger  and  freight  service  from 
San  Francisco  to  Eureka  on  December  1,  1914. 
Additional  smaller  local  railroads  connect 
Eureka  and  Areata  with  the  agricultural  and 
luml)ering  districts  to  the  north  and  east.  This 
is  a  rich  and  prosperous  section  and  ships 
cjuantities  of  j)roduce  to  the  large  city  markets, 
including  butter,  eggs,  and  poultry. 

At  Crescent  City  to  the  north  the  poultry 
business  is  growing,  also  at  Fort  Bragg  to  the 
south.  This  last  named  point  is  now  served 
by  a  railwav  recently  completed  from  Willits, 
a  point  on  the  Northwestern  Pacific  railway 
to  the  port  of  Fort  Bragg. 

NORTHEASTERN     MOUNTAIN     DISTRICT 

THE  Northeastern  Mountain  District,  al- 
though settled  before  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California,  has  until  recently  been 
almost  completely  isolated,  but  is  now  rapidly 
developing  along  agricultural  lines  owing  to 
the  markets  afforded  by  the  railroads  which 
have  recently  been  extended  into  that  part  of 
the  State. 

Many  years  ago  we  were  told  by  miners  and 
cattle  ranchers  that  fowls  thrive  wonderfully 
in  this  section.  An  acquaintance,  who  oper- 
ated a  mine  in  Lassen  County,  once  stated 
that  in  those  parts  it  was  a  common  saying 
that  no  one  ever  heard  of  a  hen  dying  a  natural 
death  in  that  neighborhood.  A  peculiar  local 
custom  of  that  period  was  also  out  of  the  or- 
dinary. The  price  of  eggs  was  universally 
50  cents  per  dozen  at  any  and  all  times  of 
the  year  and  chickens  changed  hands  at  25 
cents  each  regardless  of  the  season  or  size, 
weight,  age  or  condition  of  the  fowl. 

At  some  future  time  this  section  will  doubt- 
less be  a  great  poultry  district. 


POULTRY 


645 


KASiERX    MOUNTAIN   DISTRICT 

THE  Eastern  Mountain  District  is  spotted 
here  and  there  with  isolated  poultry 
farms  and  also  boasts  of  a  few  poultry  centers 
varying  greatly  in  size,  two  or  three  of  which 
are  rapidly  becoming  commercially  important. 
The  product  of  these  poultry  raisers  finds 
a  market  almost  entirely  in  neighboring  mining 
camps  and  usually  they  realize  prices  greatly 
in  excess  of  those  prevailing  in  the  valleys 
and  cities. 

Some  of  these  isolated  poultrymen  are  the 
most    independent   and   contented   individuals 


imaginable,  Avho  would  not  exchange  their 
little  poultry  outfits  and  the  enjoyments  and 
healthful  vigor  that  are  inseparable  from  this 
mountain  life,  for  a  kingdom. 

It  is  in  this  region  that  Bret  Harte,  Mark 
Twain  and  other  noted  writers  absorbed  their 
initial  inspiration,  and  it  is  possible  that  there 
are  still  to  be  found  in  this  section  old  people, 
now  engaged  in  poultry  keeping,  who  knew 
these  famous  men  as  neighbors  when  they 
were  residents  of  these  same  mountains  in 
their  early  years. 


'ilMOll    ci^-s    jncparcd    lor    sliipiiirnt 


Possibilities  of  Poultry  Industry 


THE  following  questions,  which  we  have 
endeavored,  with  the  assistance  of 
others,  to  answer  briefly  and  to  the  point,  are 
frequently  asked  by  intending  settlers  from 
points  outside  of  the  State,  and  we  trust  they 
may  interest  readers  of  this  work. 

HAS   THE   CALIFORNIA    POULTRY   INDUSTRY 
GREAT   OPPORTUNITIES? 

As  Stated  on  another  page,  "we  believe  that 
California  oifers  a  wider  and  more  inviting 
field  for  future  development  in  this  branch 
of  agriculture  than  any  other  State  of  the 
Union." 

This  State  has  never  produced  sufficient 
poultry  and  eggs  to  supply  the  demand,  and 
still  resorts  to  shipments  from  other  sections 
of  the  country  to  make  up  the  deficiency. 

The  tendency  of  our  agriculturists  to  spe- 
cialize on  one  crop  assists  the  poultry  producer 


everywhere  in  the  State  to  find  an  excellent 
market  for  a  good  share  of  his  choicest  fowls 
and  eggs  in  his  own  neighborhood,  and  the 
large  growing  cities  will  always  take  this 
grade  produce  at  top  prices,  and  any  seconds 
or  left  over  stock  at  a  somewhat  less  but  still 
profitable  figure. 

ARE   CALIFORNIA   POULTRYMEN   ENTERPRISING? 

Yes.  The  building  up  of  the  great  Peta- 
luma  poultry  district  in  a  few  years  is  one 
example. 

In  California  many  more  incubators  and 
brooders  are  used  in  ])roportion  to  the  number 
of  fowls  produced  than  in  any  other  part  of 
the  country  and  more  commercial  hatcheries 
are  in  operation  here. 

At  present  there  is  comparatively  more  co- 
operative effort  made  in  this  State  than  else- 
where. 


646 


CALIFORNIA'S  AIAGAZIXE 


l'oulll\     jAluwiii;^    undrr     ideal     ii  nul  1 1  i«iii 


In  regard  to  poultry  shows :  Usually  the 
attractions  at  poultry  exhibitions  are  limited  to 
the  display  of  beautiful  fowls  and  fancy 
feathers,  which  is  highly  comiaiendable  and 
instructive  as  far  as  it  goes,  but  a  great  number 
of  visitors  to  these  shows  are  disappointed 
owing  to  the  lack  of  instruction  along  the 
lines  of  utility.  California  poultry  breeders 
have  also  demonstrated  they  are  enterprising 
in  the  way  of  shows.  A  practical  effort  to 
assist  our  poultry  raisers  to  creater  a  better 
and  more  profitable  market  for  their  produce 
was  made  at  the  last  annual  exhibit  of  the 
San  Francisco  Poultry.  Pigeon  and  Pet-Stock 
Association.  This  was  the  first  real  effort, 
on  the  part  of  an  American  fanciers'  club,  to 
include  a  properly  arranged  and  extensive 
department  devoted  to  utility  fowls  of  pure 
bred  strains.  These  fowls  were  displayed  in 
large  yards  with  the  floors  covered  with  a 
deep  litter  of  bright,  sweet  straw  in  which 
the  fowls  were  kept  busy  scratching  for  seeds. 
Numerous  feeble  attempts  have  been  made  in 
this  direction,  but  never  before  in  such  a 
thorough  and  extensive  way. 

These  fowls  were  also  ofiicially  judged,  to 
determine  their  capability  for  laying  and  pre- 


potency, under  the  Hogan  system  by  the  origi- 
nator, Walter  Hogan  of  Petaluma.  The 
utility  score  card  of  each  bird  was  displayed 
on  the  yards  and  published  in  the  show  cata- 
logue stating  each  fowl's  capacity  to  produce 
certain  numbers  of  eggs  and  to  endow  its 
progenv  with  its  t)wn  valuable  physical  (]uali- 
fications. 

This  feature  of  the  show  was  not  only  very 
attractive  and  interesting  but  will  result  in 
permanent  practical  benefit  to  the  i)oultry  in- 
dustry of  the  State. 

But  this  was  not  the  only  novel  and  prac- 
tical addition  to  poultry  show  attractions 
inaugurated  1)\-  Mr.  Talbot,  the  secretary  of 
the  association.  The  egg-testing  demonstra- 
tion bv  a  ])rofessional  expert  egg  tester  created 
profound  astonishment  among  the  exhibitors 
and  visitors  and  attracted  the  attention  of  rep- 
resentatives of  the  federal  government. 

By  means  of  a  dark  room  equipped  with  a 
long  l)attery  of  electrically  lighted  testers,  Mr. 
Lindley  displayed  sixty  eggs  all  of  different 
grades  and  value.  He  explained  the  reasons 
for  lack  of  quality  in  some  fresh  eggs  and 
advised  how  to  prevent  deterioration.  It  was 
a   complete   surprise   to    nearly    every   one    to 


POULTRY 


647 


learn  that  absolutely  fresh  eggs  of  the  same 
size,  color  and  weight  often  vary  greatly  in 
quality  and  value.  With  other  classes  of  eggs 
he  illustrated  the  results  of  correct  and  in- 
correct feeding :  the  effects  of  pure  and  foul 
or  alkali  water  and  good  and  bad  condition  of 
storage  eggs  due  to  proper  and  improper 
methods  of  handling  in  cold  storage,  etc. 

It  was  generallv  conceded  that  this  was  the 
most  successful  attempt  ever  made  by  a  poultry 
association  to  afford  visitors  practical  educa- 
tional instruction  and  advice  regarding  the 
production  and  marketing  of  eggs. 

The  exhibitors  were  also  treated  to  a  demon- 
stration of  enterprise  for  their  particular  bene- 
fit. An  expert  and  thoroughly  competent 
breeder  was  employed  by  the  association  to 
promote  sale  for  both  visiting  and  absentee 
exhibitors  for  which  no  fee  was  exacted  from 
either  buyer  or  seller.  It  was  estimated  that 
the  sales  made  here  were  more  than  double 
those  made  at  all  the  fall  shows,  held  on  prior 
dates,  combined,  wdiich  indicates  that  it  w^as 
a  successful  as  well  as  appreciated  innovation. 

WHAT    ADVANTAGES    HAS    CALIFORNIA    IN    PRO- 
DUCTION   OF    POULTRY    FEED? 

In  addition  to  the  advantages  we  have  in 
the  constant  production  of  green  feed,  our 
various  soils  and  climates  enable  us  to  econom- 
ically raise  practically  every  kind  of  grain  and 
seeds  that  make  suitable  feed  for  poultry,  and 


this  affords  an  opportunity  to  supply  them 
with  a  wide  assortment  which  in  itself  is  an 
important  benefit  for  the  reason  that  fowls 
crave  great  variety  and  do  not  produce  maxi- 
mum results  when  fed  only  one  or  two  sorts 
of  grains,  no  matter  how  wholesome  or  nour- 
ishing they  may  be. 

We  can  also  cheaply  produce  pumpkins, 
squashes,  beets,  carrots,  turnips,  etc.,  all  of 
which  are  excellent  feeds  much  relished  by  the 
fowls.  These  in  a  measure  are  in  the  nature 
of  green  feeds,  but  it  is  better  to  consider 
them  as  belonging  in  the  list  of  staples  and 
make  provision  to  also  supply  the  fowls  with 
real  green  feed  such  as  grass,  kale,  lettuce, 
rape,  etc.,  which  can  be  with  a  little  ordinary 
care  and  forethought,  produced  every  month 
in  the  year  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  State. 
^yHA^  advantages  has  California  in 

CLIMATE? 

Taken  as  a  whole  our  climate  is — or  to  be 
more  exact — our  many  climates  are  unusually 
favorable  for  the  economical  housing  and 
feeding  of  fowls.  In  nearly  all  sections  it  is 
mild  and  equable  and  this  enables  us  to 
provide  growing  green  feed  during  the  entire 
year.  We  can  also  produce  almost  anything 
that  is  good  for  fowls  that  can  be  raised  any- 
where else  in  the  world. 

In  housing  we  naturally  can  also  make  a 
saving  because  of  the  mildness  of  climate,  but 


33,000  eggs  ready   for  incubation 


648 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZINE 


it  is  proper  to  state  here  that  if  the  buildings 
are  i)roperly  and  substantially  constructed  our 
saving  in  this  respect  is  not  as  great  as  many 
beginners  are  led  to  believe. 

WHAT  DISADVANTAGES  IN  CLIMATE? 

There  is  only  one  feature  that  might  be 
classed  as  a  disadvantage.  The  long-continued 
period  of  warmth  and  lack  of  cold  weather 
in  all  but  the  high  mountain  section  of  the 
State  is  favorable  for  the  production  of  lice 
and  mites.  These,  however,  may  very  readily 
and  at  a  trifling  cost  be  prevented  or  destroyed 
by  our  modern  methods  of  spraying.  The 
spraying  materials  are  manufactured  chiefly 
from  crude  petroleum  which  we  produce  here 
in  abundance. 

Even  this  possible  disadvantage  is  a  bless- 
ing to  the  careful  and  energetic  poultrymen 
for  the  reason  that  it  tends  to  drive  the  lazy 
and  shiftless  out  of  the  business  and  leaves 
a  wider  field  for  the  thrifty  producer  to 
supply. 

IS    THERE     ANYTHING     PARTICULARLY     UNIQUE 

OR  INTERESTING  IN  REGARD  TO  MARKETING 

POULTRY     PRODUCTS     IN     CALIFORNIA? 

There  is  probably  no  state  other  than  Cali- 
fornia that  produces  a  very  large  part  of  the 
eggs  it  consumes  and  at  the  same  time  depends 
to  such  an  extent  on  shipments  from  other 
parts  of  the  country  for  its  tabic  poultry. 
What  is  the  cause? 

Up  to  very  recently  the  chief  aim  of  nearly 
every  California   poultry  raiser  has  been   the 


l)iti    hand    ol    pullets 

production  of  eggs.  It  is  universally  con- 
sidered far  easier  for  the  beginner  to  learn 
how  to  succeed  with  an  egg  farm  than  with 
a  broiler  plant  or  poultry  farm  intended  to 
produce  chiefly  fowls  for  table  purposes,  and 
it  requires  a  longer  period  to  learn  how  to 
properly  and  economically  produce  and  finish 
choice  table  fowls,  and  what  is  more  impor- 
tant, it  takes  a  little  time  and  some  salesman- 
ship to  establish  a  reputation  and  find  just  the 
right  market.  These  factors  of  course  greatly 
influenced  our  poultrymen  in  a  choice  of  the 
egg  branch  of  the  industry,  but  a  more  potent 
one  swayed  them  in  making  their  decision. 
It  is  this :  We  all  know  that  large  shipments 
of  live  and  frozen  poultry  are  constantly  ar- 
riving in  San  Francisco.  Oakland  and  Los 
Angeles  from  the  Middle  Western  states,  and 
our  poultrymen  imagine  this  supply  entirely 
regulates  the  price  of  California  raised  fowls. 
It  does  greatly  influence  the  price  of  poor  and 
fair  to  middling  stock,  but  has  little  effect 
on  that  of  choice  table  fowls. 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the  produc- 
tion of  poultry  for  table  purposes  can  be  suc- 
cessfully and  profitably  carried  on  in  prac- 
tically every  section  of  California  and  it  is  a 
fact — every  buyer  of  table  poultry  will  indorse 
this  statement — that  it  is  always  difficult  and 
sometimes  impossible  to  obtain  really  choice 
table  poultry  in  the  open  market  in  any  part 
of  the  State. 

It  is  therefore  safe  to  state  that  as  soon  as 


POULTRY 


649 


a  poultry  raiser  makes  it  known  that  he  can 
and  does  produce  extra  choice  fowls  and  can 
also  put  them  in  proper  condition,  his  output 
will  be  engaged  by  some  buyer  for  special 
customers.  His  returns  will  also  be  much 
greater  than  newspaper  quotations.  Such  fowls 
as  these  seldom  pass  through  the  ordinary 
market  channels. 

In  view  of  these  conditions  we  may  assume 
that  these  extensive  shipments  of  Eastern  fowls 
to  California  wall  continue  only  as  long  as  the 
demand  is  not  supplied  with  California  raised 
fowls  of  equal  or  better  quality. 

WHAT  ADVANTAGES  HAS  CALIFORNIA   IN  TRADE 
AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF   POULTRY   PRODUCE? 

The  rapid  subdivision  in  all  parts  of  the 
State  of  the  former  great  ranches  into  small 
farms  and  the  substantial  development  of 
electric  and  steam  railroads  in  addition  to  our 
wonderful  network  of  waterways  all  assist 
to  promote  economical  and  extensive  distribu- 
tion of  our  poultry  produce. 


As  to  Local  0 pportunitics — As  stated  else- 
where the  tendency  of  our  farmers  to  specialize 
on  one  product  and  the  rapid  growth  of  cities 
in  all  sections  create  local  opportunities  every- 
where. 

The  great  increase  in  shipping  brought 
about  by  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal 
creates  a  demand  for  many  more  ship  supplies, 
and  the  poultry  produce  required  by  a  pas- 
senger steamer  particularly  is  an  important, 
item  in  the  steward's  requisition  of  ship's 
stores. 

As  to  Interstate  and  Foreign  Opportunities 
— Until  we  can  produce  sufficient  poultry  and 
eggs  to  supply  our  own  w'ants  there  will  be 
little  or  no  incentive  to  seek  trade  beyond  our 
State  boundaries.  At  times  shipments  of  eggs 
and  frozen  guineas  and  squabs  have  been 
made  from  California  to  New  York  and  other 
Eastern  cities  at  prices  satisfactory  to  the  ship- 
pers, which  indicates  that  we  can  reach  these 
markets  w^hen  we  produce  more  than  is 
sufficient  for  home  use. 


Flock  of  laying  hens  at   Petaluma 


What  California  Is  Doing  to 

Improve  the  Quality  of 

Poultry  Products 

By  Edwin  T.  Lindley 

J itdge  and  0 flhial  Egg  Tester  for  Sail  Francisco  Poultry.  Pigeon,  and 
Pet  Stock  Association 


FOR  some  time  after  improved  methods  of 
grading  and  labeling  poultry  and  eggs  of 
guaranteed  quality  had  been  fairly  well 
adopted  by  poultrymcn  of  the  Eastern  states, 
California  still  continued  to  market  these 
products  by  more  or  less  primitive  methods 
which  usually  resulted  in  each  container  or 
lot  losing  its  identity  immediately  it  reached 
the  general  market  or  under  most  favorable 
conditions  did  not  retain  its  individuality  be- 
yond the  retailer's  counter ;  the  consumer 
seldom  knew  where  or  by  whom  his  purchase 
was  produced  and  consequently  was  unable 
to  reward  a  careful,  conscientious  poultry 
raiser  with  a  repeat  order  for  his  brand  which 
had  proved  satisfactory  because  of  its  supe- 
riority, but  had  to  be  content  with  what  was 
represented  to  be  just  as  good.  This  system 
naturally  tended  to  discourage  the  thorough 
producer  and  in  a  measure  place  a  premium 
on  shiftlessness. 

However,  Avhen  C'alifornians  awake  and 
strive  for  improvement  they  usually  make  a 
sudden  and  vigorous  effort  to  surpass  all  others 
and  there  is  no  exception  to  the  rule  in  this 
matter  of  improved  marketing  methods  of 
poultry  produce. 

In  most  parts  of  the  State  we  now  see 
eggs  in  sealed  containers  of  suitable  size  for 
retail  distribution,  and  a  few  poultrymen  are 
branding  their  choice  table  fowls  with  metal 
leg  bands  which  serve  the  purpose  of  labels. 
As  yet   the  movement   to   establish   these   im- 


proved methods  has  affected  only  a  compara- 
tively small  part  of  the  State's  output,  but 
a  widespread  and  more  strenuous  but  practical 
effort  is  now  being  put  into  the  reformation 
in  California  than  elsewhere. 

In  Southern  California  the  associations  are 
industriously  striving  to  discover  the  most 
feasible  and  economical  method  to  accomplish 
the  desired  result  under  the  conditions  peculiar 
to  that  district ;  for  the  past  year  the  Poultry 
Producers'  Federation  at  Petaluma  has  placed 
its  best  eggs  in  sealed  cartons  and  its  brand 
"Everbest"  is  now  regularly  quoted  in  the 
large  markets  :  numerous  individuals  have  also 
established  their  brands  and  are  reaping  a 
deserved  reward  in  better  net  profits ;  in  many 
of  the  towns  and  smaller  cities  butchers  and 
other  dealers  or  individuals  are  milk  feeding 
or  crate  fattening  fowls  for  local  trade,  while 
all  large  cities  now  have  quite  extensive  plants 
devoted  to  this  branch  of  the  business.  In 
fact  there  is  a  statewide  desire  to  do  something 
to  place  California  in  the  front  rank  as  a 
producer  of  poultry  products  that  can  not  be 
surpassed  anywhere  in  the  world,  but  there 
has  been,  until  the  present,  lack  of  concerted 
action  to  attain  this  end.  It  is  therefore  my 
opinion  that  the  rectifying  revolution  in  the 
marketing  and  identification  of  superior  poul- 
try products  is  just  now  to  be  accomplished 
through  the  activities  of  the  Federated  Poultry 
Association  of  California  as  indicated  by  its 
secretary  in  a  chapter  elsewhere  in  this  pub- 


POULTRY 


651 


lication.  This  society,  which  has  recently 
become  the  most  potent  and  important  factor 
in  the  State's  poultry  matters,  has  worked  per- 
sistently for  over  two  years  investigating  and 
discussing  the  proper  policy  to  adopt  and 
doing  preparatory  work  generally  ;  during  this 
time,   through   being  called   into   consultation 


by  the  investigating  committee  a  number  of 
times,  I  came  to  fully  understand  its  aims  and 
possibilities  and  can  realize  what  results  are 
soon  to  come  from  such  practical  co-operation 
by  all  classes  of  people  who  are  interested  in 
poultry  production  in  every  part  of  the  State 
of  California. 


Turkeys  in  California 


CALIFORNIA  stands  near  the  top  of  the 
list  of  states  as  a  producer  of  turkeys 
when  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  num- 
bers, and  when  it  comes  to  size  and  quality 
this  State  also  heads  the  list. 

It  is  customary  to  state  that  more  than 
500.000  turkeys  are  raised  in  this  State  an- 
nually. It  is,  however,  impossible  to  deter- 
mine exactly  how  many  are  produced  because 
a  large  quantity,  how  many  there  is  no  means 
of  telling,  are  consumed  at  or  near  the  point 
of  production,  and  many  other  shipments  to 
the  large  cities  are  sent  direct  from  the  pro- 
ducer to  the  consumer,  thus  rendering  the 
market  report  of  arrivals  verv  incomplete.  It 
is  safe  to  say.  however,  that  the  number  pro- 
duced is  nearer  750,000  per  year.  This 
estimate  is  based  to  a  certain  extent  on  the 
report  of  market  receipts  of  the  Thanksgiving 
and  Christmas  holidays,  but  more  particularly 
on  the  neighborhood  reports — usuallv  the  esti- 
mate of  one  breeder  in  a  turkev  raising  localitv 
— that  it  has  been  possible  to  obtain.  These 
reports  indicate  that  probably  twenty  of  the 
turkey  raisers  having  the  largest  tiocks  in  the 
State  hatch  each  spring  an  average  of  2500 
poults;  forty-five  or  fifty  hatch  from  1000  to 
1500;  eight  hundred  or  a  thousand  who  con- 
sider themselves  in  the  work  of  turkey  raising 
as  a  business,  produce  lesser  quantities ;  while 
many  thousands  who  as  a  side  line  or  for  home 
use  raise  from  a  very  few  to  flocks  of  fifty  or 
one  hundred  birds. 

The  turkey  is  a  native  of  America  and  was 
a  domesticated  fowl  in  Mexico  from  earliest 
history.  There  is  no  reliable  evidence'  extant 
as  to  w^hen  turkevs  were  first  raised  in  Cali- 


fornia in  captivity,  but  in  all  probability  they 
were  brought  here  at  the  time  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  first  missions,  being  imported 
from  Mexico. 

From  records  obtainable  it  is  ascertained 
that  turkeys  were  first  raised  in  very  large 
flocks  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  which  section 
still  supplies  a  larger  number  of  birds  than 
any  other  portion  of  the  State.  However,  the 
San  Joaquin  and  Imperial  valleys,  as  well  as 
practically  every  section  of  the  State,  also 
supply  large  quantities  of  turkeys  in  every 
way  equal  to  those  produced  in  the  northern 
valley.  The  Sacramento  Valley  also  seems  to 
mature  the  birds,  on  an  average,  a  little  earlier 
than  the  other  sections,  and  usually  markets  its 
crop  just  before  Thanksgiving.  Except 
during  an  occasional  backward  season  when 
many  breeders  hold  the  birds  a  little  longer 
and  send  them  to  market  about  Christmas 
time,  a  special  turkey  train  starts  at  Tehama 
four  days  before  Thanksgiving  and  runs  on 
the  west  side  of  the  valley  to  San  Francisco, 
picking  up  the  shipments  from  the  various 
stations. 

The  bronze  variety  of  turkey  is  most  popular 
because  it  has  proved  to  be  the  best  ranger, 
and  nearly  all  California  turkevs  are  grown 
on  large  ranges.  The  baby  turkeys  are 
usually  hatched  and  brooded  h\  hen  turkeys, 
but  some  brooders  use  chickens  and  others 
resort  to  incubators  and  brooders.  It  has  been 
demonstrated  that  the  birds  hatched  and  moth- 
ered by  the  turkey  hens  are  better  rangers  and 
hunters,  and  as  nearly  all  flocks  are  sent  out 
on  range  after  they  are  about  two  months 
old.  this  method  is  considered  best.     The  hens 


652 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


are  set  and  the  youngsters  fed  and  cared  for 
in  more  or  less  restricted  (luarters.  but  wlien 
once  turned  out  to  liunt  their  own  li\inu  they 
are  herded  in  large  bands,  sometimes  several 
thousand  in  one  lot  and  often  the  property  of 
several  neighbors,  each  breeder's  birds  being 
marked  to  distinguish  ownershij).  Hugs, 
worms,  grasshoppers  and  other  insects  form 
a  large  part  of  the  food  consumed  until  after 
harvest,  wlien  the  birds  are  herded  over  the 
grain  fields  to  jtick  up  the  kernels  tliat  are 
lost  in  gathering  the  crop.  I'suallv  there  is 
a  second  crop  of  'hoppers  about  tliis  time 
wliicli  su[)plies  the  necessary  variation  in  food. 
In  the  west  side  of  the  San  Joacjuin  Valley,  the 
grasshoppers  are  often  trapped  and  dried  for 
use  at  times  when  'hoppers  are  naturally  scarce. 
In  1912  an  improved  'hopper  trap  was  intro- 
duced in  that  district.  This  trap  is  driven  over 
the  immature  grain  or  alfalfa  field  in  tlie 
same  maimer  as  a  mowing  machine ;  the 
'hoppers    jump    into    it    and    are   immediately 


crushed  b\-  hirge  steel  rollers.  From  lime  lo 
time,  as  the  great  \-alleys  of  California  have 
become  more  closely  settled,  manv  breeders 
have  jiredicti'd  that  the  production  of  turkeys 
in  large  flocks  would  \-erv  soon  be  discon- 
tiiuied.  ()n  the  contrary,  however,  the  num- 
ber of  large  bands  is  growing  instead  of 
(h'minisliing,  and  it  is  a  reasonable  predic- 
tion that  they  will  contiiuie  to  increase,  for 
the  reason  that  manv  portions  of  the  foothills 
of  the  mountain  ranges  tliat  are  not  adapted 
to  general  agriculture  j)rt)ve  ideal  as  turkey 
ranges,  better  in  some  respects  than  the  valleys. 
The  only  disadvantage  is  that  a  few  days  of 
extra  grain  feeding  are  necessary  to  finish 
the  birds  for  market.  Even  this  need  not  l)e 
an  extra  expense  to  a  careful  and  practical 
feeder,  because  the  turkeys  properly  fed  with 
a  selected  variety  of  grain  are  superior  in 
table  qualities  to  those  which  pick  up  on  the 
range  only  one  sort  of  grain  that  has  been 
lost  in  harvesting. 


Guinea  Fowls 

By  Wm.  A.  French 

Director  San  Joaqidn   County  Poultry  Association 

GUINEA    fowds    have    been    quite    exten-  The   eggs   require   four   weeks   to   incubate, 

sively  raised  in  California  for  many  A  chicken  hen  is  a  good  mother  for  them,  but 
years,  but  almost  always  in  small  or  moderate  she  should  have  two  or  three  of  her  own 
sized  flocks.  I  have  bred  them  here  for  thirty 
years  and  have  found  them  one  of  the  most 
profitable  of  domestic  birds.  In  this  State 
we  have  two  varieties — the  white  African  and 
the  Pearl,  or  polka  dot. 

Guinea  fowls  are  excellent  for  food  because 
they  are  small  of  bone  and  have  a  full  round 
breast  like  a  quail,  while  the  flesh  has  a 
gamey  flavor.  As  wild  game  is  becoming  more 
scarce  each  year  guineas  are  daily  becoming 


chickens  with  the  brood  to  help  the  baby 
guineas  to  understand  her  call  and  to  teach 
them  to  eat.  The  young  guineas  are  quite 
easy  to  raise  if  kept  from  getting  chilled 
while  young.  They  should  be  kept  out  of  the 
wet  grass  while  the  dew  is  on.  They  like  to 
ramble  like  young  turkeys  for  bugs  and  seeds. 
Feed  them  small  grain  and  mixed  seeds  with 
lean  meat  while  very  young,  and  as  soon  as 
thev  get  to  rambling  they  will  take  care  of 
themselves.  When  they  begin  to  feather  they 
more  popular  for  table  purposes,  consequently  ^^.ju  j.,,,^^^  naturally.  They  never  forget  their 
a  number  of  sheep  and  cattle  raisers  are  tak-  motlier,  whether  it  be  a  guinea  or  a  hen, 
ing  up  the  raising  of  these  birds  in  large  sometimes  following  a  chicken  hen  wdien  full 
flocks.  On  the  ranges  and  in  the  wild  coun-  grown.  Of  tlie  two  varieties  of  the  guinea 
try  the  guineas  thrive  and  do  not  fall  a  prey  fowl  the  white  African  is  much  more  docile, 
to   the   covotes   as  do    other   domestic    fowls.      but  in  other  respects  their  habits  are  similar. 


POULTRY 


653 


Rhode  Island  Reds 


By  William  J.  Fox 

Member  Sail  Mateo  PoiiUr\  Association 


THE    poultry    in- 
dustry has  grown 


in  importance  and  the 
demand  for  standard 
bred  stock  has,  within 
the  past  few  years,  in- 
creased very  rapidly  in 
California,  due  in  a 
great  extent  to  the  fact 
that  large  tracts  of 
lands  are  being  divided 
into  small  farms  and 
consequent  influx  of 
settlers  from  the  East- 
ern states  who  are  more 
or  less  all  interested  in 
poultry. 

Among  the  various  breeds  that  are  raised 
with  profit,  the  Rhode  Island  Reds,  owing  to 
the  many  excellent  qualities  they  possess,  have 
4Decome  great  favorites  with  the  large  breeders 
as  well  as  the  back-yard  fancier  who  desires 
a  fowl  to  fill  all  requirements. 

As  winter  layers  at  a  time  when  eggs  com- 
mand a  high  price  they  are  unexcelled,  are 
extremely   vigorous    and   easilv    raised    in    all 


Rhode  Islands   Reds 


climates  and  at  an  early  age  are  suitable  to 
market  as  broilers,  their  clean  yellow  legs  and 
flesh  making  them  much  sought  after  for  table 
use.  They  are  good  foragers  when  alloAved 
to  roam,  and  at  the  same  time  thrive  in  con- 
finement. 

For  the  fancier  or  sportsman  who  delights 
in  testing  his  ability  in  producing  specimens 
able   to   win    in   keen   competition   at   the   nu- 


"Just   Hatched" 


654 


CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


merous  exhibitions,  he  will  find   in  the  Reds  Owing  to  these  qualifications  we  think  Rhode 

a  bird  whose  beautiful,  brilliant  jilumage  and  Island    Reds  will   soon   be   one   of   the  most 

attractive  type   will  be  worthy  of   liis  eft'orts  ])oi)ular  and  extensively  l)red  varieties  in  Cali- 

and  a  iiroduct  of  wliicli  lie  niav  well  be  jifdud.  fdrnia. 


Single  Comb  White  Leghorns 

By  Harry  Mortensen 

Sluthiit  J)irisio/i.  Ai^^rictill tiral  luiucatioii .  i'lUTi-rsitx  of  Calif oniia 


WllK'll  is  tlie  most  extensi\elv  bred 
\ariety  of  fowls  in  ("alifornia  and  wliat 
are  the  reasons  for  this  ^reat  popularity? 

It  is  the  single  comb  White  Leghorn,  the 
"commercial  egg  nuicliine." 

The  writer  has  bred  these  fowls  for  ten 
years  here  in  California  and  continues  to  do 
so  because  they  ])ossess  the  following  (juali- 
fications :  They  lay  a  white  egg.  which  is 
in  greatest  demand  in  the  Pacific  Coast ;  they 
are  the  smallest  eaters  of  any  variety  that 
produces  white  eggs ;  in  this  modern  age  we 
are  not  content  to  wait  until  biddy  wants  to 
sit,  but  we  use  an  incubator  and  set  it  \vhcn- 
ever  wg  please  :  the  Leghorns  are  entirely  in 
accord    with    the    times    by    being   practically 


non-setters,  and  should  Hiddy  White  Leghorn 
show  an\-  inclination  to  incubate  she  can  be 
locked  up  for  only  a  short  time  to  get  over  it, 
and  wants  to  lay  again. 

The  several  varieties  of  Leghorns  are  similar 
when  it  comes  to  habits  and  laying  capacity, 
but  as  the  whites  are  more  extensively  raised, 
tliey  are  easier  to  obtain. 

All  hatcheries  sell  ^\'hite  Leghorn  chicks 
cheaper  than  any  other  variety. 

In  short.  I  believe  the  White  Leghorn  fowl 
is  the  most  profitable  breed  for  this  State 
because  it  produces  large  white  eggs  at  a 
minimum  cost  and  put  the  balance  on  the  right 
side  of  the  book  with  the  least  labor  and 
trouble  to  the  poultry  breeder. 


Houdans 

By  Fred  L.  Hall 

Mriiihi'r  .llaiiu'ila  Coiiiitx  Foiiltrx  Associaticii 

TllLRl'^  is  only  one  good  reason  why  the  are  wishing  for.     Notwithstanding  these  more 

famous  French  fowl — the  Houdan — has  ox  less   groundless  objections,   Houdans  have 

not  been  more  extensively  reared  in  California.  been  raised  in  all  parts  of  California  for  many 

It  is  that  the  j)ul)lic  has  been  led  to  believe  years  and  are  growing  more  and  more  in  pop- 


that  the  crest  is  objectionable.  It  is  claimed 
that  on  the  coast  it  has  the  tendency  to  gather 
fog;  in  the  interior  counties  that  it  offers  a 
favorable  location  for  vermin,  and  in  the  hill 
and  mountain  sections  that  it  makes  them 
liable  to  be  taken  by  hawks  and  other  enemies. 
If  some  capable  breeder  would  breed  off 
the  crest  and  create  what  might  be  called  a 


ularity  owing  to  their  unsurpassed  table 
qualities. 

All  \vell  conditioned  specimens  of  this  breed 
meet  with  immediate  sale  at  the  very  highest 
market  price  the  moment  they  are  exposed  for 
sale  by  market  men. 

As  liberal  layers  of  large  and  most  attractive 
wdiite  eggs  they  can  not  be  excelled  by  any 


"Calhoudan,"  such  a  variety  would  meet  with  other  breed  that  produces  a  good  proportion 
instant  and  tremendous  demand.  It  is  just  of  eggs  in  winter.  Whon  properly  bred,  they 
such  a  fowl  the  ])oultry  ranchers  of  this  State      are  absolutely  non-setters. 


POULTRY 


655 


Orpingtons 

By  E.  J.  Talbott 

Secretary  Fidcratcd  Poultry  Association   of  California.  Mc/n/>cr  of  Executive  Com- 
mittee, San  Mateo  Poultry  Association ;  Secretary  San  Francisco 
Poultry,  Pigeon,  and  Pet  Stock  Association 


THE  Orpington  was  originated  by  cross- 
ing several  different  varieties  of  fowls, 
and  like  all  crosses,  possesses  exceptional  vigor. 
They  come  in  the  following  colors :  Black, 
buff,  white,  blue,  red,  jubilee,  partridge, 
barred  and  cuckoo.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  breeds  in  all  English-speaking  coun- 
tries on  account  of  the  undisputed  merit  and 
unusual  attraction  in  the  show  room  of  the 
varieties  it  includes. 

No  variety  surpasses  and  few  equal  the 
Orpingtons  in  beauty  and  symmetry,  and  no 
other  fowl  possesses  the  distinctiveness  of 
type.  Since  they  possess  such  beauty  and 
come  in  such  a  wide  variety  of  colors — more 
than  any  other  breed — every  possible  taste  of 
the  fancier  or  breeder  may  be  satisfied  by  them. 

In  disposition  they  are  verv  quiet  and  do- 
cile ;  in  size  as  large  as  any  fowl ;  in  growth 
as  rapid  and  as  hardy  as  any,  and  in  the  pro- 
duction  of  eggs   they  equal   anv   large   breed 


and  are  as  profitable  as  the  Mediterranean 
breeds,  for  they  will  lay  nearly  as  many  eggs 
and  can  be  made  to  lay  a  very  large  portion 
of  them  in  winter  when  eggs  are  most  needed. 
The  flesh  of  the  Orpington,  for  fineness  of 
grain,  tenderness  and  sweetness  of  flavor,  is 
unexcelled ;  the  cost  of  rearing  this  large  fowl 
is  no  greater  than  the  cost  of  raising  Mediter- 
ranean, because  the  smaller  breeds  exercise 
more  and  consume  more  energy.  Extra  good 
specimens  of  Orpingtons  sell  for  as  much  as 
a  horse  or  cow. 

For  persons  having  small  lots,  where  the 
range  is  limited,  I  believe  the  Orpington  is 
the  best  breed  to  keep,  and  where  the  pro- 
duction of  table  fowl  is  required,  the  Orping- 
ton can  not  be  excelled,  while  for  all  purposes 
it  has  no  superiors  and  few  equals.  These 
excellent  qualifications  are  responsible  for  the 
present  great  and  increasing  popularity  of  the 
Orpington  in  California. 


Black  Leghorns 

By  Samuel  Adams  Wells 

Ex-President  California  Leghorn  Club 


T  HAVE  been  asked  to  state  one  variety  of 
-■-  fowls  I  consider  superior  to  the  White 
Leghorns  now  so  popular  and  universally  bred 
in  California,  and  to  give  mv  reasons  for  same. 
In  my  opinion  the  Black  Leghorn  will  soon 
be  extensively  bred  in  this  State  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  generally.  They  lay  beautiful, 
smooth,  white  eggs,  fully  as  attractive  as  a 
Minorca  egg,  and  in  size  they  will  average 
larger  than  those  produced  by  White  Leghorns. 
They  are  hardier,  go  through  the  molt  with 
less   serious   effects,   because  they   are  not  so 


much  inclined  to  "go  back  on  their  feed" 
or  get  "stalled"  during  this  process  of  feather 
building,  and  for  this  reason  will  lay  more  eggs 
in  the  fall  when  eggs  are  at  the  highest  price. 
There  is  no  reason  why  the  blacks  should  lay 
less  eggs  during  the  year  than  the  white 
variety,  but  with  the  power  to  produce  more 
eggs  during  the  fall,  they  might  be  even  more 
profitable  than  an  equal  number  of  White 
Leghorns,  which  produced  more  eggs,  most  of 
which  were  obtained  at  the  period  of  low 
prices. 


656 


CALIFORNIA'S  IMAGAZINE 


Campines 

By  A.  E.  Sinclair 


Mi'iiihcr  A iiicrican  Cainf^iiw  Cliih 


I  II. WE  been  asked  for  nu'  oiiinion  of  Cam- 
pines  and  their  ijualities  as  compared  to 
the  present  poultry  autocrats  of  California — 
the  Leghorns. 

The  Campine  is  of  Belgian  origin,  coming 
from  the  Belgian  Braekel.  and  were  first  found 
on  the  plains  of  La  Campine.  For  some  time 
the\'  have  been  extensively  bred  in  England, 
where  they  are  highly  prized. 

When  allowed  to  roam.  Campines  are  great 
foragers,  which  makes  it  unnecessary  to  pro- 
vide much  other  feed,  and  where  confined 
they  eat  about  two-thirds  as  much  as  Leghorns. 
They  lay  early  in  life  and  produce  nice,  large, 
white   eggs.      They   are   hardy   and   the   eggs 


hatch  well,  though  I  belie\-e  in  a  small  number 
of  females  to  each  male  to  insure  vigor  and 
stamina.  I  have  found  them  steady  layers 
that  distribute  their  egg  production  practically 
throughout  the  entire  year,  and  are  rarelv 
broody. 

They  are  very  beautiful,  make  great  pets, 
soon  become  acquainted  with  their  keeper, 
and  will  gather  around  him  whenever  he  goes 
among  them. 

To  sum  up  their  valuable  cjualifications : 
They  are  heavy  layers,  economical,  beautiful, 
have  small  bones  and  lots  of  meat,  more  breast 
meat  than  most  any  other  breed.  They  are  a 
good  bird  for  the  beginner. 


Plymouth  Rocks 


By  Ed  Ellis 


Member  Sail  Francisco  Poultry,  Pigeon,  and  Pet  Stock  Association 


T  AM  confident  that  hundreds  of  successful 
-•-  poultry  dealers  in  California  will  support 
me  in  the  assertion  that  the  Plymouth  Rock 
is  unsurpassed  as  a  satisfactory  general  pur- 
pose fowl  for  this  State.  I  have  been  en- 
gaged in  popularizing  the  breed  in  California 
for  more  than  a  quarter  century  with  perhaps 
a  trifle  of  sentimental  pride  in  the  work,  inas- 
much as  I  was  raised  near  the  original  Ply- 
mouth Rock. 

The  Plymouth  Rock  fowls  are  noted  for 
their  ability  to  quickly  and  cheaply  take  on 
flesh  and  fat  on  feed  and  under  conditions 
that  w^ould  not  similarly  affect  many  other 
breeds,  and  for  this  reason  they  produce  meat 


at  a  minimum  cost.  However,  this  tendency 
to  flesh  up  necessitates  some  judgment  in 
feeding  when  the  object  is  to  obtain  good 
quantities  of  eggs.  If  reasonable  care  is  used 
in  selecting  egg-forming  food,  if  the  birds  are 
given  green  stuff,  and  are  made  to  exercise 
in  litter,  scratching  for  their  grain,  they  will 
hold  their  own  with  any  breed,  particularly 
for  winter  laying. 

Plymouth  Rocks  are  gentle,  make  good 
mothers,  and  can  be  confined  by  a  low  fence. 
They  are  bred  in  several  colors,  but  the  white 
and  barred  varieties  are  most  extensively 
raised  in  California.  For  eating  purposes  they 
are  without  a  superior. 


POULTRY 


657 


Sicilian  Buttercups 

By  W.  S.  Woodhams 

Member  Executive  Committee,  San  Mateo  Poultry  Association 


BUTTERCUPS  lay  many  large  white  eggs, 
are  prime  table  fowls  of  moderate  size 
and  beautiful  to  look  at.  are  rapidly  winning 
their  way  in  the  favor  of  our  poultry  raisers. 

This  variety  of  fowl  originated  in  the  island 
of  Sicily,  therefore  belonging  to  the  Medi- 
terranean class,  were  first  imported  to  the 
United  States  some  fifty  years  ago ;  they  were 
much  prized  by  those  then  handling  them,  but 
not  getting  into  the  hands  of  fanciers  until 
recently  were  not  pushed  to  the  front  as  they 
deserved.  Now  the  American  Buttercup  Club 
has  a  membership  of  about  six  hundred  active 
lovers  of  this  lovable  breed. 

In  size  they  appear  to  be  the  same  as  the 
White  Leghorn,  but  on  account  of  having  a 
full  and  rounded  breast  and  a  general  plump- 
ness they  weigh  at  maturity  at  least  a  pound 
more,  and  having  some  of  the  game  flavor 
make  a  much  appreciated  table  fowl.  On  the 
block  they  appear  well  and  find  a  ready  sale. 

Li  egg  production  the  writer  finds  by  com- 
parison  in    his   own    yard   that    they   are   the 


equal  of,  if  not  better  than,  the  justly  famed 
White  Leghorns,  and  with  proper  care  and 
attention  are  practically  all  the  year  round 
layers,  producing  a  very  satisfactory  number  of 
eggs  when  the  prices  are  at  the  highest  point. 

Buttercups  are  also  winning  favor  with 
the  fanciers  as  they  are  very  gentle  and  easy 
to  handle,  and  with  their  distinctive  cup 
shaped  combs  and  feather  color  and  markings 
make  a  striking  and  beautiful  appearance  in 
the  show  room. 

Buttercups  make  one  of  the  most  profitable 
fowls  for  the  farm,  as  they  lay  well,  weigh 
well,  and  while  gentle  and  tame,  when  allowed 
free  range  are  great  foragers,  and  will  make 
a  good  living  and  pay  well  for  themselves 
where  the  large  and  heavy  breeds  Avould  fail  to 
pay  at  all. 

The  color  scheme  of  these  birds  is  not  alone 
interesting  but  beautiful ;  to  describe  it  would 
make  this  article  too  long,  but  as  they  are 
now  shown  at  nearly  all  the  poultry  shows 
any  interested  person  can  see  them  there. 


Langshans 

By  George  Lohr 

Sales  Mauasrer  San  Francisco  Poultry  S/wu' 


I  AM  glad  to  have  an  opportunity  to  say  a 
good  word  for  the  sturdy  and  profitable 
Langshan  fowl.  This  vigorous  and  docile 
breed  has  been  neglected  of  late  years,  but  is 
rapidly  coming  back  into  favor  among  those 
people  who  require  an  all-round  general  pur- 
pose fowl  that  supplies  a  large,  well-formed 
roasting  bird  and  a  good  percentage  of  large, 
rich  eggs  in  winter. 

If  inquiry  is  made  among  breeders,  who 
formerly  raised  Langshans,  they  will  be  found 
full  of  praise  for  their  old  favorites,  and 
almost  every  one  will  give  the  same  reason  for 


giving  them  up.  In  former  years  there  was 
great  prejudice  among  consumers  against  fowls 
that  did  not  have  a  yellow  skin.  Now  white 
meated  fowls  like  Langshans  are  demanded 
by  particular  buyers.  Formerly  birds  with 
feathers  on  the  shanks  were  hard  to  sell,  while 
todav  it  is  the  fowl  ready  for  the  oven  that 
is  criticised.  Ten  years  ago  brown  eggs  were 
almost  universally  despised,  while  today  the 
poultrvmen  who  supply  family  trade  direct  or 
through  dealers  who  take  pains  to  seek  cus- 
tomers who  appreciate  real  quality,  can  sell 
his  Langshan  eggs  at  a  handsome  premium. 


Federated  Poultry  Association 

of  California 


By  E.  J.  Talbott 

Sfcrctarx  of  Association 


THE  great  poultry  industry  of  the  State 
of  California  is  represented  by  the  Fed- 
erated Poultry  Association  of  California.  This 
is  a  welfare  co-operative  association  composed 
of  most  of  the  individual  producers  and  local 
associations  throughout  the  State,  and  the 
offices  of  the  association  are  located  perma- 
nently in  San  Francisco.  Now  that  the  poultry 
interests  of  the  State  are  firmly  consolidated 
and  solidified,  the  great  work  of  this  organiza- 
tion has  only  just  begun. 

In  1912  a  number  of  representative  poultry 
breeders  of  the  State,  in  keeping  with  the 
spirit  and  progress  of  the  times,  got  together 
and  decided  that  some  system  of  co-operation 
among  the  poultry  people  should  be  estab- 
lished. They  appointed  committees  to  investi- 
gate conditions,  gather  statistics  and  interview 
the  producers.  The  committees  after  much 
labor  brought  many  of  the  prominent  poultry 
producers  of  the  State  together  and  after  care- 
ful investigation  and  consideration  the  Fed- 
erated Poultry  Association  of  California  was 
organized.  In  a  short  time  it  has  become  the 
central  organization  of  the  poultry  interests  of 
the  State  and  is  supported  by  nearly  every 
breeder,  producer  and  local  association  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  chief  object  and  purpose  of  this  asso- 
ciation is,  first,  to  aid  in  every  possible  way  the 
producer  of  poultry,  and,  second,  to  aid  the 
consumer.  This  can  be  accomplished  in  num- 
berless ways.  The  first  great  evil  to  remedy 
in  this  industry  is  waste. 

The  poultry  products  in  California  amount 
to  more  than  $18,000,000  a  year  and.  but  for 
the  waste  which  amounts  to  more  than 
$7,000,000  annually,  would  reach  the  sum  of 


$25,000,000  or  more.  The  association,  by 
procuring  co-operation  among  the  producers, 
eliminating  duplicate  shipments,  obtaining  a 
more  equitable  distribution,  better  shipping 
facilities  and  rates,  proper  supervision  of  cold 
storage,  will  save  immense  sums  of  money 
that  are  now  being  lost. 

By  working  for  the  production  of  better 
poultry  and  eggs,  the  producer  and  consumer 
will  each  be  benefited. 

The  association  has  already  inaugurated  a 
plan  to  educate  the  producers  in  feeding  and 
breeding,  so  that  they  will  produce  a  better 
and  more  desirable  quality  of  poultry  and  eggs, 
under  more   sanitary  conditions. 

\\'liile  this  is  not  a  political  organization, 
the  association  aims  at  all  times  to  secure  all 
needful  legislation  in  aid  of  the  poultry  in- 
dustry and  just  at  the  present  time  is  actively 
engaged  in  procuring  the  passage  of  an  im- 
portant bill,  providing  for  a  State  commis- 
sioner of  poultry,  and  another  for  the  regu- 
lation of  imports. 

EDUCATING  THE  PUBLIC 

Every  means  possible  is  now  being  taken 
by  the  association  to  educate  the  public  to 
demand  and  require  a  better  (juality  of  eggs 
and  poultry  and  the  producer  how  to  improve 
his  output.  The  production  and  sale  of  well- 
bred  stock  is  receiving  careful  attention,  and 
for  that  purpose  the  local  associations  and 
shows  are  given  every  assistance  and  encour- 
agement. 

A  bureau  of  information  and  investigation 
is  maintained  which  is  at  the  service  alike  of 
members,  consumers  and  the  public.  By  bring- 
ing them  all  into  closer  contact,  a  better  under- 
standing  and  greater  sympathy  will  be  estab- 


roL'LTRV 


659 


lishotl.  Hy  furnishing  advice  and  information, 
beginners  and  inexperienced  persons,  especially 
those  of  small  means,  are  being  given  the  right 
start  in  the  poultry  business  and  assisted  in 
making  a  success  instead  of  a  failure,  as  has 
happened  to  so  many  in  the  past. 

The  field  in  California  is  so  large,  the  State 
is  so  extensive,  the  localities  adapted  to  poultry 
raising  are  so  numerous  and  the  number  of 
producers  is  increasing  so  rapidly,  that  this 
association  has  in  a  very  short  time  grown  into 
a  most  important  and  powerful  aid  to  the 
poultry  industrv. 

The  president  of  the  association  is  Mr. 
George  H.  Croley,  one  of  the  pioneer  poultry 
men  of  California.  Mr.  Croley  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  largest  poultry  supply  and  feed 
company  in  the  State.  No  man  has  a  deeper 
insight  into  the  poultry  business  than  has  he, 
and  no  one  has  done  more  for  the  industry 
in  California.  His  whole  life  has  been  devoted 
to  improving  and  bettering  the  conditions  of 
the  producer  of  poultry  and  in  any  movement 
for  public  benefit  his  time  and  energy  have 
been  freely  devoted  without  remuneration  of 
any  sort. 

Mr.  Croley  located  in  San  Francisco  in 
1884  and  at  once  started  a  poultry  journal 
and  opened  a  bureau  of  information  for  poul- 
try raisers  in  connection  with  a  store  for  the 
sale  of  poultry  supplies.  Others,  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  had  for  years  sold  sup- 
plies as  a  side  line  to  other  businesses,  but  his 
was  the  first  exclusive  poultrv  supplv  estab- 
lishment in  America. 

Few  persons  now  living  know  that  all  the 
important  modern  improvements  in  connection 
with  poultry  culture  originated  with  men  in 
California  and  Mr.  Croley  either  directly  or 
indirectly  assisted  in  bringing  them  to  a  suc- 
cessful finish.  Mr.  Stevens  of  San  Francisco 
invented  the  egg  case  and  filler  that  simplified 
the  economical  handling,  distribution  and  stor- 
age of  eggs.  Mr.  Byce  of  Petaluma  originally 
perfected  the  warm  air  system  of  incubation. 

Mr.  Bessey  of  Sunnyvale  first  made  practical 
the  use  of  hot  water  for  operating  incubators. 

Mr.  Fisher  of  Chico  was  first  successful  in 
hatching  eggs  by  electrically  applied  lieat.  and 


also  first  employed  the  system  of  dift"used  venti- 
lation, which  does  away  with  the  necessity  of 
supplying  moisture  directly  to  the  eggs  during 
incubation. 

Mr.  Walter  Hogan  of  Petaluma  completed 
after  coming  to  California  his  system  of  select- 
ing breeding  fowls,  which  is  revolutionizing 
the  methods  of  poultry  breeding. 

Nearly  all  these  things  were  accomplished 
many  years  ago  and  all  were  helped  and  en- 
couraged by  Mr.  Croley  through  the  educa- 
tional and  welfare  bureau  which  for  more  than 
thirty  years  he  has  conducted  in  connection 
with  his  business. 

Probably  the  most  far-reaching  aid  given 
the  poultry  industry  by  Mr.  Croley  was  his 
system  of  feeding  incubator  chicks.  More 
than  twenty-five  years  ago  incubators  were 
considered  to  have  been  practically  perfected, 
but  through  lack  of  proper  knowledge  of 
feeding  the  baby  chicks  and  consequent 
inability  to  raise  them,  the  practice  of  artificial 
incubation  was  about  to  be  abandoned.  Mr. 
Croley  then  devoted  three  years  to  research 
and  experiment  which  resulted  in  his  invention 
of  the  dry  grain  and  seed  method  of  feeding 
infant  chicks  now  in  universal  use — the  article 
now  generally  known  as  commercial  chick 
feed,  and  which  invention  he  gave  to  the 
world.  Few  now  engaged  in  poultrv  culture 
realize  to  what  extent  this  revolutionized  poul- 
try raising  in  foreign  countries  as  well  as  in 
America,  or  how  manv  of  these  foreign  coun- 
tries demonstrated  their  appreciation  of  Mr. 
Croley's  work. 

Diplomas  and  many  letters  of  commendation 
were  received  by  him  from  foreign  agricul- 
tural societies  and  similar  organizations,  as 
well  as  parliamentary  resolutions  of  thanks. 
His  achievements,  together  with  his  high  sense 
of  honor  and  integrity,  have  been  long  appre- 
ciated in  California,  and  when  the  association 
was  organized  he  was  unanimously  called  upon 
to  take  charge  of  it.  He  responded  promptly, 
threw  himself  into  the  work  with  his  accus- 
tomed energv  and  enthusiasm,  with  the  result 
that  the  poultry  business  of  this  State  is  now 
to  be  placed  upon  a  basis  superior  to  that  of 
anv  other  State  in  the  Union. 


The  Hogan  System  of 
Selection  of  Fowls 


By  Walter  Hogan 


I  HAVE  been  asked  to  give  a  brief  history 
of  the  discoveries  that  have  resulted  in  my 
system  of  scientific  selection  and  breeding  of 
poidtry  to  obtain  maximum  egg  production 
and  which  now  has  reduced  the  breeding  of 
poultry  for  profit  to  a  business  of  reasonable 
certainty  instead  of  one  in  which  the  element 
of  chance  was  invariably  to  be  reckoned  with. 

The  writer's  introduction  to  poultry  keep- 
ing was  in  Massachusetts  in  185  7.  About 
the  year  1873  I  made  known  my  first  impor- 
tant discovery — the  peh'ic  bone  method  of 
selection — to  Mr.  Albert  Brown,  a  banker  of 
Amesbury,  Mass.,  and  Mr.  O.  H.  Farrar, 
overseer  of  Hamilton  Mills. 

My  friends  early  prophesied  that  my  pen- 
chant for  invention  would  land  me  in  the 
poor  house  in  my  old  age,  owing,  they  said, 
to  my  inventions  and  discoveries  being  a  hun- 
dred years  ahead  of  the  times.  So,  by  some 
occult  inspiration,  I  was  induced  to  abstain 
from  publishing  any  part  of  mv  discoveries 
in  regard  to  poultry  until  1904,  when  old  age 
was  creeping  on  me  and  the  poultry  outlook 
was  more  auspicious.  Then,  bv  advice  of 
ex-United  States  Congressman  Haldor  E. 
Boen,  I  decided  to  publish  only  my  first  dis- 
covery, after  it  had  been  tested  bv  Professor 
Haverstadt,  superintendent  of  the  Minnesota 
State  Experimental  Station. 

The  first  publication  was  in  1904  and  was 
written  by  Mr.  M.  F.  Greeley,  editor  of  the 
Dakota  Farmer,  from  notes  I  gave  him.  He 
included  my  second  discovery  regarding  the 
depth  and  condition  of  the  abdomen,  but  re- 
fused to  make  mention  of  the  skull  tlieory. 
which  has  since  proven  in  California  to  be  the 


most  important  discovery  of  all.  He  stated 
that  any  reference  to  it  would  make  me  the 
laughing  stock  of  the  world. 

However,  my  years  of  costly  research  in  the 
Eastern  states  brought  me  no  financial  reward 
and  little  appreciation,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1906  I  came  to  California,  still  hopeful,  but 
a  physical  and  financial  wreck. 

After  regaining  my  health  in  this  new  Land 
of  Promise,  I  began  to  build  up  a  flock  of 
layers  averaging  more  than  200  eggs  per  year, 
like  those  I  had  previously  owned  in  the 
Eastern  states,  with  the  idea  of  proving  the 
value  of  the  skull  theory  and  its  relation  to 
prepotency.  That  my  system  was  finally  and 
genuinely  appreciated  by  the  public  is  due 
to  a  large  extent  to  Professor  M.  E.  Jaffa  of 
the  University  of  California,  who  was  the 
first  man  in  public  life  in  this  State  to  test 
and  verify  the  value  of  my  system  of  selection. 
At  the  request  of  the  Petaluma  Poultry  Asso- 
ciation he  had  the  system  tested  at  the  Cali- 
fornia Poultry  Experimental  Station  for  four 
years,  thus  demonstrating  its  value  when  ap- 
plied to  hens  during  the  entire  period,  four 
years,  that  is  considered  the  ordinary  life  of 
the  laying  hen. 

After  many  years  of  disappointment  I  now 
feel  that  I  have,  assisted  by  the  beneficial 
climate  of  California  and  the  encouragement 
of  its  people,  finally  been  rewarded;  further, 
that  I  will  yet  have  the  pleasure  of  witnessing 
a  widespread  appreciation  of  the  system  as 
developed  in  California  and  enjoy  the  satis- 
faction to  be  obtained  from  watching  the 
l)eneficial  results  it  will  afford  the  poultry 
breeders  both  here  and  elsewhere. 


Bee  Keeping  in  California 

By  A.  B.  Schaffner 

Manager  Consolidated  Honey  Producers  of  California 


Editor  s  Xofc:  California  bees  have  been  wealth  winners  since  the 
first  colonies  of  improved  strains  were  first  brought  to  this  State  in 
the  '50s.  At  first  their  work  in  the  mountains  with  the  wonderful 
wild  nectar-producing  plants  soon  made  California  famous  in  bee 
keeping  for  its  extent  and  unique  methods  and  in  the  honey  trade  for 
the  unequaled  excellence  of  its  product.  In  later  years  the  bees  in 
wild  places  have  been  rivaled  by  the  bees  on  the  plains.  Mr.  Schaff- 
ner writes  from  close  knowledge  of  all  these  matters. 


PERHAPS  the  most  essential  factor  in  the 
further  development  of  the  honey  pro- 
ducing industry  in  California,  with  its  re- 
sultant extensive  by-production  of  beeswax, 
etc.,  is  not  a  greater  demand,  but  a  greater 
supply;  or,  in  other  words,  more  and  better 
bees,  more  and  better  bee  keepers  and  more 
complete  organization,  along  co-operative 
lines,  for  the  marketing  of  the  products. 

For  the  lack  of  sufficient  bees  to  gather  the 
nectar  from  California's  myriad  blossoms,  it 
is  safe  to  say  that  each  year  a  hundred  times 
the  amount  is  lost  that  is  secured.  Needless 
to  state,  therefore,  the  industry  is  not  as  yet 
overcrowded,  and  is  one  presenting  many  op- 
portunities for  pleasurable,  lucrative  and  in- 
teresting work,  for  which  there  is  a  wide  field, 
extending  over  a  thousand  miles  of  territory 
from  Siskiyou  County  in  the  north  to  Imperial 
in  the  south  and  embracing  every  variety  of 
climate  known  to  the  State. 

According  to  a  well-known  authority  on  the 
subject.  Mr.  John  H.  Martin,  whose  writings 
over  the  nom  de  plume  of  "Rambler"  have 
become  quite  famous  among  bee  men.  Mr. 
John  S.  Harbison  was  the  first  to  successfully 
introduce  bees  into  California,  though  a  few 
hives  were  sent  here  several  years  prior  to 
Harbison's  shipment. 


Twelve  colonies  (or  hives)  were  first 
shipped,  but  only  one  survived  the  long  sea 
voyage,  and  this,  taken  to  San  Jose,  threw  off 
three  swarms  the  first  year.  The  death  of 
the  owner  resulted  in  the  sale  of  the  colonies, 
which  brought  about  $100  each.  The  next 
lot  of  seventy-eight  colonies  was  imported  by 
Mr.  William  Buck.  Of  these  twenty-five  col- 
onies survived. 

During  these  years  it  was  believed  that  bees 
could  not  live  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  but 
Harbison  finally  decided  to  experiment  there 
with  a  single  colony,  the  result  being  that  the 
bees  not  only  lived  but  produced  a  large  quan- 
tity of  honey.  Harbison  then  went  East  and 
prepared  a  shipment  of  sixty-seven  colonies 
of  bees  for  California,  which  he  shipped  by 
way  of  the  Isthmus  to  San  Francisco  and 
thence  up  the  Sacramento  River  to  their  des- 
tination. Only  five  colonies  were  lost  on  this 
trip.  This  was  in  1857.  More  shipm.ents 
were  made  the  following  year  and  from  these 
colonies  has  developed  the  present  extensive 
industry,  accounted  one  of  the  most  profitable 
in  the  State. 

The  modern  beehive  might  aptly  be  de- 
scribed as  a  "box  for  bees,"  but  it  is  well  for 
the  neophyte  not  to  take  this  too  literally,  since 
much    of   his    success    will    depend   upon   the 


662 


CAL11'(  )RX1A-S  -AIAe;AZIXK 


Apiary  in  Covina 


character  and  handling  of  this  "box."  Time 
was  when  the  hollow  log,  or  "bee  gum,"  was 
considered  ample  equipment  for  the  honey  in- 
dustry, but  the  modern  a])iarist.  who  hopes 
to  compete  successfully  in  the  business,  must 
be  provided  with  modern  appliances  and  must 
also  study  liis  subject  witli  some  degree  of 
care. 

There  are  numerous  makes  of  hives.*  but 
the  one  most  favored  by  California  bee  men 
is  that  known  as  the  "Standard  Langstroth," 
which  is  made  to  hold  ten  or  more  frames, 
each  nys  inches  long  by  9j/  inches  in  depth. 
These  frames  each  hold  one  comb,  which  is 
suspended  on  the  top  bars  of  the  frame  so 
that  it  can  be  removed  from  the  hive  for 
examination  or  to  extract  the  honey. 

Comb  honey  is  i)roduced  in  this  sort  of  hive 
with  another  and  sliallower  box  placed  upon  it. 
The  lid  of  the  lower  box  is  placed  on  the 
shallow  receptacle,  which  is  filled  with  small 
frames  that  are  empty  save  for  a  thin  layer 
of  wax.  called,   in  the  vernacular  of  tlie  busi- 


*Therc  is  a  large  factory,  the  Madary  Company, 
near  Fresno,  which  manufactures  hives  and  bee 
keepers'   supplies. 


ness,    "foundation."      (  )n    this    tlie   l)ees   erect 
their  combs. 

71ie  production  of  extracted  honey  is  a 
somewhat  different  process.  Beside  the  hive 
first  described  another  is  provided  that  is  with- 
out top  or  bottom.  At  the  proper  time  of  the 
year,  when  the  bees  are  busy  with  their  honey- 
making,  the  apiarist  removes  the  cover  fron) 
the  hive  and  places  the  hollow  box,  now  filled 
with  frames,  upon  the  top  of  the  original  hive. 
The  cover  is  then  placed  on  the  upper  box, 
which  is  called  a  super.  The  bees  then  proceed 
to  till  the  frames  witli  honey.  The  frames 
contain  thin  sheets  of  wax  with  cell-indenta- 
tions to  avoid  drone-comb  and  keep  the  combs 
straight.  When  these  are  tilled  with  honey 
they  are  taken  out,  the  bees  brushed  off  the 
combs  and  the  wax  capping  shaved  off,  when 
tile  combs  are  ready  for  the  extractor.  This 
is  a  galvanized  tank  containing  wire  baskets 
which  revolve  about  a  center  shaft  and  in 
which  the  unsealed  combs  are  placed.  The 
baskets  are  then  revolved  rapidly  and  the 
resultant  centrifugal  force  throws  the  honey 
against  the  sides  of  the  tank,  whence  it  runs 
to  the  bottom.     It  is  drawn  oft",  strained  and 


BEE-KEEPING 


663 


bottled  for  table  use.  Tlie  empty  combs  go 
buck  in  the  hives. 

Each  hive  contains  three  varieties  of  bees — 
workers,  drones  and  the  queen.  The  latter 
lays  all  the  eggs,  a  matter  of  3,000  per  day  in 
the  height  of  the  honey  season,  and  is  mother 
of  all  the  bees.  She  sometimes  lives  six  or 
seven  years,  but  it  is  best  to  limit  her  activities 
to  two  or  three  years. 

The  workers  are  undeveloped  females,  and 
form  the  largest  part  of  the  bee  colony.  They 
are  veritable  living  chemical  laboratories,  pro- 
viding wax,  making  the  comb  material  there- 
from ;  gathering  nectar  and  making  honey ; 
manufacturing  royal  jelly  for  the  cjueen  and 
larvae  ;  gathering  bee-glue,  etc. 

The  drones  have  one  business  in  life,  which 
is  to  hunt  for  a  queen.  The  drone  who  is  suc- 
cessful in  his  quest  dies  as  soon  as  he  mates 
with  her ;  failing  in  this,  and  returning  to  the 
hive,  he  is  slain  by  his  sister-workers  as  soon 
as  the  honey  supply  falls  short.  The  apiarist 
naturally  does  not  want  too  many  drones,  and 
one  way  of  avoiding  an  oversupply  is  by  using 
the  wax  foundations. 

California  produces  a  large  amount  of 
honey  of  many  kinds,  colors  and  flavors. "^  No 
other  State  offers  a  more  varied  or  more  pro- 
ductive honey-yielding  flora.  It  may  interest 
the  aspiring  apiarist  to  know  something  of 
the  locations  of  the  apiaries  of  California  and 
of  the  methods  of  the  bee  men. 

The  Sacramento  Valley  is  the  home  of  many 
profitable  apiaries,  particularly  along  the  over- 
flow lands  of  the  Sacramento  River,  which 
are  under  water  in  the  winter  months.  When 
the  water  subsides  there  is  invariably  a  fine 
growth  of  carpet  grass  which  yields  splendid 
crops  of  white  honey.  The  hives  here  are 
kept  upon  platforms,  elevated  twelve  feet  or 
more,  so  that  the  backwater  will  not  wash 
them  away.  Mr.  Alwin  Heim  of  Fairoaks  is 
secretary  of  the  Bee  Keepers'  Club  of  the  Sac- 


*For  a  treatise  on  California  honey  producing 
plants,  Mr.  M.  C.  Richter's  work,  published  as 
Bulletin  No.  217,  June,  1911,  by  the  University 
of  California,  is  the  best  of  its  kind.  The  gov- 
ernment also  publishes  bulletins  on  bee  culture, 
while  among  private  works  "A  B  C  in  Bee 
Culture"  is  one  of  the  best  for  beginners. 


ramento  Valley  district.  In  the  northern 
section  of  the  State,  Siskiyou  County  may  be 
mentioned  as  possessing  many  independent 
apiaries.  Lassen  County  has  a  club  of  bee 
men.  the  secretary  being  Mr.  O.  C.  Miller 
of  Edgemont. 

In  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  the  alfalfa  af- 
fords the  bee  keepers  many  good  crops  of 
honey.  This  lacks  the  whiteness  of  color  that 
characterizes  certain  other  varieties,  but  its 
fine  flavor  assures  it  a  ready  market.  Stanis- 
laus County  is  prominent  in  this  district  as  a 
honey  producing  center.  Mr.  J.  G.  Gilstrap 
of  Ceres  is  an  authority  on  the  industry  there. 

\Vith  less  overflow  country  and  more  sage 
in  the  mountains,  San  Joaquin  Valley  is  highly 
satisfactory  for  bee  culture.  The  northern 
limit  of  the  honey-bearing  sages  is  Monterey 
County.  While  there  are  good  locations  for 
the  industry  along  the  Coast  Range,  the  val- 
leys are  more  sought  after  by  apiarists. 

Still  further  south,  the  great  wild  buck- 
wheat section,  bordering  the  desert,  is  the 
source  of  much  honey.  Many  persons  make 
good  livings  on  these  bee  ranges,  frequently 
moving  their  colonies  over  near  the  coast  to 
the  lima  bean  fields,  to  obtain  the  fine  white 
honey  these  crops  afford  when  in  blossom. 

The  sage  ranges  of  the  Southern  California 
mountain  districts  supply  the  whitest  honey 
obtainable,  while  in  the  citrus  sections  the 
bees  gather  the  aromatic  orange-blossom 
honey. 

Down  the  coast  to  San  Diego  County,  sage 
again  develops  a  field  for  the  bee  men,  and 
across  the  Sierras  in  the  alfalfa  stretches  of 
the  Imperial  Valley  are  located  many  suc- 
cessful apiaries. 

In  all,  the  State  possesses  6000  bee  keepers 
and  some  600,000  colonies  of  bees. 

The  annual  product  in  extracted  honey  in 
California  amounts  to  10,500,000  pounds, 
while  1.500,000  pounds  of  comb  honey  are 
produced.  In  addition  there  is  an  annual  pro- 
duction of  250,000  pounds  of  beeswax.  The 
total  value  of  products  from  the  bee  industry 
exceeds  a  million  and  a  quarter  of  dollars. 
The    Imperial    Valley    alone    today    produces 


664 


CALIFORNIA'S  ^lAGAZIXE 


more  tlian  100  carloads  annually  of  the  finest 
honey  in  tlie  world. 

A  colony  of  good  bees  will  produce  about 
seventy  pounds  more  honey  than  is  required 
by  the  insects  themselves  in  almost  any  fair 
locality  in  the  State.  One  colony  sometimes 
produces  400  pounds  of  honey.  This,  at  the 
low  price  of  five  cents  a  pound,  would  amount 
to  $20,  or  four  times  the  value  of  the  bees, 
not  including  the  wax. 

Bees  may  be  handled  at  coniiiaratively  small 
cost,  but  as  there  is  much  detail  in  the  culture, 
close  attention  is  required  if  more  than 
mediocrity  in  production  is  aimed  at. 

One  of  the  important  features  of  the  work 
is  that  of  moving  the  colonies  from  one  place 
to  another  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  the 
crops  of  nectar-producing  flowers,  which 
bloom  in  different  seasons  and  localities.  In 
the  earlv  spring,  the  willow  blossoms  are  a 
big  aid  in  getting  the  colonies  built  up  for 
the  later  honey  flow.  In  the  fall,  in  most  parts 
of  the  State,  there  is  material  for  winter  sup- 
plies. The  moving  of  the  hives  is  accom- 
plished iiowadays  by  means  of  motor  trucks, 
in  most  instances ;  the  old  method  of  horse- 
drawn  vehicles  having  been  unsatisfactory, 
necessitating  that  much  of  the  work  be  done 
at  night  owing  to  the  practical  impossibility 
of  preventing  the  bees  from  escaping  and 
stinging  the  horses,  thereby  causing  disaster. 
There  were  other  drawbacks,  heat  being  one 
of  the  most  serious.  The  motor  driven  truck 
has  eliminated  them  all.  The  moving  of  bees 
from  one  locality  to  another  results  in  more 
healthful   colonies.    Disease  has  caused  some 


An  Alfalfa  Apiary 


loss  among  the  bee  colonies  in  the  State  re- 
cently and  a  bill  is  before  the  present  session 
of  legislature  to  secure  uniform  State  control 
of  all  counties.  If  passed  this  bill  will  create 
a  school  for  inspectors  and  bee  keepers  at 
large,  thereby  adding  to  their  efficiency. 

The  State  Bee  Keepers'  Association  (offi- 
cially known  as  the  "Consolidated  Honey 
Producers  of  California"),  covers  the  entire 
State  and  has  affiliated  clubs  in  all  the  larger 
lioney-producing  counties.  Through  this  or- 
ganization much  legislation  and  legal  regula- 
tion of  a  beneficial  nature  has  been  accom- 
plislied;  a  standard  of  grades  and  prices  has 
\)vvn  established  and  various  movements  for 
the  development  and  advancement  of  the  in- 
dustry made. 

This  organization  has  aided  the  industry 
materially  through  systematic  marketing  and 
by  controlling  the  price  of  honey.  It  has  made 
an  average  increase  in  established  prices  of 
two  cents  per  pound  over  what  was  paid  six 
years  ago.  Plans  are  on  foot  to  secure  the 
co-operation  of  the  State  University  in  pro- 
viding gratuitous  instruction  and  education  for 
California  apiarists. 

There  is,  however,  room  for  improvement 
in  the  honey  business  in  this  State ;  for  ad- 
vancement and  better  organization,  along  the 
lines  of  other  industries.  Many  of  the  i)ro- 
ducers  of  honey  are  now  members  of  local  or 
county  associations  formed  to  market  their 
product  and  purchase  supplies  on  the  co-opera- 
tive plan,  w'hich  method  is  being  rapidly 
adopted  by  many  producers  in  other  lines. 

There  are  many  large  honey  buyers  who 
buy  in  carload  lots  and  ship  to  the  East  or  to 
Europe.  Numerous  bee  men  are  now  organiz- 
ing in  co-operative  clubs  and  are  learning  to 
pack  their  own  honey  for  retail  trade. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  truthfully  stated 
that  the  honev  industrv  is  still  in  its  infancy 
in  this  State,  despite  that  it  has  been  in  exis- 
tence here  for  half  a  century.  There  is  room 
in  California  for  manv  more  ambitious 
apiarists  who,  providing  they  study  the  con- 
ditions carefully  and  give  time  and  attention 
to  the  business,  can  not  fail  to  achieve  success. 


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667 


The 

Autumn  Number 


SHORTLY  before  October  i,  1915,  will  be  issued 
the  Autumn  Quarterly  Number  of  CaliforxlVs 
Magazine.  It  will  be  a  particularly  fine  number 
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THE  illustrations  for  the  Autumn  Number  will 
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negatives  will  be  included. 


BUT  the  most  interesting  fact  in  connection  with 
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phase  of  California  life  and  work,  practical  or  pic- 
turesque. In  other  words,  it  will  be  a  distinctly 
representative  California  magazine — just  as  this  num- 
ber is  representative  of  this  great  State.  Our  staff 
writers  are  on  the  alert  constantly  for  striking  features 
and  valuable  data  on  California  industries  and  re- 
sources, while  the  contributing  staff,  which  includes 
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preparing  special  papers  upon  important  topics.  No 
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^M 

6r,R  CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZIXK 

An  Appeal  to  Readers  of 
California's  Magazine 


N 


OW  that  you  have  gone  over  this  number  of  CALIFOR- 
NIA'S Magazine,  what  do  you  think  of  it?    We  want 

your  opinion;  it  is  valuable  to  us.     Furthermore,  we 

want  vour  interest,  your  support.  And  just  here,  we  will  try  to 
tell  you  why  you  should  be  willing,  even  anxious,  to  lend  us  your 
support: 

California  is  a  great  State.  If  you  are  a  Californian — that  is, 
living  and  working  in  it — it  is  YOUR  State,  and  its  interests  are 
your  interests. 

If  you  are  not  a  Californian,  you  should  be  interested  in  knowing 
more  about  a  State  that  has  done  so  much  for  its  citizens — for 
you  never  can  tell  but  that  you  may  soon  become  one  of  them 
yourself. 

WE  ARE  TAKING  CALIFORNIA  TO  THE    WORLD 

in  this  magazine.  We  have  let  the  really  big  men  and  women  of 
the  State  tell  the  world  what  California  has  done,  is  doing,  and 
means  to  do  for  the  world. 

Ours  is  a  constructive  work  in  a  day  and  age  when  construction 
is  necessary  to  offset  the  destruction  in  certain  parts  of  the  civi- 
lized world. 

You  are  a  builder  and  therefore  a  peacemaker  if  you  are  laboring 
honestly  and  happily  and  making  a  home  for  yourself  and  family. 
Therefore  your  interests  are  our  interests  and  vice  versa.  If  you 
lend  us  your  support,  the  things  you  do  will  not  "return  unto  vou 
void." 

Send  us  your  subscription  now  and  induce  your  friends  to  do  the 
same.  Also  do  not  fail  to  register  with  us  and  take  advantage  of 
our  Readers'  Service. 


California's  Magazine 

New  Call  Building  San  Francisco 


READERS'   SERX'ICE  669 


The  Readers'  Service  of 
California's  Magazine 


FREQUENTLY,  throughout  this  number  of  California's  :\Iagazine,  we  have 
called  attention  to  the  Readers'  Service  and  urged  our  readers  to  avail  them- 
selves of  it  to  any  extent  desired.  We  have  endeavored  to  show  just  how  this 
Service  might  be  employed  by  the  incHvidual  in  attaining  the  realization  of  his  ideals 
and  in  the  bettering  of  his  condition  generally.  The  contents  of  the  magazine 
have,  we  feel  certain,  been  the  means  of  interesting  the  public  to  even  a  greater 
extent  than  heretofore,  in  the  quality  of  California's  appeal  to  the  people  of  the 
world,  of  its  marvelous  productiveness  and  its  innumerable  attractions  for  those 
who  appreciate  living  under  right  conditions  and  amid  superior  surroundings. 

In  considering  the  employment  of  our  Readers'  Service  for  your  individual 
needs,  first  of  all  rest  assured  that  it  commits  you  to  nothing.  You  are  under  no 
obligations  whatever  if  you  confide  your  desires  to  us.  and  our  only  aim  will  be 
to  serve  you  and  the  State  by  telling  you  all  you  wish  to  know  about  California 
and  transacting  for  you  any  business  that  will  result  to  your  advantage.  While 
this  is  termed  "Readers'  Service"  and  is,  unmistakably,  for  the  use  of  readers, 
it  is  also  a  service  to  the  State  because  the  State  needs  you  as  much  as  you  need  it. 
In  other  words,  California  needs  citizens,  more  men  and  women  of  the  right  sort, 
and  this  means,  of  the  best  class.  Not  necessarily  persons  of  wealth,  but  those 
who  are  industrious,  high-minded  and  who  want  to  live  right  in  right  surroundings. 

A  PERTINENT  STATEMENT 

DR.  BENJ.  IDE  WHEELER,  President  of  the  University  of  California, 
speaking,  in  his  article  in  this  issue,  on  the  size  and  population  of  California, 
says : 

"California  is  really  still  an  undiscovered  land  for  most  of  the  world,  as  it  certainly  is  an 
unoccupied  land.  Otherwise  the  fairest  land  provided  for  the  residence  of  men  would  have 
more  than  fifteen  residents  to  the  square  mile,  and  farms  of  ten  thousand  acres,  any  ten  of 
which  would  support  a  thrifty  family,  would  not  he  so  common  as  they  are." 

What  does  this  signify?  Simply  that  California  must  have  more  citizens,  and 
so  it  will  be  apparent  that  our  Service  to  readers  is  also  a  service  to  the  State. 

But — and  here  is  the  point  to  consider — we  do  not  seek  to  bring  people  to 
California  bv  means  of  florid  or  flamboyant  methods.  ( )n  the  contrary,  we  have 
secured  from  the  biggest  men  and  zconien  in  the  State,  whose  word  is  their  bond, 
and  who  are  in  a  position  to  speak  zcith  authority,  articles  descriptive  of  many 
phases  of  California  life  and  work.  By  thus  presenting  to  our  readers  the  true 
greatness  of  California  and  calling  attention  to  the  splendid  opportunities  it  aft'ords 
for  men  and  women  of  the  right  sort,  we  leave  no  room  for  a  doubt  to  arise  in 


670  CALIFORNIA'S  MAGAZINE 


their  minds  as  to  the  authentic  character  of  the  information,  and  they  can  be 
confident  that  if  they  are  guided  to  CaHfornia  by  what  they  read  in  this  magazine 
they  will  at  least  be  certain  of  not  having  been  misinformed.  Furthermore,  our 
interest  in  clients,  those  who  come  to  us  for  information  and  who  act  upon  it, 
does  not  cease  when  their  questions  have  been  answered.  On  the  contrary,  we 
are  continuously  behind  them,  ready  to  sug-gest,  advise  or  otherwise  aid  them  in 
attaining  success. 

EXPERT  ADVICE 

T  T  OW  can  we  be  so  certain  of  being  able  to  do  this?  Because  we  have  sur- 
A  J.  rounded  ourselves  with  experts ;  with  specialists  who  are  positively  the 
acknowledged  authorities  in  their  individual  lines.  These  are  the  men  who  will 
give  you  the  information  you  require,  no  matter  to  what  branch  of  endeavor  in 
California  it  pertains.  These  men  constitute  our  Readers'  Service.  They  realize 
with  us  that  the  service  is  a  service  to  California  as  well  as  the  clients,  and  thev 
are  thus  justified  in  their  own  minds  and  in  the  eyes  of  the  world  for  their  interest 
and  co-operation. 

We  have  thus  far  spoken  as  though  the  only  readers  of  California's  Maga- 
zine were  persons  outside  the  State,  and  that  there  is,  therefore,  no  means  whereby 
the  residents  of  California  may  avail  themselves  of  the  Readers'  Service.  This  is 
not  the  purpose  of  our  plan,  however,  which  aims  to  serve  everyone  every- 
where, nor  of  the  magazine  wdiich  aims  to  represent  California  and  Californians 
pre-eminently.  The  resident  of  California  is  deeply  interested  in  his  own  State 
and  its  progress,  for  that  means  his  own  progress.  There  are  problems  confront- 
ing him  daily  to  which  he  will  welcome  solutions.  It  is  true  that  problems  here 
are  easier  of  solution  and  less  plentiful  than  in  most  parts  of  the  country,  but  to 
deny  that  they  do  exist  would  be  absurd.  The  advice  of  our  Service  experts 
is  for  all  our  readers,  whether  close  at  hand  or  in  the  Antipodes. 

WHERE  OUR  INTEREST  LIES 

FIRST,  last  and  always,  let  it  be  clearly  understood  that  we  have  nothing  to 
sell,  except  this  magazine.  Our  interest  is  with  the  buyer.  If  we  can,  by 
means  of  our  knowledge  and  our  close  touch  with  people  and  affairs  in  California, 
transact  for  our  readers  business  in  the  State,  we  are  glad  of  the  opportunity  and 
will  exercise  the  greatest  care  in  safeguarding  their  interests. 

Naturally,  in  order  that  we  may  keep  in  touch  with  the  world's  people,  we 
want  as  many  subscribers  as  possible  to  California's  Magazine.  It  is  our  desire 
that  this  publication  shall  circulate  to  the  ends  of  the  earth,  reaching  into  every 
home,  commanding  the  interest  of  every  man  and  woman  of  intelligence  to  whom 
it  comes.  Only  in  this  way  can  we  achieve  our  purpose  which  is,  as  we  have 
already  indicated,  to  serve  California  and  the  people  by  bringing  them  together. 
If  by  means  of  our  earnest  efforts  to  portray  California  in  its  real  character  we 
can  add  largely  to  its  citizenry,  develop  some  of  the  land  which  is  undeveloped, 
better  the  conditions  of  families  and  start  many  persons  on  the  road  to  greater 
happiness   and   prosperity  than   has   been  their   portion   hitherto,   we   will   have 


READERS'  SERVICE  671 


accomplished  a  truly  humanitarian  service  and  have  been  sutSciently  rewarded 
for  our  labors. 

CONCLUSIVE  WORDS 

DR.  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN,  Chancellor  of  Stanford  University  and  a 
man  whose  broadness  and  humanity  have  made  him  a  world-power  in  the 
past  and  will  constitute  him  an  even  greater  force  henceforth,  whose  voice  is  ever 
uplifted  in  the  cause  of  Peace — has  written  in  this  number  of  our  magazine: 

"UNDER  THE  FLAG  WHERE  HATRED  DIES  AWAY  THIS  SINGLE  STATE 
OFFERS  ALL  THE  VARIETY  SEEN  IN  EUROPE.  IT  IS  THE  OVERFLOW 
MEETING  OF  ALL  THE  NATIONS,  AND  TO  THIS  MEETING  ALL  COME  IN 
PEACE  AND  IN  MUTUAL  TOLERANCE  AND  RESPECT.  T  CANNOT,'  SAID 
CHARLES  LAMB,  'HATE  ANYBODY  I  KNOW,'  AND  HERE  IN  CALIFORNIA  WE 
ALL  KNOW  EACH  OTHER.  AND  WE  LOVE  CALIFORNIA  BECAUSE  SHE 
FIRST  LOVED  US." 

Such  words,  uttered  by  a  man  of  the  calibre  of  Dr.  Jordan  are  conclusive. 
They  prove  that  California  is  a  place  where  the  spirit  of  brotherhood  is  exempli- 
fied to  a  greater  extent  perhaps  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world ;  a  place  where 
the  golden  rule  works  all  the  week-^yes,  all  the  year  around.  In  such  a  place  is 
found  true  happiness  and  the  conditions  of  mind  that  make  for  success  and  pros- 
perity. We  do  not  contend  that  such  thing  as  failure  is  unknown  in  California, 
but  we  do  assert  that,  where  in  most  other  places  the  preponderance  of  blame  for 
a  failure  is  frequently  with  the  conditions,  here  it  generally  rests  with  the  man 
if  he  does  not  succeed.  A  man  of  intelligence  and  industry  has  everything  in  his 
favor  here,  but  he  must  have  a  basic  knowledge  of  California  conditions ;  must 
not,  in  other  words,  work  in  the  dark.  That  is  where  our  Readers"  Service  fills  a 
need.  We  can  aid  the  stranger  within  the  gates,  or  the  man  who  is  already  here 
but  lacks  essential  knowledge  of  the  place,  to  avoid  errors  of  judgment  and  mis- 
takes in  method. 

HOW  TO  AVAIL  YOURSELF  OF  THIS  SERVICE 

T70LL0VVING  is  a  "Registration  Blank"  which  readers  are  urged  to  fill  out 
-*-  and  mail  to  us  nozc.  It  is  not  exhaustive,  and  may  not  meet  the  individual 
requirements  in  some  cases,  but  at  least  it  is  a  starting  point.  It  gets  us  acquainted, 
so  to  speak.  W^ith  your  name  and  address  on  our  books,  and  a  general  idea  of 
your  position  and  desires,  we  are  enabled  to  advise  you  of  especially  interesting 
developments  along  the  lines  in  which  you  have  signified  an  interest  and  to  send 
you  bulletins  and  other  data  of  value  to  you.  If,  as  will  frequently  be  the  case, 
you  desire  detailed  information  on  a  special  subject,  write  a  letter  setting  forth 
clearly  what  you  want  to  know  and  we  will  take  up  your  problem  at  once.  On  the 
following  page  is  the  blank ;  fill  it  out  and  mail  to  us  today : 


672  CALIFORXIA'S  MAGAZINE 


REGISTRATION    BLANK 

California's  Magazine 

New  Call  Building,  San  Francisco 

Rooms  708,  710,  712 


I 


Dl^SlRE  lo  receive  from  you  data  of  interest  regarding  California 
and  also  to  be  placed  on  your  mailing  list  for  everything  issued  that 
is  likely  to  prove  of  value  to  me.  It  is  understood  that  this  senice  is 
to  be  absolutely  free  of  cost  to  me,  I  being  entitled  to  same  as  a 
reader  of  California's  AIagazine. 


^/\'  age  is  

/  am  married. 

I  have  children. 

Their  ages 

Their  schooling  to  date  


/  am  novj  engaged  in ,. 

/  (7///  interested  in  California  and  would  like  to  make  my  home  there,  pro- 
:iding  J  could  engage  in  


/  have  $ which  I  could  use  to  develop  land  if  the  land 

were  provided  so  that  I  zcould  not  have  to  make  any  immediate  cash  outlay 
to  secure  it;  or  upon  a  liberal  basis  whereby  production  could  be  made  to 
pay  for  tlie  land. 

I  would  like  to  make  use  of  your  Readers'  Seriice  to  learn  all  possible  about 


Name    .. 
Address 


If   this  blank   does   not   give  you    sufficient   space,    write   us   a   letter   in    detail    setting   forth   your 
Icsires   fullv. 


"WHY  CALIFORNIA?" 


The  Climates  of  California  range  according  to  elevation,  from  moderated  wmter 
to  unbroken  summer.  They  will  give  you  a  sharp  nip  of  frost  or  furnish  you 
with  calla  lilies  all  the  year— just  as  you  choose  location;  but  all  the  year  will 
be  growing  season  and  they  invite  you  to  an  open-air  working  season  all  the 
year  except  during  a  short  time  when  rains  are  actually  falling. 


The  Rivers  of  California  constitute  facilities  for  inland  water  transportation,  the 
development  of  which  is  just  beginning.  They  carry  from  mountain  snows  the 
irrigation  water  which  makes  fruitful  valleys  far  wider  than  the  Nile  and  far 
greater  in  range  of  productions.  Thus  the  rivers  invite  you  to  produce  and 
offer  to  move  your  products  to  market. 


The  Soils  of  California  invite  you  to  plunge  implements  into  them  to  the  limit  of 
your  motive  power.  They  are  prevalently  deep  loams  and  free  from  stones— 
though  one  can  find  soil  troubles  if  he  does  not  watch  to  avoid  them.  But  as  a 
rule  California  soils  invite  plants  to  deeper  rooting  than  the  soils  of  wintry 
regions  and  reward  the  grower  accordingly. 


The  Forests  of  California  contain  the  largest  trees  in  the  world— higher  and  older 
than  many  of  the  pyramids  of  Egypt  and  they  are  tokens  of  the  blessings  of 
God  rather  than  the  servitude  exacted  by  despots.  The  California  forests 
welcome  you  to  activity  in  forest  industries  which,  under  conservatien  now 
provided,  will  enrich  and  make  glad  all  coming  generations. 


The  Mountains  of  California  call  you  to  uplifting  contemplation  of  their  grandeur. 
They  will  shelter  you  from  arctic  blasts  and  blizzards.  They  hold  in  trust  for 
you  great  mineral  treasures.  Their  thousands  of  valleys  offer  pasturage  for 
flocks  and  herds;  their  lakes  and  streams  abound  in  fish. 


The  Plants  of  California  present  a  most  attractive  invitation  to  live  among  them. 
The  native  plants  are  unique,  beautiful  and  characteristic  of  the  State.  The 
introduced  plants  include  all  worth  growing  for  use  or  beauty  from  all  tem- 
perate and  semi-tropical  countries.  The  plants  alone  demonstrate  to  an  ob- 
serving visitor  that  he  has  come  to  rare  richness  of  soil  and  salubrity  of  climate. 


California  Farming  Industries  are  largely  advancing  by  co-operation  of  producers. 
New  comers  are  urged  to  take  a  share  in  this  co-operation  for  the  greater  joy 
of  living  amid  neighborhood  improvements.  Californians  treat  a  man  as  they 
hope  to  be  treated  by  him.  "Well  come  and  well  stay"  is  their  greeting  to 
strangers. 


The  People  of  California  are  generous,  hospitable,  broad-minded  and  outspoken. 
They  cordially  welcome  to  friendship  all  those  of  similar  quality.  The  world 
has  freely  given  of  its  best  people  to  California  and  therefore  Cahfornians  are 
always  on  good  terms  with  the  world.  They  want  more  neighbors  of  their 
own  kind. 


that  is  **Why  California 


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